STRUCTURAL DESIGN CLASSROOM

ADVANCE REINFORCED CONCRETE

DESIGN TO
BS 8110-1:1997

Chapter 01
Introduction to Structural Design

F. M. M Abdullah
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

CHAPTER 01: DESIGN BASIS FOR LIMIT STATE DESIGN CONCEPTS

GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit you will be able to design shear reinforcement in accordance with
BS 8110
1. State the aim of the structural design
2. Explain the design philosophy
3. Explain the statistical relationship between strength of materials and characteristic loads
4. Identify the partially safety factors
5. Select the vertical load for the relevant structure

1.1 INTRODUCTION (Clause 2.1.1)

The successful completion of any structural design project is dependent on many variables, however,
there are a number of fundamental objectives, which must be incorporated in any design philosophy to
provide a structure, which throughout its intended lifespan:
 will possess an acceptable margin of safety against collapse whilst in use,
 is serviceable and perform its intended purpose whilst in use,
 is sufficiently robust such that damage to an extent disproportionate to the
 original cause will not occur,
 is economic to construct,

Historically, structural design was carried out based on intuition, trial and error, and experience, which
enabled empirical design rules, generally relating to structure/member proportions, to be established.
These rules were used to minimize structural failures and consequently introduced a margin-of-safety
against collapse. In the latter half of the 19th century the introduction of modern materials and the
development of mathematical modelling techniques led to the introduction of a design philosophy
which incorporated the concept of factor-of-safety based on known material strength, e.g. ultimate
tensile
Stress; this is known as permissible stress design. During the 20th century two further design
philosophies were developed and are referred to as load-factor design and limit state design;

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

1.2 METHODS OF DESIGN (Clause 2.1.2)

The concept of a factor of safety or safety margin, is to be expected and essential to the various methods
of design that evolved to achieve safe and workable structures. The different methods used in design are
outlined below.

TheTHE PERMISSIBLE STRESS DESIGN

In this method, members are designed to function under normal conditions within elastic range and
comparing the stresses. However, although it modelled real building performance under actual
conditions. the stresses in the structure at working loads are not allowed to exceed a certain proportion
of the yield stress of the construction material

𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ≤
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦

However, permissible stress method is not applicable to semi-plastic material such as concrete and
masonry load bearing structures. Assumption that stresses are directly proportional became
unjustifiable for materials such as concrete, making it impossible to estimate the true factors of safety.

1.2.1 LOAD FACTOR DESIGN

Load factor or plastic design was developed to take account of the behavior of the structure once the
yield point of the construction material had been reached. This approach involved calculating the
collapse load of the structure. axial, bending moment and shear force capacities) are compared with the
design effects induced by the ultimate loads. The ultimate loads are determined by multiplying the
working/service loads by a factor of safety.
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 (𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑥 𝐹. 𝑂. 𝑆) ≤
𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

1.2.2 LIMIT STATE DESIGN (Clause 2.2.2)

The limit state design philosophy, which was formulated for reinforced concrete design in Russia during
the 1930s. The aim of limit state design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that a structure will not
become unfit for its intended use during its design life, that is, the structure will not reach a limit state.
Two ‘types’ of limit state under which a structure may become unfit for its intended purpose. They are:

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

1. The Serviceability Limit State in which a condition, e.g. deflection, vibration or cracking, occurs
extent, which is unacceptable to the owner, occupier, client etc. and
2. the Ultimate Limit State in which the structure, or some part of it, is unsafe for its intended
purpose, e.g. compressive, tensile, shear or flexural failure or instability leading to partial or total
collapse.

1.2.3 CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES

The method in most codes is based on the use of characteristic values and partial safety factors.

1.2.3.1 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS

The use of partial safety factors, which are applied separately to individual parameters, enables the
degree of risk for each one to be varied, reflecting the differing degrees of control which are possible in
the manufacturing process of building structural materials/units (e.g. steel, concrete, timber, mortar and
individual bricks)

Partial factors of safety for material (ϒm) (Clause 2.4.2.2)

Design strength of material calculated as follows,
Design strength = Characteristic strength / Partial safety factor.
ϒm=1 does not imply that no margin of safety for material has been included, but rather that a suitable
allowance has been made in the design strengths given in the below table. Recommended values for ϒm
are given in the table to BS 8110.

Table 1.1 - Partial factors of safety for material

Material
Limit state
Concrete Steel
Ultimate
Flexure 1.5 1.05
Shear 1.25 1.05
Bond 1.4 -
Serviceability 1.0 1.0

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

 Partial factors of safety for loads (ϒf) (Clause 2.4.1.3)

Design load = Characteristic strength x ϒf
Errors may be arise due to,
1. Design assumptions and inaccuracy of calculation.
2. Possible unusual load.
3. Constructional inaccuracies.

Table 1.2 - Partial safety factor for loads

Loading Load factor
Dead load 1.4
Imposed load 1.6
Wind load 1.4
Dead load acting with wind load and 1.2
imposed load

1.2.3.2 CHARACTERISTIC VALUES

The use of characteristic values enables the statistical variability of various parameters such as material
strength, different load types etc. to be incorporated in an assessment of the acceptable probability that
the value of the parameter will be exceeded during the life of a structure.

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ( (𝑓k)

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 (𝛾m)

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 x 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 ( 𝛾f )

𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 ≥ 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒔,

𝑓k/𝛾m ≥ Gk x 𝛾f,dead +Qk x 𝛾f,live

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

CHAPTER 02: MATERIAL PROPERTIES

The two materials whose properties must be known are concrete and steel reinforcement. In the case of
concrete, the property with which the designer is primarily concerned is its compressive strength For
steel, however, it is its tensile strength capacity which is important.
2.1 CONCRETE
2.1.1 CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (fcu) (Clause 2.4.2.1)
In structural terms the most important material property of concrete is its inherent compressive strength.
In BS 8110 − 1:1997, Part 1, the characteristic strength (see Section 2.3) of concrete is defined in Clause
2.4.2.1 as the value of the cube strength of concrete fcu. The cube strength is defined on the basis of test
results carried out after 28 days on 10 cm or 15 cm (4 inch or 6 inch) cubes cast and cured under rigid,
specified conditions and loaded to failure in a standardized compression testing machine as indicated in
BS 1881:Testing Concrete.
Strength class can identify the characteristic strength of concrete.

Table 1.3- Characteristic strength of concrete

Grade Characteristic strength Mix proportion
(fcu) (Nmm-2)
C15 15 1 : 3 : 6 (40)
C20 20 1 : 2 : 4 (20)
C25 25 1 : 1.5 : 3 (20)
C30 25 1 : 1: 2 (20)

Note :Within 7 days after casting the concrete it attains 2/3 of cube strength.

 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER CEMENT RATIO AND CEMENT CONTENT WITH

GRADE OF THE CONCRETE (Table 3.3)

Grade C30 C25 C40 C45 C50

Cement 275 300 325 350 400

content
(kg/m3)

W/C ratio 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

 STRESS – STRAIN CURVE ( Clause 2.4.2.3)

According to the code simplified representation of the short term design stress/train curve for normal
concrete shown in the figure

Figure 2.1 - Short-term design stress/strain curve for R/F concrete

0.67𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 =
𝛾𝑚

Young’s modulus is determined by the following equation

𝑓𝑐𝑢
𝐸 = 5.5 √
𝛾𝑚

Note :-

Stress below 1/3 of ultimate compressive stress, the angle is defined as Elastic Modulus.

Table 1.4 – Short Term Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

fcu (N/mm2) Mean Elastic Modulus Ec (kN/mm2)

25 25
30 26
40 28
50 30
60 32

2.2 REINFORCEMENT
2.2.1 CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT (fy) (Clause 3.1.7.4)
Concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension. A product consisting of plain cement concrete
shows compressive strength that is about ten times greater than its tensile strength. Plain concrete may
used in elements and structures, which act in compression and which undergo no tensile stresses or
thermal cracking or where these would not be critical. However, structural members are generally
subjected to axial load, flexure, shear, torsion or combination of these. Reinforcements take up these
stresses safely. In practice concrete is cast with steels, therefore it is referred a reinforced cement concrete
structure.

fy = 250 N/mm2 for hot rolled mild steel

fy = 460 N/mm2 for hot rolled high yield steel

 STRESS – STRAIN CURVE ( Clause 2.4.2.3)

 According to the code simplified representation of the short term design stress/train curve for
normal concrete shown in the figure

Youngs modulus of
reinforcement is equal to
Tan Ø. This should be
taken as 200 kN/mm2

Figure 2.2 - Short-term design stress/strain curve for Reinforcement

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

2.2.2 AREAS OF STEEL BARS

Table 1.5 – Area of steel bars

Diameter (mm) Area (mm2)
6 28.3
8 50
10 78.5
12 118
16 201.1
20 314.2
25 490

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

CHAPTER 03: STRUCTURAL LOADINGS

All structures are subjected to loading from various sources. The main categories of loading are dead,
imposed and wind loads. The values of types of loads are taken from relevant BS-codes. In addition,
they will have to determine the particular combination of loading which is likely to produce the most
adverse effect on the structure in terms of bending moments, shear forces and deflections.
BS 648:1964 – Weights of building materials (dead load)
BS 6399-1:1996 – Codes of practice for dead and imposed load
CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972 – Codes of practice for wind load

Various types of loads on a structure and requiring consideration in design.

1. Dead load
2. Live load (Imposed load)
3. Wind load
4. Seismic load

3.1 DEAD LOAD

Dead loads do not change with the time. Dead loads on structure comprise the,
 self-weight of the member
 weight of finishes and partition walls
 Finishes
 partitions
 Weight by services are generally known as a super imposed dead loads.

3.2 IMPOSED LOAD

Imposed loads, which are due to variable effects such as the movement of people, furniture, traffic, thus
imposed loads will change with the time. BS 6399: Part 1: 1984: Code of Practice for dead and imposed
loads gives typical characteristic imposed floor loads for different classes of structure, e.g. residential
dwellings, educational institutions, hospitals, and parts of the same structure, e.g. balconies, corridors,
etc.

3.3 WIND LOAD

Wind pressure can either add to the other gravitational forces acting on the structure or equally well,
exert suction or negative pressures on the structure. The characteristic wind loads acting on a structure

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

can be assessed in accordance with the recommendations given in CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972 Wind
Loads

General loading values are given in the table

1. Dead Loads 2. Live load on floors and roof

Weight
kN/m3 kN/m2 kN/m2
Concrete (Plain) 24 Residential 2.4
Concrete (Reinforced) 25 Office building with 2.5
Brick 19-22 separate storage
Block (light weight) 10-20 Office Building without 4.0
Timber 6 - 10 separate storage
Roofing (G.I Sheet) 0.15 Shops, classrooms, with 4.0
Roof finishes 0.2 – 1.2 fixed seats
Floor finishes 0.6 – 1.2 Shops, classrooms, without 5.0
Quarry Tiles (including 0.32 fixed seats
mortar) Roof with access 1.5
Terrazzo (paving, 20 mm) 0.43 Stairs, balcony 2.0
Marble 27
Terracotta 18

3. Typical all up loads (Thumb rule)

For very rough assessments of the loads on foundations ‘all up’ loads can be useful.
kN/m2
Residential building (ULS) 15
Commercial building (ULS) 15-18
Steel clad steel frame 5-10

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)
Chapter 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

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Prepared By: M.F.M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL)