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Sec 2.5 - Measures of Variability

The document summarizes measures of variation including range, standard deviation, variance, and how to calculate them from raw data and grouped data. It explains that standard deviation shows how spread out data is from the mean and is the expected distance between a randomly selected value and the mean. It provides the formulas for calculating sample variance and standard deviation from raw data using sums of deviations from the mean, and approximate variance and standard deviation from grouped data using class midpoints and frequencies.

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Siinozuko Masentse
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44 views8 pages

Sec 2.5 - Measures of Variability

The document summarizes measures of variation including range, standard deviation, variance, and how to calculate them from raw data and grouped data. It explains that standard deviation shows how spread out data is from the mean and is the expected distance between a randomly selected value and the mean. It provides the formulas for calculating sample variance and standard deviation from raw data using sums of deviations from the mean, and approximate variance and standard deviation from grouped data using class midpoints and frequencies.

Uploaded by

Siinozuko Masentse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sec 2.

5 – Measures of variation
How
spread
out the
data is
Standard deviation
Range The expected
The distance distance between
between the max. the mean and a
and min. values randomly chosen
value
Standard
deviation
“s”
Shows the variability
First find the
in relation to the
“Sample Variance”
mean
(On formula sheet, but
know how to use the
calculator to obtain)
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑠2 =
𝑛−1
𝒔= 𝒔𝟐
σ 𝑥 2
σ 𝑥2 − ൗ𝑛 σ 𝑥 2 − 𝑛𝑥ҧ 2
= =
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
Example 20 40 25 35

σ 𝑥𝑖 20 + 40 + 25 + 35
First need the sample mean: 𝑥ҧ = = = 30
𝑛 4

σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑠2 =
𝑛−1

20 − 30 2 + 40 − 30 2 + 25 − 30 2 + 35 − 30 2
= = 83.3′
3

A randomly selected value is expected


So: 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 = 9.1 to lie 9.1 units from the mean.
Variation: Raw Data

Standard deviation

= 𝑆𝑇𝐷𝐸𝑉. 𝑆 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦
Step 1: Step 2:
Enter Type in
the Excel
𝑆 : Means that it is for a sample
data
command
= 𝑉𝐴𝑅. 𝑆 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦

Variance
STEP 1: Enter data STEP 2:
Type in the
EXCEL
Functions

STEP 2:
Press OK
Approximate the
Grouped Data values with the
class midpoints.

2 An “approximate
σ 𝑚𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑓𝑖
𝑠2 = sample variance”
𝑛−1

σ 𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑖 2
2
σ 𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑖 −
= 𝑛
𝑛−1
Example
Boundaries fi mi mi fi mi2 fi
0–5 10 2.5 25 62.5
5 – 10 6 7.5 45 337.5
10 – 15 3 12.5 38 468.75
15 – 20 3 17.5 53 918.75

𝑛 = ෍ 𝑓𝑖 = 22 ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑖 = 160
෍ 𝑚𝑖2 𝑓𝑖 = 1787.5
𝑛 = ෍ 𝑓𝑖 = 22
σ 𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑖 2
σ 𝑚𝑖2 𝑓𝑖 −
𝑠2 = 𝑛
෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝑓𝑖 = 160
𝑛−1

1602 ෍ 𝑚𝑖2 𝑓𝑖 = 1787.5


1787.5 −
= 22
21

= 29.707 …
A randomly selected
value is expected to lie
within 5.45 units of the
So: 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 = 5.45 mean.

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