Outline

• Introduction
• The single-phase pressure equation
• Two-phase flow equations
• Closing remarks
 Summary of CM 5: The Flow Equations
- Reservoir simulation => numerical solution of the multi-phase
flow equations in real reservoir systems

- CM5 introduces the basic equations of flow through porous

media which are solved in a reservoir simulation code

- First - the single phase flow equation for a compressible

fluid & then - the two-phase flow equations

- Main principle in derivation = application of mass balance

between flow and accumulation + application of Darcy's Law

- Resulting equations are non-linear partial differential equations

(PDEs) which can usually not be solved analytically.
 Summary of CM 5: The Flow Equations
Figure 5.1: basic principle of
Mass Balance + Darcy's Law Mass in block (i,j) = ρ.φ.∆x.∆y.∆z
i, j+1
Change in mass over ∆t
⎧ 4 ⎫
Qj+1/2 ( )
∆m = ⎨∑ ρ.Q m ⎬ .∆t
⎩ m=1 ⎭
where m counts over the 4
Qi-1/2 Qi+1/2 neighbours. And Darcy's law is:
i, j

i-1, j i+1, j
⎛ kA ⎞
Q1−1/ 2 = − ⎜ ⎟ .
(
Pi, j − Pi−1, j )
µ
⎝ ⎠ i−1/ 2 ∆x
Therefore:
Qj-1/2 ⎧ 4 ⎫
( )
∆ t ρφ∆x∆y∆z = ⎨∑ ρ.Q m ⎬ .∆t ( )
i, j-1 ⎩ m=1 ⎭
where we then substitute Darcy's law

End of Section 5.1

 Outline
• Introduction
• The single-phase pressure equation
• Two-phase flow equations
• Closing remarks
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION

5.2.1 The Physics of Single Phase Compressible Systems

The “physics” of compressible single-phase system

- Fig. 5.2 shows a long thin (1D) “reservoir” containing
compressible fluid and rock (cf and cr ; cf >> cr)

Well 1 is at x = 0, and Well 2 is at x = d. If the wells are both

shut-in pressure in the system will reach a constant value, Po.
The bottom hole pressures equalises in both wells - also Po.

What happens when there is a disturbance at one well

e.g. pressure or flow rate change ?
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.1 The Physics of Single Phase Compressible Systems

Injector Producer
Fig. 5.2(a) (a) well Long thin (1D) reservoir well
1D “reservoir”
with compressible
fluid and rock;
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.1 The Physics of Single Phase Compressible Systems

Injector Producer
Fig. 5.2(a) (a) well Long thin (1D) reservoir well
1D “reservoir”
with compressible
fluid and rock;

(b)
Pin
Fig. 5.2(b)
pressure t = t1 t = t2
disturbance P t = t3
travelling
Po Pout = Po
along the
system. t=0 0 x→ L
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation
Boundary Boundary

i-1/2 i+1/2
Porosity = φ i +/- 1/2
Area = A Block = boundaries
i-1 i i+1

q i+/- 1/2
volumetric
flow rates
qi-1/2 qi+1/2

∆x ∆x ∆x
x
Fig. 5.3: control volume for application of material balance
in single phase flow
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation
Fig. 5.3 Boundary Boundary

i-1/2 i+1/2 Mass balance in i

Porosity = φ
Mass change
Area = A Block
i i+1 (+/-) over time ∆t

= Mass IN over ∆t
- Mass OUT over ∆t

qi-1/2 qi+1/2

IN OUT

∆x ∆x ∆x
x
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation

Fig. 5.3 Boundary Boundary

i-1/2 i+1/2
Porosity = φ
Area = A Block Mass balance in i
i-1 i i+1
Mass change
(q.ρ)i-1/2 ∆t (q.ρ)i+1/2 ∆t (+/-) over time ∆t (∆m)

= Mass IN over ∆t
qi-1/2 qi+1/2 - Mass OUT over ∆t
IN OUT IN = vol. q x density x t
∆m = OUT = vol.q x density xt
∆x ∆x ∆x ( qρ )i- 12 .∆t - ( qρ )i+ 12 .∆t
x
= − ⎡( qρ )i+ 1 - ( qρ )i- 1 ⎤ .∆t
Mass IN= vol. q x density x ∆t = (q.ρ)i-1/2 ∆t ⎣⎢ 2 ⎥
2⎦
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation
Fig. 5.3 Boundary Boundary

i-1/2 i+1/2 Mass in block at t

Porosity = φ and t+∆t
AREA = A Block (accumulation)
i-1 i i+1

m t = ( A.∆x.φ .ρ )t
m t+∆t = ( A.∆x.φ .ρ )t+∆t
qi-1/2 qi+1/2 ∆m = m t+∆t - m t
= ⎡⎣(φ .ρ ) t+∆t − (φ .ρ )t ⎤⎦ A.∆x.

∆x ∆x ∆x
x
Mass = A.∆x.φ.ρ
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation
Fig. 5.3 Boundary Boundary
EQUATE ∆m from flow and
i-1/2 i+1/2
accumulation -
Porosity = φ
Block
⎡⎣( ρφ i)+t+∆t
1 − ( ρφ ) ⎤ .∆xA =
AREA = A
t⎦
i-1 i

− ⎡( qρ )i+ 1 − ( qρ )i- 1 ⎤ .∆t

⎢⎣ 2 2⎥
⎦
qi-1/2 qi+1/2
÷ thro’ by A.∆x.∆t to obtain:

∆x ∆x ∆x
x
Mass = A.∆x.φ.ρ
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation
Fig. 5.3 Boundary Boundary
EQUATE ∆m from flow and
i-1/2
( ) ( )
⎡⎣i+1/ρ2 φ t+∆t − -ρφ t ⎤⎦
accumulation
Porosity = φ
AREA = A Block =
i-1 i i+1 ∆t
− ⎡( qρ )i+ 1 − ( qρ )i- 1 ⎤
⎢⎣ 2 2⎥
⎦
qi-1/2 qi+1/2 ∆x.A

∆x ∆x ∆x
x
Mass = A.∆x.φ.ρ
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation
Fig. 5.3 Boundary Boundary

i-1/2
EQUATE
i+1/2
∆m from flow and
Porosity = φ accumulation -
AREA = A Block
i-1 i i+1
⎡⎣( ρφ ) t+∆t − ( ρφ )t ⎤⎦
=
∆t
qi-1/2 qi+1/2
− ⎡( uρ )i+ 1 − ( uρ )i- 1 ⎤
⎢⎣ 2 2⎥
⎦
∆x
∆x
∆x ∆x
x
where Darcy vel., u = q/A
Mass = A.∆x.φ.ρ - equn. still exact
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation
Fig. 5.3 Boundary Boundary
Taking limits -
i-1/2 i+1/2
Porosity = φ Lim. ⎡⎣( ρφ )t+∆t - ( ρφ ) t ⎤⎦ ∂ ( ρφ )
AREA = A Block ∆t → 0 =
i-1 i i+1
∆t ∂t
⎡( u.ρ ) - ( u.ρ ) ⎤
Lim. ⎢⎣ i+ 1 i− 1 ⎥
2⎦ ∂ ( u.ρ )
− 2
= −
∆x → 0 ∆t ∂x

∂ ( ρφ ) ∂ ( u.ρ )
qi-1/2 qi+1/2

= −
∂t ∂x
∆x ∆x ∆x
x
Differential form of the
Mass = A.∆x.φ.ρ conservation equn. 5.10
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation

Differential form of the ∂ ( ρφ ) ∂ ( u.ρ )

conservation equn. 5.10
= −
∂t ∂x
Note - the symmetry between ρ and φ. These two quantities
appear in an almost identical manner in this equation.

Hence, if ∂(ρφ)/∂t = 0, then could be ρ↓ φ↑ or vice versa

Pressure is not mentioned in this equation .. to include this

must use Darcy’s Law ...
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation

Differential form of the ∂ ( ρφ ) ∂ ( u.ρ )

conservation equn. 5.10
= −
∂t ∂x
Darcy’s Law ... k ⎛ ∂P ⎞
u = − .⎜ ⎟
µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
Which leads to the following (inexact) form of the conservation
∂ ( ρφ )
equn...
∂ ⎡ ρ k ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
= ⎜ ⎟
∂t ∂x ⎢⎣ µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎥⎦
which still does not have pressure explicitly on LHS..
 5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation

∂ ( ρφ ) ∂ ⎡ ρ k ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
Conservation equn. 5.12 = ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
∂t ∂x ⎣ µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦

Expanding LHS using chain rule ∂ ( ρφ ) ∂ ( ρφ ) ⎛ ∂P ⎞

( ρ(P) and φ(P))
= .⎜ ⎟
∂t ∂P ⎝ ∂t ⎠
... & substituting above gives:
⎛ ∂ ( ρφ ) ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ∂ ⎡ ρk ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ∂ ⎡ ρk ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ .⎜ ⎟⎥ OR C ( P ) .⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ .⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦

equn. 5.14 equn. 5.15

5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation

Notes on equation 5.15: ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ∂ ⎡ ρk ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤

C ( P ).⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ .⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦

- a non-linear partial differential equation (PDE); “non-linear”

=> the coefficients in the equation depend on the quantity we
are trying to find, P(x,t) (difficult to solve analytically)

- such equations usually be solved by one or two approaches:

(1) by solving them numerically - handle the non-linearities
using certain types of iterative methods (CM6)
(2) we may simplify the equation to the extent that it becomes
soluble analytically.
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.2 The Single Phase Pressure Equation

Notes on equation 5.15: ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ∂ ⎡ ρ k ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤

C ( P ).⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ .⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
- a non-linear partial differential equation (PDE
- such equations solved numerically or analytically.

- a numerical solution will be approximate although it is an

approximation to the full equation (equ. 5.15).

- a simplified equation may have an exact solution, but the

simplifications may have “thrown away” some of the
important physics.
Take this approach first ...
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.3 The Simplified Compressible Pressure Equation

Start from equation 5.14: ⎛ ∂ ( ρφ ) ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ∂ ⎡ ρ k ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤

⎜ ⎟.⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ .⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
Simplifying Assumptions:

1. viscosity, µ, is constant (with x and P);

2. permeability and porosity, k and φ, are constant, (with x and P),
i.e. the system is homogeneous and the rock is incompressible;
3. that pressure gradients, (∂P/∂x), are “small” such that:
2
⎛ ∂P ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ≈0
⎝ ∂x ⎠
4. The fluid has a constant compressibility, cf,
1 ⎛ ∂ρ ⎞
i.e. cf = ⎜ ⎟ = constant.
ρ ⎝ ∂P ⎠
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.3 The Simplified Compressible Pressure Equation

Start from equation 5.14: ⎛ ∂ ( ρφ ) ⎞ . ⎛ ∂P ⎞ = ∂ ⎡ ρ k . ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤

⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎢⎣ µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎥⎦
Applying assumptions 1 and 2 (µ, k & φ const.) gives (eq. 5.19)
⎛ ∂ρ ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ k ∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
φ ⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ ρ ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ µ ∂x ⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
⎛ µφ ⎞ ⎛ ∂ρ ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
which rearranges to ... ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ ρ ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ k ⎠ ⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
Expand RHS of this eq.

∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂ρ ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2P ⎞
⎢ ρ ⎜ ⎟⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟ + ρ ⎜ 2 ⎟ continued...
∂x ⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.3 The Simplified Compressible Pressure Equation
continued... ∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂ρ ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂2P ⎞
⎢ ρ ⎜ ⎟⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟ + ρ ⎜ 2 ⎟
∂x ⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
Expand further noting ρ(P), to obtain: assumption 3
2
∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂ρ ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2 P ⎞ ⎛ ∂ρ ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2P ⎞
⎢ ρ ⎜ ⎟⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟ + ρ ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟ + ρ ⎜ 2 ⎟
∂x ⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠

Substituting in eq. 5.20 then gives (eq. 5.24):

⎛ µφ ⎞ ⎛ ∂ρ ⎞⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛∂ P⎞ 2 ⎛ µφ ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂ρ ⎞⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2
P⎞
.
=> ⎜⎝ k ⎟⎠ ρ ⎜⎝ ∂P ⎟⎜ =
⎟ ⎜ 2⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ρ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎠⎝ ∂ t ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
⎝ k ⎠ ⎝ ∂P ⎠⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ rearrange

Fluid compressibility, cf
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.3 The Simplified Compressible Pressure Equation
continued... ⎛ µφ ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂ρ ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂2P ⎞
⎜ ⎟. ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ k ⎠ ρ ⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
⎛ µφ c f ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂2 P ⎞
Sub. for fluid compressibility, cf, gives: ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =⎜ 2 ⎟
- coefficient is a constant ⎝ k ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠

⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
∂ P
More commonly written ⎜⎝ ∂t ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎜ ⎟ .⎜ 2 ⎟
(
⎝ µφ c f )
⎟⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠

Constant known as the hydraulic diffusivity, Dh - it IS a diffusion

constant describing how fast the pressure wave “diffuses”
across the reservoir. Faster pressure communication if
Dh is larger i.e. if k or µ or φ or cf
 5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.3 The Simplified Compressible Pressure Equation
⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2P ⎞
Eq. 5.26 is now a linear PDE (diffusion equation): ⎜ ⎟ = D h ⎜ 2 ⎟ (5.27)
∂
⎝ ⎠t ⎝ ∂x ⎠
Notes - Eq. 5.26 or 5.27:
- is the simplified (slightly) compressible 1D flow equation in Cartesian form

- analytical solutions available for various boundary conditions (Crank, 1975).

- in its radial form becomes:
formation r
⎛ ∂P ⎞ D h ∂ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
⎜ ⎟=
height
⎜r ⎟ (5.28) near-well
⎝ ∂t ⎠ r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ formation

the well known equation of well testing (many analytical solutions - various BCs)

- many ready-made analytical solutions available because diffusion equations are

well-known and are identical in form to the equations of heat conduction - studied
for many years (Carslaw and Jaeger, 1959).
 5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D
Mij WELL
Fig. 5.5: 2D control
volume - block (i,j)

i,j+1

y
(j)
i-1,j i+1,j
i,j
x
(i) NOTATION
i,j-1 i,j control volume
i – ½ = (i-1) → i
i + ½ = i → (i + 1)
j – ½ = (j – 1) → j
j + ½ = j → (j + 1)
thickness
=h
 5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D
Mij WELL
Fig. 5.5: 2D control Area, A x
= ∆y.h
volume - block (i,j)
h Area, Ay = ∆x.h
i,j+1
∆y
y ∆x
(j)
i-1,j i+1,j
i,j
x
(i) NOTATION
i,j-1 i,j control volume
i – ½ = (i-1) → i
i + ½ = i → (i + 1)
j – ½ = (j – 1) → j
j + ½ = j → (j + 1)
thickness
=h
 5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D
Mij WELL
Fig. 5.5: 2D control Area, A x
= ∆y.h
volume - block (i,j)
h Area, Ay = ∆x.h
i,j+1
∆y ( qρ )i+ 12
y ∆x
(j)
i-1,j
i,j
( qρ ) j− 12
i+1,j
x
(i) NOTATION
i,j-1 i,j control volume
i – ½ = (i-1) → i
i + ½ = i → (i + 1)
j – ½ = (j – 1) → j
j + ½ = j → (j + 1)
thickness
=h
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D

Change in mass in block (i,j) over ∆t due to fluid flow

= ⎡( qρ )i − 1 − ( qρ )i + 1 ⎤ .∆t + ⎡( qρ ) j − 1 − ( qρ ) j + 1 ⎤ ∆t + q ijρij∆x∆y.h.∆t
⎢⎣ 2 2⎥
⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 2⎥
⎦
(the x-flows) (the y-flows) (well source/sink term)

( qρ ) j+ 1 2

( qρ )i − 1 2 ( qρ )i + 12
(i,j)

( qρ ) j− 12
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D

Change in mass in block (i,j) over ∆t due to fluid flow

= ⎡( qρ )i − 1 − ( qρ )i + 1 ⎤ .∆t + ⎡( qρ ) j − 1 − ( qρ ) j + 1 ⎤ ∆t + q ijρij∆x∆y.h.∆t
⎢⎣ 2 2⎥
⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 2⎥
⎦
(the x-flows) (the y-flows) (well source/sink term)

( qρ ) j+ 1 2

( qρ )i − 1 2 ( qρ )i + 12
(i,j)

( qρ ) j− 12
MASS in block = (φ ρ .∆x.∆y.h )
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D

Change in mass in block (i,j) over ∆t due to fluid flow

= ⎡( qρ )i − 1 − ( qρ )i + 1 ⎤ .∆t + ⎡( qρ ) j − 1 − ( qρ ) j + 1 ⎤ ∆t + q ijρij∆x∆y.h.∆t
⎢⎣ 2 2⎥
⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 2⎥
⎦
(the x-flows) (the y-flows) (well source/sink term)

( qρ ) j+ 1 2
Change in mass in (i,j) from t to t+ ∆t

( qρ )i − 1 2 ( qρ )i + 12 = (φ ρ .∆x.∆y.h ) t+∆t − (φ ρ .∆x.∆y.h ) t

(i,j)
= ⎡⎣(φ ρ ) t+∆t − (φ ρ ) t ⎤⎦ ∆x.∆y.h

( qρ ) j− 12
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D

Equate these masses to obtain (eq. 5.32):

⎡⎣(φ ρ ) t+∆t − (φ ρ ) t ⎤⎦ ∆x.∆y.h

= − ⎡( qρ )i + 1 − ( qρ )i − 1 ⎤ .∆t − ⎡( qρ ) j+ 1 − ( qρ ) j− 1 ⎤ .∆t + q% ijρij ∆x∆y.h∆t

⎣⎢ 2 ⎥
2⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥
2⎦

Divide thro’ by ∆x. ∆y.h. ∆t to obtain (eq. 5.33) :

⎡( qρ ) − ( ) ⎤ ⎡( qρ ) − ( ) ⎤
⎡⎣(φ ρ )t+∆t − (φ ρ ) t ⎤⎦ ⎢
qρ
⎥ ⎢
qρ j− ⎥
=−⎣ 2⎦
−⎣ 2⎦
i+ 1 i− 1 j+ 1 1
2 2
+ ( qρ
% )ij
∆t ∆x.A x ∆y.A y

where Ax=∆y.h & Ay=∆x.h; now use u = q/A to obtain ....

5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D

From eq. 5.33, we obtain:

⎡( u.ρ ) − ( ρ ) ⎤ ⎡( u.ρ ) − ( ρ ) ⎤
⎡⎣(φρ ) t+∆t − (φρ ) t ⎤⎦ ⎢
u.
⎥ ⎢
u.
⎥
=−⎣ 2⎦
−⎣ 2⎦
i+ 1 i− 1 j+ 1 j− 1
2 2
+ ( q% ρ )ij
∆t ∆x ∆y

Taking limits as ∆x/∆y/∆t Æ 0, gives (eq. 5.35):

∂ (φρ ) ∂ (ux ρ ) ∂ (uyρ )

=− − + ( q% ρ )
∂t ∂x ∂y
the 2D (exact) mass conservation equation in differential
form
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D
Mass conservation equation in 2D

∂ (φρ ) ∂ (ux ρ ) ∂ (uyρ )

=− − + ( q% ρ )
∂t ∂x ∂y
can easily be extended to 3D as follows (eq. 5.36):

∂ (φρ ) ∂ (ux ρ ) ∂ (uyρ ) ∂ (uzρ )

=− − − + ( q% ρ )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D
Mass conservation equation in 2D

∂ (φ ρ ) ∂ ( u x ρ ) ∂ ( u yρ )
=− − + ( qρ
% )
∂t ∂x ∂y
can easily be extended to 3D as follows (eq. 5.36):

∂ (φ ρ ) ∂ ( u x ρ ) ∂ ( u y .ρ ) ∂ ( u z .ρ )
As before... =− − − + ( qρ
% )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

Expand out LHS Apply Darcy’s Law

for ux, uy and uz
 5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D
From ∂ (φ ρ ) ∂ ( u yρ ) ∂ ( u y .ρ ) ∂ ( u z .ρ )
=− − − + ( qρ
% )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
Expand out LHS + Apply Darcy’s Law for ux, uy and uz

We obtain the 3D pressure equation with g and well terms

∂ (φ ρ ) ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ∂ ⎡ ρk x ⎛ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎞ ⎤ ∂ ⎡ ρk y ⎛ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
.⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ − ρg ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ − ρg ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
∂P ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ ⎝ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎠ ⎦ ∂y ⎣⎢ µ ⎝ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎠ ⎥⎦
∂ ⎡ ρk z ⎛ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎞⎤
+ ⎢ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ − ρg ⎟ ⎥ + ( qρ
% )
∂z ⎣⎢ µ ⎝ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎠ ⎦⎥

(details in notes)
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.5 Shorthand for the 3D Single-Phase Pressure Equation

Mathematical Concepts Review: Review the meaning of:

(i) the divergence operator, ∇., on a vector V:

∂Vx ∂Vy ∂V
∇.V= + + x
∂x ∂y ∂z
⎛ Vx ⎞
⎜ ⎟
where vector V= ⎜ Vy ⎟
⎜V ⎟
⎝ z⎠
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D

Mathematical Concepts Review: (continued)

the gradient operator, ∇, on a scalar, such as pressure, P

⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
∇P = ⎜ ⎟ i + ⎜ ⎟ j + ⎜ ⎟ k
⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ⎠

where i, j and k are the unit vectors in the x-, y- and z-directions.

see also operations on a tensor (CM2, Section 2.3.2).

5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D

In this notation, eq. 5.35 (exact conservation equation) is:

∂ (φ ρ )
= −∇. ( ρu ) + ( qρ
% ) (5.40)
∂t
or expanding the LHS of equation 5.40 as before:
⎛ ∂ (φ ρ ) ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = −∇. ( ρu ) + ( qρ
% ) (5.41)
⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠
After the Darcy law has been used, vector calculus form is:
⎛ ∂ (φ ρ ) ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎡ρ ⎤
⎜ .
⎟⎜ ⎟ = ∇. ⎢ k. ( ∇ P − ρg∇ z )⎥ + ( qρ
% ) (5.42)
⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎣µ ⎦
5.2 THE SINGLE PHASE PRESSURE EQUATION
5.2.4 Extension of Single Phase Pressure Eq. to 2D & 3D

Exercise: The following equation is the full 2D equation for a

compressible fluid (in absence of gravity and with no well terms):
∂ (φ ρ ) ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ∂ ⎡ ρk x ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ ∂ ⎡ ρk y ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
⎜ ⎟= ⎢ .⎜ ⎟⎥ + ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
∂P ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ∂y ⎣ µ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎦

Simplify this equation as far as possible by making all the

Assumptions (1) - (4) in Section 5.2.3 but keep kx ≠ ky
(although both are constant).

End of Section 5.2

 Outline
• Introduction
• The single-phase pressure equation
• Two-phase flow equations
• Closing remarks
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.1 Review of Two-Phase Flow Concepts

Key Concepts: Ensure you are familiar with:

- phase saturations, S o and Sw; where S o + Sw = 1
- formation volume factors, B o and Bw (units RB/STB)
- the two-phase Darcy Law (with gravity) and rel perms,
krw(S w) and kro(S o)

k k ro ⎡⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎤
u o =- ⎜ − ρ g
⎟ o ⎜ ⎟⎥
µ o ⎢⎣⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦

k k rw ⎡⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎤
u w =- ⎢ ⎜ ∂x − ρ g
⎟ w ⎜ ⎟⎥
µw ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦

phase pressures, Po and P w, and the concept of capillary

pressure, Pc (Sw) = P o – P w, as a constraint
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.1 Review of Two-Phase Flow Concepts

Key concepts: note in particular that, by definition

density, ρo is given by: ⎛ ρ osc ⎞

ρo = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Bo ⎠
where ρosc is the density at standard conditions 60oF
and 14.7 psi and Bo is the oil formation volume factor

Similar expression for water: ⎛ ρ wsc ⎞

ρw = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Bw ⎠
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.1 Review of Two-Phase Flow Concepts

Mass oil =
volume of oil x density of oil

Rock = ( ∆x.∆y.∆z.φ . So ) × ρ o

∆z Oil, So
Likewise, Mass water

Water,Sw
= ( ∆x.∆y.∆z.φ . Sw ) × ρ w
∆y

∆x
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.2 Derivation of the Two-Phase Conservation Eqs.

Oil flux = mass rate per unit area = (Vol. rate x density/Area)

Area = A = ∆y. ∆z Oil flux:

⎛ ρ o .qo ⎞
Jo = ⎜ ⎟
qo ⎝ A ⎠
volumetric oil
flow rate ⎛ ρ osc .uo ⎞
∆z =⎜ ⎟
∆y
⎝ Bo ⎠

∆x
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.2 Derivation of the Two-Phase Conservation Eqs.
Control volume for two-phase flow

i–1 i i+1
∆y

ROCK
Area OIL
∆z =A→ So
OIL Fluid
= ∆y. ∆z WATER (φ)
Sw
WATER
∆x ∆x
Boundary Boundary Permeability = k
(i – ½) (i + ½) Porosity = φ
x
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.2 Derivation of the Two-Phase Conservation Eqs.
Control volume for two-phase flow

Oil flux IN = Jo i-1/2 = ( uoρo )i - 1/2 Oil flux OUT = Jo i+1/2 = ( uoρo )i + 1/2
i–1 i i+1
∆y

ROCK
Area OIL
∆z =A→ So
OIL Fluid
= ∆y. ∆z WATER (φ)
Sw
WATER
∆x ∆x
Boundary Boundary Permeability = k
(i – ½) (i + ½) Porosity = φ
x
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.2 Derivation of the Two-Phase Conservation Eqs.

Apply FLOW mass balance for each phase - e.g. oil

⎛ uoρosc ⎞
Mass oil IN over ∆t = Jo i-1/2.Α∆
. t = ⎜ ⎟ .Α∆. t
⎝ Bo ⎠i - 1/2
⎛ uoρosc ⎞
Mass oil OUT over ∆t = Jo i+1/2.Α∆
. t = ⎜ ⎟ .Α∆
. t
⎝ Bo ⎠i + 1/2

∆m due to flow over ∆t = - ( Jo i+1/2 − Jo i-1/2 ) .Α∆

. t =
⎛ ⎛ uoρosc ⎞ ⎛ uoρosc ⎞ ⎞
= -⎜⎜ −⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟.Α∆ . t
⎜ ⎝ Bo ⎟⎠ Bo ⎠i - 1/2 ⎠
⎝ i + 1/2 ⎝
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.2 Derivation of the Two-Phase Conservation Eqs.

Apply ACCUMULATION mass balance for. oil

∆m by accumulation in block = m t+∆t − m t

= ( ∆x.∆y.∆z.φ .So .ρ o ) t+∆t − ( ∆x.∆y∆z.φ .So .ρ o ) t
= ⎡⎣(φ So ρ o ) t+∆t − (φ So ρ o ) t ⎤⎦ ∆x∆y∆z

Equate ∆m from accumulation and flow as follows...

 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.2 Derivation of the Two-Phase Conservation Eqs.

Equate ∆m from accumulation and flow as follows...

⎡⎣(φ Soρo ) t+∆t − (φ Soρo ) t ⎤⎦ ∆x∆y∆z =- ⎡( J o )i + 1 − ( J o )i- 1 ⎤ A.∆t

⎢⎣ 2 2⎥
⎦
ACCUMULATION FLOW

Divide thro’ by ∆x. ∆y. ∆z. ∆t. (A = ∆y. ∆z) to obtain (eq. 5.52):

⎡( J ) − ( ) ⎤
⎡⎣(φ Soρ o )t+∆t − (φ So ρo ) t ⎦⎤ ⎢
⎣ o i+ 1 J o i- ⎥
1
2⎦
=− 2

∆t ∆x
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.2 Derivation of the Two-Phase Conservation Eqs.

Taking limits as ∆t, ∆x → 0, we obtain the differential form of the

mass conservation equation (eq. 5.53):

∂ (φ So ρ o ) ⎛ ∂J o ⎞
= −⎜ ⎟
∂t ⎝ ∂x ⎠
ρosc
Given that ρ o = , then we obtain (eq. 5.54)
Bo
∂ ⎛ φ So ρ osc ⎞ ⎛ ∂J o ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = − ⎜ ⎟
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠
⎛ u o ρ osc ⎞
J =
We can now substitute for 0 ⎜ B ⎟ to obtain ....
⎝ o ⎠
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.2 Derivation of the Two-Phase Conservation Eqs.

Obtain (eq. 5.56): ∂ ⎛ (φ Soρ osc ) ⎞ ∂ ⎛ u o ρ osc ⎞

⎜ ⎟= − ⎜ ⎟
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂x ⎝ B o ⎠
and since ρosc is a constant, this becomes (eq. 5.57):

∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎛ uo ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = − ⎜ ⎟
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂x ⎝ B o ⎠

Likewise we obtain for the water phase (eq. 5.58) -

∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎛ uw ⎞
⎜ ⎟= − ⎜ ⎟
∂t ⎝ Bw ⎠ ∂x B
⎝ w⎠
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.2 Derivation of the Two-Phase Conservation Eqs.

Now apply Darcy’s Law for uo and uw to get (eqs. 5.59 & 5.60):

∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎡⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤
⎜ ⎟= ⎢ ⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ − ρog ⎥ ⎥ (eq. 5.59)
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µo Bo ⎣⎝ ⎠ ∂x ⎦ ⎦

∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎡⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤
⎜ ⎟= ⎢ ⎢⎜ ∂x −
⎟ w ρ g ⎥ (eq. 5.60)
∂t ⎝ Bw ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ w Bw ⎣⎝ ⎠ ∂x ⎥⎦ ⎦

These are the “working equations” of (1D) two-phase flow

 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.2 Derivation of the Two-Phase Conservation Eqs.
∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎡⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤
Note about these eqs. ⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ − ρ g
⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ o ∂x ⎥ ⎥
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂x µ B
⎣ o o ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎦
=> two equations
in four unknowns
∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎡⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤
- So, Sw, Po and Pw. ⎜ ⎟= ⎢ − ρ g
⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ w ⎥⎥
∂t ⎝ Bw ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ w Bw ⎣⎝ ⎠ ∂x ⎦⎦

But, there are two constraints on these quantities;

viz So+ Sw = 1 and Pc(Sw) = Po – Pw.

Thus, only two of these quantities e.g. Po, Sw or So, Pw etc.

are truly independent.
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

The problem with the following 2-phase equations ..

∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎡⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤
⎜ ⎟= ⎢ ⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ − ρog ⎥ ⎥ (eq. 5.59)
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µo Bo ⎣⎝ ⎠ ∂x ⎦ ⎦

∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎡⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤ (eq. 5.60)

⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ − ρ g
⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ w ∂x ⎥ ⎥
∂t ⎝ Bw ⎠ ∂x µ
⎣ w w ⎣⎝
B ⎠ ⎦⎦

..is that they are “mixed” - we really want to have an equation

for the pressure only, that doesn’t have any terms of the
type ( ∂So/∂ t) or (∂Sw/∂ t) - we want to eliminate these.
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

The problem with the following 2-phase equations ..

∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎡⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤
⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ − ρ g
⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ o ∂x ⎥ ⎥ (eq. 5.59)
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂x µ B
⎣ o o ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎦

∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎡⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤ (eq. 5.60)

⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ − ρ g
⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ w ∂x ⎥ ⎥
∂t ⎝ Bw ⎠ ∂x µ
⎣ w w ⎣⎝
B ⎠ ⎦⎦

In total, we need a PRESSURE EQUATION and a

SATURATION EQUATION (but we have the saturation
equation already - either of the above will do)
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

First step → PRESSURE EQ. expand LHS (e.g. 5.59)

∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ φ ⎛ ∂So ⎞ So ⎛ ∂φ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = φ So ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ Bo ⎝ ∂t ⎠ Bo ⎝ ∂t ⎠
∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ φ ⎛ ∂So ⎞ So ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
= φ So ⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟ + .⎜ ⎟ + .⎜ ⎟ .⎜ ⎟
∂P ⎝ Bo ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ Bo ⎝ ∂t ⎠ Bo ⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠
φ ⎛ ∂So ⎞ ⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ So ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎢φ So ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎜ ⎟
Bo ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎣ ∂P ⎝ Bo ⎠ Bo ⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ (5.61)

wanted to isolate a generalised fluid/rock

this term compressibility term
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Expand LHS (e.g. 5.59)

∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ φ ⎛ ∂So ⎞ ⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ So ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎢φ So ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎜ ⎟ (5.61)
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ Bo ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎣ ∂P ⎝ Bo ⎠ Bo ⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠

Similar for expansion of LHS of water equation:

∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ φ ⎛ ∂S w ⎞ ⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ Sw ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎢φ Sw ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ (5.62)
∂t ⎝ Bw ⎠ Bw ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎣ ∂P ⎝ Bw ⎠ Bw ⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠

NOTE - can multiply 5.61 by (Bo/φ) and 5.62 by (Bw/φ) to obtain ....
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Multiply 5.61 by (Bo/φ) and 5.62 by (Bw/φ):

⎛ Bo ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ φ ⎛ ∂So ⎞ ⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ So ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
⎜ ⎟ x ∂t ⎜ B ⎟ = B ⎜ ∂t ⎟ + ⎢φ So ∂P ⎜ B ⎟ + B ⎜ ∂P ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ ∂t ⎟ (5.61)
⎝ φ ⎠ ⎝ o ⎠ o ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ o⎠ o ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ B w ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ φ ⎛ ∂S w ⎞ ⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ Sw ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
⎜ ⎟ x∂t ⎜ B ⎟= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎢φ Sw ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ (5.62)
⎝ φ ⎠ ⎝ w ⎠ Bw ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎣ ∂P ⎝ Bw ⎠ Bw ⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠

WHY?
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Multiply 5.61 by (Bo/φ) and 5.62 by (Bw/φ):

⎛ Bo ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ φ ⎛ ∂So ⎞ ⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ So ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
⎜ ⎟ x ∂t ⎜ B ⎟ = B ⎜ ∂t ⎟ + ⎢φ So ∂P ⎜ B ⎟ + B ⎜ ∂P ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ ∂t ⎟ (5.61)
⎝ φ ⎠ ⎝ o ⎠ o ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ o⎠ o ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ B w ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ φ ⎛ ∂S w ⎞ ⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ Sw ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
⎜ ⎟ x∂t ⎜ B ⎟= ⎜ ⎟ + ⎢φ Sw ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ (5.62)
⎝ φ ⎠ ⎝ w ⎠ Bw ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎣ ∂P ⎝ Bw ⎠ Bw ⎝ ∂P ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠

Can eliminate time ∂Sw ∂So

derivatives by adding + =0
∂t ∂t
Sw + So = 1
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

After x 5.61 by (Bo/φ) and 5.62 by (Bw/φ) and adding we get:

B o ∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ B w ∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞
⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
φ ∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ φ ∂t ⎝ Bw ⎠
⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ So ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ Sw ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ∂Po
= ⎢ B o So . ⎜ ⎟ + B S . ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟⎥
φ φ
w w
⎣ ∂P o ⎝ B o ⎠ ∂Po ⎝ Bw ⎠ ∂P
⎝ o⎠ ⎝ o ⎠ ⎦ ∂t
∂P
Sw + So = 1
⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ∂Po
= ⎢ B o So . ⎜ ⎟ + B S . ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟⎥
φ
w w
⎣ ∂Po ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂Po ⎝ Bw ⎠ ⎝ o ⎠ ⎦ ∂t
∂P

This is the final LHS of the added oil+water conservation

equs. 5.59 and 5.60 - NOW ADD RHSides - reminder...
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Reminder what we have done ..

⎛ Bo ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎡⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤
=
⎜ ⎟ ∂t ⎜ B ⎟ ∂x ⎢ µ B ⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ o ∂x ⎥ ⎥
x − ρ g (eq. 5.59)
⎝ φ ⎠ ⎝ o ⎠ ⎣ o o ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎦

⎛ Bw ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎡⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤ (eq. 5.60)

⎜ = − ρ g
⎟ x ∂t ⎝⎜ Bw ⎠⎟ ∂x ⎢⎣ µ w Bw ⎢⎣⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ w ∂x ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎝ φ ⎠

LHSide adds to:

⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂Po ⎞
= ⎢ BoSo . ⎜ ⎟ + B w Sw . ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎣ ∂Po ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂Po ⎝ Bw ⎠ φ ∂P
⎝ o ⎠⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠
fluid/rock compressibility term
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Reminder what we have done ..

⎛ Bo ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎡⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤
=
⎜ ⎟ ∂t ⎜ B ⎟ ∂x ⎢ µ B ⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ o ∂x ⎥ ⎥
x − ρ g (eq. 5.59)
⎝ φ ⎠ ⎝ o ⎠ ⎣ o o ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎦

⎛ Bw ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎡⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤ (eq. 5.60)

⎜ = − ρ g
⎟ x ∂t ⎝⎜ Bw ⎠⎟ ∂x ⎢⎣ µ w Bw ⎢⎣⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ w ∂x ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎝ φ ⎠

⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂Po ⎞
= ⎢ BoSo . ⎜ ⎟ + B S . ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎠ φ ⎝ ∂Po ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠
w w
⎣ ∂Po ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂Po ⎝ Bw
fluid/rock compressibility term
Denote this α ( So ,Po )
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Reminder what we have done ..

⎛ Bo ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎡⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤
=
⎜ ⎟ ∂t ⎜ B ⎟ ∂x ⎢ µ B ⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ o ∂x ⎥ ⎥
x − ρ g (eq. 5.59)
⎝ φ ⎠ ⎝ o ⎠ ⎣ o o ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎦

⎛ Bw ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎡⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤ (eq. 5.60)

⎜ = − ρ g
⎟ x ∂t ⎝⎜ Bw ⎠⎟ ∂x ⎢⎣ µ w Bw ⎢⎣⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ w ∂x ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎝ φ ⎠

⎡ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎛ ∂Po ⎞
= ⎢ BoSo . ⎜ ⎟ + B w Sw . ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = α ( So ,Po ) . ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎣ ∂Po ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂Po ⎝ Bw ⎠ φ ∂ P
⎝ o ⎠⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎝ ∂t ⎠
fluid/rock compressibility term, α
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Reminder what we have done ..

⎛ Bo ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎡⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤
=
⎜ ⎟ ∂t ⎜ B ⎟ ∂x ⎢ µ B ⎢⎜ ∂x ⎟ o ∂x ⎥ ⎥
x − ρ g (eq. 5.59)
⎝ φ ⎠ ⎝ o ⎠ ⎣ o o ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎦

⎛ Bw ⎞ ∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎡⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ∂z ⎤ ⎤ (eq. 5.60)

⎜ = − ρ g
⎟ x ∂t ⎝⎜ Bw ⎠⎟ ∂x ⎢⎣ µ w Bw ⎢⎣⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ w ∂x ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎝ φ ⎠

⎛ ∂Po ⎞
α ( So ,Po ) . ⎜ =
NOW MULTIPLY THRO’ THE RH SIDES
⎜ ∂t ⎟⎟ AND ADD TOGETHER
⎝ ⎠
TO OBTAIN ....
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Multiplying out and adding RHSides and equating gives (eq. 5.68):
⎛ ∂P ⎞
α ( So ;Po ) ⎜ o ⎟=
⎝ ∂t ⎠
Bo ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎤ Bw ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎛ ⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
− ρo g ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎜ ⎜ ∂x ⎟ − ρ w g ⎜ ∂x ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
φ ∂x ⎣⎢ µo Bo ⎝⎜ ∂x ⎠⎟ ∂
⎝ ⎠⎦
x φ ∂x µ B
⎣ w w ⎝⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠⎦

.. but note that we still have TWO presures in this eq. Po & Pw
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Multiplying out and adding RHSides and equating gives (eq. 5.68):
⎛ ∂P ⎞
α ( So ;Po ) ⎜ o ⎟=
⎝ ∂t ⎠
Bo ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎤ Bw ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎛ ⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
− ρo g ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎜ ⎜ ∂x ⎟ − ρ w g ⎜ ∂x ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
φ ∂x ⎣⎢ µo Bo ⎝⎜ ∂x ⎠⎟ ∂
⎝ ⎠⎦
x φ ∂x µ B
⎣ w w ⎝⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠⎦

Now use cap. pressure, Pc(Sw) = Po - Pw, to eliminate the Pw :

∂Pc ( Sw ) ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ⎛ ∂Pw ⎞ ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎛ ∂Pc ⎞
=⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟ => ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟
∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠

This gives ...

 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

This gives (eq. 5.70):

⎛ ∂Po ⎞ Bo ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎛ ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
α ( So ;Po ) ⎜ ⎟= ⎢ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ − ρog ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎥
⎝ ∂t ⎠ φ ∂x ⎣ µ o Bo ⎝ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎠ ⎦
Bw ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎛ ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎛ ∂Pc ⎞ ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
+ ⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟ − ρw g ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎥
φ ∂x ⎣ µ w Bw ⎝ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎠ ⎦

This is the 1D pressure equation for a two-phase compressible

(fluids and rock) system. Each term is physically interpretable
and we expand this out to see each of the contributions more
clearly.
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Expanded and grouped PRESSURE EQUATION (eq. 5.71):

⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎤ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎤

φα( )
So ;Po ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = Bo . ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + Bw . ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ o Bo ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ∂x ⎣ µ w Bw ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
OIL FLOW WATER FLOW
∂ ⎡ k k ro ρo g ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎤ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ρ w g ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎤
− Bo . ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ − B w . ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
∂x ⎣ µ o Bo ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ∂x ⎣ µ w Bw ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
GRAVITY TERMS
∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎛ ∂Pc ⎞ ⎤
−Bw . ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
∂x ⎣ µ w Bw ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
CAPILLARY PRESSURE TERM
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Expanded and grouped PRESSURE EQUATION (eq. 5.71):

⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎤ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎛ ∂Po ⎞ ⎤

φα( )
So ;Po ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = Bo . ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + Bw . ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x µ B
⎣ o o ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ∂x µ B
⎣ w w ⎝ ∂x ⎠⎦

Illustrates the 3 OIL FLOW WATER FLOW

forces operating ∂ ⎡ k k ro ρo g ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎤ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ρ w g ⎛ ∂z ⎞ ⎤
in two-phase flow: − Bo . ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ − B w . ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
∂x ⎣ µ o Bo ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ∂x ⎣ µ w Bw ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
VISCOUS GRAVITY TERMS
GRAVITY ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎛ ∂Pc ⎞ ⎤
−Bw . ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
∂x ⎣ µ w Bw ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
CAPILLARY
CAPILLARY PRESSURE TERM
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation
Notes on PRESSURE EQUATION (eq. 5.71):

- two-phase PRESSURE EQUATION for a compressible system

is very complex; a non-linear PDE - not soluble analytically

- despite complexity, all terms have a clear physical interpretation

in terms of viscous, gravity and capillary forces;

- to solve eq. 5.71, may use numerical methods or simplify it

greatly such that an analytical solution may be possible
(partly simplified pressure equation in next section);

continued ...
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation
Notes on PRESSURE EQUATION (eq. 5.71) (continued):
- recall that in two-phase flow, the dependent variables
(the unknown we want to find) were chosen to be

Po(x,t) and So(x,t)

hence, once we solve the pressure eq. 5.71, we must then

calculate the saturation. Ideally, we would like to solve the
pressure equation at the same time as solving for the saturation.

Where is our saturation equation in any case?

In fact, we have already met this – as equation 5.59 above.
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.3 The Two-Phase Pressure Equation

Set of equations to be solves for compressible 2 phase flow (in 1D)

PRESSURE EQ. (5.71):

⎛ ∂P ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
φ α ( So ;Po ) ⎜ o ⎟ = Bo . ⎢ ro ⎜ o ⎟ ⎥ + gravity + capillary terms
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ o Bo ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
SATURATION EQ. (5.59):
∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎛ ∂Po ∂z ⎞ ⎤
⎜ ⎟ = ⎢ ⎜ − ρ o g ⎟⎥
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ o Bo ⎝ ∂x ∂x ⎠ ⎦

Unknowns are Po and So - but these non-linear PDEs are also

coupled - i.e. they depend on each other
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.4 Schematic Strategy for Solving the Two-Phase
Pressure and Saturation Equations
To solve the Pressure and Saturation Eqs., we want to find the
values of these quantities at the NEXT time level in block i:

NOTATION: Time level n (known) ;Next time level (n+1) (unknown)

VARIABLES at time level n -- & (known)

(time = t) Poin n
Soi
VARIABLES at time level n+1 -
(time = t + ∆t) Poin+1 & Soi
n+1 (unknown)

Need an
ALGORITHM
Poin Soi
n Poin+1 Soi
n+1

level n (t) level n+1 (t+∆t)

5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.4 Schematic Strategy for Solving the Two-Phase
Pressure and Saturation Equations
Fig. 5.8: Schematic showing update of the pressure and saturation
in a grid block (i) over a time step, ∆t.

GRID BLOCK i Time step, ∆t GRID BLOCK i

At time = t At time = t+∆t
(time step n) (time step n+1)

ROCK ROCK

oil Poin ; Soi

n Solve equations Poin+1 ; Soi
n+1
5.71

(n ;
water Pwi Snwi )
and 5.59 to find ⇒
( Pwin+1 ; Sn+1
wi )
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.4 Schematic Strategy for Solving the Two-Phase
Pressure and Saturation Equations
Fig. 5.8: Schematic showing update of the pressure and saturation
in a grid block (i) over a time step, ∆t.
GRID BLOCK i Time step, ∆t GRID BLOCK i
At time = t At time = t+∆t
(time step n) (time step n+1)

ROCK ROCK
Solve equations 5.71 Poin+1 ; Soi
n+1
oil Poin ; Soi
n
and 5.59 to find ⇒

(n ;
water Pwi Snwi ) ( Pwin+1 ; Sn+1
wi )

( ∆Soi ) n → n+1 ⎣
n+1 − ∆Sn ⎤
= ⎡Soi oi ⎦
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.4 Schematic Strategy for Solving the Two-Phase
Pressure and Saturation Equations
Fig. 5.8: Schematic showing update of the pressure and saturation
in a grid block (i) over a time step, ∆t.
GRID BLOCK i Time step, ∆t GRID BLOCK i
At time = t At time = t+∆t
(time step n) (time step n+1)

ROCK ROCK
Solve equations 5.71 Poin+1 ; Soi
n+1
oil Poin ; Soi
n
and 5.59 to find ⇒

(n ;
water Pwi Snwi ) ( Pwin+1 ; Sn+1
wi )

( ∆Soi ) n → n+1 ⎣ oi ⎦ (
n+1 − ∆Sn ⎤ = − ∆S
= ⎡Soi wi ) n → n+1
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.5 Simplified Two-Phase Pressure and Saturation Eqs.

Now consider a simplified approach to the two phase pressure

and saturation equations (leads to a simple solution strategy)

Simplifying assumptions:
1. oil and water µo and µw are constant (with x and P);

2. rock and the fluids are incompressible (φ constant; Bo = Bw = 1);

3. neglect both cap. P (Pc = 0; Po = Pw = P) and gravity (g = 0).

 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.5 Simplified Two-Phase Pressure and Saturation Eqs.
Now consider a simplified approach to the two phase pressure
and saturation equations (leads to a simple solution strategy)
Simplifying assumptions:
1. oil and water µo and µw are constant (with x and P);

2. rock and the fluids are incompressible (φ constant; Bo = Bw = 1);

3. neglect both cap. P (Pc = 0; Po = Pw = P) and gravity (g = 0).

With g = 0, conservation eqs. 5.59 and 5.60 become:

∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ ∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
⎜ ⎟= ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎜ ⎟= ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ o Bo ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ∂t ⎝ Bw ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ w Bw ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
(5.72) (5.73)
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.5 Simplified Two-Phase Pressure and Saturation Eqs.

With g = 0, conservation eqs. 5.59 and 5.60 become:

∂ ⎛ φ So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ ∂ ⎛ φ Sw ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
⎜ ⎟= ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎜ ⎟= ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
∂t ⎝ Bo ⎠ ∂x ⎣ o o ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
µ B ∂t ⎝ Bw ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ w Bw ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦

From assumptions 1 (µo and µw const.) & 2 (φ constant; Bo=Bw=1);

the above become:
⎛ ∂So ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k ro ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂S ⎞ ∂ ⎡ k k rw ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ (5.75)
φ⎜ ⎟= ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (5.74) φ⎜ w ⎟= ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ o ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂x ⎣ µ w ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ ∂So ⎞ ⎛ ∂Sw ⎞ ⎤
Easy to eliminate the time derivatives of S by adding ⎢⎣φ ⎜⎝ ∂t ⎟⎠ + φ ⎜⎝ ∂t ⎟⎠ = 0⎥⎦
to obtain:
where mobilities given by:
∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ( λ o + λ )
w ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 0 λo =
k k ro
& λw =
k k rw
∂x ⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ (5.77) µo µw
5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.5 Simplified Two-Phase Pressure and Saturation Eqs.

Simplified pressure equation: where mobilities given by:

∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ k k ro k k rw
( o λo = & λw =
⎢ λ + λ w )⎜ ⎟⎥ = 0 µo µw
∂x ⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ (5.77)

By defining the total mobility = λ T ( So ) = λ o + λ w

we obtain an even simpler pressure eq.
∂ ⎡ ∂P ⎤
⎢ λ T ( So ) ⎥ =0
∂x ⎣ ∂x ⎦
and the corresponding simplified saturation equation is:

∂So ∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
φ = λ ( S )
o ⎜ ⎟⎥
∂x ⎢⎣
o
∂t ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
in summary ...
 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.5 Simplified Two-Phase Pressure and Saturation Eqs.

Simplified pressure and saturation equations are (where λT ( So ) = λw +λw ):

∂ ⎡ ∂P ⎤
PRESSURE ⎢ λ T ( So ) ⎥ =0 (5.81)
∂x ⎣ ∂x ⎦

∂So ∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
SATURATION φ = λ o ( So ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (5.82)
∂t ∂x ⎢⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦

FLOWCHART of schematic solution in Fig. 5.9

 5.3 THE TWO-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
5.3.5 Simplified Two-Phase Pressure and Saturation Eqs.

Simplified pressure and saturation equations are (where λT ( So ) = λw +λw ):

∂ ⎡ ∂P ⎤
PRESSURE ⎢ λ T ( So ) ⎥ =0 (5.81)
∂x ⎣ ∂x ⎦

∂So ∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
SATURATION φ = λ o ( So ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (5.82)
∂t ∂x ⎢⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦

FLOWCHART of schematic solution in Fig. 5.9

 Time level n ⇒ KNOW Snoi ; Pni
Calculate mobilities at these
Fig. 5.9 Strategy for the λ T ( Son ) =λ o ( Sno ) +λ w ( Son )
Iterative solution of the
(simplified) P. and S. Eqs Keep them and set
for Two-Phase Solve Pressure Equation with to “current” values.
Flow ∂ ⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤
“current” Take next time
⎢ λ T ( Son ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 0 step.
∂x ⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦
⇒ obtain Pn+1i

Set the latest Sn+1oi

and Pn+1i to “current”
Use Pn+1 and λ o ( So )
n
values and ITERATE
through calculation To solve SATURATION EQ.
∂ ⎡ ⎤
n +1
∂So n ⎛ ∂P ⎞
again. φ = ⎢ λ o ( So ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
∂t ∂x ⎢⎣ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦⎥
⇒ obtain Sn+1oi

Are these ; Sn+1oi and Pn+1i

NO satisfactory?
(i.e. converged)

YES
End of Section 5.3
 Outline
• Introduction
• The single-phase pressure equation
• Two-phase flow equations
• Closing remarks
5.4 CLOSING REMARKS

Objective CM5: to familiarise student with the fundamental flow

equations of single- and two-phase flow through porous media

These eqs. can be derived in a unified way by applying:

MATERIAL BALANCE + DARCY’S LAW
⇒ FLOW EQUATIONS

In 2-phase flow - mass conservation applied to each of the two

phases (o/w) + a little more “two-phase physics” krw/kro & Pc;

continued...
5.4 CLOSING REMARKS (continued)

Objective CM5: to familiarise student with the fundamental flow

equations of single- and two-phase flow through porous media

MATERIAL BALANCE + DARCY’S LAW

- 2-phase flow - mass conservation applied to each phase

For both single- and two-phase flow => full equations for the
compressible system were non-linear PDE’s
- 2 non-linear, completed PDE’s for two-phase flow:
- cannot generally be solved analytically
- in simplified form - illustrate interesting features of the processes.
- numerical solution of these eqs. => in Core Module 6 (CM6).