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    Compaction: R.Ravindranath, M.E (Geo. Tech)

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    Ankur Choudhary
    Compaction is the densification of soils by mechanical means to reduce porosity and increase dry density. It involves rearranging soil particles into closer contact through applied compactive effort and water. Laboratory compaction tests determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a soil using standardized procedures like the Standard Proctor and Modified Proctor tests. In the field, soils can be compacted using rollers, rammers, vibrators, tracked vehicles and compaction plant. The degree of compaction achieved depends on factors like the water content, compactive effort applied, soil type, and use of admixtures. Compaction modifies key soil properties such as permeability, structure, shrinkage and shear strength.

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    Compaction: R.Ravindranath, M.E (Geo. Tech)

    Uploaded by

    Ankur Choudhary
    24 views30 pages
    Compaction is the densification of soils by mechanical means to reduce porosity and increase dry density. It involves rearranging soil particles into closer contact through applied compactive effort and water. Laboratory compaction tests determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a soil using standardized procedures like the Standard Proctor and Modified Proctor tests. In the field, soils can be compacted using rollers, rammers, vibrators, tracked vehicles and compaction plant. The degree of compaction achieved depends on factors like the water content, compactive effort applied, soil type, and use of admixtures. Compaction modifies key soil properties such as permeability, structure, shrinkage and shear strength.

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    Compaction is the densification of soils by mechanical means to reduce porosity and increase dry density. It involves rearranging soil particles into closer contact through applied compactive effort and water. Laboratory compaction tests determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a soil using standardized procedures like the Standard Proctor and Modified Proctor tests. In the field, soils can be compacted using rollers, rammers, vibrators, tracked vehicles and compaction plant. The degree of compaction achieved depends on factors like the water content, compactive effort applied, soil type, and use of admixtures. Compaction modifies key soil properties such as permeability, structure, shrinkage and shear strength.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views30 pages

    Compaction: R.Ravindranath, M.E (Geo. Tech)

    Uploaded by

    Ankur Choudhary
    Compaction is the densification of soils by mechanical means to reduce porosity and increase dry density. It involves rearranging soil particles into closer contact through applied compactive effort and water. Laboratory compaction tests determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a soil using standardized procedures like the Standard Proctor and Modified Proctor tests. In the field, soils can be compacted using rollers, rammers, vibrators, tracked vehicles and compaction plant. The degree of compaction achieved depends on factors like the water content, compactive effort applied, soil type, and use of admixtures. Compaction modifies key soil properties such as permeability, structure, shrinkage and shear strength.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 30

    COMPACTION

    R.Ravindranath,M.E(Geo. Tech)
    WHAT IS COMPACTION?

    A simple ground improvement technique,


    where the soil is densified through external
    compactive effort.
    Compactive
    effort

    + water =
    Compaction is the process,
    The soil particles are artificially rearranged
    & packed together into closer state of contact
    by mechanical means in order to decrease the
    porosity of soil and increase its dry density.
    LABORATORY COMPACTION TEST
    - to obtain the compaction curve and define the optimum water
    content and maximum dry density for a specific compactive
    effort.

    hammer
    Modified Proctor:
    Standard Proctor:
    • 3 layers • 5 layers

    • 25 blows per layer • 25 blows per layer

    • 2.6 kg hammer • 4.5 kg hammer

    • 310 mm drop • 450 mm drop

    1000 ml compaction mould


    LABORATORY COMPACTION TEST
    STANDARD PROCTOR TEST :
     A cylindrical mould of 100mm internal diameter,
    internal effective height 127.3mm, capacity of
    1000 cc.
     Detachable base plate with removable extension
    collar
     Metallic rammer of diameter 50mm, weight 2.6
    kg with a fall of 310 mm
     Steel straight edge of about 300 mm in length
    with one edge leveled
     Balance (0.01g sensitivity, 10 kg capacity)
     Is sieve 20mm and 4.75 mm
    PROCEDURE
     Prepare about 6 kg of soil sample for 1000cc mould
    by sieving it through 20mm and retained at 4.75 mm
     Clean, dry and slightly grease the mould and the
    base plate. Weigh the empty mould with the base plate
    without extension collar
     Take about 2.5 kg of soil for 100 mm dia mould for
    light compaction.
     Add water to the soil specimen to bring the moisture
    content to about 4 to 5 % in sandy soil. Mix the water
    with soil thoroughly.
     Divide the wet soil into three equal parts. Put the soil
    in three layers and compact. Each layer is given 25 blows.
     Before putting the second layer, make scratches on
    the first layer with the help of a sharp edged tool.
     The second and third layers are similarly compacted.

     Rotate the collar to break the bond between it and soil


    and then remove the collar.
     Trim off the soil to make it flush with the top of the
    mould.
     Clean the loose soil from outside and base of the
    mould.
     Weigh the mould with base plate and compacted soil.
    Now eject the soil out of mould. Take a representative soil
    sample from the centre and keep it in oven for water
    content determination.
     Repeat the procedure by six to seven times by
    increasing the water content by 2% in each turn
    The bulk density and the corresponding dry
    density for the compacted soil are calculated
    from the following Relation,

    Zero air voids line


    A line which shows that water content dry
    density relation for the compacted soils
    containing a constant % air voids is known as
    air voids line.
    Zero Air void condition ( na = 0)

    Relation between water content and dry


    density for a degree of saturation S,
    MODIFIED PROCTOR TEST

    This compaction is needed for heavier


    transport and military aircraft.
    In this test ,
    • 5 layers

    • 25 blows per layer

    • 4.5 kg hammer

    • 450 mm drop
    FIELD COMPACTION TEST

    Soils can be compacted in the field by 3


    method

    1.Rolling
    2.Ramming(impact)
    3.vibration
    1.Rolling Equipments:
    1.Smooth wheel Roller(crushed rock ,
    granular , sand)
    2. Pneumatic tyred roller (both soils)
    3.Sheep foot roller ( cohesive soil)
    4.Lorries and Pneumatic tyred roller
    construction plant.
    5.Track laying vehicles.
    2.Ramming Equipments ( confined place)
    1.dropping weight type.
    2.Internal combustion type.
    3. Pneumatic type.
    3.Vibratiors( Cohesion less soil)
    1.dropping weight type
    2.pulsating hydraulic types
    SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER
    PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLER
    SHEEP FOOT ROLLER
    TRACK LAYING VEHICLES
    Advantages of tracked over wheeled vehicles are
     covered larger surface area
     suitable for use on soft, low friction and uneven ground such as
    mud, ice and snow.
    RAMMERS

    Rammers for compacting the soils


    comprise of pneumatic and internal
    combustion type weighing from 300 to 1500
    N.
    Internal combustion type jumping
    rammers, known as frog hammers, weigh up
    to one tonne.
    VIBRATORS

    The vibrators consist of a vibrating unit of


    either the out of balance weight type or a
    pulsating hydraulic type mounted on a screed,
    plate or roller.
    FACTOR AFFECTING COMPACTION
     WATER CONTENT
     AMOUNT OF COMPACTION
     TYPE OF COMPACTION
     TYPE OF SOIL
     ADDITION OF ADMIXTURE
    WATER CONTENT:

    From laboratory compaction tests


    the water content is increased , the
    compacted density goes on increasing, till a
    max dry density is achieved after which
    further addition of water decrease the
    density.
    AMOUNT OF COMPACTION:
    The effect of increasing the
    compacting energy result in an increase in tne
    max dry density and decrease the optimum
    water content.
    METHOD OF COMPACTION:
    The various aspects are ,
    1. Weight of compacting equipment.
    2. The manner of operation
    3. Time & area of contact between the
    compacting element & the soils.
    TYPE OF SOILS:
    The maximum dry density of the soil depends upon “
    type of soil”.
     WELL GRADED COARSE GRAINED soils attain a much
    higher density & lower optimum water contents.

     FINE GRAINED soils which require more water for lubrication


    because of the greater specific surface.
    ADDITION OF ADMIXTURE:
    Addition of certain admixtures to
    soils results in modification of its compaction
    properties.
    CALCIUM CHLORIDE has been a
    widely used chemical additive.
    EFFECT OF COMPACTION ON SOME SOIL
    PROPERTIES
    Effect of compaction on soil properties is,
    1. Permeability
    2. change in structure of soil
    3. shrinkage
    4. swelling
    5.compressibility
    6. stress – strain character
    7.shear strength.
    PLACEMENT WATER CONTENT

    The water content used in the field


    compaction is called the placement water
    content.
    It may be Equal to, lower than or higher
    than the optimum water content determined in
    the laboratory.

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