Database Management System

Practical No : 3
 
Aim : 1. Functions
 Aggregate, Numeric, Date, String and Conversion

1. Aggregate Functions
AVG: returns average value
Select Avg(<ColumnName>) from <table_name>
MIN: returns minimum value
Select min(<ColumnName>) from <table_name>
COUNT: returns no of rows where expression is not NULL
Select count(<ColumnName>) from <table_name>
COUNT(*): returns no of rows in the table including duplicates and those with NULL
Select count(*) from <table_name>
MAX: returns maximum value
Select max(<ColumnName>) from <table_name>
SUM: returns sum of the values
Select sum(<ColumnName>) from <table_name>

2. Numeric Functions
ABS: returns the absolute value of n
Select abs(n); e.g. select abs(-24.5); =>24.5
POWER: returns m raised to nth power
Select power(m,n); e.g. Select power(2,3); =>8
ROUND: returns n rounded to m places to the right of the decimal point
Select round(n,m); e.g. Select round(5.2333, 2);
SQRT: returns square root of n
Select sqrt(n);
EXP: returns e raised to nth power
Select exp(n);
FLOOR: returns the largest integer value that is equal to or less than a number
Select floor(n);
CEILING: returns the smallest integer value that is equal to or greater than a number
Select ceiling(n);
RAND: returns a random number or a random number within a range.
Select Rand();
Rand()*(upper value-lower value) e.g. select rand()*(10-1)

3. String Functions:
LEN: returns the length of the specified string. 
Select LENGTH( ‘string’ ) from dual;
CONCAT: allows you to concatenate strings together.
Select CONCAT( ‘string1’, ‘string2’, ... ‘string_n’) from dual;
LOWER: converts all letters in the specified string to lowercase (same for Upper).
Select LOWER( ‘string’ ) from dual, or select lower(ename) from employees;
UPPER: converts all letters in the specified string to lowercase (same for Upper).
 Select UPPER( ‘string’ ) from dual, or select upper(ename) from employees;
INITCAP(‘string’) proper case
E.g. select Initcap(‘ALPHA’) from dual; =>Alpha
SUBSTR(argument, starting point, length) extract substring from string.
E.g. select Substr(‘Alpha’,2,3) from dual =>pha
INSTR(String,char) Returns Position of char
Select INSTR(String,char) from dual;
REPLACE: Replace all occurrences of a substring by another substring in a string.
Select (stringfrom, string to find, string to replace)
Select REPLACE(‘JACK AND JOND’,’J’,’BL’);=>   ‘BLACK AND BLOND’

4. Date Functions:
TO_DATE(‘char_string’, ‘Oracle format’): Converts a character string to an Oracle date format
SELECT TO_DATE( '5 Jan 2017', 'DD MON YYYY' ) FROM dual.
TO_CHAR(Input, format)
SELECT CHAR( sysdate 'DD MON YYYY' ) FROM dual;
ADD_MONTHS(date, number): Adds number of months to the date yielding another date
SELECT ADD_MONTHS( DATE '2016-02-29', 1 ) FROM dual;
MONTH_BETWEEN(date1.date2): Yields the number of months between date 1 & date 2
SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN( DATE '2017-07-01', DATE '2017-01-01' ) FROM DUAL;
LAST_DAY(date1): Returns the last day of the month
SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM dual;
NEXT_DAY(date,no. of day in week) :Returns Date Of Next comming Day
e.g.(Jn_date,1) Returns Date of Next Monday of Jn_date
Date + value(n)
Returns Date after n days of Date

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: returns the current date and time (GETDATE function can also be used).
Select CURRENT_TIMESTAMP from dual;

EXTRACT:
Arithmetic operations
Select <ColumnName1> <ColumnName2><ColumnName3><arithmetic expression>

Renaming column name while using arithmetic operations

Use of logical operators in where condition

Select <ColumnName1> <ColumnName2> where <cond1> and <cond2>

Range searching
Select <ColumnName1> <ColumnName2> where < ColumnName> between <val1> and <val2>

Pattern Matching
Select <ColumnName1> <ColumnName2> where < ColumnName> like <pattern>
WHERE EName LIKE 'a%' Finds any values that start with "a"
WHERE EName LIKE '%a' Finds any values that end with "a"
WHERE EName LIKE '%or%' Finds any values that have "or" in any position
WHERE EName LIKE '_r%' Finds any values that have "r" in the second position
WHERE EName LIKE 'a__%' Finds any values that start with "a" and are at least 3 characters in length
WHERE EName LIKE 'a%o' Finds any values that start with "a" and ends with "o"
'[a-c]%' starting with "a", "b", or "c":
'[bsp]%' starting with "b", "s", or "p"
'[!bsp]%' or not like '[bsp]%' NOT starting with "b", "s", or "p"
Example: WHERE SALARY LIKE '200%' => Finds any values that start with 200.

In and not in predicates

Execute prac_3.sql script

Do as directed:
1) Print the incremented salary of all employee with 10% increment.
2) Find the (salary + Commission) as Total salary of all employees.
3) Find the gross salary of employee by following formula:
Gross_Salary= Basic Salary+DA+HRA+TA+MA
DA=110% of Basic Salary
HRA=30% of Basic Salary
TA= 1500
MA= 1000
4) Display the first name in lower case and last name in upper case, for all
employees whose employee number is in the range between 80 and 150.
5) Generating new email address
a) For each employee, display the first name, last name, and email address. The
email address will be composed from the first letter of first name, concatenated
with the three first letters of last name, concatenated with @oracle.com.
b) For each employee, display the first name, last name, and email address. The
email address will be composed from the first letter of first name, concatenated
with the three last letters of last name, concatenated with @oracle.com.
6) For each employee, display the first name concatenated with the last name,
concatenated with hire date.
7) Display the last name for all employees where last name’s length is greater
than 8 characters.
8) For each employee, display the first name, last name, phone number and a new
phone number. In the new phone number, replace all occurrences
of 515 with 815.
9) For each employee, display first name, salary, salary after a raise of 12%,
salary after a raise of 12%, expressed as a whole number, salary after a raise of
12%, round down to the nearest whole number.
10) For each employee, display the first name, hire date, hire date minus 10
days, hire date plus one month, and the day difference between current date and
hire date.
11) For each employee, display the first name, last name, hire date, number
of months he works in the company, and number of years he works in the
company.
12) For each employee, display the first name, hire date, and hire date plus
one year.
13) For each employee, display the first name, hire date, hire date rounded
up to the nearest year, and hire date rounded up to the nearest month.
14) For each employee, display the first name, the day of his hire date, and
the year of his hire date.
15) Display the last name in upper case, the salary in format model :
‘9,999.999’, and hire date in format model: ‘DD/MM/YYYY’, for all
 employees whose last name begins with the letter D or K (without using like).
16) For each employee, display the first name, last name, salary and
commission percentage. If an employee doesn’t earn a commission, display 0
instead of NULL.
17) For each employee, display the first name, last name, salary and
commission percentage. If an employee doesn’t earn a commission, display
“No Commission” instead of NULL.
18) For each employee, display the first name, last name, salary, and a salary
grade based on these conditions :
a) if the salary is between 0 and 5000 – salary grade level is A
b) if the salary is between 5001 and 15000 – salary grade level is B
c) if the salary is between 15001 and 20000 – salary grade level is C
d) for any other range – salary grade level is D
19) Display the first name, salary and round the salary to thousands.
20) Display all the employees who joined in the month of May.
21) Display the first word in job title.
22) Display the length of first name for employees whose last name contains
character ‘b’ after the third position. (Without using like).
23) Display first name of the employees whose experience in more than 5
years.