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Practical - 8

Correlated subqueries are used to perform row-by-row processing, with each subquery executed once for every row of the outer query. A correlated subquery is evaluated once for each row processed by the parent statement, such as a SELECT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement. Correlated subqueries allow answering multipart questions where the answer depends on the value in each row processed by the parent statement.

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117 views3 pages

Practical - 8

Correlated subqueries are used to perform row-by-row processing, with each subquery executed once for every row of the outer query. A correlated subquery is evaluated once for each row processed by the parent statement, such as a SELECT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement. Correlated subqueries allow answering multipart questions where the answer depends on the value in each row processed by the parent statement.

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Awaish Memon
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Database Management System

Practical No : 8

Aim : Understand the concept of Co-related subqueries.

Correlated subqueries are used for row-by-row processing. Each subquery is


executed once for every row of the outer query.

A correlated subquery is evaluated once for each row processed by the parent
statement. The parent statement can be a SELECT, UPDATE, or DELETE
statement.

SELECT column1, column2, ....


FROM table1 outer WHERE column1 operator SELECT
column1, column2 FROM table2 WHERE expr1 =
outer.expr2);

A correlated subquery is one way of reading every row in a table and comparing
values in each row against related data. It is used whenever a subquery must return
a different result or set of results for each candidate row considered by the main
query. In other words, you can use a correlated subquery to answer a multipart
question whose answer depends on the value in each row processed by the parent
statement.
Nested Subqueries Versus Correlated Subqueries :

Nested subquery: The inner SELECT query runs first and executes once.
Correlated subqueries: Executes once for each candidate row considered by the
outer query.

Nested subquery Example:


Select ename, city, from emp where salary =(select max(salary)
from emp)

The inner query executes once.

Correlated subqueries Example:


SELECT last_name, salary FROM employees outer WHERE salary
>(SELECT AVG(salary)FROM employees WHERE department_id =
outer.department_id);

The inner query executes for every row because outer.department_id is different
for all.

CORRELATED UPDATE :
UPDATE table1 alias1
SET column = (SELECT expression
FROM table2 alias2
WHERE alias1.column =
alias2.column);
Use a correlated subquery to update rows in one table based on rows from another
table.
CORRELATED DELETE :
DELETE FROM table1 alias1
WHERE column1 operator
(SELECT expression
FROM table2 alias2
WHERE alias1.column = alias2.column);
Use a correlated subquery to delete rows in one table based on the rows from
another table.

Examples:
select p.last_name, p.department_id from employees p where
p.salary < (select avg(s.salary) from employees s where
s.department_id=p.department_id)
The flow of execution is as follows:
1. Start at the first row of the EMPLOYEES table.
2. Read the DEPARTMENT_ID and SALARY of the current row.
3. Run the subquery using the DEPARTMENT_ID from step 2
4. Compare the result of step 3 with the SALARY from step 2, and return the
row if the SALARY is less than the result.
5. Advance to the next row in the EMPLOYEES table.
6. Repeat from step 2.

Exercise
1. Write a query to determine who earns more than Mr. Lex.
2. Write a query find the job with the highest average salary.
3. Write a query to print employee id along with their manager id.
4. Write a query to print employees name who earns more than that of
their managers.
5. Write a query to print the name of employee who earns more than
that of their department’s average.
6. Write a query to print the name and id of those department whose
total no employee is greater than at least one of the departments.
7. Write a query to print the name of employee who draw second lowest
salary in the company.
8. Write a query to print the name of employee who draw second lowest
salary in their respective departments.

What should be the output of the following query:


9. select employee_id from employees where salary < all (select salary
from employees where department_id=30);
10. select employee_id from employees where salary < (select min(salary)
from employees where department_id=60);
11. select last_name from employees where department_id in(select
department_id from departments where department_name=’Sales’);

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