Expt No.

TACHEOMETRY - STADIA SYSTEM Date:

AIM
To determine the distance and elevation of a point using tachometric
stadia system
APPARATUS USED
1. Tachometer, 2. Levelling staff, 3. Pegs or Arrows.
PROCEDURE
1. Tachometer is set over an instrument station (O) exactly and
all the temporary adjustments are done.

2. The Vernier’s C and D are set to read zero by means of

vertical circle clamping screw and tangent screw.(Telescope
is held at horizontal position).

3. Back sight reading is taken on BM.

4. Telescopic clamping screw is unclamped and the telescope is

turned in the vertical plane to sight the leveling staff which is
placed over the object “P”. Vertical angle α is noted. Staff intercept
(S) is also determined.

5. The horizontal distance between O and P is

determined as follows:- OP = D = K S cos2α + A cos α

6. Difference in elevation between O and P is determined as follows:-

KS sin(2 )
V= + A sin 
2
7. R.L of point “P” is determined as follows:
R.L of point “P” = R.L of Line of collimation + V- h
TABULATION:-

Face:- Face:-
S S Stadia
Instrum wing:- wing:- Readings
Sig
ent
ht
Statio
to Horizontal Vertical
n
Angle Angle T Cent Bott
A B Me C D Me o re om
an an p
°´ ´ ´ ´ ° ´ ´ ° ´ ´ ´ ´ ° ´ ´
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
Calculation
RESULT:
i) Horizontal distance between O and P =
ii) Difference in elevation between O and P =
iii) R.L of “P” =
 EXPERIMENT NO
AIM : To give Layout for given plan of building.
Equipment: Pegs, Nails, Lime, Wooden Mallet

Theory: - When plans are ready for the works, the works are ro be executed .To

start with any structure first of all, trenches for the foundation are too excavated. To

excavate these trenches, the outline of excavation are defined on the ground, the

process of defining the outlines of the excavation on the ground is known as setting

out of works or lining out of works.

To set any structure or work whether it may be building, culvert, pipeline or sewer

line, the plan showing the width of the foundation trench, for various walls, distance

of the corners from some definite line etc. is required. This plan called foundation

plan (Fig) .The distances and they are with reference to lines AB and AF.

PROCEDURE:-

To start with the setting out of building ,first of all a point A is fixed and then line

AB is oriented in the required direction .Thus having fixed the direction of the line

AB, two pegs A and B are driven at distance of 12.25m,apart (This distance

calculated from the plan). Wire nails are driven at the centers of the pegs. Again

the distance between the wire nails is checked and which should be equal to

12.25m. A cord is stretched along AB and ends are secured to these wire nails at

Aand B, perpendicular AF’ and BC’ are set out. Perpendicular may be set with a

tape by 3-4-5 method or theodolite may be used if the work is important. Along AF’

and BC’, point F and C are fixed at 12.80m and 10.30m, from A&B respectively .The

perpendicular are then set at C and F and point D and E are fixed along CD’ and

FE’ at a calculated distance from C and F respectively . The stakes are driven at

these point C, D, E, and F and wire nails are driven at the centers of these stakes. A

cord is stretched all along ABCDEF.

To check up the work, the diagonal AE, AD, bF, and Bd are actually measured

and these measured values should agree with their corresponding calculated

lengths. Otherwise the setting out work should be repeated and stakes should be

refixed at their correct positions.

After fixing up all the pegs and stretching the cord the corners M, N,P etc and

m,n,p etc. are to be located . The point A is considered as the origin and the lines
AB and AF as the axes of the co-ordinates. The co-ordinates of all the corners M, N,P

etc., and m, n, p, etc. are calculated with reference to A as origin .

For example Co-ordinates of M.N.P are (2,2),(2,10.25) and (10.25,2) respectively and

those for m,n,p are (3.35,3.35),(3.35,8.90) and (8.90,3.35) repectively. With these co-

ordinates, point M,N,P,m,n,p etc., are set and pegs are driven at these points. The

cord are stretched around the wire nails at M,N,P,Q,R,S and m,n,p,r,s indicating

peripheries. The outline of the peripheries are marked with lime spread.

Now the lime lines on the ground indicate the trenches for the various walls and the

excavation may be started .if during the progress of the work, the lines marked are

disturbed, it may be checked or reset with help of reference line ABCDEF.

 EXPERIMENT NO
AIM : Study of Planimeter
APPARATUS: Planimeter
FIGURE :

Planimeter : A Planimeter is a mechanical integrator is used by engineer for measuring

area of figure which is been plotted scale particularly when the boundaries are

Irregular are curved mathematically it is difficult to find the area of such irregular

figures. Planimeter is largely used for finding the areas of contour in determining

the capacity of storage server.

Construction: These are several types of Planimeter but the ampler polar Planimeter is in

most common use & is described as-

It consists of two arms hinged at a point one is known is anchor arm & it is at

fixed length. It has a needle point called the anchor point which is fixed in paper & hold

in position by detachable small weight the other arm is called trussing arm. it carries a

tracing point which is moved along the periphery of the figure of which the area is to

be found out . Tracing arm is adjustable is length the tracing arm is set to position given

by the manufacturer according to scale used the total normal displacement is

Measured b rolling wheel. The rolling wheel carries graduated drum divided into 100
 Parts. The vernier is provided to read 1/10th parts of the rolling wheel. The wheel is

connected by gears is the counting disc. The counting disc measure one revolution at

every 10 turns of the rolling wheel each complete reading is a figure of four digits. The

zero of rolling wheel is apposite to the zero at veriner. Actually the marks of rise should

be opposite to index mark due to imperfection of the wheel gear.

Instrument is equipped with magnifying lance to read vernier & a check bar or flat bar
for testing the Planimeter.
Reading on Planimeter:

Each complete reading on Planimeter is a figure of digits. Let the reading be 4.375

the first digit 4 is read on the disc the second digit 3 is read on the rolling wheel (main

scale) the third digit 7 is read on the falling wheel (main scale) & the last is fourth digit 5

is read on the vernier scale beside the main scale of rolling wheel position of measuring

unit (setting of tracing arm) the position of tracing arm is adjustable according to given

position by the manufacture for the different scalar. The position of measuring unit will

be vary from instrument to the index mark on the beveled edge of the tracing arm of

the figure may be obtained directly in m2 or hectors by marking use of multiplying scale

factor.

Method of using Planimeter:

The Planimeter is used in determining the areas of the figure in 2 ways.

1) By placing the anchor point outside the figure.

2) By placing the anchor point inside the figure.

Procedure: 1) Set out the index arm on the tracing arm to the given scale as per

manufactures instruction exactly b using clamp & fine motion screw. Stretch the sheet

making free from wrinkle ness.

 2) Fixed the anchor point of firmly on paper inside & for small outside keep.

Mark the points on the boundaries of the figure & set tracing arm exactly over it.

3) Now take the initial reading i.e. the reading on dial & wheel & vernier.

4) Move the tracing point along the periphery of the figure & stop at the starting point.

5) While tracing point is moved note the number of times the zero index mark in

clockwise & anticlockwise direction. Again take the reading of on dial wheel & vernier

that will be final reading.

6) The calculated area (A) = m (FR-IR +10N+C)

Where, M=multiplying constant which is different scales

N=number of times the zero of dial passes the fixed index mark use the +ve sign when

moves clockwise & -ve sign moves anticlockwise.

C= constant of instrument supplied by manufacture & different for different scales & it is

offset when anchor point is kept inside otherwise it is taken zero if it is kept outside.

FR=Final reading.

IB= Initial reading.

Area of the zero circles i.e. Mc is defined as the correction circle which is defined as a

circle found the circumference at which if the tracing point is moved wheel will slide

without rotation in a reading. This is possible when tracing arm is placed in such a

position relative to the anchor of arm that the plane of the roller passes thought the

anchored point the multiply constant of Planimeter is equal to the number of unit of

area per revolution of the roller.

RESULT: - Planimeter has been used to measured irregular figure.

 EXPERIMENT NO

AIM: Measurement of vertical Angles with Theodolite

APPARATUS: - Theodolite, three ranging rods,

THEORY: Theodolite is an instrument designed for the measurement of horizontal and

vertical angle. It is most precise method it is also used for laying of horizontal angles

Locating points on line prolonging the survey line establishing the gradient, determination

of difference in the elevation setting out curve .Theodolite are of two types’ transit

and non-transit. Transit theodolite is commonly used now a day’s .in transit theodolite

telescope can be revolved a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical

plane. A transit theodolite consists of essential part.

 1) Leveling head: It supports the main working parts of the instrument and screws on a

tripod. The head comprises of two parts

a) A leveling foot screws for leveling the instrument i.e. for marking vertical axis truly

vertical.

b) A movable head or centering arrangement for centering the vertical axis

accurately over a station point.

2) A lower level circular horizontal metal plate: It carries a circular graduated arc. The

lower plate is attached to a vertical metal spindle (outer axis) which works in vertical

bearing and a form a part of leveling head. It may be graduated in degree and half

degree or a degree 1/3 of degrees .the upper plate carries an index and vernier or

micrometer towards fine reading on gradated horizontal circle .the upper plate carries

standard use of for supporting the telescope and the spirit level used for leveling the

instrument.

3) A telescope: The telescope is pivoted between the standard at right angles to the

horizontal axis. It can be rotated about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane. The

telescope is provided with the focusing screw, Clamping screw and tangent screw.

4) A circular graduated are carried on vertical circle: It is attached to the horizontal axis

of the telescope, it is usually divided into 4 quadrants, but in some instruments it is

graduated continuously from 0-3600.the graduation in each quadrant are numbered from

0-900 in opposite direction. The subdivisions of vertical circle are similar to those of vertical

circle.

MESURMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLE

A vertical angle is the angle between the inclined line of sight to an object and the

horizontal. It may be an angle of elevation or on angle of depression according as the

Point is above or below the horizontal plane passing through the trunnion axis of the

instrument. To measure angle of elevation or depression LOM shown in fig. proceed as

follows:

1) Set up the theodolite at station point O and level it accurately with reference to the

altitude level.

2) Set vertical Vernier’s C and D exactly to zero by using the vertical circle clamp and

tangent screw, while the altitude level should remain in the center of its run. Also the

face of the theodolite should be left.

3) Release the vertical circle clamp screw and rotate the telescope in vertical plane so

as to bisect the object M. tighten the vertical circle clamp and exactly bisect the

object by slow motion screw.

4) Read both Vernier’s C and D. the mean of the tow readings gives the value of the

required angle.

5) Similar observation may be made with other face. The average of the tow values

thus obtained gives the value of the required angle which is free from instrumental

errors.

6) Similarly the angle of depression can be measured following the above steps.
To measure the vertical angle between two points L and M

Sometimes it is required to measure vertical angle between two points L and M . There

can be three possibilities.

(a) One point is above the line of sight and the other is below the line of sight then

angle LOM as shown in fig will be equal to (<α +<β )

(b) Both the points are above the line of sight. Then the angle LOM= <α -<β

(Refer Fig 2)

(c) Both the points are below the line of sight, then the angle LOM= <α -<β (Refer Fig 3)

To measure the angle between two points L and M proceed as follows

1) Set the theodolite at station point O and accurately level it.

2) Bisect the flag at L as explained already and take the reading on the Vernier’s C

and D. Calculate the mean angle.

3) Bisect the flag at M as before and take the reading on the Vernier’s C and D.

Calculate the mean angle.

 4) The sum or difference of these angles will give the value of the vertical angle

between points L and M as shown in the figure (4)

Observation table:-

S.N. Instrument Sighted Face left readings

Station to
Venier Venier Mean Angle Vertical
C D Angle
0,I,II 0,I,II
o P
(+ve) L
(-ve) M

S.N. Instrument Sighted Face Right readings Average Remarks

Station to Vertical
Venier Venier Mean Vertical Angle
C D Angle Angle
0,I,II 0,I,II 0,I,II 0,I,II 0,I,II

o P
(+ve) L
(-ve) M

Result: The average value of vertical is found to be ------------- --

 EXPERIMENT NO

AIM : Measurement of horizontal angles theodolite by method of repetition

APPARATUS: - Theodolite, Ranging rod, pegs etc.
Figure:

TRANSIT THEODOLITE

THEORY:

Theodolite: The theodolite is the most intricate and accurate instrument used for

measurement of horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of telescope by means of

which distant objects can be sighted. The telescope has two distinct motions on in the

horizontal plane and the other in the vertical plane. The former being measured on a

graduated Horizontal vertical circle of two Vernier.

Theodolite are primarily classified as

1) Transit theodolite

2) Non-transit theodolite

A theodolite is called transit theodolite when its telescope can be resolved through a

complete revolution about its horizontal axis. In a vertical plane. The transit type is

largely used.

Various parts of transit theodolite

1) Telescope: it is an integral part and is mounted on the spindle known as horizontal

axis or turn on axis. Telescope is either internal or external focusing type.

2) The leveling head: It may consists of circular plates called as upper and lower

Parallel plates. The lower parallel plate has a central aperture through which a

plumb bob may be suspended. The upper parallel plate or tribranch is supported by

means of four or three leveling screws by which the instrument may be leveled.

3) To lower plate or screw plate: It carries horizontal circle at its leveled screw.

It carries a lower clamp screw and tangent screw with the help of which it can be

fixed accurately in any desired position.

4) The upper plate or Vernier plate: - it is attached to inner axis and carries two Vernier

and at two extremities diametrically opposite.

5) Compass: the compass box may be either of circular form or of a rough type. The

former is mounted on the Vernier plate between the standards while the latter is

attached to the underside of the scale or lower plate or screwed to one of the

standards. Modern theodolite is fitted with a compass of the tubular type and it is

screwed to one of the standards.

6) Vertical circle: the vertical circle is rigidly attached to the telescope and

Moves with it. It is silvered and it is usually divided into four quadrants.
 7) Index bar or T-frame: the index bar is T shaped and centered on horizontal axis of

the telescope in front of the vertical axis. It carries two Vernier of the extremities of its

horizontal arms or limbs called the index arm. The vertical leg called the clip or

clipping screws at its lower extremity. The index arm and the clipping arm are

together known as T-frame.

8) Plumb bob: To center the instrument exactly over a station mark, a plumb bob

is suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the central vertical axis.

Repetition method of measuring Horizontal angles

When it is required to measure horizontal angles with great accuracy as in the case of

traverse, the method of repetition may be adopted. In this method the same angle is

added several times by keeping the Vernier to remain clamped each time at the end

of each measurement instead of setting it back to zero when sighting at the previous

station. The corrected horizontal angle is then obtained by dividing the final reading

by the number of repetitions. Usually six reading, three with face left and three with

face right, are taken The average horizontal angle is then calculated.

Procedure:-

1) Let LOM is the horizontal angle to be measured as shown in fig. O is the station point

fixed on the ground by a peg. Set up the theodolite over the peg ‘o’ and level it

accurately.

2) Set the horizontal graduated circle Vernier A to read zero or 360° by upper clamp

screw and slow motion screw. Clamp the telescope to bisect the bottom shoe of the

flag fixed at point ‘L’ and tighten the lower clamp. Exactly intersect the center of the
 Bottom shoe by means of lower slow motion screw. Check that the face of the

theodolite should be left and the telescope in normal position.

3) Check the reading of the Vernier A to see that no slip has occurred .Also see that the

plate levels are in the center of their run. Read the Vernier B also.

4) Release the upper clamp screw and turn the theodolite clockwise. Bisect the flag

bottom shoe fixed at point M by a telescope. Tighten the upper clamp screw and

bisect the shoe exactly by means of upper slow motion screw.

5) Note the reading on both the Vernier to get the approximate value of the angle LOM.

6) Release the lower clamp screw and rotate the theodolite anticlockwise ai azimuth.

Bisect again the bottom shoe of the flag at ‘L’ and tighten the lower clamp screw. By

means of slow motion screw bisect exactly the center of the shoe.

7) Release now the upper clamp screw and rotate the theodolite clockwise. Bisect the

bottom shoe of the flag fixed at M and tighten the upper clamp screw. By means of

slow motion screw bisect exactly the center of the shoe. The Vernier readings will bw

now twice the of the angles.

8) Repeat the process until the angle is repeated the required number of times (usually

3). Add 360° for every complete revaluation to the final reading and divided the total

angle by number of repetitions to get the value of angle LOM.

9) Change the face of the theodolite the telescope will now be inverted. Repeat the

whole process exactly in the above manner and obtain value of angle LOM.

10) The average horizontal angle is then obtained by taking the average of the two

angles obtained with face left and face right.

11) Usually three repetitions face left and three with face right should be taken and the

Mean angle should be calculated.

Observation Table:- Repetition method of measuring horizontal angle

S.N. Instrument Shifted Face left readings

Station to
Venier Venier B Total angle No of Mean
A 0,I,II Repetition horizontal
0,I,II angle
0,I,II
o L
M
L
M
L
M

S.N. Instrument Shifted Face Right readings

Station to
Venier Venier Total No of Mean Average
A B angle Repatition horizontal horizontal
0,I,II 0,I,II 0,I,II angle angle
0,I,II 0,I,II

o L
M
L
M
L
M 3

RESULT: Average horizontal angle is found to be ------------

 EXPERIMENT NO

AIM: L-Section and cross section of the road (one full size drawing sheet each for L- section

and cross section)

APPARATUS: Dumpy level, leveling staff, ranging rod, tape etc.

THEORY:

Profile leveling: The process of determining elevations at points at short measured

intervals along a fixed line is called Longitudinal or profile leveling.

Cross sectioning: It is a method of leveling to know the nature of Ground on either side

of the centerline of the proposed route. Levels are taken at right angles to the

proposed Direction of the road end at suitable distances and leveling is carried out

along this cross Section.

During location and construction of highways, Rail tracks sewers and canals

strakes or other marks are placed at various aligned points and the undulation of the

ground surface along a predetermined line is adjoined. The line of section may be

A single straight lines changing directions.

Levels are taken at right angles to the proposed Direction of the road end at

suitable distances and leveling is carried out along this cross section. Cross section are

the sections run at right Angles to the centerline and on the either side of it for the

purpose They are taken at each 10,m station on the centerline. The length of Cross

section depends upon the nature of the work if cross sections are Short they are set

square out by edge. If long they are set out by the Optical square, box sextant or

theodolite.
 They are serially numbered from the beginning of the Centerline and are taken

simultaneously with the longitudinal section they may be taken at the hand level, level,

abney level or theodolite

PROCEDURE:

Let ABC be the line of section set out on the ground and marked with pegs driven at

equal interval (say 20m to 30m) as in the figure. The level is set up generally on one side

of the profile to avoid too short sight on the points near the instrument and care is

taken to set up the level approximately midway between two change points. The

leveling is started from the bench mark of known value. From each set up staff reading

are taken on pegs already fixed at the desired interval and also at significant points

where about changes of slope etc. occur. All these readings are recorded as

intermediate slight against the respective chainage along the line in the level book.

Other data of the level book is also filled up before starting the work. When the length

of sight is beyond the power of the telescope (usually it is 100m),the foresight on the

change point is taken. The level is then is then shifted and setup in an advanced

position and a back sight is taken on the change point. The change point may or may

not lie in the line of section. Chaining and reading are then continued as before, till the

whole line of section is completed.

The work is to be checked in the progress of leveling by taking reading on other bench

marks, on the way or on bench marks fixed by differential leveling.

The fore and back bearing of the section line should be taken and recorded. Next

sketches of the bench mark, change points, and other feature such as nallah, a road,
 canal, etc. crossing the section line be drawn and fully described in the remarks

column of the level-book.

The procedure and corresponding reading and values are represented on the page

of a level-book for a part of road project.

Plotting the Longitudinal section

LEVEL BOOK
Whenever leveling operation is carried out the staff reading taken in the field are
entered in the note book called a Level-Book. Each page of it has the following
columns which help in booking of reading and reduction of levels.
Page of Level-Book

Page of Level-Book
Name of work survey for:- Page No:-
Levelling from To
Instrument No Conducted by:-
Station Distance Bearings Staff Reading Height of Reduced Remarks
In Instrument Level
meters or
FORE BACK Back Inter Fore Rise Fall
(B.S) (I.S) (F.S)
 EXPERIMENT NO

AIM : Fixing bench mark with respect to temporary bench mark with dumpy level by fly
leveling and check leveling.

Apparatus: Dumpy level, leveling staff, tripod stand, arrows, pegs

Theory:

Fly leveling: - It is a very approximate from of levelling in which distances are not

measured and sights are taken as large as possible. In this method a line of levels is run

to determine approximately reduced levels of the points carried out with more rapidly

and less precision.

Check leveling: The main purpose of this type of leveling is to check the values of the

reduced levels of the bench marks already fixed. In this method only back sight and

foresight are taken. There is no need of intermediate sights. However great care has to

be taken for selecting the change points and for taking reading on the change points

because the accuracy of leveling depends upon these.

 PROCEDURE:

1) Let A and B the two points as shown in figure They are too for apart .The position of each set

up of level should be so selected that the staff kept on the two points is visible through

the telescope.

2) Let O1, O2, O3 be the positions of the level to be setup. Choose the change points

1,2 etc. on a stable ground so that the position of the level should be midway between

the two staff reading to avoid error due to imperfect adjustment of the level.

3) Now setup the level at O1 take the reading on the staff kept vertically on A with

bubble central. This will be a back sight and R.L of the A is is to assumed or say known.

Record these values in the same line in the level book.

4) Now select the position of C.P (1) so that the distance of it from O1 is approximately

equal to that O1A

5) With the bubble in the centre take the reading of the staff held vertically over the

change point. This will be a fore sight and book this value in the level book on the next

line in the column provided.

6) Now shift the level to O2 and set up it there carefully, with the bubble in the centre

take reading on the staff kept vertically as the fore sight over C.P(1). This will be a back

sight, book it in the same line as the fore sight already recorded in the column

provided.

7) Select another CP(2) on the stable ground as before so that station O2 is

approximately midway between C.P (1) and C.P(2).

8) With the bubble central, take the reading on the staff kept vertically over the CP2.This

will be fore sight and book it in the level book page in next line.

9) Repeat the process until the point B.M reached .The last reading will be a foresight
 10) Now find out the reduced levels by height of instrument method or by rise and fall

method.

11) Complete the remakes column also. Apply the arithmetical check

Observation table:-

Station Readings Height of instrument Reduced Levels Remarks

A B.S. F.S

RESULT: The difference of level between the point be equal to R.L of the last point minus the R.L

at the B.M is found to be ------

 EXPERIMENT NO
AIM: Determination of elevation of various points with dumpy level by collimation plane

method and rise & fall method.

APPARATUS: Dumpy level, leveling staff

Figure:-

Dumpy Level

Levelling: The art of determining and representing the relative height or elevation

of different object/points on the surface of earth is called leveling. It deals with

measurement in vertical plane.

By leveling operation, the relative position of two points is known whether the points

are near or far off. Similarly, the point at different elevation with respect to a given

datum can be established by leveling.

LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS: - The instrument which are directly used for leveling operation are:-

Level, Levelling staff

Level: - An instrument which is used for observing staff reading on leveling staff kept over
Different points after creating a line of sight is called a level.
The difference in elevation between the point then can worked out. A level essentially consists of

the following points:

1) Levelling Heads

2) Limb plate

3) Telescope

Telescope consists of two tubes, one slide into the other and fitted with

lens and diaphragm having cross hairs. it creates a line of sight by which

the reading on the staff is taken

The essential parts of a telescope are

1) Body 2) object glass 3) Eye-piece 4) Diaphragm 5) Ray shade 6) the

rack and pinion arrangement 7) Focusing screw 8) Diaphragm screw.

4) Bubble tube

5) Tripod stand

Dumpy level:

The dumpy level is simple, compact and stable instrument. The telescope is rigidly fixed to

its supports. Hence it cannot be rotated about its longitudinal axis or cannot be removed

from its support. The name dumpy is because of its compact and stable construction. The

axis of telescope is perpendicular to the vertical axis of the level. The level tube is

permanently placed so that its axis lies in the same vertical plane of the telescope but it is

adjustable by means of captain head not at one end.

The ray shade is provided to protect the object glass. A clamp and slow motion

screw are provided in modern level to control the movement of spindle,

About the vertical axis. The telescope has magnifying power of about thirty diameters.

The level tube is graduated to 2mm divisions and it has normally a sensitiveness of 20
Seconds of are per graduation. The telescope may be internally focusing or external

Focusing type.

Adjustment of the level

The level needs two type of adjustment

1) Temporary adjustment and

2) Permanent adjustment

Temporary adjustments of dumpy level

These adjustments are performed at each set-up the level before taking any observation.

A) Setting up the level:- this includes

1) Fixing the instrument in the tripod: - the tripod legs are well spread on the ground

with tripod head nearly level and at convenient height. Fix up the level on the

tripod.

2) Leg adjustment: - Bring all the foot screws of the level in the centre of their run .Fix

any two legs firmly into the ground by pressing them with hand and move the

third leg to leg to right or left until the main bubble is roughly in the centre. Finally

the legs is fixed after centering approximately both bubbles. This operation will

save the time required for leveling.

B) Levelling: - Levelling is done with the help of foot screws and bubbles. The purpose of

levelling is to make the vertical axis truly vertical. The method of leveling the instrument

depends upon whether there are three foot screws or four foot screws. In all modern

instruments three foot screws are provided and this method only is described.
 1) Place the telescope parallel to pair of foot screws.

2) Hold these two foot screw between the thumb and first finger of each hand and

turn them uniformly so that the thumbs move either toward each other until the

bubble is in centre.

3) Turn the telescope through 90°so that it lies over the third foot screw.

4) Turn this foot screw only until the bubble is centred.

5) Bring the tescope back to its original position without reversing the eye piece

and object glass ends.

6) Again bring the bubble to the centre of its run and repeat these operation until

the bubble remains in the centre of its run in both position which are at right

angle to each other.

7) Now rotate the instrument through 180°, the bubble should remain in centre

provided the instrument is in adjustment: if not,itneeds permanent adjustment.

c) Focusing the eye piece: - To focus the eye piece, hold a white paper in front of the

object glass, and move the eye piece in or out till the cross hairs are distinctly seen.

Care should be taken that the eye piece is not wholly taken out, sometimes

graduation are provided at the eye piece and that one can always remember the
 Particular graduation position to suit his eyes, this will save much time of focusing the

eye piece.

(d) Focusing the object glass: - Direct the telescope to the leveling staff and on looking

through the telescope, turn the focusing screw until the image appears clears and

sharp. The image is thus formed inside the plane of cross hairs, Parallax, if any is

removed by exact focusing. It may be noted that parallax is completely eliminated

when there is no change in staff reading after moving the eye up and down.

Reduced Levels

The system of working out the reduced level of the points from staff reading taken in the

field is called as reduced level (R.L) of a points is the elevation of the point with reference

to the same datum.

There are two systems of reduced levels

1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)

2) The Rise and fall system

1) The plane of collimation system (H.I. method)

In this system, the R.L. of plane of collimation (H.I) is found out for every set-up of the

level and then the reduced levels of the points are worked out with the respective

plane of collimation as described below.

1) Determine the R.L. of plane of collimation for the first set up of the level by

adding B.S. to the R.L. of B.M. i.e( R.L of plane of collimation= R.L. of B.M.+B.S.)

2) Obtained the R.L. of the intermediate points and first change point by

subtracting the staff readings (I.S. and F.S. from the R.L. of plane of collimation

(H.I). (R.L. of a point=R.L of plane of collimation H.I.-I.S or F.S)

 3) When the instrument is shifted and set up at new position a new plane of

collimation is determined by addition of B.S. to the R.L of change point. Thus the

levels from two set-ups of the instruments can be correlated by means of B.S.

and F.S. taken on C.P.

4) Find out the R.L.s of the successive points and the second C.P. by subtracting

their staff readings from this plane of collimation R.L.

5) Repeat the procedure until all the R.Ls are worked out.

Observation table:-

Reading R.L. of plane Reduced Remarks

Station B.S I.S F.S collimation Level
(H.I)

Arithmetical check: The difference between the sum of the back sights and the sum of the

fore sights should be equal to the difference between the last and first reduced levels.

i.e ∑B.S - ∑ F.S.= LAST R.L –FIRST R.L

2) The Rise and fall system

In this system, there is no need to determine R.L. of plane of collimation .The

difference of level between consecutive points are obtained as described below.

1) Determine the difference in staff readings between the consecutive points

comparing each point after the first with that immediately preceding it.
 2) Obtained the rise or fall from the difference of their staff reading accordingly to

the staff reading at the point is smaller or greater than that of proceeding point.

3) Find out the reduced level of each point by adding the rise to or subtracting fall

from the R.L. of a proceeding point.

Observation table:-

Reading Rise Fall Reduced Remarks

Station
B.S I.S F.S Level

Arithmetic check: - The difference between the sum of back sight and the sum of fore

sight= difference between the sum of rise and the sum of fall = the difference between

the last R.L. and the first R.L.

∑B.S-∑F.S =∑RISE -∑FALL =LAST RL- FIRST RL

Inverted staff reading

When the B.M of staff station is above the line of collimation (or line of sight) the staff is

held inverted on the point and reading is taken .This reading being negative is entered

in the level field book with minus sign, or to avoid confusion, ‘Staff inverted’ should be

written in the remarks column against the entry of the reading.

The results are tabulated as below:

B.S. I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks

-2.795 97.215 100.000 B.M.Staff
inverted
1.500 95.715 Point A

When the reading on the inverted staff is a foresight or intermediate sight .it should also

be recorded in field book with minus sign

The R.L. of such points may be worked at as:

R.L.of the point (where the inverted staff is held)

=R.L. of H.I +F.S. or I.S.reading

RESULT:

The various reduced levels are calculated by rise and fall method and by using height

or plane pf collimation method and are shown in observation table.

 EXPERIMENT NO
AIM: Measurement of bearings of sides of traverse with prismatic compass and

computation of correct included angle.

APPARATUS: Prismatic compass, ranging rod, chain, tape, peg Tripod stand,small

pieces of stones.
THEORY: The important parts of compass are:-

1) A box with graduated circle.

2) A magnetic needle

3) A line of sight

When the line of sight is pointed to point, the magnetic needle of compass points

towards north (Magnetic meridian). The angle which this line of sight makes with the

magnetic meridian is read on graduated circle.it is known as magnetic bearing of the

line.

There are two types of compasses:-

1) Prismatic compass

2) Surveyor’s compass.

Prismatic Compass:-

Prismatic compass is very valuable instrument. It is usually used for rough survey for

measuring bearing and survey lines. The least count of prismatic compass is 30 min.

It consists of circular box of 10cm-12 cm dia. of nonmagnetic material. Pivot is fixed at

the centre of box and is made up of hard steel with a Sharp pivot. Graduated

aluminum is attached to the needle. It is graduated in clockwise direction from 00 to

3600.the figures are written in inverted. Zero is written at south end and 180 at north

end and 270 at the east. Diametrically opposite are fixed to the box. The sighting vane

consists of a hinged metal frame in the centre of which is stretched a vertical Horse

hair fine silk thread of which is stretched a vertical hair. It presses against a lifting pin

which lift the needle of the pivot and holds it against the glass lid. Thus preventing the

wear of the pivot point to damp the oscillations of the needle when about to take
 Reading and to bring to rest quickly, a light spring is brought lifted Inside the box. the face

of the prism can be folded out the edge of the box when North end is used Sometime

the sighting vanes is provided with a hinge mirror Which can be placed upward or

downwards on the frame and can be also Slided along it is required. The mirror can

be made inclined at any angle so that Objects which are too high or too low can be

sighted directly by reflecting.

BEARING OF LINES: A bearing of a line is a horizontal angle made by the survey line with some

reference direction or meridian. Meridian may be

1) A true meridian

2) A magnetic meridian

3) An arbitrary or assumed meridian

True meridian: The true geographical meridian passing through a point is a line of

intersection of earth’s surface by a plane containing north south pole and given point.

They are not parallel to each other at different places.

Magnetic meridian:-the direction indicate by a free suspended and a properly

balanced magnetic needle Free from all other attractive forces. The direction of

magnetic meridian can be established with the help of Magnetic compass.

Arbitrary meridian: Any direction is assumed to be the Reference meridian to

carry out small survey.

 Whole Circle Bearing: In whole circle bearing system, the bearing of a line is always

measured clockwise from the north point of the reference meridian towards the line

right round the circle. The angle thus measured between the reference meridian and

the line is called Whole circle bearing of the line. Angles measured will have value

between 0 to 360 degrees.

Conversion of W.C.B. in R.B

Case WCB between R.B. QUADRANT

1 00 TO900 WCB N-E

2 900 TO -1800 180-WCB S-E

3 1800 TO -2700 WCB-1800 S-W

4 2700 TO 3600 360-WCB N-W

Reduced bearing (R.B): In this system of bearing of a line is measured clockwise or

anticlockwise from north or south direction whichever is nearer to the line towards east

or west. The concept of reduced bearing facilitates computations in traverse

surveying.

Conversion of R.B in W.C.B.

Case R.B in Rule of W.C.B. W.C.B

quadrant between

1 N-E WCB=R.B 00 TO900

2 S-E WCB =180-R.B 900 TO -1800

3 S-W WCB =R.B+180 1800 TO -2700

4 N-W WCB =360-R.B 2700 TO 3600

Adjustment of the Prismatic Compass

The compass may be held in hand but for better results it should be fitted at the top of

tripod having ball and socket arrangement. The adjustment of a compass is done in the

following three steps.

1) Centering: - The compass fitted over the tripod Is lifted bodily and placed approximately

on the station peg by spreading the leg of a tripod equally, The centre of the compass is

checked by dropping a small piece of stone from the centre of the bottom of the

compass so that it falls on the top of the station peg. A plumb bob may be used to

judge the centering either bt attaching it with a hook providing at the bottom or

otherwise by holding it by hand.

2) Levelling:-After the compass is centred, it is leveled by means of ball and soket

arrangement so that the graduated circle may swing freely.It can be checked roughly

by placing a round pencil on the top of the compass, when the pencil does not move,

that is roughly the horizontal position.

3) Focusing the prism: - The prism attached is moved up and down so that grauation on

the graduated circle should become sharp and clear.

LOCAL ATTRACTION:

Sometimes .the magnetic needle does not point towards magnetic North or South. The

reason being that the needle may be under the influence of external attractive forces

which are produced due to magnetic substances thus the deflection of the needle

from its original position, due to the presence of some magnetic substances is known

as local attraction. To detect local attraction at a particular place, fore and back

bearing of each line are taken. Then difference comes out to be 180° there is no local

Attraction at either station. On the other hand of the difference is other than 180°, the
 Bearing may be rechecked to find out the discrepancy may not be due to the

presence of iron substance near to the compass. If the difference still remains the local

attraction exists at one or both the stations.

Elimination of Local attraction:-

1st method: - In this method, the bearing of the other lines are corrected and

calculated on the basis of the line which has the difference between its fore bearing

and back bearing equal to 180°.

The magnetic of the error is formed due to local attraction by drawing a sketch of

observed and correct bearing of the line at each station. The error will be negative

when the observed bearing is less than the corrected one and the correction will be

positive and vice versa.

If however, there is no such line in which the difference of fore bearing and back

bearing is equal to 180°, the correction should be made from the mean value of the

bearing of that line in which the difference between the fore and the back bearing

is the least.

If the bearings are observed in quadrantal system, the correction should be applied

in proper direction by drawing a neat sketch roughly.

2nd Method: - This method is more general as the bearing at a station locally

affected may be incorrect but include angles calculated from these bearing will be

correct since the amount of the error will be the same for all the bearing observed

from that station. Thus starting from the unaffected line and using these included

angles the correct bearing of all other lines can be calculated.

Note: - The sum of the internal included angles must be equal to (2n-4) right angles

Where n=number of sides of a closed traverse.

PROCEDURE:

1) Four ranging rods are fixed at different points i.e. A, B, C, D, E etc. such that it should be

mutually visible and may be measured easily.

2) Measure the distance between them.

2) At point A the prismatic compass is set on the tripod Stand, centering and leveling is

then properly done.

3) The ranging rod at B is ranged through sighting slits and objective vane attached with

horse hair and reading on prismatic compass is noted down.

4) it is fore bearing of line AB. Then the prismatic compass is fixed at B and ranging rod at

C. AND A are sighted. And reading is taken as forbearing of BC and back bearing Of

AB.

5) Repeat the same procedure at the stations C, D etc.

Observation Table

Sr. Observed Local Corrected Included

Line error Correction
no bearing attraction bearing angle
A AB
AD
B
BC
BA
C
CD
CB
D DA
DC

SAMPLE CALCULATION: - Error = observed bearing –corrected bearing

Check = (2n-4) x900

RESULT: The prismatic compass is studied and bearing of lines of traverse are Observed, the
correction due to local attraction at affected station is done and corrected bearings
are written in tabular form.
 EXPERIMENT NO

AIM : Determination of area of given polygon by chain & cross-staff survey

Equipment: - Two chains 20m or 30m, Arrows, Ranging rods. Cross staff or optical square,

Plumb bob

THEORY : The object of cross staff survey is to locate the boundaries of field or plot and

to find out its area.

In this method a base line in the centre of the area is selected. Chaining along this line

is done and the offsets of the points lying on the boundaries of the plot are taken at different

chainages.by using a cross staff and tape on either side of the chain line and recorded

against the chainages in the field note book as already discussed .The offsets length are

written on the left hand side or right hand side of the line as per position until whole of the

area is surveyed.

The plot is then divided into triangles and trapezoids because it it easy to find out the

area of triangle and a trapezoids.

The area of the field is computed by the following formulae.

(1) The area of a right angle triangle is equal to the base multiplied by half the

perpendicular

(2) The area of a trapezoid is equal to the base multiplied by half the sum of the

Perpendicular.

Procedure : To start the cross staff survey ,a chain line is run through the centre of the area to

be surveyed .it is divided into right angled triangles and trapezoids .The perpendicular

to the boundary are taken in order of their chainages.

 A cross staff or optical square is used to set out perpendicular offsets which are usually

more than 15m .Care should be taken that no offset is overlooked before the chain is

removed .The chainages of the points of intersection of the chain line and the

boundaries should be recorded .The length of the boundary line may be measured by

direct measurement to check the accuracy of field work.After the field work is over,

the survey is plotted to some convenient scale. The figure thus formed by the

boundary lines is divided in the tabular from as given below

Observation Table;-

Sr. Figure Chainage Base in Offset Mean Area in m2 Remarks

No. In m. (meter) in offset +Ve -Ve
(meter)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

RESULT: Area of polygon by chain & staff method is found to be -------- square meter.
 EXPERIMENT NO
AIM : Measurement of distance by Ranging and Chaining

EQUIPMENT- : Chain, Arrows, Tapes, Ranging Rods, Offset Rods, Cross staff or optical square,
Plumb bob, wooden mallet, pegs.
Figure:

THEORY : By the various methods of determining distance the most accurate and

common method is the method of measuring distance with a chain or tape is called

Chaining. For work of ordinary precision a chain is used. But where great accuracy is

required a steel tape is invariably used.

The term chaining was originally applied to measure Distance with a chain. The

term chaining is used to denote measuring distance with either chain or tape, In the process

of chaining, The survey party consists of a leader (the surveyor at the forward end of the

chain) a follower (the surveyor at the rare end of the chain and an assistant to establish

intermediate points) .

The accuracy to which measurement can be made with chain and tape varies

with the methods used and precautions exercised. The precision of chaining. For ordinary

work, ranges from 1/1000 to 1/30,000 and precise measurement such as Baseline

May be of the order of 1000000.

 The chain is composed of 100 or150 pieces of galvanized mild steel were 4mm

in diameter called links. The end of each link is bent into a loop and connected together by

means of three oval rings which afford flexibility To the chain and make it less liable to

become kinked. The ends of chain are provided with brass handles for dragging the chain

on the ground, each with a swivel Joints so that the chain can be turned round without

twisting. The length of the A link is the distance between the centres of the two consecutive

middle rings.The end links include the handles metallic rings indicators of distinctive points of

the Chain to facilitate quick reading of fractions of chain in surveying measurements.

RANGING RODS:

The ranging rods are used for marking the positions of Stations

conspicuously and for ranging the lines. Io order to make these visible

at a distance, they are painted alternately black and white, or red

and white or red White and black successively.The adjustment of the

chain should as far as possible be affected symmetrically on either side

of the middle so as that the position of central tag remains unaltered.

In measuring the length of survey line also called as chain line. It is

necessary that the chain should be laid out on the ground in a straight

line between the end stations.

PROCEDURE:
Two men are required for chaining operation; The chain man at the forward end

of chain is called the leader while the other man at the rear end is known as the follower.

Duties of leader &follower

Leader:- 1) To put the chain forward

2) To fix arrows at the end of chain

3) To follow the instruction of the followers.

Follower:- 1) To direct the leader to the line with the ranging rod.

2) To carry the rear end of the chain.

3) To pick up the arrows inserted by the leader.

Chaining 1) The follower holds the zero handle of the chain against the peg &directs the

leader to be in line of the ranging rod.

2) The leader usually with to arrows drags the chain alone the line.

3) Using code of signals the follower directs the leader as required to the exactly

in the line.

4) The leader then fixes the arrows at the end of chain the process is repeated.

Ranging 1) Place ranging rods or poles vertically behind each point

2) Stand about 2m behind the ranging rod at the beginning of the line.

3) Direct the person to move the rod to right or left until the three ranging rods

appear exactly in the straight line.

4) Sight only the lower portion of rod in order to avoid error in non-vertically.

5) After ascertaining that three rods are in a straight line, ask the person to fix up

the rod.

RESULT : By Chaining and ranging the total distance is found to be