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Products Beginner's guide to ultrasonic level transmitter

Transmitters
Sonic is the sound we can hear. Ultrasonic is the sound above human hearing range. Human can hear maximum up to a frequency of 20
KHz. Ultrasonic frequencies are above 20 KHz. Ultrasonic waves are used to measure level of liquids and solid objects in industries.
Pressure
Ultrasonic level measurement is contactless principle and most suitable for level measurements of hot, corrosive and boiling liquids.
Temperature The normal frequency range used for ultrasonic level measurements is within a range of 40 200 KHz.

Level 1. What is the principle of ultrasonic level measurement?

Hydrostatic for Liquids Ultrasonic waves detect an object in the same way as Radar does it. Ultrasonic uses the sound waves, and Radar uses radio waves.
When ultrasonic pulse signal is targeted towards an object, it is reflected by the object and echo returns to the sender. The time
Ultrasonic travelled by the ultrasonic pulse is calculated, and the distance of the object is found. Bats use well known method to measure the
distance while travelling. Ultrasonic level measurement principle is also used to find out fish positions in ocean, locate submarines
2-part Ultrasonic below water level, also the position of a scuba diver in sea.
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Flat Radar Level Sensor

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We will refer to Fig-1 and make an effort to understand the technicalities of ultrasonic level transmitter. An ultrasonic level transmitter is
fixed at the top of a tank half filled with liquid. The reference level for all measurements is the bottom of the tank. Level to be detected is
marked as “C”, and “B” is the distance of the ultrasonic sensor from the liquid level. Ultrasonic pulse signals are transmitted from the
transmitter, and it is reflected back to the sensor. Travel time of the ultrasonic pulse from sensor to target and back is calculated. Level
“C” can be found by multiplying half of this time with the speed of sound in air. The measuring unit final result can be centimeters, feet,
inches etc.

Level = Speed of sound in air x Time delay / 2

Tip You can see our range of Ultrasonic Level Transmitters here.

2. Practical system design problems of Ultrasonic Level Transmitter:

With direct reading The above principle of measurement looks quite straightforward and true only in theory. In practice, there are some technical difficulties
which are to be taken care to get correct level reading.

a. Velocity of sound changes due to the variation of air temperature. An integrated temperature sensor is used to compensate for
changes in velocity of sound due to temperature variations.
b. There are some interference echoes developed by the edges, welded joints etc. This is taken care by the software of the
transmitter and called interference echo suppression.
c. Calibration of the transmitter is crucial. Accuracy of measurement depends on the accuracy of calibration. The Empty distance
“A” and measurement span “D” is to be ascertained correctly for inclusion in calibration of the transmitter.
d. The transient characteristics of the sensor will develop a Blocking distance as shown in Fig-1. Span “D” should never extend to
the blocking distance.

3. The basic structure of an Ultrasonic Transducer (Refer:Fig-2):

Ultrasonic Sensor is the heart of the ultrasonic level Transmitter instrument. This sensor will translate electrical energy into ultrasound
waves. Piezoelectric crystals are used for this conversion process. Piezoelectric crystals will oscillate at high frequencies when electric
energy is applied to it. The reverse is also true. These piezoelectric crystals will generate electrical signals on receipt of ultrasound.
These sensors are capable of sending ultrasound to an object and receive the echo developed by the object. The echo is converted into
electrical energy for onward processing by the control circuit.

GSM - Remote monitoring

Non contact, 2-part

4. Functional block diagram of a typical Ultrasonic Level Transmitter:

We will refer to Fig-3 Functional Block Diagram for clarify physical structures of an Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.

A micro-controller based Control Circuit monitors all the activities of the ultrasonic level transmitter. There are two Pulse Transmission
Advanced features Circuits, one for transmitter pulse and the other one for receiver pulse. The pulse generated by the transmitter pulse is converted to
Ultrasound pulses by the Ultrasonic Sensor (Transmitter) and targeted towards the object.

This ultrasound pulse is reflected back as an echo pulse to the Ultrasonic Sensor (Receiver). The receiver converts this Ultrasonic pulse
to an electrical signal pulse through the pulse generator. The time elapsed, or the reflection time is measured by the counter. This
elapsed time has relation to the level to be measured. This elapsed time is converted to level by the Control Circuit. There is a Timing
Generator Circuit which is used to synchronize all functions in the ultrasonic level measurement system.

The level is finally converted to 4-20mA signal. 4mA is 0% level, and 20mA is the 100% level (see Fig-1). This 4-20mA output signal
carrying the level data can be transmitted to long distance to Process Control Instruments.

5. Advantages of Ultrasonic Level Transmitter:

Ultrasonic level transmitter has no moving parts, and it can measure level without making physical contact with the object. This typical
characteristic of the transmitter is useful for measuring levels in tanks with corrosive, boiling and hazardous chemicals. The accuracy
of the reading remains unaffected even after changes in the chemical composition or the dielectric constant of the materials in the
process fluids.

6. Limitations of Ultrasonic Level Transmitter:

Ultrasonic level transmitters are the best level measuring devices where the received echo of the ultrasound is of acceptable quality. It
is not so convenient if the tank depth is high or the echo is absorbed or dispersed. The object should not be sound absorbing type. It is
also unsuitable for tanks with too much smoke or high density moisture.

See also

Ultrasonic Level Transmitter

For measuring liquid and solid levels at ranges of up to 15 meters. Direct reading on the device.

2-part Ultrasonic Level Transmitter

Non contact, 2-part level transmitter suitable for harsh environments.
 Smart Ultrasonic Level Transmitter
When advanced communication functions and calculations are required

GSM Ultrasonic Level Transmitter

For remote monitoring. Send SMS alerts.

Transmitters Signal Conditioners Products Manufacturers Contact

Flowmeters Indicators & HMI Recorders Fuji Electric 17 Somerford Business Park
Switches Controllers Analysers Watson Smith Christchurch BH23 3RU, UK
Control Valves Ettore Cella Tel: 01202 480303 Sitemap
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