LIMIT LAWS ARITHM ETIC OF INFINITY

sin x sin x sin 2 x 1.      2. n      1.      2. n     

1. lim 1 2. lim  0 3. lim 0      
x0 x x  x x0 x 3.   0   4.0      3. 0    Ind. 
cos x  1 sin  ax  sin  ax   bx   a
4. lim  0 5. lim  lim  lim  1.  /   Ind. 
x0 x x  0  bx  x  0 sin  bx  x  0 sin  ax  b  
6.lim f  x   L  exists  If and only if lim f  x   lim f  x   L 1.     Ind.  2. n /   0 
x a xa xa
2. n      3. / n   
7. f  x  is cont a if lim f  x   f  a   
     
x a
3.   n   4. n / 0  

LIMITS(1)
 
8. Continuity at a if lim f  x   f  a   lim f  x  4. n  n   0    1

5. n / 0  
x a x a   
1  6. n / 0 
  
5. n   n  0    
TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY   7. 0 / 0 = Ind. 
9
2.  n    1.  1  sin     1 
y y

1.    
y

7
10 y
11 4 12 2

7 3

  Trig
6
2 1

2.  1  cos     1 
6

3.  0  Ind 4. 0   0 
5 1
5 x x
4

 power
4 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1 -2 -1 1 2
3 3

5. n    6. 1  Ind 
-2
2 2 -1
-3
1 1 -4


x x
-5 -2

7. 0 0  Ind.
-1 1 2 3 4 5 -1 1 2 3 4 5

Point or removable Jump Infinite Oscillating 

Basic Rules Trigonom etric F unctions

d d d  constant  d du d du
1. c  0  Constant  2. c  f ( x)  c f ( x)   8. sin u  cos u 9. cos u   sin u
dx dx dx  multiple  dx dx dx dx
d n d d d  Sum &  d du d du
3. x  nx n 1  power  4. u  v   u  v   10. tan u  sec u
2
11. cot u   csc u
2
dx dx dx dx  Difference  dx dx dx dx
d d d du d du
v uu v 12. sec u  sec u tan u 13. csc u   csc u cot u
d d d d u  dx dx  Quotient 
5. (uv )  v uu v  Product  6.    2
dx dx dx dx
dx dx dx dx  v  v

DERITAVITIVES(2)
1 Inverse Trigonom etric F unctions
7.  f 1   x    Inver se 
f   f 1  x   d 1 du d  1 du
14. sin  1 u  15. cos  1 u 
d d d dx 2 dx dx 1  u 2 dx
8. f  g  x   f  u  g  x  where u  g  x   Chain R ule  1 u
dx dx dx d 1 1 du d 1  1 du
16. tan u  17. cot u 
dx 1  u 2 dx dx 1  u 2 dx
d 1 du d 1 du
Exponential and Logarithm ic Functions 18. sec  1 u  19. csc  1 u 
dx u u  1 dx
2 dx u u  1 dx
2
WWW.MATHGOTSERVED.COM

d 1 du d 1 du
20. ln u  21. log a u 
dx u dx dx u ln a dx 30.Mean Value Theorem: If f is cont on  a, b on and diff on  a, b 
d u du d u du
22. e  eu 23. a  a u ln a f  b  f  a
dx dx dx dx  exist a c   a, b  s.t. f   c  
d 1 du d u du ba
24. u  25. u  f b  f  a
dx 2 u dx dx u dx 31.Rolle's Theorem : MVT where f   c   0
ba
WHERE THE DERIVATIVE DOES NOT EXIST 32. IntermediateValueTheorem. : If f is cont on  a, b and d   f  a  , f  b  
26 27 then there is a c   a, b st f  c   d
y

7
y
28 y 29 y

Definition of Derivative 35. f   x   Average rate of change

6 1
2
2
5

f  x  h  f  x
x
4
1 -1 1

33. f   x   lim
1

= Slope of Secant line

3

x 2 -1
x
1

h
-2 -1 1 2 -1 1 2
h 0
f  b  f  a 
x
-2

f  x  f a
-1 1 2 3 4 5

Corner Discontinuity Cusp Vertical tangent

34. f   a   lim 
ba
xa
Linearization: L x  f  a  f  a x  a
x a

APPROXIMATING AREA ANTIDIFFERENTION (INTEGRATION) RULES

11. LRAMn = w f  x1   f  x2  ..  f  xn1   or w1 f  x1   w2 f  x2  ..  wn1 f  xn1  1. xn dx  xn1  C 2. 1 dx  ln x  C 3. 1 dx  ln ax  b  C 4. ekx dx  ekx  C
 x  ax  b 
12. RRAMn = w f  x2   f  x3   f  xn   or w1 f  x2   w2 f  x2  ..  wn1 f  xn  n 1
au cos kx
a
sin kx
k
         
x
  x x   x x  5. a dx C 6. sin kx dx C 7. cos kx dx C
 x  x 
13. MRAMn = w f  1 2   f  2 3   f  n1 n  or ln a k k
      10. csc x cot x dx   csc x  C
2
2 2 2 8. sec x tan x dx sec x C 9. sec xdx tan x C
      
 x1  x2   x2  x3   xn1  xn 
w1 f   w2 f  2  wn1 f  2  1 b
 2      15. Average Value of f av f   fave  f  x dx 
INTEGRALS (3)

b a b  a a
Note: w and applies only for equal sub intervals
n b x
w 1 16. FTC I:  f   x  dx  f  b   f  a  17 FTC II i   f  t  dt  F  x 
14. T=
n  y1 2y2 2yn1  yn  or  w1  y1  y2   w2  y2  y3  ...
2 2 a a

x g x
d d
f  t  dt  f  g  x    g   x   h  g  x    h   x 
xright ytop
ii  f  t  dt  f  x  iii )
20. Area =   f  x  f  x down  dx or Area =   f  y   f  y   dy dx a dx hx 
top   left right 
xleft ydown

18.Integration by parts:  vdu  uv   vdu

 
xright
2 2
b use LIPET to select u
 f  x  a   f  x   a dx Vol Cross sect.= A x dx
21. Vol of rev =      
 f  g  x   g   x    f  u  du
top down
xleft a 19.Integration by substitution:
 Term Verbal Description Symbolic Graphical
y

1. Derivative of f at The instantaneous rate of change f a 

df
of the function at a or the slope dx
a: xa

of the tangent line at a f  a  h  f a  a

x

 lim
h 0 h

2. Critical Number A number c in an open (a, b) c   a, b  where f  c   0

y
f   c  DNE
y

interval where the derivative is

y

f   c   0 or f   c  DNE
7

c 2 2
6
5

zero or does not exist

4
1
1 3
2
x
x 1
-2 -1 1 2
-2 -1 1 2 x

-1 1 2 3 4 5

Corner Discontinuity
y y

1
2
x
-1 1
1

-1
x
-1 1 2
-2

Cusp Vertical tangent

y y

3. First Derivative a) If the first derivative changes from a) If f   c   ' s from  to  b)

a) max
negative to positive at c then the
Test  f '  c  is a min
x

c
f  c 

VOCABULARY (4)
function has a relative minimum at c f  c  f  c  f  c 
b) If the first derivative changes from b) If f   c   ' s from +to    min      
positive to negative at c then the
 f '  c  is a max
x

c
function has a relative maximum at c
y y

4. Concavity Test a) If the second derivative is positive on a) If f   c   0 on I f   x   0  f  x  is CU

an interval I then the function is
Concave Up on I  f  x  is CU on I x
Concave Down x

b) If the second derivative is negative b) If f   c   0 on I Concave Up

f   x   0  f  x  is CU
on an interval I the function is
Councave down on I  f  x  is CD on I
y

f ' s from CU to CD or CD to CU
5. Point of f: Is a point where the concavity of f changes
f ' s from to or to 
Inflection at c f’: Is a point where f’ changes from increasing to
f  x ' s from + to  or  to
Point of Inflection
decreasing or decreasing to increasing c
x

f   c  ' s from + to -
f’’: Is a point where f’’ changes from positive
to negative or negative to positive  f  c is a POI

Motion definitions and Equations

6. Displacement: A Vector quantity that
b
7. Distance: A scalar quantity that b
s t   x b   x  a    v t  represents total movement regardless of d  t   x b  x a   v t  dt
represents the net change in position a
sign a

8. Velocity: A Vector quantity that v t   s t  9. Speed: A scalar quantity that Speed  v  t 
represents the rate of change of position represents the rate of covering distance

10. Acceleration: A vector quantity that 11. Given initial position s  a   C the final position is
a  t   v   t   s   t 
represents the rate of change of velocity given by s  b   s  a    s   t  dt
b

Reciprocal Quotient Pythogorean is given by

Sine Curve Cosine Curve y

sin x sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1

y

sin x 
1
csc x 
1 tan x  1
1

csc x sin x cos x

1 1
tan 2 x  1  sec 2 x
cos x  sec x  cos x
cot x 
x

sec x cos x cot 2 x  1  csc2 x

x
-2π -3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
-2π -3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

1 1 sin x
tan x  cot x 
cot x tan x -1
-1
y y
y y

0   30    45    60    90 

6 4 3 2

sin x 0 1 2 3 1
x
x

2 2 2 x

cos x 1 3 2 1 0
2 2 2 Linear y  x quadratic y  x 2 Cubic y  x 3
y y y
Radical y  y
x
tan x 0 1 1 3 Und.
3
csc x Und. 2 2 2 1
2 3 x

sec x 1 2 2 2 Und. x
x

3 2
2 1 Logarithmic Exponential y  e x Absolute value y  x circular y  9  x 2
cot x Und. 1 0
3 3 y  ln x
AP Calculus Survival Kit