GRADE 11

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Week 2

Name: _____________________________ Strand/Section: ____________ Date:

________

Lesson 3: MEAN OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

Learning Objectives: The learner will be able to do the following:

1. illustrates the mean of a discrete random variable (M11/12SP- IIIb-1).
2. calculates the mean of a discrete random variable (M11/12SP- IIIb-2).
3. interprets the mean of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP- IIIb-3).

Let’s kick it off!

Do the following activities.

A. Given the values of the variables X and Y, evaluate the following summations.
X1 = 5, Y1 = 3 X3 = 3, Y3 = 1
X2 = 4, Y2 = 2 X4 = 2, Y4 = 0

1. ∑ 𝑋 2. ∑ 𝑋𝑌 3. ∑(𝑋 + 𝑌)
4. ∑ 𝑌 5. ∑ 4𝑋𝑌

B. Construct a probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number of
spots when a die is rolled once. Copy the table in your answer sheet then write your
answer.

X
P(X)

Are you taking it?

1. What is the probability of getting number 1 when a die is rolled once? How about 2,
3, 4, 5, and 6?
2. Suppose X represents the number of spots when a die is rolled once, what is the
importance of solving the central value or average of its corresponding probability
mass function?
3. What is the central value or average of its corresponding probability mass function?
4. Given the central value or average of its corresponding probability mass function,
what does it mean?

1
 Here’s how it is!

Consider rolling a die. What is the average number of spots that

would appear? The following activity will help you answer this question.

Step 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable x representing the
number of spots that would appear.
Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding probability.
Step 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability Name of Spots X Probability P(X)
distribution for the random 1 1
variable X representing the 6
number of spots that would 2 1
appear.
6
3 1
6
4 1
6
5 1
6
6 1
6
2. Multiply the value of the random Name of Probability X . P(X)
variable X by the corresponding Spots X P(X)
probability. 1 1 1
6 6
2 1 2
6 6
3 1 3
6 6
4 1 4
6 6
5 1 5
6 6
6 1 6
6 6
3. Add the results obtained in Step Name of Probability X . P(X)
2. Spots X P(X)
1 1 1
6 6
2 1 2
6 6

2
 3 1 3
6 6
4 1 4
6 6
5 1 5
6 6
6 1 6
6 6

21
∑ X . P ( X )= 6 =3.5

The value obtained in step 3 is called the mean of the random variable X or the mean
of the probability distribution X. What does the mean tell us? The mean tells us the average
number of spots that would appear in a roll of a die. So, the average number of spots that
would appear is 3.5. although the die will never show a number, which is 3.5, this implies
that rolling the die many times, the theoretical mean would be 3.5.
Formula for the Mean of the Probability Distribution

The Mean µ of a discrete random variable is the central value or average of its
corresponding probability mass function. It is also called as the Expected Value. It is
computed using the formula:
µ = X 1 . P ( X 1 ) +¿ X 2 . P ( X 2 ) + X 3 . P ( X 3 ) +. .. ,+ X n . P ( X n ) ∨¿
µ = ∑ X .P(X)

where:
X 1 , X 2 , X 3 ,. . . , X n
P ( X 1 ), P ( X 2 ) , P ( X 3 ) , .. . , P ( X n )

The probabilities that a customer will buy is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 items in a grocery store

3 1 1 2 ,∧3
are , , , , respectively. What is the average number of items that a customer
10 10 10 10 10
will buy?

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability Name of Spots X Probability P(X)
distribution for the random 1 3
variable X representing the 10
number of items that the 2 1
customer will buy.
10
3 1
10
4 2
10

3
 5 3
10
2. Multiply the value of the random Name of Probability X . P(X)
variable X by the corresponding Spots X P(X)
probability. 1 3 3
10 10
2 1 2
10 10
3 1 3
10 10
4 2 8
10 10
5 3 15
10 10
3. Add the results obtained in Step Name of Probability X . P(X)
2. Spots X P(X)
1 3 3
10 10
2 1 2
10 10
3 1 3
10 10
4 2 8
10 10
5 3 15
10 10

31
∑ X . P ( X )= 10 =3.1

Now do it!

A. Complete the table below and find the mean of the following probability distribution.
1.
X P(X) X . P(X)
1 1
7
6 1
7
11 3
7
16 1
7

4
 21 1
7

2.
X P(X) X . P(X)
1 3
10
2 1
10
3 2
10
4 2
10
5 2
10

3.
X P(X) X . P(X)
3 0.15
6 0.35
8 0.40

B. Do the following.
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random variable X, which can
10 1 12
take only the values 1, 2, an 3, given that P(1) = , P(2) = , and P(3) = .
33 3 33
2. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random variable X and
interpret its value, which can take only the values of 3, 5, and 7, given that P(3) =
7 1 13
, P (5 )= , and P(7) = .
30 3 30

Ace it!

A. Complete the table below and find the mean of the following probability distribution.
1.
X P(X) X . P(X)
1 4
9
3 2
9
5 1
9
7 2
9

2.

5
 X P(X) X . P(X)
2 0.10
4 0.23
6 0.25
8 0.36
10 0.06

B. Solve the following problems.

3. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random variable X, which can
9 1 1
take only the values 2, 4, 5, and 9, given that P(2) = , P(4) = , P(5) = ,
20 20 5
3
and P(9) = .
10
4. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random variable X if P(X) =
X +1
for X = 1, 2, 3,4, and 5, and interpret its value.
20
5. The probabilities of a machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 defective parts in
one day are 0.75, 0.17, 0.04, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005, respectively. Find the mean
of the probability distribution and interpret its value.

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Lesson 4: VARIANCE OF DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

Learning Objectives: The learner will be able to do the following:

1. illustrate the variance of a discrete random variable (M11/12SP- IIIb-1).
2. calculate the variance of a discrete random variable (M11/12SP- IIIb-2).
3. interprets the variance of a discrete random variable (M11/12SP- IIIb-3).

Let’s kick it off!

Compute the variance of the following frequency distribution.

Score Number of Students

5 3
8 5
10 4
12 5
15 3

Are you taking it?

The variance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread,

dispersion, or variability of the items in a distribution.
1. How can we describe the spread or dispersion in a probability distribution?
2. How can we calculate the spread or dispersion in a probability distribution?
3. How do we interpret the spread or dispersion in a probability distribution?

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Here’s how it is!

The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance and the
standard deviation of the probability distribution by following the given steps.
Number of Cars Sold X Probability P(X)
0 2
10
1 2
10
2 3
10
3 2
10
4 2
10
Steps in Finding the Variance and Standard Deviation

1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4.

Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Find the mean of the Number of Probability X.P(X)
probability distribution using Cars Sold X P(X)
the formula 0 1 0
µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥) 10
1 2 2
10 10
2 3 6
10 10
3 2 6
10 10
4 2 8
10 10

22
µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥) = =2.2
10

2. Subtract the mean from each X P(X) X.P(X) X-µ

value of the random variable 0 1 0 0 – 2.2
X. 10 = -2.2
1 2 2 1 – 2.2
10 10 = -1.2

8
 2 3 6 2 – 2.2
10 10 = -0.2
3 2 6 3 – 2.2
10 10 = .8
4 2 8 4 – 2.2
10 10 = 1.8
3. Square the results obtained in X P(X) X.P(X) X-µ ( X −µ)2
Step 2. 0 1 0 0 – 2.2 = -2.2 4.84
10
1 2 2 1 – 2.2 = -1.2 1.44
10 10
2 3 6 2 – 2.2 = -0.2 0.04
10 10
3 2 6 3 – 2.2 = .8 0.64
10 10
4 2 8 4 – 2.2 = 1.8 3.24
10 10
4. Multiply the results obtained in X P(X) X.P(X) X - ( X −µ)2 ( X −µ)2 . P( X )
Step 3 by the corresponding µ
probability. 0 1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484
10
1 2 2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
10 10
2 3 6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
10 10
3 2 6 .08 0.64 0.128
10 10
4 2 8 1.8 3.24 0.648
10 10
5. Get the sum of the results in X P(X) X.P(X) X- ( X −µ)2 ( X −µ)2 . P( X )
Step 4. The result is the value µ
of the variance. So, the 0 1 0 - 4.84 0.484
formula for the variance is: 10 2.2
2
1 2 2 - 1.44 0.288
σ 2 = ∑ (X −µ) . P( X) 10 10 1.2
2 3 6 - 0.04 0.012
10 10 0.2
3 2 6 .08 0.64 0.128
10 10
4 2 8 1.8 3.24 0.648
10 10
2
σ 2 = ∑ (X −µ) . P( X)=1.56

6. Get the square root of the The variance of the probability distribution is 1.56
variance to get the standard The standard deviation is σ = √ 1.56=1.25
deviation.

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 Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability
Distribution

The variance and standard deviation are two values that describe how
scattered or spread out the scores are from the mean value of the random variable.

The variance of a discrete probability distribution is given by the formula:

2
σ 2 = ∑ ( X−µ ) . P ( X )
The standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution is given by the
formula:
2
√
σ = ∑ ( X −µ ) . P ( X )
where:
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability of the random variable X
µ = mean of the probability distribution

Alternative Procedure in Finding the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Probability

Distribution
1. Find the mean of the Probability distribution.
2. Multiply the square of the value of the random variable X by its corresponding
probability.
3. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 2.
4. Subtract the mean from the results obtained in Step 3.

Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Find the mean of the probability Number of Probability X.P(X)
distribution using the formula Cars Sold X P(X)
µ = ∑ 𝑋 . 𝑃(𝑥) 0 1 0
10
1 2 2
10 10
2 3 6
10 10
3 2 6
10 10
4 2 8
10 10

22
µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥) = =2.2
10

2. Multiply the square of the value X P(X) X.P(X) X 2 .P(X)

of the random value X by its 0 1 0 1
corresponding probability. 02 . =0
10 10
1 2 2 2
12 . =
10 10 10

10
 2
10
2 3 6 3
22 . =
10 10 10
12
10
3 2 6 2
32 . =
10 10 10
18
10
4 2 8 2 2
4 . =
10 10 10
32
10
3. Get the sum of the results X P(X) X.P(X) 2
X .P(X)
obtained in step 2. 0 1 0 0
10
1 2 2 2
10 10 10
2 3 6 12
10 10 10
3 2 6 18
10 10 10
4 2 8 32
10 10 10

64
µ = ∑ X 2 .𝑃(𝑥) = =6.4
10

4. Subtract the square of the mean The variance is

from the results obtained in Step 2
σ 2 = ∑ X . P ( X )−µ
2

3 to get the variance. So, the

= 6.4 – ( 2.2 )2
formula for the variance of a
probability distribution is = 1.56
2 2
σ 2 = ∑ X . P ( X )−µ The standard deviation is:
σ = √ 1.56=1.25
The standard deviation is the
square root of the variance.
Thus,
σ = ∑ X 2 . P ( X )−µ 2
√

Alternative Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete

Probability Distribution

The variance of a discrete probability distribution is given by the formula:

σ 2=∑ X 2 . P ( X )−µ 2
The standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution is given by the
formula:
σ = ∑ X 2 . P ( X )−µ 2
√ 11
where:
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability of the random variable X
µ = mean of the probability distribution
 Now do it!

A. Complete the table below and find the variance and standard
deviation of the following probability distributions.
1.
X P(X) X . P(X) X 2 . P (X )
1 1
7
6 1
7
11 31
7
16 1
7
21 1
7

2.
X P(X) X . P(X) X 2 . P (X )
1 3
10
2 1
10
3 2
10
4 2
10
25 2
10

3.
X P(X) X . P(X) X 2 . P (X )
3 0.15
6 0.35

12
 8 0.40
10 0.10

B. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the following probability
distribution then interpret the computed values. Write your answer in your answer
sheets.
1. Variable Z representing the number of male teachers per Elementary School.

z 2 3 4 5 6
P(z) 40% 32% 11% 9% 8%

2. The number of mobile phones sold per day at a retail store varies as shown in
the given probability distribution below. Find the expected number of mobile
phones that will be sold in one day.

x 30 33 38 40 50
P(x) 0.2 0.2 0.35 0.23 0.02

3. Probability distribution of random variable X, which can take only the values 1, 2,
10 1 12
and 3, given that P(1) = , P(2) = , and P(3) = .
33 3 33
4. Probability distribution of random variable X, which can take only the values 3, 5,
7 1 13
and 7, given that P(3) = , P(5) = , and P(7) = .
30 3 30

Ace it!

A. Complete the table below and find the variance and standard
deviation of the following probability distributions.
1.
X P(X) X . P(X) X 2 . P (X )
1 4
9
3 2
9
5 1
9
7 2
9

13
 2.
X P(X) X . P(X) X 2 . P (X )
3 0.15
6 0.35
8 0.40
10 0.10
3.
X P(X) X . P(X) X 2 . P (X )
2 0.10
4 0.23
6 0.25
8 0.36
10 0.06
B. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the following probability
distribution then interpret the computed values. Write your answer in your answer
sheets.
1. Number of monthly absences of Juan Dela Cruz based on his previous records of
absences as presented in the probability distribution below.
Number of Absences (X) Percent P (X )
3 25%
4 30%
5 30%
6 15%
2. The number of computers sold per day at a local computer store, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the table below.
Number of Computer Sold X Probability P(X)
0 0.1
2 0.2
5 0.3
7 0.2
9 0.2

3. The number of inquiries received per day by the office of Admission in SHS X last
enrolment is shown below.
Number of Inquiries X Probability P(X)
22 0.08
25 0.19
26 0.36
28 0.25
29 0.07
30 0.05

C. Solve the following problems.

1. The probabilities of a machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 defective parts in
one day are 0.75, 0.17, 0.04, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005, respectively. Find the
variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.

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 2. The number of computers sold per day at a local computer store, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the table. Find the variance and standard
deviation of the distribution.
Number of Computers Sold X Probability P(X)
0 0.1
1 0.2
2 0.3
3 0.2
4 0.2

3. The number of inquiries received per day by the Office of Admissions in a certain
university is shown below. Find the variance and standard deviation.
Number of Inquiries X Probability P(X)
22 0.08
23 0.19
24 0.36
25 0.25
26 0.07
27 0.05

References:

Albacea, Zita VJ., and David, Isidoro P. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School –
Statistics and Probability. Diliman, Quezon City: Commision on Higher Education.
Belecina, Rene R. and Baccay, Elisa S. 2019. Statistics and Probability. 2nd ed. Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Brofar, Chelsea Mae B. 2020. Statistics and Probability: Quarter 3-Module 1: Random
Variables and Probability Distribution. Bataan. DepEd Bataan.

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