1 FLUID & ITS PROPERTIES

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. A fluid is said to be Newtonian fluid when the 6. Kinematic viscosity of air at 20°C is given to
shear stress is be 1.6 × 10 m /s . Its kinematic viscosity at
A. directly proportional to the velocity 70°C will be varying approximately:
gradient. A. 2.02 × 10 m /s
B. inversely proportional to the velocity B. 1.6 × 10 m /s
gradient C. 1.2 × 10 m /s
C. independent of the velocity gradient D. 3.2 × 10 m /s
D. none of the above [GATE-ME-99:1 M]
[GATE-ME-95:1M] 7. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity (u) is:
2. A fluid is one which can be defined as a A. m /sec B. kg/m-sec
substance that:

0
C. m/sec D. m /sec
A. has that same shear stress at all points? [GATE-ME-01:1 M]

the smallest shear force

I1
B. can deform indefinitely under the action of

C. has the small shear stress in all directions?

8. Newton’s law of viscosity states that the shear
stress in a fluid is proportional to:
A. the velocity of the fluid.
EG
D. is practically incompressible B. the time rate of change of velocity of the
[GATE-ME-96:1M] fluid.
3. The dimension of surface tension is: C. the rate of change of velocity of the fluid
A. ML B. L T with the height of fluid film.
C. ML T D. MT
N

D. the square of the velocity of the fluid.

[GATE-ME-96:1M] [GATE-ME-03:1M]
4. The dimension of surface tension is: 9. An incompressible fluid (kinematic viscosity =
A. N/m B. J/m 7.4 × 10 m /s, specific gravity = 0.88) is
C. J/m D. W/m held between two parallel plates. If the top plate
[GATE-ME-97:1 M]
is moved with a velocity of 0.5 m/s while the
5. If ‘P’ is the gauge pressure within a spherical
bottom one is held stationary, the fluid attains a
droplet, then gauge pressure within a bubble of
linear velocity profile in the gap of 0.5 mm
the same fluid and of same size will be
between these plates; the shear stress in Pascal
A. B. on the surface of bottom plate is:

C. P D. 2P A. 65.1 B. 0.651

[GATE-ME-99: 1M] C. 6.51 D. 651

[GATE-ME-04:1 M]

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Fluid Mechanics

10. For a Newtonian fluid: 80 MPa during compression, the bulk modulus
A. shear stress is proportional to shear strain of elasticity of oil is
B. rate of shear stress is proportional to shear A.1000 MPa B. 2000 MPa
strain C. 4000 MPa D. 8000 MPa
C. shear stress is proportional to rate of shear [GATE-ME-07:2M]
strain 13. A journal bearing has a shaft diameter of 40
D. rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of mm and a length of 40 mm. The shaft is rotating
shear strain at 20 rad/s and the viscosity of the lubricant is
[GATE-ME-06:1M] 20 mPa-s. The clearance is 0.020 mm. The loss
11. A cubic block of side ‘L’ and mass ‘M’ is of torque due to the viscosity of the lubricant is
dragged over an oil film across table by a string approximately:
connects to a hanging block of mass ‘m’ as A. 0.040 Nm B. 0.252 Nm
shown is fig. the Newtonian oil film of C. 0.400 Nm D. 0.652 Nm

0
thickness ‘h’ has dynamic viscosity ‘μ’ and the [GATE-ME-08:1M]
flow condition is laminar. The acceleration due 14. A lightly loaded full journal bearing has journal
I1
to gravity is ‘g’. The steady state velocity ‘v’ of
block is:
diameter of 50 mm, bush bore of 50.50 mm and
bush length of 20 mm. If rotational speed of
EG
journal is 1200 rpm and average viscosity of
liquid lubricant is 0.3 Pa-sec, the power loss (in
Watt) will be:
A. 37 B. 74
C. 118 D. 237
N

[GATE-ME-10:2M]
15. The difference in pressure (in N/m ) across an
air bubble of diameter 0.001 m immersed in
water (surface tension = 0.072 N/m) is _____
Mgh
A. B. μ [GATE-ME-14:1 M]
16. In a simple concentric shaft-bearing
mgh mgh
C. D. μ
μL2 arrangement, the lubricant flows in the 2 mm
[GATE-ME-06:2M] gap between the shaft and the bearing. The flow
12. Oil in a hydraulic cylinder is compressed from may be assumed to be a plane Couette flow
an initial volume 2 m to 1.96 m . If pressure with zero pressure gradient. The diameter of the
of oil in the cylinder changes from 40 MPa to shaft is 100 mm and its tangential speed is 10

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 Fluid mechanics

m/s. The Dynamic viscosity of the lubricant is

0.1 kg/m.s. The frictional resisting force
(in Newton) per 100 mm length of the bearing
is __________
[GATE-ME-14:2M]
17. Consider fluid flow between two infinite
horizontal plates which are parallel (the gap
between them being 50 mm). The top plate is
sliding parallel to the stationary bottom plate at
a speed of 3 m/s. The flow between the plates
[GATE-ME-18:2M]
is solely due to the motion of the top plate. The
19. Two immiscible, incompressible, viscous
force per unit area (magnitude) required to
fluids having same densities but different
maintain the bottom plate stationary is _____
viscosities are contained between two infinite

0
N/m . Viscosity of the fluid μ = 0.44 kg/m-s
horizontal parallel plates, 2 m apart as shown
and density ρ = 888 kg/m .
I1
[GATE-ME-16:2M]
18. A solid block of 2.0 kg mass slides steadily at a
below. The bottom plate is fixed and the upper
plate moves to the right with a constant velocity
of 3 m/s. With the assumptions of Newtonian
EG
velocity V along a vertical wall as shown in the
fluid, steady, and fully developed laminar flow
figure below. A thin oil film of thickness h =
with zero pressure gradient in all directions, the
0.15 mm provides lubrication between the
momentum equation simplifies to
block and the wall. The surface area of the face
d u
of the block in contact with the oil film is =0
dy
N

0.04 m . The velocity distribution within the oil

If the dynamic viscosity of the lower fluid, μ ,
film gap is linear as shown in the figure. Take
is twice that of the upper fluid, μ , then the
3
dynamic viscosity of oil as 7 10 Pa-s and
velocity at the interface (round off to two
2
acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s . Neglect decimal places) is ______m/s.
weight of the oil. The terminal velocity V (in
m/s) of the block is _____ (correct to one
decimal place).

[GATE-ME-19:2M]

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Fluid Mechanics

PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. Surface tension is due to A. m /s B.
A. cohesion and adhesion
C. D.
B. cohesion only
[GATE-CE-97:1M]
C. adhesion only
6. The necessary and sufficient condition for a
D. none of the above
surface to be called as ‘free surface’ is
[GATE-CE-89:1M]
2. Shear stress develops on a fluid element, if the A. no stress should be acting on it

fluid B. tensile stress acting on it must be zero

A. is at rest C. shear stress acting on it must be zero

B. if the container is subjected to uniform linear D. no point on it should be under any stress.

acceleration [GATE-CE-2006:1M]

0
C. is inviscid 7. The dimension for kinematic viscosity is

I1
D. is viscous and the flow is non-uniform. A. B.
[GATE-CE-92:1M]
C. D.
3. A fluid is one which can be defined as a
[GATE-CE-14:1M]
EG
substance that
8. Group I contain the types of fluids while Group
A. has same shear stress at all points
II contains the shear stress-rate of shear
B. can deform indefinitely under the action of
relationship of different types of fluids, as
the smallest shear force
shown in the figure
C. has the small shear stress in all directions
N

D. is practically incompressible
[GATE-CE-96:1M]
4. With increase of temperature, viscosity of a
fluid
A. does not change
B. always increases
C. always increases
D. increases, if the fluid is a gas and decreases,
if it is a liquid
[GATE-CE-97:1M] Group-I Group-II

5. The unit of dynamic viscosity of a fluid is P. Newtonian fluid 1. Curve 1

Q. Pseudo plastic fluid 2. Curve 2
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 Fluid mechanics

R. Plastic fluid 3. Curve 3 B. Strain

S. Dilatant fluid 4. Curve 4 C. Strain rate
5. Curve 5 D. The inverse of the viscosity
The correct match between Group I and Group [GATE-CE-96:2M]
II is 10. A liquid of density ρ and dynamic viscosity μ
A. P-2, Q-4, R-1, S-5 flows steadily down an inclined plane in a thin
B. P-2, Q-5, R-4, S-1 sheet of constant thickness t. Neglecting air
C. P-2, Q-4, R-5, S-3 friction the shear stress on the bottom surface
D. P-2, Q-1, R-3, S-4 due to the liquid flow is (Where θ is the angle,
[GATE-CE-16:1M] the plane makes with horizontal).
9. Shear stress in the Newtonian fluid is A. ρgtsinθ B. ρgtcosθ
proportional to C. µ g/t D. ρg
A. Pressure [GATE-CE-96:2M]

0
PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS
I1
1. A 40 cm cubical block slides on oil (viscosity
= 0.80 Pa. s), over a large plane horizontal
surface. If the oil film between the block and
EG
the surface has a uniform thickness of 0.4 mm,
what will be the force required to drag the block
at 4 m/s? Ignore the end effects and treat the
flow as two dimensional.
N

A. 1280 N B.1640N
C. 1920 N D. 2560 N
The most suitable relation for flow of tooth
[GATE-2009-XE]
paste being squeezed out of the tube is given by
2. The Rheological diagram depicting the relation
the curve.
between shear stress and strain rate for different
A. P B. Q
types of fluids is shown in the figure below.
C. R D. S
[GATE-2010-XE]
3. A 20 cm cubical box slides on oil (mas density
= 800 kg / m 3 ), over a large plane surface with
a steady state velocity of 0.4 m/s. The plane
surface is inclined at an angle of 300 with the
horizontal plane. The oil film between the

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Fluid Mechanics

block and the plane surface is 0.4 mm thick. A. 2.66 B. 6.93

The weight of the cubical box is 64 N. The C. 15.91 D. 23.87
kinematic viscosity of the oil is. [GATE-2012-AG]
A. 0.8 Pa. s B. 0.001 m2 / s 7. The gauge pressure inside a soap bubble of

C. 1.6 Pa. s D. 0.002 m 2 / s radius R, with  denoting the surface tension

between the soap solution and air, is.
[GATE-2010-XE]
 4
4. Consider an incompressible 2-D Couette flow A. B.
2 R R
of water between two walls spaced 1 m apart.
2 
The lower wall is kept stationary. What is the C. D.
R 4 R
shear stress acting on the lower wall if the
[GATE-2013-XE]
upper wall is moving at a constant speed of
8. Isothermal compressibility of a material is
2 / ?( = 7 × 10 . / ) given by

0
A. − B.

A. 3.5 × 10 N/m
I1 C. − D.

[GATE-2013-MT]
B. 7 × 10 N/m
EG
9. Which one of the following plots relating shear
C. 10.5 × 10 N/m stress with strain rate represents Newtonian
D. 14 × 10 N/m behavior of a fluid?
[GATE-2010-AE]
5. The viscosity of a Newtonian fluid depends
N

primarily on X and to a lesser degree on Y. X

and Y are
A. X=temperature, Y=flow velocity
B. X=flow velocity, Y=pressure
C. X=temperature, Y=pressure
D. X=roughness of the surface across which the A. P B. Q
fluid flows, Y=flow velocity C. R D. S
[GATE-2011-AG] 1[GATE-2014-MT]
6. Tomato catsup with 10 consistency 10. The gap  between two concentric cylinders,
coefficient and 0.8 flow behavior index is
each of height h, is filled with an oil. The torque
flowing in a pipe. Generalized coefficient of required to rotate the inner cylinder at an
viscosity of catsup, in is
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 Fluid mechanics

angular velocity of  against the fixed outer the viscosity of the fluid between the plates is
cylinder is T. The diameter of the inner cylinder _____ − /
is d and   d . Then dynamic viscosity of the
oil is given by.
4 T 4 T
A. B.
d 3 h  d 3 h
4 T 4 T
C. D.
d 2 h 2  d h3 [GATE-2016-XE]
[GATE-2015-XE] 13. Two infinite parallel horizontal plates are
11. An open glass capillary tube of 2 mm bore is separated by a small gap (d = 20 mm) as shown
lowered into a cistern containing mercury in figure. The bottom plate is fixed and the gap
(density = 13600 kg / m3 ) as shown in the between the plates is filled with oil having
figure. Given that the contact angle between density of 890 / and kinematic viscosity

0
mercury and glass = 1400 , surface tension of 0.00033 / . A shear flow is induced by

coefficient = 0.484 N/m and gravitational moving the upper plate with a velocity of 5 m/s.
I1
acceleration = 9.81 m / s 2 , the depression of
mercury in the capillary tube below the free
Assume, linear velocity profile between the
plates and the oil to be a Newtonian fluid. The
EG
shear stress ( / )at the upper plate is _____
surface in the cistern, in mm is _____
N

[GATE-2017-XE]
14. Rheological diagram of different types of fluids
is shown in figure. Column I represent the
[GATE-2015-XE] nature of the fluid and column II represents the
12. In the parallel-plate configuration shown, curve showing the variation of shear stress
steady-flow, of an incompressible Newtonian against shear strain rate.
fluid is established by moving the top plate with Column I Column II
a constant speed, =1 / . If the force (i) Newtonian M
required on the top plate to support this motion (ii) Shear thinning N
is 0.5 N per unit area ( ) of the plate then (iii) Shear thickening O

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Fluid Mechanics

(iv) Bingham plastic P A. B.

diagram C. D.
The most appropriate match between [GATE-2019-AE]
columns I and II is 17. The variation of shear stress ( ) against strain
A. (i) - O; (ii) - N; (iii) - P; (iv) - M rate ( / ) is given in the figure. Identify
B. (i) - O; (ii) - P; (iii) - N; (iv) - M the line/curve among P, Q, R and S, that
C. (i) - P; (ii) - O; (iii) - M; (iv) - N represents an ideal fluid.
D. (i) - P; (ii) - O; (iii) - N; (iv) - M

0
I1
[GATE-2018-XE]
15. Consider the two-dimensional laminar flow of
A. S
C. Q
B. P
D. R
EG
water ( = 0.001 . / ) between two
[GATE-2020-XE]
infinitely long parallel plates 0.1 apart as
shown in the figure below. The velocity profile
at any location is given by ( ) = 100(0.1 −
) / where is in m. The magnitude of
N

shear stress (in / , rounded off to 2 decimal

places) acting on the bottom plate is ________

[GATE-2019-XE]
16. The dimensions of kinematic viscosity of a
fluid (where L is length, T is time) are
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 Fluid mechanics

PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. Match List – I (properties of fluids) with List – A. ρ B.
II (deformation / results) and select the correct
C. D.
answer using the codes given below the lists:
List – I [ESE-ME-97]

A. Ideal fluid 4. The dimension of surface tension is

B. Newtonian fluid A. N/m B. J/m

C. μ/ ρ C. J/m D.W/m

D. Mercury in glass tube [ESE-ME-97]

List-II 5. Newton’s law of viscosity depends upon the

1. Viscosity does not vary with rate of A. Stress and strain in fluid

deformation B. Shear stress, pressure and velocity

0
2. Fluid of zero viscosity C. Shear stress and rate of strain

3. Dynamic viscosity I1 D. Viscosity and shear stress

[ESE-ME-98]
4. Capillary depression
6. Surface tension is due to
5. Kinematic viscosity
EG
A. viscous forces
6. Capillary rise
B. cohesion
Codes:
C. adhesion
A B C D
D. the difference between adhesive and
A. 1 2 4 6
cohesive forces
B. 1 2 3 4
N

[ESE-ME-98]
C. 2 1 3 6
7. If the surface tension of water – air interface is
D. 2 1 5 4
0.073 N/m, the gauge pressure inside a rain
[ESE-ME-95]
drop of 1 mm diameter will be
2. Assertion(A): In fluid, the rate of deformation
A. 0.146 N/m B. 73 N/m
is far more important than the total deformation
C. 146 N/m D. 292 N/m
itself.
[ESE-ME-99]
Reason (R): A fluid continues to deform so
8. If the surface tension of water-air interface is
long as the external forces are applied.
0.073 / , the gauge pressure inside a rain
[ESE-ME-96]
drop of 1 mm diameter will be
3. Which one of the following is the bulk modulus
A. 0.146 N/m B. 73 N/m
K of a fluid?? (Symbols have the usual
C. 146 N/m D. 292 N/m
meaning)

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Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-ME-99] D. Bingham plastic

9. The shear stress developed in a lubricating oil, List-II
of viscosity 9.81 poise, filled between two 1. Shear stress varies linearly with the rate of
parallel plates 1 cm apart and moving with strain
relative velocity of 2m/s is 2. Shear stress does not vary linearly with the
A. 20 N/m2 B. 196.2 N/m2 rate of strain.
C. 29.62 N/m2 D. 40 N/m2 3. Fluid behaves like a solid until a minimum
[ESE-ME-01] yield stress beyond which it exhibits a
10. A capillary tube is inserted in mercury kept in linear relationship between shear stress and
an open container. the rate of strain.
Assertion (A): The mercury level inside the 4. Shear stress is zero
tube shall rise above the level of mercury Codes:
outside A B C D

0
Reason (R): The cohesive force between the A 3 1 2 4
I1
molecules of mercury is greater than the
adhesive force between mercury and glass
[ESE-ME-01]
B
C
D
4
3
4
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
4
3
EG
11. The equation of the velocity distribution over a [ESE-ME-02]
plate is given by u = 2y-y2 where u is the 13. The capillary rise at 20 C in clean glass tube of
velocity in m/s at a point y meter from the plate 1mm diameter containing water is
measured perpendicularly. Assuming μ = 8.60 approximately.
poise, the shear stress at a point 15 cm from the A.15 mm B. 50 mm
N

boundary is C. 20 mm D. 30 mm
A. 1.72 Nm2 B. 1.46 N/m2 [ESE-ME-02]
C. 14.62 N/m2 D. 17.20 N/m2 14. Assertion (A): In general, viscosity in liquids
[ESE-ME-02] increases and in gases it decreases with rise in
12. Match List-I (Type of fluid). with List-II temperature
(Variation of shear stress) and select the correct Reason (R): Viscosity is caused by
answer. intermolecular forces of cohesion and due
List-I transfer of molecular momentum between fluid
A. Ideal fluid layer, of which in liquids the former and in
B. Newtonian fluid gases the later contribute the major part
C. Non- Newtonian fluid towards viscosity.
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 Fluid mechanics

[ESE-ME-02] C. An increase in the viscosity of liquids and

15. The capillary rise at 20° in clean glass tube of decrease in that gases
1 mm diameter containing water is D. A decrease in the viscosity of liquids and
approximately an increase in that of gases
A. 15 mm B. 50 mm [ESE-ME-03]
C. 20 mm D. 30 mm 18. An oil of specific gravity 0.9 has viscosity of
[ESE-ME-2002] 0.28 stokes at 38℃. What will be its viscosity
16. Match the List-I (Rheological Equation) with in Ns/m2?
List-II (Types of fluids) and select the correct A.0.2520 B. 0.0311
answer: C. 0.0252 D. 0.0206
List-I [ESE-ME-04]
A. τ = μ(du/dy)n, n = 1 19. When the pressure on a given mass of liquid is
B. τ = μ(du/dy)n, n < 1 increased from 3.0 MPa to 3.5 MPa, the density

0
C. τ = μ(du/dy)n, n > 1 of the liquid increases from 500 kg/m to 501
D. τ = τ μ(du/dy)n I1 kg/m . What is the average value of bulk
List-II modulus of liquid over the given pressure
1. Bingham plastic range?
EG
2. Dilatant Fluid A. 700 MPa B. 600 MPa
3. Newtonian fluid C. 500 MPa D. 250 MPa
4. Pseudo-plastic fluid [ESE-ME-06]

Codes: 20. A Vertical clean glass tube of uniform bore is

A B C D used as a piezometer to measure the pressure of

N

A 3 2 4 1 liquid at a point. The liquid has a specific

B 4 1 2 3 weight of 15 kN/m3 and a surface tension of

C 3 4 2 1 0.06 N/m in contact with air. If for the liquid,

D 4 2 1 3 the angle of contact with glass is zero and the

[ESE-ME-03] capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 2 mm,
17. Decrease in temperature, in general, results in what is the required minimum diameter of the
A. An increase in viscosities of both gases and tube?
liquids A. 6mm B. 8 mm
B. A decrease in the viscosity of liquids and C. 10 mm D. 12 mm
gases [ESE-ME-06]
21. If the relationship between the shear stress τ
and the rate of shear strain (du/dy) is expressed

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Fluid Mechanics

as τ = μ (du/dy) n, then the fluid with exponent 26. What is the pressure difference between inside
n > 1 is known is which one of the following and outside of a droplet of water?
A. Bingham plastic A. 2 σ/d B. 4 σ/d
B. Diltant fluid C. 8 σ/d D.12 σ/d
C. Newtonian fluid Where σ is surface tension and d is the diameter
D. Pseudo-plastic fluid of the droplet.
[ESE-ME-07] [ESE-ME-08]
22. Assertion (A): Blood is a Newtonian fluid 27. What is the pressure inside a soap bubble, over
Reason(R): The rate of strain varies non – the atmospheric pressure if its diameter is 2 cm
linearly with shear stress for blood. and the surface tension is 0.1 N/m?
[ESE-ME-07] A. 0.4 N/m B. 4.0 N/m
23. What are the dimensions of kinematic viscosity C. 40.0 N/m D. 400.0 N/m
of a fluid? [ESE-ME-08]

0
-2
A. LT B. L T 28. Which one of the following is correct?
-1 -1 -2 -2
C. M L T D. M L T
I1 The capillary rise or depression in a small
[ESE-ME-07] diameter tube is
24. In an experiment, the following shear stress- A. directly proportional to the specific weight
EG
time rate of shear strain values are obtained for of the fluid
a fluid; Time rate of shear B. inversely proportional to the surface weight
Strain (1/s): 0 2.0 3.0 4.0 C. inversely proportional to the diameter
Shear stress (KPa): 0 1.4 2.6 4.0 D. directly proportional to the surface area
How can the fluid be classified? [ESE-ME-08]
N

A. Newtonian fluid 29. Match List –I and List – II and select the correct
B. Bingham plastic answer using the codes given below the lists:
C. Pseudo-plastic fluid List – I
D. Dilatant A. Dynamic Viscosity
[ESE-ME-08] B. Moment of momentum
25. What is the unit of dynamic viscosity of a fluid C. Power
termed ‘poise’ equivalent to? D. Volume modulus of elasticity
A. dyne/cm2 B. gm s/cm2 List – II
C. dyne s/cm2 D. gm-cm/s 1. M L T
[ESE-ME-08]
2. M L T
3. M L T
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 Fluid mechanics

4. M L T Reason (R): Viscosity of liquids varies

5. M L T inversely with temperature
Codes: [ESE-ME-10]

A B C D 34. The annular space between tow coaxial vertical

A. 1 4 2 3 cylinders, of equal length, is filled with an
B. 3 5 1 2 incompressible liquid of constant viscosity.
C. 1 5 2 3 The outer cylinder is held fixed and the inner
D. 3 4 1 2 cylinder is slowly rotated about its axis at a
[ESE-ME-08] uniform rotational speed. Assuming that
30. The capillary rise or depression in a small Newton’s law of viscosity holds good
diameter tube is A. the tangential velocity of liquid varies
A. directly proportional to the specific weight linearly across the gap
of the fluid B. viscous shear stress in liquid is uniform

0
B. inversely proportional to the surface tension across the gap
I1
C. inversely proportional to the diameter
D. directly proportional to the surface area
[ESE-ME-2008]
C. the tangential velocity of liquid varies non
linearly across the gap
D. viscous shear stress in liquid varies linearly
EG
31. Assertion (A): A narrow glass tube when across the gap
immersed into mercury causes capillary [ESE-ME-10]

depression, and when immersed into water 35. A thin plane lamina of area A and weight W,
causes capillary rise slides down a fixed plane inclined to the
Reason (R): Mercury is denser than water vertical at an angle α and maintains a uniform
N

[ESE-ME-09] gap ε from the surface of the plane, the gap

32. Assertion (A): In a fluid, the rate of being filled with oil of constant viscosity μ. The
deformation is far more important than the total terminal velocity of the plane is
deformation itself. A. B.
Reason (R): A fluid continues to deform so
C. D.
long as the external forces are applied.
[ESE-ME-2009] [ESE-ME-10]
36. Pseudo plastic is a fluid for which
33. Assertion (A): The movement of two blocks of
A. Dynamic viscosity decreases as the rate of
wood wetted with hot glue requires greater and
shear increases
greater effort as the glue in drying up.
B. Newton’s law of viscosity holds good

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Fluid Mechanics

C. Dynamic viscosity increases as the rate of D. An ideal plastic

the shear increases [ESE-ME-11]
D. Dynamic viscosity increases with the time 41. A capillary tube is inserted in mercury kept in
for which shearing forces are applied an open container.
[ESE-ME-10] Assertion (A): The mercury level inside the
37. If angle of contact of a drop of liquid is acute tube shall rise above the level of mercury
then outside
A. Adhesion is more than cohesion Reason (R): The cohesive force between the
B. Cohesion is more than adhesion molecules of mercury is greater than the
C. Cohesion is equal to adhesion adhesive force between mercury and glass.
D. Adhesion and cohesion have no bearing [ESE-ME-11]
with angle of contact 42. Assertion (A): In non-Newtonian fluids, the
[ESE-ME-10] shear stress at any point is not a linear function

0
38. Newton’s law of viscosity relates of normal distance from the surface.
A. Velocity gradient and rate of shear strain
I1 Reason (R): This behavior usually arises
B. Rate of shear deformation and shear stress because the fluid molecules are very large, like
C. Shear deformation and shear stress polymers or proteins.
EG
D. Pressure and volumetric strain [ESE-ME-11]
[ESE-ME-11] 43. Match List – I with List – II and select the
39. With increase in pressure, the bulk modulus of correct answer using the codes given below the
elasticity lists:
A. Increases List – I
N

B. Deceases A. Ideal fluid

C. Remains constant B. Newtonian fluid
D. Increases and then decreases C. Inviscid fluid
[ESE-ME-11] D. Real fluid
40. In a experiment to determine the theological List - II
behavior of a material, the observed relation 1. Zero
between shear stress, τ, and rate of shear strain, 2. Non – zero
.
, is τ = τ + c . The material is 3. μ

A. A Newtonian fluid Codes:

B. A thixotropic substance A B C D
C. A Bingham plastic A. 1 2 3 2
-14
 Fluid mechanics

B. 2 3 3 1 A. Bothe Statement (I) and Statement (II) are

C. 1 3 1 2 individually true and Statement (II) is the
D. 2 3 1 2 correct explanation of Statement (I).
[ESE-ME-12] B. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
Directions: individually true but Statement (II) is NOT the
The following items consists of two correct explanation of Statement (I)
statements; one labeled as ‘Assertion (A)’ and C. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is
the other as ‘Reason (R)’. You are select the false
answers to these items using the codes given D. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is
below: true
Codes: [ESE-ME-13]
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct 47. The pressure inside a soap bubble of 50 mm
explanation of A diameter is 25 N/m2 above the atmospheric

0
B. Both A and R are true but R is not a correct pressure. The surface tension in soap film
explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
I1 would be
A. 0.156 N/m
C. 0.624 N/m
B. 0.312 N/m
D. 0.078 N/m
EG
44. Assertion (A): In fluid, the rate of deformation [ESE-ME-14]
is the far more important than the total 48. A Newtonian fluid is one which
deformation itself. A. Is viscous but incompressible
Reason (R): A fluid continues to deform so B. Has a linear relationship between the shear
long as the external forces are applied. stress and the rate of angular deflection
N

[ESE-ME-13] C. Exhibits an increase in viscosity with

45. The unit of the following property is not m /s increasing rate of deformation
A. thermal diffusivity D. Exhibits a decrease in viscosity with
B. kinematic viscosity increasing rate of deformation
C. dynamic viscosity [ESE-ME-14]
D. mass diffusivity 49. Unlike the viscosity of liquids, the viscosity of
[ESE-ME-13] gases increases with increasing temperature.
46. Statement (I): In a fluid, the rate of This is due to
deformation is far more important than the total A. Increased cohesive force between the
deformation itself. molecules
Statement (II): A fluid continues to deform so B. Increased momentum transfer in the
long as the external forces are applied. molecules

- 15 -
Fluid Mechanics

C. Decreased momentum transfer in the B. 0.69 × 10

molecules C. 0.32 × 10
D. Increase in both cohesive force and D. 0.23 × 10
momentum transfer [ESE-ME-17]
[ESE-ME-14] 54. A 150 mm diameter shaft rotates at 1500
50. Statement (I): A small insect can sit on the free rpm within a 200 mm long journal bearing
surface of a liquid though insect’s density is with 150.5 mm internal diameter. The
higher than that of the liquid. uniform annular space between the shaft and
Statement (II): Liquids have viscosity. the bearing is filled with oil of dynamic
B[ESE-ME-14] viscosity 0.8 poise. The shear stress on the
51. Which of the following fluids exhibit a certain shaft will be.
shear stress at zero shear strain rate followed by A. 1.77 kN/m B. 2.77 kN/m
a straight-line relationship between shear stress C. 3.77 kN/m D. 4.77 kN/m

0
and shear strain rate?
[ESE-ME-18]
A. Newtonian fluids I1 55. The normal stresses within an isotropic
B. Ideal Bingham plastic fluids
Newtonian fluid are related to
C. Pseudo-plastic fluids
1. Pressure
EG
D. Dilatant fluids
2. Viscosity of fluid
[ESE-ME-15]
3. Velocity gradient
52. If angle of contact of a drop of liquid is acute,
Which of the above are correct?
then
A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only
A. Cohesion is equal to adhesion
N

C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3

B. Cohesion is more than adhesion
[ESE-ME-18]
C. Adhesion is more than cohesion
56. A plate weighing 150 N and measuring 0.8
D. Both Adhesion and cohesion have no
× 0.8 just slides down an inclined plane
connection with angle of contact
over an oil film of 1.2 mm thickness for an
[ESE-ME-16]
inclination of 30° and velocity of 0.2 m/s.
53. A spherical waterdrop of 1 mm in diameter
Then the viscosity of the oil used is
splits up in air into 64 smaller drops of equal
A. 0.3 Ns/m B. 0.3 Ns/m^2
size. The surface tension coefficient of water
C. 0.5 Ns/m D. 0.7 Ns/m
in air is 0.073 N/m. The work required in
[ESE-ME-19]
splitting up the drop is
57. A flat plate 0.1 m area is pulled at 30 cm/s
A. 0.96 × 10
relative to another plate located at a distance of
-16
 Fluid mechanics

0.01 cm from it, the fluid separating them by 0.1%. The bulk modulus of elasticity of the
being water with viscosity of 0.001 Ns/m . liquid will be
The power required to maintain velocity will be A. 3 × 10 N/m B. 3 × 10 N/m
A. 0.05 W B. 0.07 W C. 3 × 10 N/m D. 3 × 10 N/m
C. 0.09 W D. 0.11 W [ESE-ME-20]
[ESE-ME-20]
58. When the pressure of liquid is increased from
3 MN/m to 6 MN/m , its volume is decreased

PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. The surface tension of water at 20°C is 3. Non-Newtonian
75×10-3 N/m. The difference in the water 4. Thixotropic
surfaces within and outside an open-ended 5. Rheopectic
capillary tube of 1 mm Internal Radius, inserted Codes:

0
at the water surface would nearly be A B C D
A. 5 mm
C. 15 mm
I1
B.10 mm
D. 20 mm
[ESE-CE-98]
A.
B.
C.
2
3
4
3
2
2
1
1
5
5
5
1
EG
2. Match List-I (Curves labelled A, B, C and D in D. 2 3 5 4
figure) with List-II (Type of fluid) and select [ESE-CE-99]
the correct answer using the codes given below 3. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
the lists: answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I
N

List-I
A. Concentrated sugar solution
B. Sewage sludge
C. Blood
D. Air
List-II
1. Dilatant fluid
2. Bingham plastic fluid
3. Pseudo-plastic fluid
4. Newtonian fluid
List-II
Codes:
1. Ideal plastic
A B C D
2. Ideal

- 17 -
Fluid Mechanics

A. 1 2 3 4 D. Vapour pressure of a liquid is inversely

B. 1 2 4 3 proportional to the temperature.
C. 2 1 3 4 [ESE-CE-03]
D. 2 1 4 3 6. Which of the following fluids can be classified
[ESE-CE-01] as non-Newtonian?
4. Match List-I (Definitions) with List-II 1. Kerosene oil 2. Diesel oil
(Properties) and select the correct answer using 3. Human blood 4. Toothpaste
the codes given below the lists: 5. Water
List-I Select the correct answer using the codes given
A. Newtonian fluid below:
B. Ideal fluid A. 1 and 2 B. 3 and 4
C. Thixotropic fluid C. 2 and 5 D. 1 and 5
D. Rheological fluid [ESE-CE-03]

0
List-II 7. Assertion (A): At the standard temperature, the
1. Frictionless and incompressible kinematic viscosity of air is greater than that of
I1
2. Viscosity is invariant with shear stress
3. Viscosity increases at higher shear stress
water at the same temperature.
Reason (R): The dynamic viscosity of air at
EG
4. Viscosity decreases at higher shear stress standard temperature is lower than that of water
Codes: at the same temperature.
A B C D A. both A and R are true and R is the correct
A. 2 4 1 3 explanation of A
B. 3 1 4 2 B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
N

C. 2 1 3 4 explanation of A
D. 3 4 1 2 C. A is true but R is false
[ESE-CE-02] D. A is false but R is true
5. Which one of the following statements is [ESE-CE-04]
correct? 8. The velocity distribution for flow over a plate
A. Dynamic viscosity of water is nearly 50 is given by u = 0.5y- y2 where ‘u’ is the velocity
times that of air. in m/s at a distance ‘y’ meter above the plate. If
B. Kinematic viscosity of water is 30 times that the dynamic viscosity of the fluid is 0.9 N-s/m2,
of air. then what is the shear stress at 0.20 m from the
C. Water in soil is able to rise a considerable boundary?
distance above the groundwater table due A. 0.9 N/m2 B. 1.8 N/m2
to viscosity. C. 2.25 N/m2 D. 0.09 N/m2
-18
 Fluid mechanics

[ESE-CE-05] b. Curve B 2. Dilatant

9. A flat plate of 0.15 m2 is pulled at 20 cm/s c. Curve C 3. Ideal bingham plastic
relative to another plate, fixed at a distance of d. Curve D 4. Pseudo-plastic
0.02 cm from it with a fluid having µ = 0.0014 Codes:
N-s/m2 separating them. What is the power A B C D
required to maintain the motion? A. 3 4 1 2
A. 0.014 W B. 0.021 W B. 2 4 1 3
C. 0.035 W D. 0.042 W C. 3 1 4 2
[ESE-CE-06] D. 2 1 4 3
10. Which one of the following expresses the [ESE-CE-10]
height of rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary 12. Assertion (A): The movement of two blocks of
tube? wood welted with hot glue requires greater and
A. B. greater effort as the glue is drying up.

0
Reason (R): Viscosity of liquids varies
C. D.
inversely with temperature.
where, I1
w = Specific weight of the liquid
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A
α = Angle of contact of the liquid surface
EG
B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
σ = Surface tension
explanation of A
[ESE-CE-07]
C. A is true but R is false
11. Match List-I (Curve identification in figure)
D. A is false but R is true
with List-II (Nature of fluid) and select the
[ESE-CE-10]
N

correct answer using the codes given below the

13. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
lists:
answer using the code given below the lists:
List-I
a. Specific Gravity
b. Coefficient of viscosity
c. Kinematic viscosity
d. Stress
List-II
1. MoL2T-1
2. M°L°T°

List-I List-II 3. ML-1T-1

a. Curve A 1. Newtonian 4. ML-1 T-2

- 19 -
Fluid Mechanics

Code: 16. Statement (I): Fluid pressure is a scalar

A B C D quantity.
A. 2 3 1 4 Statement (II): Fluid thrust always acts
B. 4 3 1 2 downwards.
C. 2 1 3 4 [ESE-CE-13]
D. 4 1 3 2 17. The velocity distribution in a laminar flow
14. Poise has the unit of adjacent to a solid wall is given by u = 3.0
A. dyne-cm/s2 sin(5πy). The viscosity of the fluid is 5 poise.
B. dyne-cm/s What is the shear stress at a section (i) y=
C. dyne-s/cm 0.05m; (ii) y= 0.12 m?
D. dyne-s/cm2 A. 16.7 N/m2 and 6.1 N/m2
[ESE-CE-11] B. 33.4 N/m2 and Zero
Directions: Each of the next items consists of C. 16.7 N/m2 and 12.3 N/m2

0
two statements, one labeled as the ‘Statements D. 16.7 N/m2 and Zero
(I)’ and the other as ‘Statement (II)’. You are to [ESE-CE-14]
I1
examine these two statements carefully and
select the answers to these items using the
18. The surface tension in a soap bubble of 50 mm
diameter with its inside pressure being 2.5
N/m2 above the atmospheric pressure is
EG
codes given below:
Codes: A.0.0125 N/m B. 0.0156 N/m
A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are C. 0.2 N/m D. 0.0312 N/m
individually true and Statement (II) is the [ESE-CE-15]

correct explanation of Statement (I) 19. The surface tension of water at 200C is
N

B. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are 75 × 10-3 N/m. The difference in water
individually true but Statement (II) is NOT surfaces within and outside an open-ended
the correct explanation of Statement (I) capillary tube of 1 mm internal radius. Inserted
C. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is at the water surface, would nearly be
false A. 7 mm B. 11 mm
D. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is C. 15 mm D. 19 mm
true [ESE-CE-16]

15. Statement (I): As temperature increases, 20. Statement (I): The shear stress – shear strain

viscosity of air decreases. rate graph for a Newtonian fluid is linear.

Statement (II): As temperature increases, Statement (II): The coefficient of viscosity μ of

activity of the air molecules increases. the fluid is not constant.

[ESE-CE-13]
-20
 Fluid mechanics

A. Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are 23. A glass tube of 2.5 mm internal diameter is
individually true and Statement (II) is the immersed in oil of mass density 940 / to
correct explanation of Statement (I) a depth of 9 mm. If a pressure of 148 / is
B. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are needed to form a bubble which is just released,
individually true but Statement (II) is not what is the surface tension of the oil?
the correct explanation of Statement (I) A. 0.041 N/m B. 0.043 N/m
C. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is C. 0.046 N/m D. 0.050 N/m
false [ESE-CE-18]
D. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is 24. A plate 0.025 mm distant from a fixed plate
true moves at 60 cm/s and requires a force of
[ESE-CE-16] 0.2 kgf/m to maintain this speed. The
21. The surface tension in a soap bubble of 20 mm dynamic viscosity of the fluid between the
diameter, when the inside pressure is 2.0 N/m2 plates will be nearly.

0
above atmospheric pressure, is A. 9.2 × 10 kgfs/cm
A. 0.025 N/m B. 0.0125 N/m B. 8.3 × 10 kgfs/cm
C. 5× 10 N/m
I1
D. 4.25 × 10 N/m
[ESE-CE-18]
C. 7.4 × 10
D. 6.5 × 10
kgfs/cm
kgfs/cm
EG
22. A jet of water has a diameter of 0.3 cm. The
[ESE-2019]
absolute surface tension of water is 0.072 N/m
25. An oil of specific gravity 0.9 contained in a
and atmospheric pressure is 101.2 / .
vessel. At a point the height of oil is 40 m and
The absolute pressure within the jet of water
for the density of water = 1000 / , the
will be
corresponding height of water at the point will
N

A. 101.104 /
be
B. 101.152 / A. 28 m B. 32 m
C. 101.248 / C. 36 m D. 40 m
D. 101.296 / [ESE-CE-20]
[ESE-CE-18]
PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS
1. At the interface a liquid and a gas at rest, the C. Equal on both sides

pressure is D. Equal to surface tension divided by radius

A. Higher on concave side compared to that on of curvature on both sides

convex side [CSE-ME-99]

B. Higher on convex side compared to that on 2. Consider the following statements:

concave side

- 21 -
Fluid Mechanics

1. Gases are considered incompressible when C. half D. √2 times more

Mach number is less than 0.2 [CSE-ME-01]
2. A Newtonian fluid is incompressible and
5. The relations between shear stress (τ) and
non-viscous
velocity gradient for ideal fluids. Newtonian
3. An ideal fluid has negligible surface tension
fluids and non-Newtonian fluids are given
Which of these statements(s) is/are correct?
below. Select the correct combination
A. 2 and 3 B. 2 alone
A. τ = 0, τ = μ(du/dy)2; τ = μ(du/dy)3
C. 1 alone D. 1 and 3
B. τ = 0, τ = μ(du/dy); τ = μ(du/dy)2
[CSE-ME-00]
3. Match List-I(Physical properties of fluid) with C. τ = μ(du/dy)2; τ = μ(du/dy)2: τ = μ(du/dy)3

List-II (Dimensions/Definitions) and select the D. τ = μ(du/dy); τ = μ(du/dy)2: τ = 0

correct answer: [CSE-ME-02]

6. When a flat plate of 0.1 m2 area is pulled at a
List-I

0
constant velocity of 30 cm/s parallel to another
A. Absolute viscosity
stationary plate located at a distance 0.01 cm
B. Kinematic viscosity
C. Newtonian fluid
D. Surface tension
I1 from it and the space in between is filled with a
fluid of dynamic viscosity = 0.001 Ns/m2, the
force required to be applied is
EG
List-II
A. 0.3 N B. 3N
1. du/dy is constant
B. C. 10N D.16N
2. Newton per petre
[CSE-ME-04]
3. Poise
4. Stress/strain is constant 7. The pressure inside a soap bubble of 50 mm
5. Stokes
N

diameter is 25 N/m2 above the atmospheric

Codes : pressure. What is the surface tension in soap

A B C D film?
A. 0.156N/m B. 0.312 N/m
A5 3 1 2
B. C. 0.624 N/m D. 0.948 N/m
B3 5 2 4 [CSE-ME-05]
C5 3 4 2 8. A skater weighing 1000 N skates at a speed of

D3 5 1 2 20 m/s on ice maintained at 0℃. The average

skating area supporting the skater is 0.001 m2
[CSE-ME-00]
4. If the diameter of a capillary tube is doubled, and the coefficient of friction between the
the capillary –rise will become skates and ice is 0.02. What will be the average

A. √2 times less B. double thickness of a film of water existing at the

-22
 Fluid mechanics

interface between the skater and ice ? (Take compared to the plate sizes. If one of the plates
dynamic viscosity of water as 0.001 Ns/m2). is moved with velocity U in its own plane
A. 10-5m (relative to the other), what is the force required
B. 10-6m to sustain this motion?
C. 10-7m A. Proportional to U, inversely to μ and h
D. Not possible to estimate since there cannot B. Proportional to μ, U and inversely to h
be a possibility of formation of a thin film C. Inversely to μ, U and h
of water at the interface D. Proportional to μ, U and h
[CSE-ME-06] [CSE-ME-10]
9. The gap between two parallel plates is filled
with oil of viscosity μ. The gap h is small
PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS
1. Assertion (A): The movement of two blocks of values for Newtonian and non-Newtonian

0
wood wetted with hot glue requires greater and fluids will be respectively:
greater effort as the glue is drying up A. n = 1 and n> 1 B. n < 1 and n >1

inversely with temperature

I1
Reason (R): Viscosity of liquids varies C. n = 1 and n < 1 D. n = 1 and n # 1
[CSE–CE–96]
5. Match List – I (Fluid type) with List – II
EG
[CSE–CE–94]
2. If the velocity, bulk modulus of elasticity and (Example) and select the correct answer by
the mass density of a fluid are denoted by U, K using the codes given below the lists:
and ρ respectively, then the Mach number is List – I List – II
given by a. Newtonian 1. Blood
N

√ b. Ideal plastic 2. Printer’s ink

A. B.
√
c. Thixo-tropic 3. Oil paint
√ √
C. D. d. Pseudoplastic 4. Water
√

[CSE–CE–94] Codes:

3. For μ = 0.06 poise, ρ = 0.9 gm/cm3, kinematic a b c d

viscosity υ in Stokes is: A. 3 4 1 2

A. 0.04 B. 0.054
B. 4 3 2 1
C. 0.067 D. 0.4
C. 4 3 1 2
[CSE–CE–95]
D. 3 4 2 1
4. The shear stress in a fluid may be expressed as
[CSE–CE–97]
τ= μ , μis the viscosity, dv/dy is the
6. In order that a droplet of water at 20°C (σ =
velocity gradient and n is a constant. The n- 0.0728 N/m) has an internal pressure 1 kPa

- 23 -
Fluid Mechanics

greater than that outside it, its diameter should Reason (R): The kinematic viscosity of liquids
be nearly: and gases at a given pressure is a function of
A. 0.15 mm B. 0.3 mm temperature.
C. 0.6 mm D. 1.2 mm [CSE–CE–99]
[CSE–CE–97] 11. Which of the curves labelled as ,,,&
7. Glycerin (specific weight 1260 kg/m3, dynamic in the given figure represent the Newtonian and
viscosity 8.00 × 10-2 kg-s/m2) is spread freely the ideal fluid respectively?
to a thickness of 1 mm between a bottom
stationary plate and a top movable plate of 10
cm2 area. The top plate is to be moved at a
uniform speed of 1 m/s. The force to be exerted
on the top plate is:
A. 1.6 kg B. 0.8 kg

0
C. 0.16 kg D. 0.08 kg
[CSE–CE–97]
8. Consider the following fluids:
1. Blood 2. Glycerin
I1 A. 1 and 5
C. 3 and 4
B. 2 and 4
D. 4 and 5
EG
3. Molasses 4. Slurry of clay in water [CSE–CE–00]
12. The velocity distribution over a flat plate is
5. Kerosene
given by u = y − y where u is the velocity in
Among these, non-Newtonian fluids would
include: m/s at a distance y (in m) above the plate and μ
N

A. 2, 4 and 5 B. 2, 3 and 4 for the given fluid is 0.84 Ns/m2. The shear
C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 1, 4 and 5 stress at a location 0.3 m above the plate is K
[CSE–CE–99] times the shear stress at a location 0.2 m, above
9. The dynamic viscosity of fluid is 0.5 poise and the plate. The value of K would be:
its specific gravity is 0.5. The kinematic A. B.
viscosity of this fluid (in stokes) is:
C. D.
A. 0.25 B. 0.5
[CSE–CE–01]
C. 1.0 D. 1.5
13. An increase in pressure of 2 bars decreases the
[CSE–CE–99]
volume of a liquid by 0.01 percent. The bulk
10. Assertion (A): The kinematic viscosity of both
modulus of elasticity of the liquid is:
air and water decreases as the temperature
A. 2 × 105 N/m2 B. 2 × 107 N/m2
increases.

-24
 Fluid mechanics

C. 2 × 109 N/m2 D. 2 × 1011 N/m2 2. Dilatants

[CSE–CE–01] 3. Thixotropic
14. Assertion(A): The coefficient of dynamic 4. Ideal plastics
viscosity (μ) as its nomenclature indicates, is an Codes:
absolute constant for a given fluid. a b c d
Reason(R): Newton’s universally accepted A. 2 1 4 3
definition for absolute viscosity shows that it is B. 4 3 2 1
a coefficient in the form of a ratio between C. 2 3 4 1
stress and rate of shear strain. D. 4 1 2 3
[CSE–CE–02]
[CSE–CE–03]
15. The viscosity of water as compared to that of
18. If the capillary rise of water in a 1 mm diameter
air is about:
tube is 3 cm, the height of capillary rise of water
A. 50 times B. 55 times
in a 0.2 mm diameter tube in cm will be

0
C. 60 times D. 65 times
A. 1.5 B. 7.5
[CSE–CE–02]
I1
16. Surface tension of water when in contact with
air is 0.0737 N/m. The difference of pressure
C. 15 D. 75
[CSE–CE–04]
19. Mercury (density = 13600 kg/m3, σ = 0.49 N/m,
between the inside and outside of a droplet of
EG
θ = 0°) is contained in a wide beaker. A 2 mm
rain water mm in diameter is nearly equal to:
internal diameter open-ended capillary tube
A. 0.15 kN/m2 B. 0.20 kN/m2
inserted in the middle of the beaker into the
C. 0.25 kN/m2 D. 0.30 kN/m2
mercury. The meniscus in the tube will be
[CSE–CE–03]
below the external mercury surface by how
N

17. Match List – I (Expression for Viscosity) with

much distance?
List – II (Type of Fluid) and select the correct
A. 4.2 mm B. 5.7 mm
answer using the codes given below the lists:
C. 6.8 mm D. 7.3 mm
List – I
[CSE–CE–06]
a. τ = constant + μ
20. What is the difference of pressure between the
b. τ = f(t) + μ ; (n < 1) inside and outside of a freely moving droplet of
mercury, 1.6 mm in diameter.
c. τ = constant + μ ; (n > 1)
(ρ = 13600 kg/m3, σ= 0.5 N/m)?

d. τ = constant + μ ; (n < 1) A. 680 N/m2 B. 1250N/m2

C. 1360 N/m2 D. 2500 N/m2
List – II
[CSE–CE–08]
1. Pseudo plastic

- 25 -
Fluid Mechanics

21. Assume the surface tension of water to be 0.075 24. Given μ = 0.06 poise and ρ = 0.9 gm/cm3, what
N/m. A jet of water 0.2 cm in diameter at is the value of kinematic viscosity in stokes?
section X increases to 0.23 cm diameter at A. 0.04 B. 0.054
section Y. What is the ratio of gauge pressure C. 0.067 D. 0.082
within the jet at section X to that at section Y? [CSE–CE–09]
. 25. If a glass tube of small diameter d is dipped in
A. × 0.075
.
a liquid, what is the height of rise/fall of the
.
B. liquid meniscus in the tube?
.
.
C. × A. B.
. .

.
D. × C. D.
. ( . )

[CSE–CE–08] Where:
22. A space having volume of 2 m3 is filled with ω is specific weight of the liquid

0
water (bulk modulus of elasticity = 2 × 109 Pa) ∝ is the relevant angle
and is subjected to a pressure of l0 bar. What is σ is surface tension of the liquid in the tube

A. 0.1 L
I1
the resulting change in the volume of the water?
B. 1 L
[CSE–CE–09]
26. A pressure increases of 200 N/cm2 increases

C. 4 L D. 10 L the density of water by 0.1 %. What is the bulk

EG
[CSE–CE–09] modulus of elasticity of water?
23. Which one of the following statements is A. 200 GN/m2 B. 20 GN/m2
correct? C. 2 GN/m2 D. 0.2 GN/m2
A. Surface tension of a liquid decreases with [CSE–CE–09]
N

temperature 27. Which one of the following causes a falling

B. Vapour pressure of a liquid is independent drop of water to become spherical?

of the externally exerted pressure A. Capillary action B. Adhesion

C. Dynamic viscosity is the force per unit C. Surface tension D. Viscosity

velocity gradient [CSE–CE–10]

D. Viscosity of a gas increases with
temperature
[CSE–CE–09]

-26
 Fluid mechanics

1. FLUID & ITS PROPERTIES- ANSWERS

::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. C

11. C 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. * 16. * 17. * 18. * 19. *

15. 287 to 289 16. 15 to 16 17. 26.3 to 26.5 18. 10.6 to 10.8 19. 0.98 to 1.02

::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. A 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. A

0
1. A 2. A 3. B
I1
::: PREVIOUS GATE - XE/CH/PI/AE/MT ANSWERS :::
4. - 5. - 6. - 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B

11. * 12. * 13. * 14. B 15. * 16. B 17. B

EG

11. 5.5 12. 0.005 13. 73.425 15. 0.01

::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::

N

1. D 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. D
11. B 12. D 13. D 14. D 15. D 16. C 17. C 18. C 19. D 20. B
21. B 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. C
31. B 32. A 33. A 34. A 35. C 36. A 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. B
41. D 42. C 43. C 44. A 45. C 46. A 47. A 48. B 49. B 50. B
51. B 52. C 53. B 54. C 55. D 56. D 57. C 58. B

- 27 -
Fluid Mechanics

::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. D 10. C
11. A 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. D 16. C 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. C
21. C 22. A 23. A 24. B 25. C

::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. A 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. B

0
I1
::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. D
EG
11. D 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. A 16. D 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. B

21. B 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. C 26. B 27. C

N

-28
 2 PRESSURE & ITS MEASUREMENT

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. The cross-sectional area of one limb of a U- D. gd (H – h ) A

tube manometer [figure shown below] is made [GATE-ME-95:2 M]

500 time larger than the other, so that the 3. A mercury manometer is used to measure the

pressure difference between the two limbs can static pressure at a point in a water pipe as

be determined by measuring ‘h’ on one limb of shown in Fig. The level difference of mercury

the manometer. The percentage error involved in the two limbs is 10 mm. The gauge pressure

is at that point is
A. 1236 Pa B. 1333 Pa
C. Zero D. 98 Pa

0
I1
EG
A. 1.0 B. 0.5
[GATE-ME-96:1M]
C. 0.2 D.0.05
4. Refer to figure, the absolute pressure of gas A
[GATE-ME-90:2 M]
in the bulb is
2. The force F needed to support the liquid of
density d is
N

A. gd [ ha – (H – h ) A]
B. gdHA
A. 771.2 mm Hg B. 752.65 mm Hg
C. gdHa
- 29 -
Fluid Mechanics

C. 767.35 mm Hg D. 748.8 mm Hg
[GATE-ME-97:2 M]
5. In given figure, if the pressure of gas in bulb A
is 50 cm Hg vacuum and p = 76 cm Hg,
then height of column H is equal to

A. 1.01 bar B. 2.01 bar

C. 5.00 bar D. 7.01 bar
[GATE-ME-04:2 M]
8. A closed cylinder having a radius R and height
H is filled with oil of density ρ. If the cylinder
is rotated about its axis at an angular velocity of
ω, then thrust at the bottom of the cylinder is

0
A. πR ρgH
ρω
B. πR +

A. 26 mm
C. 76 cm
I1
B. 50 cm
D.126 cm
C. πR (ρω R + ρgH)

D. πR
ρω
+ ρgH
EG
[GATE-ME-00:2 M] [GATE-ME-04: 2M]
6. A static fluid can have 9. A two-dimensional fluid element rotates like a
A. Non-zero normal and shear stress τ = 0 rigid body. At a point within the element,
B. Negative normal stress and zero shear stress the pressure is 1 unit. Radius of the Mohr’s
C. Positive normal stress and zero shear stress circle, charactering the state of stress at the
N

D. Zero normal stress and non-zero shear point, is

stress A. 0.5-unit B. 0 unit
[GATE-ME-03:1M]
C. 1-unit D. 2 units
7. The pressure gauges G and G installed on the [GATE-ME-08:2M]
system shows pressures of P = 5.00 bar and 10. Assuming constant temperature condition and
P = 1.00 bar. The value of unknown pressure air to be an ideal gas, the variation in
P is atmospheric pressure with height calculated
from fluid statics is
A. linear B. exponential
C. quadratic D. cubic
[GATE-ME-14: Set-2]

-30
Fluid Mechanics

11. An inverted U-tube manometer is used to [GATE-ME-16:2 M]

measure the pressure difference between two 12. In the space above the mercury column in a
pipes A and B, as shown in the figure. Pipe A barometer tube, the gauge pressure of the
is carrying oil (Specific gravity = 0.8) and pipe vapour is
B is carrying water. The densities of air and A. positive, but more than one atmosphere
water are 1.16 kg/m and 1000 kg/m , B. negative
respectively. The pressure difference between C. positive, but less than one atmosphere
pipes A and B is _____ kPa. Acceleration due D. zero
to gravity g = 10 m/s [GATE-ME-20:1M]

0
I1
EG
PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS
1. The dimensions of a pressure gradient in a fluid C. equal in all directions, only if, its viscosity
flow are is zero
A. ML T B. ML T D. always directed downwards
N

C. ML T D. M L T [GATE-CE-96:1M]

[GATE-CE-95:1M] 4. If a small concrete cube is submerged deep in

2. If, for a fluid in motion, pressure at a point is still water in such a way that the pressure
same in all directions, then the fluid is exerted on all faces of the cube is p, then the
A. a real fluid maximum shear stress developed inside the
B. a Newtonian fluid cube is
C. an ideal fluid A. 0 B.
D. a non-Newtonian fluid C. P D. 2P
[GATE-CE-96:1M] [GATE-CE-12:1M]
3. In a static fluid, the pressure at a point is 5. A pipe carrying water is attached to a
A. equal to the weight of the fluid above differential gauge. Deflection in mercury gauge
B. equal in all directions is 0.6 m, the (P - P ) is _______m of water

- 31 -
Fluid Mechanics

a manometer as shown in figure. By what

amount the pressure in the water pipe should be
increased so that the mercury levels in both the
limbs of the manometer become equal? (Mass
density of mercury = 13550 kg/m and g = 9.81
m/s )

A. 7.56 meters of water

B. 75.76 meters of water
C. 8.16 Meters of water
D. None

0
[GATE-CE-89:2M]
6. A U-tube with both limbs open to atmosphere
I1
contains two immiscible liquids of densities ρ
and ρ (Figure shown below). Under
EG
equilibrium the distance h is given by
A. 24.7 kPa
B. 26.5 kPa
C. 26.7 kPa
D. 28.9 kPa
N

[GATE-CE-03:2M]
8. In the inclined manometer shown in the figure
below, the reservoir is large. Its surface may be
A. h = L 1 − assumed to remain at a fixed elevation. A is
connected to a gas pipeline and the deflection
B. h = L −1
noted on the inclined glass tube is 100 mm.
C. h = L Assuming θ = 30°C and the manometric fluid
D. h = 0 as oil with specific gravity of 0.86, the gauge
[GATE-CE-96:2M] pressure at A is
7. Two pipelines, one carrying oil (mass density
900 kg/m ) and the other water are connected to

-32
Fluid Mechanics

10. The figure shows a U-tube having a 5 mm ×

5 mm square cross-section filled with mercury
(specific gravity = 13.6) up to a height of 20 cm
in each limb (open to the atmosphere).

A. 43 mm water (Vacuum)
B. 43 mm water
C. 86 mm water
If 5 cm3 of water is added to the right limb,
D. 100 mm water
[GATE-CE-04:2M] the new height (in cm, up two decimal places)

0
9. Three rigid buckets, shown as in the figures (1), of mercury in the LEFT limb will be

(2) and (3), are of identical heights and base __________

I1
areas. Further, assume that each of these
buckets have negligible mass and are full of
[GATE-CE-17:2M]
11. A closed tank contains 0.5 m thick layer of
mercury (specific gravity = 13.6) at the bottom.
EG
water. The weights of water in these buckets are
A 2.0 m thick layer of water lies above the
denoted as W , W and W respectively. Also,
mercury layer. A 3.0 m thick layer of oil
let the force of water on the base of bucket be
(specific gravity = 0.6) lies above the water
denoted as F , F and F respectively. The
layer. The space above the oil layer contains air
option giving an accurate description of the
N

under pressure. The gauge pressure at the

system physics is
bottom of the tank is 196.2 kN/m2. The density
of water is 1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration due
to gravity is 9.81 m/s2. The value of Gauge
pressure in the air space is
A. 92.214 kN/m2 B. 95.6444 kN/m2
C. 98.922 kN/m2 D. 99.321 kN/m2
[GATE-CE-18:1M]
A. W = W = W and F > F > F
12. A three-fluid system (immiscible) is connected to a
B. W > W > W and F > F > F
vacuum pump. The specific gravity values of the
C. W = W = W and F = F = F fluids (S1, S2) are given in the figure.
D. W > W > W and F = F = F
[GATE-CE-14:2M]

- 33 -
Fluid Mechanics

The gauge pressure value (in kN/m2, up to two

decimal places) of p1 is ______
[GATE-CE-18:2M]

PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS

1. In the monometer shown in the figure, the
pressure PA of the gas inside bulb A is

approximately,

0
I1
EG
If the density of water is denoted by and that
of mercury by and ‘g’ denotes the
acceleration due to gravity, the pressure
difference ( − ) will be equal to
N

A. −( ) B. ( − )

A. 0.8 bar B.1.2bar C. D. ( − )

C. 1.4 bar D. 1.6 bar [GATE-2009-MT]

[GATE-2009-XE] 3. A differential U – tube manometer with

2. The figure below shows water over mercury mercury as the manometric fluid is used to

manometer. measure the pressure difference between two

sections P and Q in a horizontal pipe carrying
water at steady state as shown in the figure
below. If the difference in mercury levels in the
two limbs of the manometer is 0.75 m, the
difference in pressure (kPa) between sections P

-34
Fluid Mechanics

and Q is

A. 49.275 B. 94.275 A. 118.4  103 B. 118.4

C. 9.4275 D. 492.75 C. 11.84 D. 1.184
[GATE-2010-XE] [GATE-2012-XE]
4. Two tanks, A and B, with the same height are 6. The figure below shows water flowing through
filled with water till the top. The volume of tank a pipe. The pressure difference between points

0
A is 10 times the volume of tank B. What can P and Q measured using a water-over-mercury
you say about the pressure PA and PB at the
I1 manometer is
bottom of the tanks A and B respectively.
A. PA  10 PB
EG
B. PB  10 PA

C. PA  PB

D. Additional data is required to compare the

two pressures.
N

[GATE-2011-XE]
A. B. ℎ
5. A U-tube mercury (Hg) manometer as shown
C. ( − ) D. ( − ) ℎ
below is employed to measure the pressure of
[GATE-2015-MT]
an oil-filled vessel. The densities of Hg and oil
7. In a 5 m deep vertical cylindrical tank, water is
are 13600kg / m3 and 800 kg / m 3 ,
filled up to a level of 3 m from the bottom and
respectively. The gravitational acceleration
the remaining space is filled with oil of specific
may be taken as 10 m / s 2 . The gauge pressure
gravity 0.88. Assume density of water as
(in Pa) at point A when h1  0.5 m and 1000 / and acceleration due to gravity to
h2  0.9 m , is approximately. be 10 / . The gauge pressure (in / ,
rounded off to the first decimal place) at a depth
of 2.5 m from the top of the tank will be ____

- 35 -
Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-2017-XE] [GATE-2015-AE]
8. A manometer is used for the pressure 10. The mercury manometer shown in the figure
measurement in a closed tank. The three fluids below is connected to a water pipe at one end
f1, f2 and f3 have specific weights , 2 and while the other end is open to the atmosphere.
0.5 , respectively. The schematic arrangement The density of water is 1000 / , the
with manometric readings and other specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 and the
dimensions are shown in the Figure. In order to gravitational acceleration is 10 / . The
ensure zero-gauge pressure in the tank at the gauge pressure ( / , rounded off 2
mid-height level (h/2), the height of the tank h decimal places) in the water pipe is ______
(in m) is ________

0
I1
EG

[GATE-2019-XE]
11. In an inverted manometer (as shown in the
N

[GATE-2017-PI] figure), the pressure difference,

9. Consider the density and altitude at the base of − is 100 .
an isothermal layer in the standard atmosphere Use specific gravity of oil as 0.8, density of
to be and ℎ , respectively. The density water as 1000 / , density of mercury as
variation with altitude ( versus h) in that layer 13600 / and acceleration due to gravity
is governed by (R: specific gas constant, T: as 10 /
temperature, : acceleration due to gravity at
The height of the water column, H is
sea level)
________cm. (rounded off to one decimal
( ) ( )
A. = B. = place).
( ) ( )
C. = D. =

-36
Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-2020-XE]

PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. The depth of a fluid is measured in vertical z – 3. The manometer shown in the figure below
direction; x and y are the other two directions connects two pipes, carrying oil and water
and are mutually perpendicular. The static respectively.

0
pressure variation in the fluid is given by
(symbols have the usual meaning)
A. dp/dz = g
C. dp/dz = ρg
I1
B. dp/dz = ρ
D. dp/dz = (−)ρg
[ESE-ME-95]
EG
2. If z is vertically upwards, p is the density and g
gravitational acceleration (see figure) then the
from the figure one
pressure in fluid at rest due to gravity is
A. can conclude that the pressure in the pipes
given by
are equal
N

B. can conclude that the pressure in the oil

pipe is higher
C. can conclude that pressure in the water pipe
is higher
D. cannot compare the pressure in the two
pipes for want of sufficient data
[ESE-ME-96]
A. pgz /2 B. – pg
4. A differential manometer is used to measure
C. – pgz D. pg/z
the difference in pressure at points A and B in
[ESE-ME-96]
terms of specific weight of water, w. The terms
of specific weight of water, w. The specific
gravities of the liquids X, Y and Z are

- 37 -
Fluid Mechanics

respectively S , S & S respectively. The B. The fluid is frictionless and incompressible

correct difference − is given by. C. The fluid has zero viscosity and is at rest
D. One fluid layer has no motion relative to and
adjacent layer
[ESE-ME-98]
7. The reading of gauge A shown in the figure
below is

0
A. h3s2-h1 s1+ h2 s3 B. h1 s1 – h2 s3 + h3 s2
C. h3 s1 – h2 s2 + h2 s3 D. h1 s1 – h2 s2 + h3 s3 A. – 31.392 kPa
I1 [ESE-ME-97]
5. In the figure shown below, air is contained in
B. – 1.962 kPa
C. 31.392 kPa
the pipe and water in the manometer liquid.
EG
D. + 19.62 kPa
[ESE-ME-99]
8. A U – tube manometer is connected to a
pipeline conveying water as shown in the figure
below:
N

The pressure at A is approximately

A. 10.14 m of water approximately
B. 0.2 m of water
C. 1.2 m of water vacuum
D. 4901 Pa
[ESE-ME-98]
6. The normal stress is the same in all directions
at a point in a fluid only when
The pressure head of water in the pipeline is
A. The fluid is frictional
-38
Fluid Mechanics

A. 7.12 m B. 6.56 m 12. Pressure reaches a value of absolute zero

C. 6.0m D. 5.12 m A. at a temperature of – 273 k
[ESE-ME-00] B. under the vacuum condition
9. Assertion (A): If a cube is placed in a liquid C. at the earth’s centre
with two of its surfaces parallel to the free D. when molecular momentum of system
surfaces of the liquids, then the pressure on the becomes zero
two surfaces, which are parallel to the free [ESE-ME-02]
surface, are the same 13. Pressure drop of water flowing through a pipe
Reason (R): Pascal’s law states that when a (density 1000 kg/m ) between two points is
fluid is at rest, the pressure at any plane is the measured by using a vertical U – tube
same in all directions. manometer. Manometer uses a liquid with
[ESE-ME-00] density 2000 kg/m . The difference in height of
10. Differential pressure head measured by manometric liquid in the two limbs of the
mercury oil differential manometer (specific manometer is observed to be 10 cm. The

0
gravity of oil is 0.9) equivalent to a 600 mm pressure drop between the two points is:

A. 7.62 m of oil
C. 7.34 m of oil
I1
difference of mercury levels will nearly be
B. 76.2 m of oil
D. 8.47 m of oil
A. 98.1 N/m
C. 1962 N/m
B. 981 N/m
D. 19620 N/m
[ESE-ME-02]
EG
[ESE-ME-01] 14. To measure the pressure head of the fluid of
11. Three immiscible liquids of specific densities specific gravity S flowing through a pipeline, a
ρ, 2 ρ and 3 ρ are kept in a jar. The height of simple micro – manometer containing a fluid of
the liquids in the jar and at the piezometer fitted specific gravity S is connected to it. The
to the bottom of the jar are as shown in the readings are as indicated in the diagram shown
N

given figure. The ratio H/h is below:

A. 4 B. 3.5 The pressure head in the pipeline is

C. 3 D. 2.5 A. h S – hS - ∆h(S − S)

[ESE-ME-01] B. h S – hS + ∆h(S − S)

- 39 -
Fluid Mechanics

C. hS - h S - ∆h(S − S) C. The fluid in the pipe is a gas

D. hS - h S + ∆h(S − S) D. The fluid in the pipe is highly viscous
[ESE-ME-03] [ESE-ME-05]
15. A mercury – water manometer has a gauge 18. A U – tube open at both ends and made of 8 mm
difference of 500 mm (difference in elevation diameter glass tube had mercury up to a height
of menisci). What will be the difference in of 10 cm in both the limbs. If 19 cm of water
pressure? is added to one of the limbs, what is the
A. 0.5 m B. 6.3 m difference in mercury levels in the two limbs at
C. 6.8 m D. 7.3 m equilibrium?
[ESE-ME-04] A. 4.5mm B. 1.0cm
16. C. 2.8 mm D. 3.2 cm
[ESE-ME-05]
19. The standard atmospheric pressure is 762 mm

0
of Hg. At a specific location, the barometer
reads 700 mm of Hg. At this place, what does
I1 an absolute pressure of 380 mm of Hg
corresponds to?
EG
A. 320 mm of Hg vacuum
B. 382 mm of Hg vacuum
C. 62 mm of Hg vacuum
The balancing column shown in the above D. 62 mm of Hg gauge
diagram contains 3 liquids of different densities [ESE-ME-06]
N

ρ , ρ and ρ . The liquids lvel of one limb is h1 20. The pressure difference of two very light gases

below the top level and there is a difference of in two rigid vessels in being measured by a

h relative to that in the other limb. What will be vertical U –tube water filled manometer. The

the expression of h? reading is found to be 10 cm. What is the

pressure difference?
A. h B. h
A. 9.81 kPa B. 0.0981 bar
C. h D. h
C. 98.1 Pa D. 981 N/m
[ESE-ME-04] [ESE-ME-07]
17. When can a piezometer be not used for pressure 21. Which property of mercury is the main reason
measurement in pipes? for its use in barometers?
A. The pressure difference is low A. High density
B. The velocity is high B. Negligible capillarity effect
-40
Fluid Mechanics

C. Very low vapour pressure manometer for a 20cm difference of mercury

D. Low compressibility level? (Sp. gravity of oil = 0.8)
[ESE-ME-07] A. 2.72 m of oil B. 2.52 m of oil
22. A U – tube of uniform bore having both limbs C. 3.20 m of oil D. 2.00 m of oil
vertical and open to atmosphere, is initially [ESE-ME-09]
filled with a liquid of specific gravity 3S. A 26. In order to increase sensitivity of U – tube
lighter liquid of specific gravity S is then manometer, one leg is usually inclined by an
poured into one of the limbs such that the length angle θ. What is the sensitivity of inclined tube
of column of lighter liquid is x. What is the compared to sensitivity of U – tube?
resulting movement of the meniscus of the A. sin θ B.
heavier liquid in the other limb?
C. D. tan θ
A. x B.
[ESE-ME-09]
C. D.
27. What is the absolute pressure at A measured by

0
[ESE-ME-08] open tube manometer as in the figure below?
23. How is the difference of pressure head ‘h’ (Assume atmospheric pressure as 103 kN/m ;
measured by a
manometer expressed
I1
mercury-oil differential S and S are the specific gravities of the two
fluids)
EG
A. h= x 1 − B. h = x S − S ⌋

C. h = x S − S D. h = x −1

Where x = manometer reading, Sg and S0 are

the specific gravities of mercury and oil,
N

respectively.
[ESE-ME-08]
24. In an open U –tube containing mercury,
kerosene of specific gravity 0.8 is poured into
one of its limbs so that the length of column of A. 78.5 kN/m B. 180 kN/m
kerosene is about 40 cm. The level of mercury C.1030 kN/m D. 103 kN/m
column in that limb is lowered approximately [ESE-ME-10]
by how much? 28. Consider the following statements:
A. 2.4 cm B. 1.2 cm 1. Piezometer is used to measure small
C. 3.6 cm D. 0.6 cm variation of pressure above or below
[ESE-ME-08] ambient pressure
25. What is the difference in pressure head,
measured by a mercury – oil differential

- 41 -
Fluid Mechanics

2. Thixotropic fluid exhibits decrease in 33. In a quiescent sea, density of water at free
viscosity with time. surface is ρ and at a point much below the
Which of the above statements is/are correct? surface density is ρ. Neglecting variation in
A. 1 only B. 2 only gravitational acceleration g and assuming a
C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 constant value of bulk modulus K, the depth h
[ESE-ME-10] of the point from the free surface is
29. The tube of an inclined tube manometer has its ( )
A. + B. ( )
upper end open to air and the lower end
connected to a vertical cylinder through having C. − D.

a diameter 4 times that of the tube. The slope of [ESE-ME-10]

the tube is 1 in 4 and specific gravity of 34. At what depth below the free surface of oil
manometer liquid is 0.72. The space above the having a density of 784 kg/m will be fluid
liquid in the trough is connected to a gas pressure be very nearly equal to 1 bar?

0
chamber. When the movement of meniscus in A. 10 meters B. 14 meters
the tube is 8 cm, change in gas pressure, in C. 13 meters D. 7.84 meters
height of water column, is
A. 1.35 cm
I1
B. 1.44 cm
[ESE-ME-12]
35. In a differential manometer a head of 0.6 m of
fluid A in limb 1 is found to balance a head of
EG
C. 1.80 cm D. 1.53 cm
[ESE-ME-10] 0.3m of fluid B in limb 2. The ratio of specific
30. Assertion (A): The important property for a gravities of A to B is
liquid to use it as manometric fluid is its color A. 2 B. 0.5
for visibility. C. 0.3 D. 0.18
N

Reason (R): Inclined manometers are used to [ESE-ME-13]

measure low pressures 36. A 70 kg person walks on snow with a total foot
31. The pressure in Pascal corresponding to 3 cm implant area of 500 cm . What pressure does
column of Mercury is he exert on snow?
A. 7988.6 B. 3994.3 A. 0.5 kPa B. 12.5 kPa
C. 2662.8 D. 1331.4 C. 13.73 kN/m D. 137.3 kN/m
[ESE-ME-11] [ESE-ME-13]
32. Pascal’s law states that pressure at any point is 37. Manometer is a device used for measuring
equal to all direction in a A. Velocity at a point in a fluid
A. Liquid at rest B. Fluid at rest B. Pressure at a point in a fluid
C. Laminar flow D. Turbulent flow C. Discharge of a fluid
[ESE-ME-11] D. None of the above
-42
Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-ME-14] D. 760 mm of Hg
38. When a dolphin glides through air, it [ESE-ME-16]
experiences an external pressure of 0.75 m of 42. The Gauge pressure at a point in water column
mercury. The absolute pressure on dolphin 3.924 N/cm2. What is the corresponding height
when it is 5 m below the free surface of the of water
water is A. 8 m B. 6m
A. 0.10 N/mm2 B. 0.5 N/mm2 C. 4m D. 2m
C. 1.0 N/mm2 D. 0.15 N/mm2 [ESE-ME-16]
[ESE-ME-14] 43. A force of 400 N is required to open a process
39. What is the intensity of pressure in the control valve. What is the area of diaphragm
following SI units, when specific gravity of needed for a diaphragm actuator to open the
mercury is 13.6 and the intensity of pressure is valve with a control gauge pressure of 70 kPa?
400 kPa A. 0.0095 m2 B. 0.0086 m2
A. 0.3 bar or 4.077 m of water or 0.299 m of C. 0.0057 m2 D. 0.0048 m2

0
Hg [ESE-ME-18]
B. 4 bar or 5.077 m of water or 0.399 m of Hg
I1 44. A force of 10 kN is required to move a work
C. 0.3 bar or 5.077 m of water or 0.599 m of piece. What is the needed working pressure, if
Hg the piston diameter is 100 mm?
EG
D. 4 bar or 4.077 m of water or 0.299 m of Hg A. 1.55 MPa B. 1.46 MPa
[ESE-ME-15] C. 1.27 MPa D. 1.12 MPa
40. In a differential manometer a head of 0.5 m of [ESE-ME-18]
fluid A is limb 1 is found to balance a head of 45. Statement I:
0.3m of fluid B in limb 2. The atmospheric A differential inverted U-tube manometer
N

pressure is 760 mm of mercury. The ratio of determines the difference in pressure between
specific gravities of A to B is: two points in a flow section to which it is
A. 0.25 B. 0.6 connected
C. 2 D. 4 Statement II:
[ESE-ME-16] The sensitivity of an inclined gauge depends on
41. A vacuum gauge fixed on a steam condenser the angle of inclination.
reads 80 kPa vacuum. The barometer indicates 46. The normal stresses within an isotropic
1.013 bar. The absolute pressure in terms of Newtonian fluid are related to
mercury head is, nearly 1. Pressure
A. 160 mm of Hg 2. Viscosity of fluid
B. 190 mm of Hg 3. Velocity gradient
C. 380 mm of Hg Which of the above are correct?

- 43 -
Fluid Mechanics

A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only [ESE-ME-18]

C. 2 and 3 only D. 1,2 and 3
PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS
1. If a hole is made in the Torricelli's vacuum C. 20 N/m2 D. -20 N/m2
portion of a barometer, then the mercury [ESE-CE-99]
A. level will fall in the stem and the mercury 4. Which one of the following expresses the
will collect in the reservoir difference in the pressure at the floors of the
B. level will oscillate between reservoir level tank shown above in the figure?
and original level of the mercury in the stem
C. will spill through the hole made
D. level in the stem will remain at the same
level indicating atmospheric pressure
[ESE-CE-95]

0
2. Which one of the following pressure units
represents the LEAST pressure?
A. 100 Pa
C. 10 Pa
I1
B. 133.32 Pa
D. 9.81 × 10 A. (ρ − ρ )gH
EG
[ESE-CE-97] B. (ρ − ρ )gH
3. In the set-up shown in the given figure, C. ρ gH + ρ gH − ρ gH
assuming the specific weight of water as 10,000 D. ρ gH + ρ g(H − H ) − ρ gH
N/m3, the pressure difference between the where ρ , ρ and ρ3 are the densities of the
points A and B will be different fluids.
N

[ESE-CE-06]
5. Multi U-tube manometers with different fluids
are used to measure
A. low pressures
B. medium pressures
C. high pressures
D. very low pressures
[ESE-CE-06]
6. A pressure gauge reads 57.4 kPa and 80 kPa,
respectively at heights of 8 m and 5 m fitted on
the side of a tank filled with liquid. What is the
A. 10 N/m2 B. -10 N/m2
approximate density of the liquid in kg/m3?
-44
Fluid Mechanics

A. 393 B. 768 density 0.8. If all other factors remain the same
C. 1179 D. 7530 but the liquid has a relative density of 1.2, the
[ESE-CE-08] new manometric head would be:
7. In the below figure the pressure gauge will A. 8 m B. 10 m
record a gauge pressure equivalent to C. 12 m D. 18 m
[ESE-CE-13]
10. The standard atmospheric pressure is 101.32
kPa. The local atmospheric pressure is 91.52
kPa. If a pressure at a flow path is recorded as
22.48 kPa (gauge), it is equivalent to
A. 69.04 kPa (abs) B. 88.4 kPa (abs)
C. 114.0 kPa (abs) D. 123.0 kPa (abs)
[ESE-CE-14]
A. 6.12 m of water 11. A mercury water manometer has a gauge

0
B. 1.21 m of mercury difference of 0.8 m. The difference in pressure
C. 0.5 bar I1 measured in meters of water is
D. 34,000 Pa A. 0.8 B. 1.06
[ESE-CE-11] C. 10.05 D. 8.02
EG
8. The absolute pressure at a point 2.5 m below [ESE-CE-15]
the clear water surface is measured as 125.703 12. A glass tube of 2.5 mm internal diameter is
kN/m2. If the atmospheric pressure is taken as immersed in oil of mass density 940 kg/m3 to a
101.325 kN/m2, the gauge pressure in kN/m2 at depth of 9 mm. If a pressure of 148 N/m2 is
this point would be needed to from a bubble which is just released.
N

A. 113.514 B. 24.378 What is the surface tension of the oil?

C. 45.401 D. 56.757 A. 0.041 N/m B. 0.043 N/m
[ESE-CE-06] C. 0.046 N/m D. 0.050 N/m
9. A centrifugal pump delivers a manometric head [ESE-CE-18]
of 12 m when pumping a liquid of relative
PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS
1. The barometric pressure at the base of a [CSE-ME-98]

mountain is 750 mm Hg and at the top 600 mm 2. The standard sea level atmospheric pressure is

Hg. If the average air density is 1 kg/m3, the equivalent to

height of the mountain is approximately A. 10.2 m of freshwater of ρ = 998 kg/m3

A. 2000m B. 3000m B. 10.1 m of saline water of ρ = 1025 kg/m3

C. 4000 m D. 5000 m C. 12.5 m of kerosene of ρ = 800 kg/m3

- 45 -
Fluid Mechanics

D. 6.4 m carbon tetrachloride of ρ=1590 C. S h + S h − S (h − h ) − S h +

kg/m3 S h
3. Which one of the following represents D. S h + S h − S h − S h
equilibrium of a static fluid? Symbols have the [CSE-ME-01]
usal meaning) 5.
A. dp/dz = -ρ/g B. dp/g = -dz/ρ
C. ρ dp = -dz/g D. dp/p = - gdz
[CSE-ME-00]
4. A double U-tube manometer is connected to
two liquid lines A and B. Relevant heights and
specific gravities of the fluids are shown in the
given figure. The pressure difference, in head
of water, between fluids at A and B is

0
I1 The pressure difference between point B and
EG
A (as shown in the above figure) in
centimetres of water is
A. -44 B. 44
A. −S h + S h − S h + S h
C. -76 D. 76
B. S h − S h − S (h − h ) + S h −
[CSE-ME-02]
N

S h

PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. The ratio of pressures between two points A A. A gauge always measures pressure above
and B located respectively at depths 0.5 m and the surrounding atmospheric pressure
2m below a constant level of water in a tank is: B. At a point inside a fluid, pressure is excreted
A. 1:√2 B. 1: 2 equally in all directions
C. 1 :4 D. 1: 16 C. Typical actual variation of pressure with
elevation in the atmosphere is more
[CSE–CE–95]
adiabatic than isothermal
2. Which one of the following statements is not D. Vacuum pressure at a point is always
correct? measured above absolute zero pressure
-46
Fluid Mechanics

[CSE–CE–98] measure pressure at a point 40 cm from the

3. A U-tube manometer is used to measure the open end?
pressure in an oil pipe A as shown in the figure. A. 90 cm B. 60 cm
The specific gravity of oil of 0.8 and that of C. 30 cm D. 10 cm
mercury is 13.6. The equivalent gauge pressure [CSE–CE–02]
is nearly. 6. Pressure have been observed at four different
points in different units of measurements as
follows:
a. 150 kPa
b. 1800 millibar
c. 20 m of water
d. 1240 mm of mercury (sp. gr. 13.6)
Points arranged in descending order of
magnitude of pressures are: refer

0
A. b, d, a, c B. b, c, d, a

A. 8.53 kN/m2
I1
B. 11.76 kN/m2
C. c, b, d, c D. c, a, b, d
[CSE–CE–04]
7. The specific gravity of sea-water is around 1.025
C. 13.34 kN/m2 D. 15.00 kN/m2
EG
and that of fresh water is 1.0. At a particular
[CSE–CE–99]
4. The gauge pressure at point ‘A’ in the inclined place along the coast, fresh ground-water exists

manometer shown in the given figure is: 1.0 m above the sea level.
Which one of the following depths below sea
level represents the existence of fresh ground
N

water interface with sea water?

A. 0.4 m B. 4.0 m
C. 40.0 m D. 400.0 m
[CSE–CE–04]
A. 6680 N/m2 B. -6680 N/m2 8. Which one is the least magnitude of pressure
C. 3340 N/m2 D. -3340 N/m2 intensity among the following?
[CSE–CE–00] A. 1 m of mercury B. 1 bar
5. A uniform horizontal pipe of length 120 cm C. 1 kgf/cm2 D. 125 kPa
leads from a reservoir holding water to a depth [CSE–CE–08]
of 90 cm above the open end of the pipe. What 9. Consider the following four values of pressure:
minimum length of piezometer is required to 1. 15 m of water 2. 100kPa
3. 2 m of mercury 4. 2000 millibar

- 47 -
Fluid Mechanics

What is the correct sequence of these pressure [CSE–CE–09]

magnitudes in descending order?
A. 3-4-1-2 B. 4-3-1-2
C. 3-1-2-4 D. 4-2-1-3

2. PRESSURE & ITS MEASUREMENT - ANSWERS

::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. B
11. * 12. B

0
11. −2.21 to − 2.19 (or) − 2.19 to 2.21

1. C 2. C 3. B
I1
::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::
4. A 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. *
EG
11. A 12. *

10. 20.70 to 20.76 12. −9.0 to − 8.0

N

::: PREVIOUS GATE - XE/CH/PI/AE/MT ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. - 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. * 8. * 9. A 10. *
11. *

7. 22.6 8. 2.0 10. 33.25 to 33.75 11. 30.5 to 34.5

-48
Fluid Mechanics

::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. - 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. D

11. C 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. C 19. A 20. D

21. C 22. D 23. D 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. B 28. B 29. B 30. D

31. B 32. B 33. C 34. C 35. B 36. C 37. B 38. D 39. D 40. B

41. A 42. C 43. C 44. C 45. B 46. D

::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. A 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. C

0
11. C 12. A

I1
EG
::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. A 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. B

::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::

N

1. C 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A

- 49 -
 3 HYDROSTATIC FORCES

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. A circular plate 1 m in diameter is submerged A. F = ρghrw and F = 0
vertically in water such that its upper edge is B. F = 2ρghrw and F = 0
8 m below the free surface of water. The total C. F = 2ρghrw and F = ρgwr /2
hydrostatic pressure force on one side of plate
D. F = 2ρghrw and F = πρgwr /2
is:
[GATE-ME-01:1M]
A. 6.7 kN B. 65.4 kN
4. A hinged gate of length 5m inclined at 30 C
C. 45.0 kN D. 77.0 kN
with the horizontal and with water mass on its
[GATE-ME-88:2M]
left, is shown in the figure below. Density of
2. Shown below are three cylindrical gates which
water is 1000 kg/m .The minimum mass of the
restrain water in a 2-D channel. Which gate
gate in kg per unit width (perpendicular to the
experiences the maximum vertical component,

0
plane of paper), required to keep it closed is
the minimum vertical component and the
maximum horizontal
hydrostatic force?
I1
component of the
EG

A. 5000 B. 6600
C. 7546 D. 9623
N

[GATE-ME-13:2M]
5. Consider a frictionless, mass less and leak-
proof blocking a rectangular hole of
[GATE-ME-93:1M]
dimensions 2R × L at the bottom of an open
3. The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces
tank as shown in the figure. The head of the
F and F on the semi-circular gate, having a
plug has the shape of a semi-cylinder of radius
width ‘w’ into the plane of figure, are R. The tank is filled with a liquid of density ρ
up to the tip of the plug. The gravitational
acceleration is g. Neglect the effect of the
atmospheric pressure

- 50 -
Fluid Mechanics

The force F required to hold the plug in its

position is
π
A. 2ρR gL 1 −
π Taking the density of water as 1000 kg/m , and the
B. 2ρR gL 1 +
acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s , the
C. πR ρgL
π maximum absolute bending moment developed in
D. ρR gL
the cantilever is ______________ kN-m (round off
[GATE-ME-16:2 M]
to the nearest integer).
6. The barrier shown between two water tanks of

0
unit width (1 m) into the plane of the screen is [GATE-ME-20:2 M]

modeled as a cantilever.
I1
PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS
1. The force per unit width on the rectangular door C. 2h/3 D. h/2
submerged in a liquid of density ρ (figure
EG
[GATE-CE-96:1M]
shown below) is 3. The centre of pressure of a liquid on a plane
surface immersed vertically in a static body of
liquid, always lies below the centroid of the
surface area, because
N

A. in liquids the pressure acting is same in all

directions
B. there is no shear stress in liquids at rest
C. the liquid pressure is constant over depth
A. √2g B.
D. the liquid pressure increases linearly with
C. D. depth.
√

[GATE-CE-96:1M] [GATE-CE-97:1M]
2. A vertical triangular plane area, submerged in 4. In which one of the following arrangement
water, with one side in the free surface, vertex would the vertical force on the cylinder due to
downward and latitude ‘h’ has the pressure water be the maximum?
centre below the free surface by
A. h/4 B. h/3

- 51 -
Fluid Mechanics

6. Cross section of an object (having same section

normal to the paper) submerged into a fluid
consists of a square of sides 2 m and triangle as
shown in the figure. The object is hinged at
point P that is one meter below the fluid free
surface. If the object is to be kept in the position
as shown in the figure. The value of ‘x’ should
be

0
A. 2√3 m B. 4√3 m
I1 C. 4 m D. 8 m
[GATE-CE-05:2M]
7. A triangular gate with a base width of 2 m and
EG
a height of 1.5 m lies in a vertical plane. The
top vertex of the gate is 1.5 m below the surface
of tank which contains oil of specific gravity
[GATE-CE-98:1M]
0.8. Considering the density of water and
5. The force ‘F’ required at equilibrium on the
N

acceleration due to gravity to be 1000 kg/m3

semi-cylindrical gate shown below is
and 9.81 m/s2 respectively, the hydrostatic
force (in kN) exerted by the oil on the gate
is_______
[GATE-CE-15:2M]
8. A sector gate is provided on a spillway as
shown in the figure. Assuming g = 10 m/s2, the
resultant force per meter length (expressed in
A. 9.81 kN B. 0.00 kN
kN/m) on the gate will be________
C. 19.62 kN D. None of these
[GATE-CE-02:1M]

-52
Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-CE-16:2M]

PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS

1. Two walls are holding back water as shown in g  10 m / s 2 .
the figures below. The resisting moments per

0
unit length of the walls at points P and Q are
and . Denoting the specific weight of
I1
water as , the difference in the moments
( − )is
EG

A. 3.46 m B.4.36m
C. 6.43 m D. 5.36 m
N

√ [GATE-2011-XE]
A. B.
√
Common Data for Q-03 & Q-04:
C. D. A vessel containing water (density
[GATE-2010-XE] 1000 kg / m3 ) and oil (density 800 kg / m3 ),
2. Consider an L-shaped gate with water level pressurized by gas, is shown in the figure
above the hinge as shown. At approximately below. Assume that the gravitational
what height D of the water level will the gate acceleration is 10 m / s 2
open? Neglect the mass of the gate. Assume

- 53 -
Fluid Mechanics

3. The pressure (in bar) exerted on the bottom

[GATE-2014-XE]
wall inside the vessel is approximately.
6. Water is retained against a sluice gate in the
A. 0.238 B. 2.38

0
form of a circular segment as shown in the
C. 23.8 D. 238
figure. If and g are the density of water and
I1
[GATE-2012-XE]
4. The gate is 1 m wide perpendicular to the
plane of the paper. The force (in N) exerted on
gravitational acceleration respectively, the
upward force exerted by the gate on the water
EG
per unit depth perpendicular to the plane of the
the gate is approximately.
figure is
A. 2.23  103 B. 2.23  10 4
C. 2.23  105 D. 2.23  106
[GATE-2012-XE]
N

5. A dam with a curved shape is shown in the

figure. The cross-sectional area of the dam
(shaded portion) is 100 and its centroid is
at ̅ = 10 . The vertical component of the
hydrostatic force, , is acting at a distance .
The value of is ______m.

A. ρR (θ − sin 2θ)g

-54
Fluid Mechanics

B. ρR cos θ − sin θ g [GATE-2018-AE]

9. A 2 ×2 square opening in a vertical wall
C. ρR cos θ − sin θ g
is covered with a metallic plate of the same
D. ρR cos θ − sin θ g dimensions as shown in the figure below.
[GATE-2015-XE] Consider the acceleration due to gravity to be
7. A semi-circular gate of radius 1m is placed at 10.0 / . The force (in kN) exerted by water
the bottom of a water reservoir as shown in on the plate is______.
figure below. The hydrostatic force per unit
width of the cylindrical gate in y-direction is
____ kN. The gravitational acceleration, =
9.8 / and density of water 1000 /

0
I1 [GATE-2016-PI]
10. An open tank of 2 ×2 ×2 is filled with
EG
layers of two fluids. Depth of each layer is one
[GATE-2016-XE] meter. The top layer is that of an oil of specific
8. Consider a cubical tank of side 2 with its top gravity 0.8. The bottom layer is of water.
open. It is filled with water up to a height of Consider the density of water = 1000 /
N

1 . Assuming the density of water to be and acceleration due to gravity =

1000 / , 9.81 / and the 9.8 / . Neglecting the effect of atmospheric
atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa, the net pressure, the force (in N) exerted by the fluids
hydrostatic force (in kN) on the side face of the on one of the side walls of the tank is ______
tank due to the air and water is ______(accurate [GATE-2019-PI]
to two decimal places).
PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS
1. The vertical component of force on a curved B. weight of the liquid above the curved
surface submerged in a static liquid is equal to surface
the C. product of pressure at C.G multiplied by the
A. mass of the liquid above the curved surface area of the curved surface.

- 55 -
Fluid Mechanics

D. Product of pressure at C.G multiplied by 5. A cylindrical gate is holding water on one side
the projected area of the curved surface as shown in the figure below.
[ESE-ME-93]
2. In the situation shown in the given figure, the
length BC is 3m and M is the mid – point of
BC. The hydrostatic force on BC measured per
unit width (width being perpendicular to the
The resultant vertical component of force of
plane of the paper) with ‘g’ being the
water per meter width of gate will be
acceleration due to gravity; will be
A. zero B. 7700.8 N/m
C. 15401.1 N/m D. 30803.4 N/m
[ESE-ME-97]
6. A vertical sluice gate, 2.5 m wide and weighing
500 kg is held in position due to horizontal

0
force of water on one side and associated
friction force. When the water level drops down
I1
A. 16500 g N/m passing through M
B. 16500 g N/m passing through a point
to 2 m above the bottom of the gate, the gate
just starts sliding down. The coefficient of
between M and C
EG
friction between the gate and the supporting
C. 14250 gN/m passing through M
structure is
D. 14250 g N/m passing through a point
A. 0.20 B. 0.10
between M and C
C. 0.05 D. 0.02
[ESE-ME-93]
[ESE-ME-99]
N

3. A rectangular water tank, full to the brim, has

its length, breadth and height in the ratio of 7. A triangular dam of height ‘h’ and base width

2:1:2. The ratio of hydrostatic forces at the ‘b’ is filled to its top with water as shown in the

bottom to that at any larger vertical surface is figure below.

A. 1/2 B. 1
C. 2 D. 4
[ESE-ME-96]
4. Which of the following forces act on a fluid at
rest?
A. Gravity force B. Hydrostatic force
C. Surface tension D. Viscous force
[ESE-ME-97]

-56
Fluid Mechanics

10. The height of a cylindrical container is twice

that of its diameter. The ratio of the horizontally
forces on the wall of the cylinder when it is
completely filled to that when it is half filled
with same liquid, is
A. 2 B. 3
C. 3.5 D. 4
[ESE-ME-00]
11. A rectangular rank of square cross – section is
The condition of stability is having its height equal to twice the length of
A. b = h B. b = 2.6h any side at the base. If the tank is filled up with

C. b = √2ℎ D. b = 0.625h a liquid, the ratio of the total hydrostatic force

[ESE-ME-99] on any vertical wall to that at the bottom is
8. Assertion (A): Depth of centre of pressure of A. 2.0 B. 1.5

0
any immersed surface is independent of the C. 1.0 D. 0.5
density of liquid I1
Reason (R): Centre of area of immersed
surface lies below the centre of pressure
[ESE-ME-01]
12. A dam is having a curved surface as shown in
the figure.
EG
[ESE-ME-99]
9. A float of cubical shape has sides of 10 cm. The
float valve just touches the valve seat to have a
flow area of 0.5 as shown in the given
figure. If the pressure of water in the pipeline is
N

1 bar, the rise of water level h in the tank to just The height of the water retained by the dam is 20
stop the water flow will be m, density of water is 1000 kg/ . Assuming g
as 9.81 m/ , the horizontal force acting on the
dam per unit length is
A. 1.962 x 10 N B. 2 x 10 N
C. 1.962 x 10 N D. 3.924 x 10 N
[ESE-ME-02]
13. Consider the following statements about
hydrostatic force on a submerged surface:
A. 7. 5 cm B. 5.0 cm
1. It remains the same even when the surface
C. 2.5 cm D. 0.5 cm
is turned
[ESE-ME-00]

- 57 -
Fluid Mechanics

2. It acts vertically even when the surface is [ESE-ME-03]

turned. 18. A circular annular plate bounded by two
Which of these statements is/are correct? concentric circles of diameter 1.2 m and 0.8 m
A. Only 1 B. Only 2 is immersed in water with its plane making and
C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 angle of 45 with the horizontal. The center of
[ESE-ME-03] the circles is 1.625 m below the free surface.
14. The vertical component of force on a curved What will be the total pressure force on the face
surface submerged in a static liquid is equal to of the plate?
the A. 7.07 kN B. 10.00 kN
A. weight of liquid column above the CG of C. 14.14 kN D. 18.00 kN
the curved surface [ESE-ME-04]
B. weight of liquid above the curved surface 19. A plate of rectangular shape having the
C. product of pressure at CG, multiplied by the dimensions of 0.4 m x 0.6 m is immersed in
area of the curved surface water with its longer side vertical. The total

0
D. product of pressure at CG, multiplied by the hydrostatic thrust on one side of the plate is
I1
projected area of the curved surface
[ESE-ME-03]
15. The point of application of a horizontal force
estimated as 18.3 kN. All other conditions
remaining the same, the plate is turned through
90 such that its longer side remains vertical.
EG
on curved surface submerged in liquid is What would be the total force on one face of the

A. -ℎ B. plate?
A. 9.15 kN B. 18.3 kN
C. +ℎ D. + ℎ
C. 36.6 kN D. 12.2 kN
[ESE-ME-03] [ESE-ME-04]
N

16. The depth of center of pressure for a 20. Which one of the following statements is
rectangular lamina immersed vertically in correct? The pressure centre is
water up to height ‘h’ is given by A. The centroid of the pressure prism
A. B. B. a point of the line of action of the resultant
force
C. D.
C. at the centroid of the submerged area
[ESE-ME-03]
D. always above the centroid of the area
17. Assertion (A): For a vertically immersed
[ESE-ME-05]
surface, the depth of the centre of pressure is
21. A semicircular plane area of diameter 1m, is
independent of the density of the liquid.
subjected to a uniform gas pressure of 420
Reason (R): Centre of pressure lies above the
kN/ . What is the moment of thrust
centre of area of the immersed surface.
-58
Fluid Mechanics

(approximately) on the area about its straight C. +ℎ D. +ℎ

edge?
[ESE-ME-08]
A. 35 kN-m B. 41 kN-m
26. Assertion (A): The center of pressure for a
C. 55 kN-m D. 82kN-m
vertical surface submerged in a liquid lies
[ESE-ME-06]
above the centroid (centre of gravity) of the
22. A circular plate 1.5 m diameter is submerged in
vertical surface.
water with its greatest and least depths below
Reason (R): The distance of the centre of
the surface being 2 m and 0.75 m respectively.
pressure from the free surface of the liquid for
What is the total pressure (approximately) on
a vertical surface submerged in a liquid is
one face of the plate?
independent of the density of the liquids
A. 12 kN B. 16 kN
[ESE-ME-08]
C. 24 kN D. None of these
27. A rectangular plate 0.75 m x 2.4 m is immersed
[ESE-ME-07]
in liquid of relative density 0.85 with its 0.75 m
23. Resultant pressure of the liquid in case of an

0
side horizontal and just at the water surface. If
immersed body acts through which one of the
the plane of plate makes an angle of 60 with
following? I1 the horizontal, what is the approximate
A. Centre of gravity
pressure force on one side of the plate?
B. Centre of pressure
A. 7.80 kN B. 15.60 kN
EG
C. Metacenter
C. 18.00 kN D. 24.00kN
D. Centre of buoyancy
[ESE-ME-08]
[ESE-ME-07]
28. What are the forces that influences the problem
24. What is the vertical component of pressure
of fluid statics?
force on submerged curved surface equal to?
N

A. Gravity and viscous forces

A. its horizontal component
B. Gravity and pressure force
B. The force on a vertical projection of the
C. Viscous and surface tension forces
curved surface
D. Gravity and surface tension forces
C. The product of the pressure at centroid and
[ESE-ME-09]
surface area
29. A tank has in its side a very small horizontal
D. The gravity force of liquid vertically above
cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston. The
the curved surface up to the free surface
head of liquid above the piston is h and the
[ESE-ME-08]
piston area a, the liquid having a specific
25. What is the depth of centre of pressure of a
weight γ. What is the force that must be exerted
vertical immersed surface from free surface of
on the piston to hold it in position against the
liquid equal to?
hydrostatic pressure?
A. +ℎ B. +ℎ

- 59 -
Fluid Mechanics

A. 2 ℎ B. ℎ Reason (R): The depth of centre of pressure of

C. D. any immersed surface is independent of the

density of the liquid
[ESE-ME-09]
[ESE-ME-11]
30. A circular area of 1.2 m diameter is immersed
34. The depth of centre of pressure of a rectangular
vertically in a liquid of unit weight 800 N/
lamina immersed vertically in water up to a
with its top edge just on the liquid surface. The
height h is given by
depth of centre of pressure on one side,
measured below the liquid surface, is A. B.

A. 0.80 m B. 0.75 m C. D.
C. 0.60 m D. 0.64 m [ESE-ME-12]
[ESE-ME-10] 35. The centre of pressure of a plane submerged
31. A curved surface has the shape of one- quadrant
surface
of a 3m long 2 m diameter cylinder with two
A. is a point on the submerged area at which

0
edges parallel to the axis. The curved surface is
the resultant hydrostatic force is supposed
immersed in a stationary liquid of unit weight
to act.
10 kN/
I1
such that one straight edge is on the
liquid surface and the other 1 m below the
B. should always coincide within the centre of
submerged area
surface. The moment of vertical component of
EG
C. should be at the centre of gravity of the
hydrostatic thrust on one side of the surface, plane surface
about the axis of circular arc, is D. is always below the centroid of area
A. 7.854 kN-m B. 10.0 kN-m [ESE-ME-13]
C. 11.781 kN-m D. 15.708 kN-m 36. A tank of length, breadth and height in the ratio
N

[ESE-ME-10] of 2:1:2 is full of water. The ratio of hydrostatic

32. The centre of pressure for an inclined surface force at the bottom to that at any large vertical
area surface is
A. Lies below the centroid of the surface A. 1 B. 4
B. Coincides with the centroid C. 2 D.3
C. Lies above the centroid of the surface [ESE-ME-15]
D. None of the above 37. An isosceles triangular lamina of base 1 m and
[ESE-ME-11] height 2 m is located in the water in vertical
33. Assertion (A): At great depth, the vertical plane and its vertex is 1 m below the free
distance between the centre of the pressure and surface of the water. The position of force
the centre of area of immersed surface becomes acting on the lamina from the free water surface
negligible is:
-60
Fluid Mechanics

A. 2.42 m B. 2.33m 41. A section of a dam made of concrete, = 2.6,

C. 2.00 m D. 1.33m total height = 35 m, with top walkway width of
[ESE-ME-16] 6m, is shown. The upstream bottom most point
38. A house-top water tank is made of flat plates is called the Heel of the dam. The sloped part
and is full to the brim. Its height is twice that of on downstream side is 3 vertical on 2
any side. The ratio of total thrust force on the horizontal. Water stands till 2m short of the top
bottom of the tank to that on any side will be: of the dam section. The net resultant force
A. 4 B. 2 acting on the base level of the dam is nearly
C. 1 D. 0.5
[ESE-ME-16]
39. The water level in a dam is 10m. The total force
acting on vertical wall per metre length is:
A. 49.05 kN B. 490.5 kN
C. 981 kN D. 490.5 kN

0
[ESE-ME-16]
40. Statement I: : Depth of centre of pressure of
I1
any immersed surface is independent of the
density of the liquid.
EG
Statement (II): Centre of area of the immersed A. 1370 k kgf B. 1385 k kgf

body lies below the centre of pressure. C. 1400 k kgf D. 1433 k kgf

[ESE-ME-17] [ESE-ME-17]

PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. vertical gate 6 m × 6 m holds water on one side
N

with the free surface at its top. The moment

about the bottom edge of the gate of the water
force will be ( w is the specific weight of water)
A. 18 B. 36
C. 72 D. 216 A. B.
[ESE-CE-97] C. D.
2. An equilateral triangular plate is immersed in
[ESE-CE-99]
water as shown in the figure below. The centre
3. When the water surface coincides with the top
of pressure below the water surface is at a depth
edge of a rectangular vertical gate 40 m (wide)
of
×3 m (deep), then the depth of centre of
pressure is
A. 1 m B. 1.5 m

- 61 -
Fluid Mechanics

C. 2 m D. 2.5 m A. 1000 kg B. 1500 kg

[ESE-CE-00] C. 2000 kg D. 2500 kg
4. An isosceles triangular plate of base 3 m and [ESE-CE-12]
altitude 3 m is immersed vertically in an oil of 7. A square gate, 1.5 m × 1.5 m, one of the
specific gravity 0.8. The base of the plate vertical sides of a fully filled water tank, has
coincides with the free surface of oil. The one side on the free water surface. It is hinged
centre of pressure will lie at a distance of (from on the lower horizontal side and is held in
free surface) position by a force applied on the vertical
A. 2.5 m B. 2 m central line at a depth of 0.75 m below the free
C. 1.5 m D. 1 m surface. The right magnitude of this force is
[ESE-CE-02] A. 500 × 9.81 N B. 600 × 9.81 N
5. As the depth of immersion of a vertical plane C. 750 × 9.81 N D. 1000 × 9.81 N
surface increases, the location of centre of [ESE-CE-15]
pressure 8. A tank is 1.8 m deep and square length of 4.5

0
A. falls closer to the centre of gravity of the m at the top and square length of 3 m at the
area I1 bottom. The four sides are plane and each has
B. moves away from the centre of gravity of the same trapezoidal shape. The tank is
the area completely full of oil weighing 936 kg/m3.
EG
C. ultimately coincides with the centre of What is the resultant pressure on each side?
gravity of the area A. 5750 kgf B. 5500 kgf
D. falls much below the centre of gravity of C. 5250 kgf D. 5140 kgf
the area [ESE-CE-16]
[ESE-CE-03]
N

6. A rectangular tank 10 m × 5 m in plan and 3 m

deep is divided by a partition wall parallel to
the shorter wall of the tank. One of the
compartments contains water to a depth of 3 m,
and the other a lighter liquid of specific gravity
0.75 to a depth of 2 m. The resultant pressure
thrust on the partition wall is
PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS
1. The vertical component of the hydrostatic force B. Weight of the liquid vertically above it

on a sub-merged curved surface is the C. Force on a verticical projection of the

A. Mass of liquid vertically above it surface

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Fluid Mechanics

D. Product of pressure at the centroid and the [CSE-ME-01]

surface area 4. A circular plate of 1.5 m diamter is submerged
[CSE-ME-98] in water with its greatest and least depths below
2. A tank with four equal vertical faces of width the water surface being 2m and 0.75
l and depth h is filled up with a liquid. If the respectively. What is the approximate
force of any vertical side is equal to the force at magnitude of the total thrust on one face of the
the bottomm, then the value of h/l will be plate?
A. 2 B. √2 A. 24kN B. 28kN
C. 1 D.1/2 C. 12kN D. 16kN
[CSE-ME-00] [CSE-ME-04]
3. Assertion (A) : The total hydrostatic force on a 5. What is the depth of the centre of pressure in a
thin plate submerged in a liquid,remains same, rectangular lamina immersed vertically in
no matter how its surface is turned. water upto a depth h?
Reason (R) : The total hydrostatic force on the A. h/4 B. h/2

0
immersed surface remains the same as long as C. 2h/3 D. h/3
I1
the depth of centroid from the free surface [CSE-ME-08]

remains same, no matter how its surface

remains unaltered.
EG
PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS
1. An inclined plate 2 m long and 1 m wide lies 2. The horizontal components of the force
with its length inclined at 45° to the surface of acting on a curved surface is the hydrostatic
water and the nearest edge 1 m below it. If the force acting on the vertical projection of the
specific weight of water is 1000 kg/m3, then the curved surface.
N

total pressure on the plate (in kg) is 3. The resultant force on a curved surface acts
approximately on the bottom of the curved surface.
A. 2000 B. 2500 Of these statements
C. 3000 D. 3420 A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
[CSE–CE–94] B. 2 and 3 are correct
2. The following statements relate to the pressure C. 1 and 2 are correct
exerted by a fluid on a submerged curved D. 1 and 3 are correct
surface: [CSE–CE–96]
1. The vertical component of hydrostatic force 3. If a sluice gate produces a change in the depth
acting on a submerged curved surface acts of water from 3.0 m to 0.6 m, then the force on
through the centre of volume of the fluid the gate is about:
directly above the submerged area. A. 9.5 kN/m B. 19.0 kN/m

- 63 -
Fluid Mechanics

C. 38.0 kN/m D. 76.0 kN/m 4. A floating body is in unstable equilibrium if

[CSE–CE–97] the centre of gravity is above the
4. Consider the following statement relating to metacenter.
hydrostatic forces on submerged surface: Of these statements
1. The pressure centre is always below the A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
centroid of any plane submerged surface B. 1, 2 and 4 are correct
that is not horizontal. C. 2, 3 and 4 are correct
2. Total force on a curved surface is the product D. 1, 3 and 4 are correct
of the average force and the submerged [CSE–CE–98]
area. 6. A circular plate of diameter d is submerged in
3. The magnitude of hydrostatic pressure at a water vertically, so that the topmost point is just
particular depth is a function of the shape at the water surface. The centre of pressure on
of the surface the plate will be below the water surface at a
4. The vertical component of force on a body depth of:

0
completely submerged in a static reservoir A. B.

displaced by the body.

Of these statements
I1
of fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid
C. D.
[CSE–CE–99]
EG
7. If a rectangular plate 4 m × 3 m is completely
A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
submerged under water as shown in the given
B. 2, 3 and 4 are correct
figure, then the hydraulic thrust on the plate
C. 1, 3 and 4 are correct
would be nearly:
D. 1, 2 and 4 are correct
[CSE–CE–98]
N

5. Consider the following statement relating to

hydrostatic forces on submerged surface:
1. A submerged body is in unstable equilibrium
if the centre of gravity is below the centre
of buoyancy.
2. A floating body is in stable equilibrium if the
centre of gravity is below the metacenter.
3. A submerged body is in neutral equilibrium
A. 220 kN B. 264 kN
if the centre of gravity coincides with the
C. 294 kN D. 353 kN
centre of buoyancy.
[CSE–CE–01]

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Fluid Mechanics

8. A sluice gate across a 3 m wide rectangular

channel has water depths of 1m and 0.3 m on
the opposite side of the gate. The total force on
the gate is, nearly (Take g = 9.81 m2/s)
A. 2678N B. 3119 N
C. 3826 N D. 3885 N
[CSE–CE–01]
9. Choose the correct statements about horizontal
component of resultant hydrostatic pressure on A. ̅ + B. +
̅ ̅
a curved submerged surface:
C. + ̅ D. + ̅
A. It is equal to the product of pressure at the
[CSE–CE–04]
centroid and the curved area.
12. Which one of the following statements is
B. It is equal to the weight of the liquid above
correct? As the depth of immersion of a vertical
the curved surface acting at 0.5 depth of the

0
plane surface increases, the location of centre
surface.
of pressure
I1
C. It is equal to the projected area of the surface
on a vertical plane multiplied by the pressure
at the centre of gravity of area.
A. comes closer to the centre of gravity of the
area
EG
B. moves apart from the centre of gravity of the
D. It is equal to the weight of the liquid above
area
the curved surface multiplied by the
C. ultimately coincides with the centre of
projected area on a vertical plane.
gravity of the area
[CSE–CE–02]
10. A cylindrical gate rests on the crest of a D. remains unaffected
N

[CSE–CE–05]
spillway and water stands up to the top of the
13. A plane lamina is subjected to hydrostatic
gate. Diameter of the gate is 1 m. The vertical
pressure (take g = 10 m/s2). List-I shows its
component of the pressure force per meter
placing below water surface and List-II shows
length of the gate is
the magnitude of total pressure for given
A. kN B. kN
placing. Lamina is 10 m × 1 m size. Match
C. kN D. kN
List-I with List-II and select the correct answer
[CSE–CE–04] using the codes given below the lists:
11. A vertically immersed surface is shown in
figure. The distance of its centre of pressure
from the water surface is:

- 65 -
Fluid Mechanics

Codes:
a b c d
A. 3 1 4 2
B. 4 2 3 1
C. 3 2 4 1
D. 4 1 3 2

[CSE–CE–06]

0
3. HYDROSTATIC FORCE – ANSWERS
I1
::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::
EG
1. B 2. * 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. *

2. A, C, B 6. 105
::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::
N

1. C 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. * 8. *

7. 29.30 to 29.50 8. 126.00 to 128.00

::: PREVIOUS GATE - XE/CH/PI/AE/MT ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. * 6. A 7. * 8. * 9. * 10. *

5. 7 7. 15.4 8. 9.80 to 9.81 9. 120: 120 10. 33000 to 34000

::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. D

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Fluid Mechanics

11. C 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. B

21. A 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. B 29. B 30. B

31. B 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. A 36. A 37. A 38. C 39. B 40. C

41. D

::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. - 7. - 8. A

::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

0
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. C

I1
::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::
EG
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. A

11. A 12. A 13. A

N

- 67 -
 4 BUOYANCY AND FLOATATION

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. Bodies in floatation to be in stable equilibrium
the necessary and sufficient condition is that
the centre of gravity is located below the _____
[GATE-ME-94:1M]
2. A cylindrical body of cross-sectional area A,
height H and density , is immersed to a depth
h in a liquid of density , and tied to the bottom
with a string. The tension in the string is [GATE-ME-98:5M]
4. For the stability of a floating body, under the
influence of gravity alone, which of the
following is TRUE?

0
A. Metacenter should be below centre of
I1 gravity.
B. Metacenter should be above centre of
gravity.
EG
C. Metacenter and centre of gravity must lie
A. ρghA B. ρ − ρ ghA
on the same horizontal line.
C. ρ − ρ ghA D. ρh − ρ H gA
D. Metacenter and centre of gravity must lie
[GATE-ME-03:1M]
on the same vertical line.
3. A cylinder of mass 10 kg and area of cross-
[GATE-ME-10:1M]
N

section 0.1 is tied down with string in a

5. For a completely submerged body with centre
vessel containing two liquids as shown in
of gravity ‘G’ and centre of buoyancy ‘B’, the
Figure. Calculate gauge pressure on the
condition of stability will be
cylinder bottom and the tension in the string.
A. G is locate below B
Density of water = 1000 / . Specific
B. G is located above B
gravity of A = 0.8. Specific gravity of B (water)
C. G and B are coincident
= 1.0.
D. Independent of the locations of G and B
[GATE-ME-14:1M]
6. An aluminum alloy (density 2600 / )
casting is to be produced. A cylindrical hole of
100 mm diameter and 100 mm length is made
in the casting using sand core (density

- 68 -
Fluid Mechanics

1600 / ). The net buoyancy force (in

Newton) acting on the core is ________
[GATE-ME-2014:1M]
7. A spherical balloon with a diameter of 10 m,
shown in the figure below is used for
advertisements. The balloon is filled with
helium ( = 2.08 J/ − ) at ambient
conditions of 15° and 100 kPa. Assuming no
disturbances due to wind, the maximum [GATE-ME-16:2M]

allowable weight (in Newton) of balloon 9. For a floating body, buoyant force acts at the

material and rope required to avoid the fall of A. centroid of the floating body

the balloon ( = 0.289 J/ . ) is ______ B. center of gravity of the body

C. centroid of the fluid vertically below the
body

0
D. centroid of the displaced fluid
I1 [GATE-ME-16:1M
10. For the stability of a floating body the
A. centre of buoyancy must coincide with the
EG
centre of gravity
B. centre of buoyancy must be above the
centre of gravity
C. centre of gravity must be above the centre
of buoyancy
N

[GATE-ME-14:2M]
D. metacenter must be above the centre of
8. The large vessel shown in the figure contains
gravity
oil and water. A body is submerged at the
[GATE-ME-17:1M]
interface of oil and water such that 45 percent
11. A cube of side 100 mm is placed at the bottom
of its volume is in oil while the rest is in water.
of an empty container on one of its faces. The
The density of the body is ____ / .The
density of the material of the cube is
specific gravity of oil is 0.7 and density of
800 / . Liquid of density 1000 / is
water is 1000 / .Aacceleration due to
now poured into the container. The minimum
gravity = 10 /
height to which the liquid needs to be poured
into the container for the cube to just lift up is
____mm
[GATE-ME-19:2M]

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Fluid Mechanics

12. Which of the following conditions is used to C. Metacenter must be at a higher level than the
determine the stable equilibrium of all centre of gravity
partially submerged floating bodies? D. Metacenter must be at a lower level than the
A. Centre of buoyancy must be above the centre centre of gravity
of gravity [GATE-ME-20:1M]
B. Centre of buoyancy must be below the centre
of gravity
PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS
1. Floating body with its center of gravity at ‘G’ [GATE-CE-97:1M]
center of buoyancy at ‘B’ and meta centre at 3. In an iceberg, 15% of the volume projects
‘M’ is stable when above the sea surface. If the specific weight of
A. G lies above B sea water is 10.5 kN/ , the specific weight of
B. B lies above M iceberg in kN/ is
C. B lies below M A. 12.52 B. 9.81

0
D. G lies below M C. 8.93 D. 7.83
I1
[GATE-CE-89:1M]
2. Which one of the following statements is true
with regards to bodies that float or submerged
[GATE-CE-99:1M]
4. For a body completely submerged in a fluid, the
centre of gravity (G) and centre of Buoyancy
EG
in liquids: (O) are known. The body is considered to be in
A. For a body wholly submerged in a liquid stable equilibrium if
the stability is ensured if the center of A. O does not coincide with the centre of mass
buoyancy is below the center of gravity of of the displaced fluid
the body B. G coincides with the centre of mass of the
N

B. For a body floating in liquid the stability is displaced fluid

ensured if the center of buoyancy is below C. O lies below G
the centre of gravity of the body. D. O lies above G
C. For a body floating in a liquid the stability [GATE-CE-11:1M]

is ensured if the center of buoyancy and the 5. A 15 cm length of steel rod with relative density
centre of gravity coincides. of 7.4 is submerged in a two-layer fluid. The
D. For a body floating in a liquid the stability bottom layer is mercury and the top layer is
is ensured if the center of buoyancy is water. The height of top surface of the rod
below the center of gravity and the above the liquid interface in cm is
metacentre is above both the centers of A. 8.24 B. 7.82
gravity and buoyancy. C. 7.64 D. 7.38

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Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-CE-01:2M] C. metacenter coincides with its centre of

6. A body floating in a liquid is in a stable state of gravity
equilibrium if its D. centre of gravity is below its centre of
A. metacenter lies below its centre of gravity buoyancy
B. metacenter lies above its centre of gravity [GATE-CE-20:1M]

PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS

1. For a floating body, G, B, and M represent the
centre of gravity, centre of buoyancy, and the
metacenter, respectively. The body will be
stable if
A. G is located above B
B. B is located above M
C. M is located above B

0
D. M is located above G
[GATE-2009-XE] [GATE-2016-XE]
I1
2. Let M, B and G represent respectively the
metacenter, centre of buoyancy and the centre
4. A spherical balloon of diameter 15 m is
supposed to lift a load of 3000 N. The lifting of
EG
of mass of a floating buoy. Which of the load is achieved by heating the air inside the
following statements is correct? balloon. Assume, air to be an ideal gas and
A. M is above G; Buoy unstable. atmospheric pressure either outside or inside
B. B is above G; Buoy stable. the balloon. The value of acceleration due to
C. M is above G; Buoy stable gravity is 9.81 / and the values of
N

D. B is above G; Buoy unstable. temperature and density of atmospheric air are

[GATE-2013-XE] 15° and 1.2 / , respectively. In order to
3. A block is floating at the oil-water interface as lift the specified load, the air inside the balloon
shown. The density of oil is two-thirds of that should be heated to a temperature (° ) of
water. Given that the density of the block is ________
800 / and that of water is 1000 / , [GATE-2017-XE]
the fraction of the total height of block in oil is 5. A parallelepiped of (2 × 2 ) square cross-
___________ section and 10 m in length, is partially floating
in water upto a dept of 1.2 m, with its longest
side being horizontal. The specific gravity of
the block is
A. 0.8 B. 0.6

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Fluid Mechanics

C. 0.5 D. 0.4 Two statements ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are given below:
[GATE-2018-XE] P: For a fully submerged condition, CG should
6. For stable equilibrium of a floating body, which always be below CB
one of the following statements is correct? Q: For a floating body, CG need not be below
A. Centre of gravity must be located below the CB
centre of buoyancy. Choose the option that is valid for the present
B. Centre of buoyancy must be located below situation
the centre of gravity. A. P is False; Q is True when metacentre is
C. Metacentre must be located below the centre below CG
of gravity. B. P is False; Q is True when metacentre is
D. Centre of gravity must be located below the above CG
metacenter. C. P is True; Q is True when metacentre is
[GATE-2019-XE] below CG
7. A body is under stable equilibrium in a

0
D. P is True; Q is True when metacentre is
homogeneous fluid, where CG and CB are
above CG

respectively.
I1
center of gravity and center of buoyancy,
[GATE-2020-XE]

PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS

EG
1. For stable equilibrium of a floating body. 3. A large metacentric height in a vessel
A. the body should be lighter in weight A. improve stability and makes periodic time
B. the body should be made up of material of oscillation longer
whose specific gravity is less than that of the B. impairs stability and makes periodic time
liquid in which is floating of oscillation shorter
N

C. the metacenter should be above the centre of C. has no effect on stability or the periodic
gravity of the body time of oscillation
D. the metacenter should be above the centre of D. improves stability and makes the periodic
buoyancy time of oscillation shorter
[ESE-ME-94] [ESE-ME-97]
2. The percentage of submergence of a body of 4. Consider the following statements:
specific gravity 4.5 in a liquid of specific Filling up a part of the empty hold of a ship with
gravity 13.5 is approximately ballasts will
A. 50% B. 25% 1. reduce the metacentric height
C. 33% D. none 2. lower the position of the center of gravity
[ESE-ME-94] 3. elevate the position of center of gravity

-72
Fluid Mechanics

4. elevate the position of center of buoyancy D. 3 4 2 1

Which of these statements are correct? [ESE-ME-99]
A. 1,3 and 4 B. 1 and 2 7. If a piece of metal having a specific gravity of
C. 3 and 4 D. 2 and 4 13.6 is placed in mercury of specific gravity
[ESE-ME-98] 13.6, then the
5. Stability of a freely floating object is assured if A. metal piece will sink to the bottom
its centre of B. metal piece will simply float over the
A. buoyancy lies below its center of gravity mercury with no immersion
B. gravity coincides with its center of C. metal piece will be immersed in mercury by
buoyancy half
C. gravity lies below its metacenter D. whole of the metal piece will be immersed
D. buoyancy lies below its metacenter with its top surface just at mercury level
[ESE-ME-99] [ESE-ME-99]
6. Match List – I with List – II regarding partially 8. The least radius of gyration of a ship is 9 m and

0
submerged in a liquid and select the correct the metacentric height is 750 mm. The time
answer using the codes given below the lists:
I1 period of oscillation of the ship is
List – I A. 42.41 s B. 75.4 s
A. Centre of pressure C. 20.85 s D. 85 s
EG
B. Centre of gravity [ESE-ME-99]
C. Centre of buoyancy 9. Assertion (A): If a boat, built with sheet metal
D. Metacenter on wooden frame, has an average density which
List – II is greater than that of water, then the boat can
1. Point of application of the weight of float in water with its hollow face upward but
N

displaced liquid will sink once it overturns.

2. Point about which the body starts oscillating Reason (R): Buoyant force always acts in the
when titled by a small angle upward direction.
3. Point of application of hydrostatic pressure [ESE-ME-99]

force 10. A block of aluminum having mass of 12 kg is

4. Point of application of the weight of the suspended by a wire and lowered until

body submerged into a tank containing oil of relative

Codes: density 0.8. Taking the relative density of

A B C D aluminum as 2.4, the tension in the wire will be

A. 4 3 1 2 (take g = 10 m/ )
B. 4 3 2 1 A. 12000 N B. 800 N
C. 3 4 1 2 C. 120 N D. 80 N

- 73 -
Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-ME-01] C. The metacentre is below the centre of the

11. A barge 30 m long and 10 m wide has a draft of gravity
3 m when floating with its sides in vertical D. The centre of buoyancy is below the centre
position. If its center of gravity is 2.5 m above of gravity
the bottom, the nearest value of metacentric [ESE-ME-05]
height is 14. Assertion(A): The buoyant force for a floating
A. 3.28 m B. 2.78 m body passes though the centroid of the
C. 1.78 m D. zero displaced volume.
[ESE-ME-01] Reason (R): The force of buoyancy is a vertical
12. Match List–I (Stability) and List – II force & equal to the weight of fluid displaced.
(Conditions) and select the correct answer [ESE-ME-05]
using the codes given below the lists: 15. A 25 cm long prismatic homogeneous solid
List – I floats in water with its axis vertical and 10cm
A. Stable equilibrium of a floating body projecting above water surface. If the same

0
B. Stable equilibrium of a submerged body solid floats in some oil with its axis vertical and
C. Unstable equilibrium of a floating body
I1 5 cm projecting above the liquid surface, what
D. Unstable equilibrium of a submerged body is the specific gravity of the oil?
List-II A. 0.60 B.0.70
EG
1.Centre of buoyancy below the centre of gravity C. 0.75 D. 0.80
2. metacenter above the center of gravity [ESE-ME-06]
3. Centre of buoyancy above the centre of gravity 16. A hydrometer weight 0.03 N and has a stem at
4. Metacenter below the centre of gravity the upper end which is cylindrical and 3mm in
Codes: diameter. It will float deeper in oil of specific
N

A B C D gravity 0.75, than in alcohol of specific gravity

A. 4 3 2 1
0.8 by how much amount?
B. 2 3 4 1 A. 10.7 mm B. 43.3 mm
C. 4 1 2 3
C. 33 mm D. 36 mm
D. 2 1 4 3 [ESE-ME-07]
[ESE-ME-01] 17. If B is the centre of buoyancy, G is the centre
13. Which one of the following is the condition for
of gravity and M is the metacentre of a floating
stable equilibrium of a floating body?
body, the body will be in stable equilibrium if
A. The metacenter coincides with the center of
A. MG = 0 B. M is below G
gravity C. BG = 0 D. M is above G
B. The metacentre is above the centre of [ESE-ME-07]
gravity
-74
Fluid Mechanics

18. The metacentric high of a passenger ship is kept 22. The distance from the centre of buoyancy to the
lower than that of a navel or a cargo ship metacentre is given by I/ , where is the
because volume of fluid displaced. What does I
A. apparent weight will increase represent?
B. otherwise it will be in neutral equilibrium A. Moment of inertia of a horizontal section of
C. it will decrease the frequency of rolling the body taken at the surface of the fluid
D. otherwise it will sink and be totally B. Moment of inertia about its vertical
immersed centroidal axis
[ESE-ME-07] C. Polar moment of inertia
19. A wooden rectangular block of length of L is D. Moment of inertia about its horizontally
made to float in water with its axis vertical. The centroidal axis
centre of gravity of the floating body is 0.15L [ESE-ME-08]
above the centre of buoyancy. What is the 23. A body weighs 30 N and 15 N when weighed
specific gravity of the wooden block? under submerged conditions in liquids of

0
A. 0.6 B. 0.65 relative densities 0.8 and 1.2 respectively.
C. 0.7

20. What is buoyant force?

I1
D. 0.75
[ESE-ME-07]
What is the volume of the body in liters?
A. 12.50
C. 18.70
B. 3.82
D. 75.50
EG
A. Lateral force acting on a submerged body [ESE-ME-09]
B. Resultant force acting on a submerged body 24. For floating bodies, how much is the
C. Resultant force due to water on a body metacentric radius defined?
D. Resultant hydrostatic force on a body due to A. The distance between centre of gravity and
fluid surrounding it the metacentre
N

[ESE-ME-08] B. Second moment of area of plane of flotation

21. How is the metacentric height, GM expressed? about centroidal axis perpendicular to plane
A. GM = BG – (I/V) of rotation/immersed volume
B. GM = (V/I) - BG C. The distance between centre of gravity and
C. GM=(I/V) - BG the centre of buoyancy
D. GM = BG – (V/I) D. Moment of inertia of the body about its axis
Where, I = moment of inertia of the plan of the of rotation/immersed volume.
floating body at the water surface. [ESE-ME-09]
V = Volume of the body submerged in water 25. A body will be in a stable equilibrium in a
BG = Distance between the centre of gravity floating condition if
(G) and the Centre of buoyancy (B) A. the metacentre is below the centre of gravity
[ESE-ME-08] B. the metacentre is above the centre of gravity

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Fluid Mechanics

C. the metacentre height is zero about which this moment is to be calculated

D. the centre of buoyancy coincide with the passes though the
centre of gravity A. Top horizontal surface of the body
[ESE-ME-10] B. Bottom horizontal surface of the body
26. The centre of buoyancy is C. Centre of gravity of the body
A. centre of gravity of the body D. Centre of buoyancy
B. point of intersection of the buoyant force [ESE-ME-11]
and the gravitational force 31. As a ship enters into a river from sea, one can
C. point of intersection of the buoyant force expect that
and the centre line of the body A. it rises a little
D. centre of the volume of the displaced fluid B. it sinks a little
[ESE-ME-10] C. it remains at the same level
27. Assertion (A): An air-filled balloon released D. Its level depends on the material used for
from the ground goes up and up till it reaches a construction

0
certain elevation and floats in the air. [ESE-ME-11]
Reason (R): With increase in elevation the
I1 32. The buoyancy force is
temperature of the atmospheric air increases A. Equal to volume of liquid displace
and so the density decreases. B. Force necessary to maintain equilibrium of
EG
[ESE-ME-10] a submerged body
28. Assertion (A): Stability of a floating body is C. The resultant force acting on a floating body
determined by the relative position of the centre D. The resultant force on a body due to the fluid
of gravity and the centre of buoyancy. surrounding it
Reason (R): If metacentre of the floating body [ESE-ME-11]
N

is above the centre of gravity of the body, then 33. The submerged body will be in stable
the floating body will be in stable equilibrium. equilibrium if the centre of buoyancy B
[ESE-ME-10] A. Is below the centre of gravity G
29. Assertion (A): A floating body of spherical B. Coincides with G
shape shall always be in neutral equilibrium C. Is above the meta- centre M
condition. D. Is above G
Reason (R): For a spherical floating body the [ESE-ME-11]
centre of gravity is always above the centre of 34. The stability of a floating body is obtained
buoyancy. when its
[ESE-ME-10] A. Centre of gravity is below the centre of
30. Calculation of metacentric height of a floating buoyancy
body involves second moment of area. The axis B. Metacentric height is negative
-76
Fluid Mechanics

C. Metacentric height is positive C. 0.515 D. Fully immersed

D. Metacentric height is zero [ESE-ME-13]
[ESE-ME-11] 40. Which one of the following statements is
35. For stability of a floating body (M = correct?
Metacentre, G = centre of gravity and B = A. For a floating body, the stable equilibrium
centre of buoyancy) condition exists when position of
A. M should coincide with B and G metacentre remains higher than the centre
B. M should lie below B and G of gravity of the body
C. M should lie above B and G B. For a floating body, the stable equilibrium
D. M should lie between and G condition exists when position of
[ESE-ME-12] metacentre remains lower than the centre of
36. The resultant of all normal pressures on a body gravity of the body
immersed in liquid acts C. For a floating body, the neutral equilibrium
A. through the centre of gravity of the body condition exists when position of

0
B. through the centre of pressure metacentre remains higher than the centre
C. vertically upwards I1 of gravity of the body
D. at metacentre D. For a floating body, the unstable
[ESE-ME-12] equilibrium condition exists when position
EG
37. A piece of wood of volume V and specific of metacentre remains higher than the
gravity 0.87 floats on the surface of a liquid of centre of gravity of the body
specific gravity 1.31. The portion of the body [ESE-ME-14]
which is submerged in the liquid will be 41. A rectangular pontoon has a width of 6 m, a
A. 0.335 V B. 0.665 V length of 12 m, and a draught of 1.5 m in fresh
N

C. 0.87 V D. 0.13 V water (density = 1000 kg/m3). Its draught in sea

[ESE-ME-12] water having density of 1025 kg/m3 is
38. During floods, water entered an office having A. 1.04 m B. 1.24 m
wooden tables. The position of tables, if C. 1.46 m D. 1.50 m
floating, will be [ESE-CE-14]
A. legs downwards B. legs on sides 42. Statement (I): When a given body floats in
C. legs upwards D. any position different liquids, the volume displaced will
[ESE-ME-12] decrease with increase in the specific gravity of
39. A piece of metal of specific gravity 7 floats in the fluid.
mercury of specific gravity 13.6, what fraction Statement (II): The weight of the floating
of its volume is under mercury? body is equal to the weight of the volume
A. 0.5 B. 0.4 displaced.

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Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-ME-14] [ESE-ME-16]
43. What is the specific gravity of a marble stone, 47. The necessary and sufficient condition for
which weight 400 N in air, and 200 N in water? bodies in floatation to be in stable equilibrium
(g-10m/s2) is that the centre of gravity is located below the
A. 8 B. 6 A. Metacentre
C. 4 D. 2 B. Centre of buoyancy
[ESE-ME-15] C. Epicenter
44. Consider the following statements D. Centroid
1. If a small upward displacement is given to [ESE-ME-18]
a floating body, it results in the reduction of 48. Statement I: If a boat, built with sheet metal
the buoyant force acting on the body on wooden frame, has an average density which
2. A slight horizontal displacement does not is greater than of water, then the boat can float
change either the magnitude or the location in water with its hollow face upward but will
of the buoyant force sink once it overturns.

0
Which of the above statements is/are correct? Statement II: Buoyant force always acts in the
A. Both 1 and 2 B. 1 only
I1 upward direction
C. 2 only D. Neither 1 nor 2 [ESE-ME-18]
[ESE-ME-15] 49. A spherical balloon of 1.5 m diameter is
EG
45. A 25 cm long prismatic homogeneous solid completely immersed in water and
floats in water with its axis vertical and 10 cm chained to the bottom. If the chain has a
projecting above water surface. If the same tension of 10 kN, the weight of the balloon
solid floats in some oil with its axis vertical and will be nearly
5 cm projecting above the liquid surface, then A. 9.11 kN B. 8.22 kN
N

the specific gravity of the oil is C. 6.44 kN D. 7.33 kN

A. 0.55 B. 0.65 [ESE-ME-19]
C. 0.75 D. 0.85 50. A stone weigh 400 N in air and when immersed
[ESE-ME-16] in water it weighs 225 N. If the specific weight
46. A solid body of specific gravity 0.5 is 10 m long of water is 9810 N/m , the relative density of
3 m wide and high. When it floats in water with the stone will be nearly.
its shortest edge vertical, its metacentric height A. 5.9 B. 4.7
is: C. 3.5 D. 2.3
A. 0.75 m B. 0.45 m [ESE-ME-20]
C. 0.25 m D. 0.15 m
PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS

-78
 4 BUOYANCY AND FLOATATION

1. As depth of immersion of a vertical plane

surface increases, the location of centre of
pressure
A. comes closer to the centre of gravity of the
area
B. moves apart from the centre of gravity of the
area
C. ultimately coincides with the centre of
gravity of the area
D. remains unaffected
A. vertically stable
[ESE-CE-95]
B. vertically unstable
2. A symmetrical right-circular cone of wood

0
C. rotationally stable
floats in fresh water with axis vertical and the
D. rotationally unstable
I1
apex down. The axial height of the cone is 1
unit. The submerged portion has a height h,
measured upwards from the apex. What would
[ESE-CE-00]
5. A metal cube of size 15 cm ×15 cm × 15 cm
EG
and specific gravity 8.6 is submerged in a two-
be the height of the centre of buoyancy from the
layered liquid, the bottom layer being mercury
apex?
and the top layer being water. The percentage
A. B. h
of the volume of the cube remaining above the
C. h D. h interface will be, approximately
N

[ESE-CE-98] A. 68 B. 63
3. A homogeneous circular cylinder of length h, C. 40 D. 25
radius r and specific gravity S, floats in water. [ESE-CE-01]
It is noted that r = 2/3h Under which one of the 6. Consider the following statements related to
following conditions will the flotation be buoyancy in fluid statics:
unstable? 1. Principle of buoyancy is applicable both to
A. 0.11 ≤ S < 0.22 B. 0.22 ≤ S < 0.33 floating bodies and to submerged bodies.
C. 0.33 ≤ S < 0.66 D. 0.66≤S ≤ 0.99 2. Archimedes formulated the first theory of
[ESE-CE-98] buoyancy.
4. A body is floating as shown in the given figure. 3. In analyzing buoyancy of a floating body, it
The centre of buoyancy, centre of gravity and is assumed that the resultant vertical force
metacentre are labelled respectively as B, G passes through centre of pressure.
and M. The body is

- 79 -
Fluid Mechanics

4. In a free-body diagram of a floating body [ESE-CE-09]

summation of all horizontal forces is taken 9. A ship has a metacentric height of 0.90 m and
as zero. its period of rolling is 20 seconds. The relevant
Which of these statements are correct? radius of gyration is nearly
A. 1, 3 and 4 B. 1, 2 and 4 A. 5.5 m B. 7.5 m
C. 1, 2 and 3 D. 2, 3 and 4 C. 9.5 m D. 11.5 m
[ESE-CE-03] [ESE-CE-15]
7. A solid cylinder of length L, diameter D and 10. A solid cylinder of length H, diameter D and of
specific gravity 0.6 floats in neutral equilibrium relative density S floats in neutral equilibrium
in water with its axis vertical. What is the ratio in water with its axis vertical. What is the ratio
of L to D? of H to D if S = 0.6?
√ √ A. 0.86 B. 0.72
A. B.
C. 0.52 D. 0.46
C. D. [ESE-CE-16]
√ √

0
8. Consider the figure below relating to buoyancy 11. A solid cylinder of circular section of diameter
in water. I1 d is of material with specific gravity Ss. This
floats in a liquid of specific gravity Sl. What is
the maximum length of the cylinder if
EG
equilibrium is to be stable with the cylinder axis
vertical?
A. ( )
B. ( )

C. D.
( ) ( )
N

[ESE-CE-16]
12. An ocean liner, 240 m long and 24 m wide,
displaces 654 MN of sea-water ( = 1025

What will be the downward force upon the top of kgf/m3). The second moment of inertia of the

the body ABCDEF? water plane about its fore-aft axis is 2/3 of that

A. The weight of the liquid column ABCHG of the circumscribing rectangle. The position of

B. The weight of the liquid column DEFGH the centre of buoyance is 2.30 m below the

C. The weight of the liquid column ABCHG- the centre of gravity. How high is metacentre

weight of the liquid column DEFGH above the centre of buoyancy (to the nearest

D. The weight of the liquid column ABCHG + cm)?

the weight of the liquid column DEFGH A. 49 cm B. 53 cm

C. 58 cm D. 65 cm
-80
Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-CE-17]

PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. Assertion (A) : A body with wide rectangular A. Unstable equilibrium 1. =0

cross-section provedes a highly stable shape in B. Neutral equilibrium 2. M is above G

floatation. C. Stable equlibrium G 3. M is below G

Reason (R) : The centre of buoyancy shifts 4. =0

towards the tipped end considerably to provide (Where M, G and B are metacentre, centre of
a righting couple. gravity and centre of buoyancy respectively)
[CSE-ME-99] Codes :
2. A float valve for the “ball-cock’ type is A B C
required to close an openeing of a supply pipe A 1 3 2
feeding a cistern as shown in the given figure B 3 1 2
C 1 3 4
D 4 2 3

0
[CSE-ME-02]
I1 5. A solid P floats with half of its volume
immersed in water and solid Q floats with two-
thirds of its volume immersed in water. The
EG
densities of solids P and Q are in the ratio
The buoyant force Fb required to be exerted by A. 1 : 2 B. 1 : 3
the float to keep the valve closed against a C. 2:3 D. 3:4
pressure of 0.28 N/mm2is [CSE-ME-03]
6. Which one of the following statements is
N

A. 4.4 N B. 5.6 N
C. 7.5 N D. 9.2 N correct For stability of a floating body.
[CSE-ME-00] A. M should lie between G and B (in that order)
3. A metallic piece weights 80 N in air and 60 N B. M should lie above B and G (in that order)
in water. The relative density of the metallic C. M should lie below B and G (in that order)
piece is about D. M should coincide with B and G
A. 8 B. 6 [CSE-ME-06]

C. 4 D. 2 7. Consider the following statements:

[CSE-ME-01] A rectangular block of wood of size L× ×
4. Match List-I (Nature of equlibrium of floating will float in water in such a way that
body) with List-II (Conditions for equilibrium) 1. the longest dimension is vertical
and select the correct answer: 2. the longest dimension is horizontal
List-I List-II 3. the metacentre is above the centre of gravity

- 81 -
Fluid Mechanics

4. the centre of buoyancy is above the centre of 9. A cube with 1.0 m sides and of specific gravity
Gravity 2.26 is placed vertically upright in a tank which
Which of the statements given above are contains water over mercury of specific gravity
correct? 13.6. Which one of the following is correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3, only A. It will float at free surface of water
C. 2,3 and 4 D. 1,3 and 4 B. It will sink to the bottom of tank
[CSE-ME-06] C. 0.1 m of its height will be dipped in
8. What is the centre of buoyancy? mercury
A. The point of intersection of the buoyant D. 0.9 m of its height will be dippped in
force and the centre line of the body mercury
B. Centre of gravity of the body [CSE-ME-09]
C. Centroid of displaced volume of fluid
D. Midpoint between C.G. and metacentre
[CSE-ME-09]

0
PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS
1. Rectangular floating body is 20 m long and 5 m
I1 C. when its metacentre is above the centre of
wide. The water line is 1.5 m above the bottom. gravity of body.
If the centre of gravity is 1.8 m from the D. in none of the above situations.
EG
bottom, then its metacentric heights will be [CSE–CE–95]
approximately 4. Consider the following statements relating to
A. 3.3 m B. 1.65 m the stability of floating as well as submerged
C. 0.34 m D. 0.30 m bodies:
[CSE–CE–94] 1. A submerged body is stable when the centre
N

2. A wooden plank (sp. gr. 0.5) 1 × 1 × of gravity is below the centre of buoyancy.
0.5 floats is water with 1.5 kN load on it with 2. A floating body is stable when the centre of
m × 1 m surface horizontal. The depth of plank gravity is above the centre of buoyancy.
ying below water surface shall be: 3. A floating body is stable when the centre of
A. 0.178 m B. 0.250 m gravity is below the metacentre.
C. 0.403 m D. 0.500 m 4. A submerged body is in stable equilibrium
[CSE–CE–95] when the centre of gravity coincides with the
3. A floating body is in stable equilibrium: centre of buoyancy.
A. when its metacentric height is zero. Of these statements:
B. when the centre of gravity of the body is A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
below the centre of buoyancy. B. 2, 3 and 4 are correct

-82
Fluid Mechanics

C. 1, 2 and 4 are correct D. 1 and 4 are correct

D. 1, 3 and 4 are correct [CSE–CE–99]
[CSE–CE–96] 7. When a ship moving on seawater enters a river
5. A hollow cylinder made of wood (sp. gr. = 0.8) and moves inland, it is expected to:
has an external diameter of 1.0 m and an A. rise a little
internal diameter of 0.6 m. It floats in water B. sink a little
with its axis vertical and is in stable C. maintain the same level of draft
equilibrium. This is possible only when the D. rise or fall depending on whether it is made
length of the cylinder is equal to or less than: of wood or steel.
A. 0.72 m B. 0.95 m [CSE–CE–99]
C. 1.03 m D. 1.20 m 8. Match List -I with List – II and select the
[CSE–CE–97] correct answer using the codes given below the
6. Consider the following statements: lists:
1. The centre of pressure is always above the List – I

0
centroid of any plane submerged surface a. Submerged body
that is not horizontal I1 b. Floating body
2. The total force-acting on a submerged plane c. Metacentric height
surface is the product of the area of the d. Buoyancy
EG
surface and the pressure at the centroid of List – II
the plane surface. 1. Force on a curved Surface
3. The horizontal component of the resultant 2. Moment of inertia
force on a curved surface is calculated by 3. Metacentre
horizontally projecting the surface onto a 4. Force acting vertically up
N

horizontal plane and treating the project 5. Centre of buoyancy

area as a submerged horizontal plane Codes:
surface. a b c d
4. The vertical component of force on a curved A. 5 3 2 1
surface is obtained by calculating the B. 1 2 3 4
C. 5 3 2 4
weight of the liquid above and below the
D. 1 2 5 4
surface.
[CSE–CE–99]
Of these statements:
9. A right circular wooden (sp.gr. of wood 0.8)
A. 1 alone is correct
cone with a base diameter of 0.6 m and height
B. 2 alone is correct
0.8 m floats in water such that its axis remains
C. 2 and 3 are correct

- 83 -
Fluid Mechanics

vertical and apex is downward. The immersed statements related to the metacentric height of
depth of the cone is the ship is correct?
A. 0.480 m B. 0.533 m A. It is greater for rolling than for pitching
C. 0.600 m D. 0.743 m B. It is lesser for rolling than for pitching
[CSE–CE–00] C. It is equal in both the cases
10. Force of buoyancy on a floating body equals D. It keeps varying according to direction of
A. total pressure on the vertical projection of movement of the ship
the body [CSE–CE–09]
B. total pressure on the horizontal projection of 13. A balloon is filled with methane of density =
the body 0.75 kg/m3. Assume the density of air to be 1.25
C. weight of the liquid equal to the volume of kg/m3. What is the volume of the balloon which
the body will lift a man weighing 75 kg?
D. weight of the liquid equal to the immersed A. 100 m3 B. 60 m3
volume of the body C. 37.5 m3 D. 150 m3

0
[CSE–CE–03]
[CSE–CE–10]
11. A cubical body is dropped in water and is found
I1
to have neutral equilibrium. If it is dropped in 14. A buoy 2 m3 in volume and 1 tone in weight is
sea water (specific gravity = 1.03), fully submerged at high tide in a harbor and is
EG
A. it will be in stable equilibrium held down by a chain. The specific gravity of
B. it will be in unstable equilibrium seawater may be assumed as 1.025. What is the
C. it will be in neutral equilibrium value of the tension in the chain?
D. the body will sink A. 2.00 tone B. 1.00 tone
[CSE–CE–03] C. 2.05 tone D. 1.05 tone
N

12. An ocean – going ship, when on high seas, is

[CSE–CE–09]
subjected to oscillatory motion both by rolling
and pitching. Which one of the following

4. BUOYANCY AND FLOATATION - ANSWERS

::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. * 2. D 3. * 4. B 5. A 6. * 7. * 8. * 9. D 10. D
11. * 12. C

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Fluid Mechanics

1. Metacentre 3. 2011 Pa, 103 N 6. 7.0 to 8.0 7. 5300 to 5330 8. 860 to 870

11. 80 to 80

::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. B

::: PREVIOUS GATE - XE/CH/PI/AE/MT ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. C 3. 0.6 4. * 5. B 6. D
7. D

4. 63.527
::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::

0
1. C 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. D

11. C 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. D 18. C 19. C 20. D

21. C 22. A 23. B

I1 24. A 25. B 26. D 27. C 28. D 29. D 30. B

31. B 32. D 33. D 34. C 35. C 36. C 37. B 38. C 39. C 40. A
EG
41. C 42. A 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. C 47. A 48. B 49. D 50. D

::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. C 10. B
N

11. B 12. B

::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. C

::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. D

11. B 12. B 13. D 14. D

- 85 -
 5 FLUID KINEMATICS

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. The velocity potential function for a source C. steady flow
varies with the distance r as D. non uniform flow
A. 1/ B. 1/ [GATE-ME-94:1 M]

C. D. 6. In a flow field the stream lines and

[GATE-ME-87:1M] equipotential lines
2. A Newtonian fluid has the following velocity A. are parallel
field: B. cut at any angle
⃗= ̂+2 ̂- . The rate of shear C. are orthogonal everywhere in the field

deformation ̇ at the point = -2, = -1 and D. cut orthogonal except at the stagnation
points
= 2 for the given flow is:
[GATE-ME-94:1 M]

0
A. -6 B. -2
7. For a fluid element in a two-dimensional flow
C. -12 D. 4
I1 field (x – y plane), it will undergo
[GATE-ME-88: 2M]
A. translation only
3. The stream function in a two-dimensional flow
B. translation and rotation
field is given by  = - . The magnitude of
EG
C. translation and deformation
the velocity at point (1,1) is
D. deformation only
A. 2 B. 2√2
[GATE-ME-94:1 M]
C. 4 D. 8
8. Existence of velocity potential implies that
[GATE-ME-88: 2M]
A. fluid Flow is in continuum
N

4. A velocity field is given as

B. fluid Flow is irrotational
⃗=3 ̂-6 where , , are in m and V
C. fluid Flow is ideal
is in m/s. Determine if
D. fluid Flow is compressible
(i) It represents an incompressible flow
[GATE-ME-94:1 M]
(ii) The flow is irrotational 9. Circulation is defined as line integral of
(iii) The flow is steady tangential component of velocity about a ____
A. (i) and (iii) B. (i) and (ii) (fill in the blank)
C. (ii) and (iii) D. (i) only [GATE-ME-94:1 M]
[GATE-ME-93: 2M] 10. The velocity components in the x and y
directions are given by =l - , =
5. Streamlines, path lines and streak lines are
virtually identical for - . The value of l for a possible flow
A. uniform flow field involving an incompressible fluid is
B. flow of ideal fluids
- 86 -
Fluid Mechanics

A. - B. - Mean flow rate of the liquid is

A. 8.00 liters/s B. 8.06 liters/s
C. D. 3 C. 8.16 liters/s D. 8.26 liters/s
[GATE-ME-95: 2M] [GATE-ME-04:2M]
11. The 2- flow with, velocity 15. A leaf is caught in a whirlpool. At a given
⃗ = ( + 2 + 2) ̂ +(4-y) ̂ is instant, the leaf is at a distance of 120 m from
A. compressible and irrotational the centre of the whirlpool. The whirlpool can
B. compressible and not irrotational be described by the following velocity
C. incompressible and irrotational distribution;
× ×
D. incompressible and not irrotational =− m/s and = /
[GATE-ME-01: 2M]
where r (in meters) is the distance from the
12. A fluid flow is represented by the velocity field
centre of the whirlpool. What will be the
⃗= ̂+ ̂, where a is a constant. The distance of the leaf from the centre when it has

0
equation of stream line passing through a point moved through half a revolution?
(1, 2) is A. 48 m B. 64 m
A.
C. 2 −
−2 =0
=0
I1
B. 2 +
D. + 2 = 0
=0 C. 120 m D.142 m
[GATE-ME-05: 2M]
[GATE-ME-04:1 M] 16. The velocity components in the x and y
EG
13. For a fluid flow through a divergent pipe of directions of a two-dimensional Irrotational
length L having inlet and outlet radii of and
flow are u and v, respectively. Then is equal
respectively and a constant flow rate of Q,
to
assuming the velocity to be axial and uniform
A. B. −
N

at any cross-section, the acceleration at the exit

is C. D. −
( ) ( )
A. B. [GATE-ME-05:1 M]
17. In a two-dimensional velocity field with
( ) ( )
C. D. velocities u and v along x and y directions

[GATE-ME-04: 2M] respectively, the convective acceleration along

14. The following data about the flow of liquid was the x-direction is given by
observed in a continuous chemical process A. + B. +
plant:
C. + D. +

[GATE-ME-06:1 M]

- 87 -
Fluid Mechanics

18. A two-dimensional flow filed has velocities reduced, as the circular plate comes down at a
along the x and y directions given by uniform speed V towards the stationary bottom
= and = −2 respectively, where t surface, as shown in the figure. In the process,
is time. The equation of streamline is the fluid contained between the two plates
A. = constant flows out radially. The fluid is assumed to be
B. = incompressible and inviscid.
C. x y = constant
D. not possible to determine
[GATE-ME-06: 1M]
19. In a steady flow through a nozzle, the flow
velocity on the nozzle axis is given by
= (1 + 3 / ), where x is the distance
along the axis of the nozzle from its inlet plane
21. The radial velocity , at any radius r when the
and L is the length of the nozzle. The time

0
gap width is h, is
required for a fluid particle on the axis to travel
I1 A. = B. =
from the inlet to the exit plane of the nozzle is
A. B. 4 C. = D. =
[GATE-ME-08: 2M]
EG
C. D. .
22. The radial component of the fluid acceleration
[GATE-ME-07: 1M]
at r = R is
20. Which combination of the following statements
A. B.
about steady incompressible forced vortex flow
is correct? C. D.
N

P: shear stress is zero at all points in the flow. [GATE-ME-08: 2M]

Q: vorticity is zero at all points in the flow. 23. For a continuity equation given . ⃗ = 0 to be
R: velocity is directly proportional to the radius
valid, ⃗ where is the velocity vector, which one
from the centre of the vortex.
of the following is a necessary condition?
S: total mechanical energy per unit mass is
A. Steady flow
constant in the entire flow field.
B. Irrotational flow
A. P and Q B. R and S
C. Inviscid flow
C. P and R D. P and S
D. Incompressible flow
[GATE-ME-07: 2M]
[GATE-ME-08:1 M]
Statement for Linked Questions 21 & 22:
24. You are asked to evaluate assorted fluid flows
The gap between a moving circular plate and a
for their suitability in a given laboratory
stationary surface is being continuously
-88
Fluid Mechanics

application. The following three choices A. 1 B. 1.5

expressed in terms of the two-dimensional C. 2 D. 2.5
velocity fields in the x-y plane, are made [GATE-ME-09: 2M]
available. 26. Velocity vector of a flow fields is given as
P: =2 , = −3 ⃗=2 ̂− ̂. The vorticity vector at
Q: =3 , =0 (1, 1, 1)
R: = −2 , =2 A. 4 ̂- ̂ B. 4 ̂-
Which flows should be recommended when the C. ̂ − 4 ̂ D. ̂ − 4
application requires the flow to be [GATE-ME-10: 2M]
incompressible and irrotational? 27. A streamline and an equipotential line in a flow
A. P and R B. Q only field
C. Q and R D. R only A. are parallel to each other
[GATE-ME-09: 2M] B. are perpendicular to each other
25. Consider steady flow of water in a situation
C. intersect at an acute angle

0
where two pipe lines (pipe 1 and pipe 2)
D. are identical
combine into a single pipe line (pipe-3) as
I1 [GATE-ME-11: 1M]
shown in the figure. The cross-sectional areas
28. For an incompressible flow field, ⃗ , which one
of all three pipelines are constant. The
of the following conditions must be satisfied?
EG
following data is given
A. . ⃗ = 0 B. × ⃗=0
⃗
Pipe Area Velocity C. ⃗ . ⃗=0 D. + ⃗. ⃗=0
number ( ) (m/s) [GATE-ME-14:1 M]
1 1 1 29. A flow field which has only convective
N

2 2 2 acceleration is
3 2.5 ? A. a steady uniform flow
B. an unsteady uniform flow
C. a steady non-uniform flow
D. an unsteady non-uniform flow
[GATE-ME-14: 1M]
30. Consider the following statements regarding
streamline(s):
Assuming the water properties and the i. It is a continuous line such that the
velocities to be uniform across the cross section tangent at any point on it shows the
of the inlets and the outlet, the exit velocity (in velocity vector at that point
m/s) in pipe 3 is ii. There is no flow across streamlines

- 89 -
Fluid Mechanics

iii. = = is the differential where = 2 and = −4.the value of is

_______.
equation of a streamline, where u, v and
[GATE-ME-15:2M]
w are velocities in directions x, y and z,
34. If the fluid velocity for a potential flow is given
respectively
by V(x,y) = u(x,y)i + v(x,y)j with usual
iv. In an unsteady flow, the path of a particle
notations, then the slope of potential line at
is a streamline
(x,y) is
Which one of the following combinations of
A. B. -
the statements is true?
A. (i), (ii), (iv) B. (ii), (iii), (iv) C. D.
C. (i), (iii), (iv) D. (i), (ii), (iii)
[GATE-ME-15:1M]
[GATE-ME-14: 2M]
35. The volumetric flow rate (per unit depth)
31. Consider a velocity field ⃗ = ̂+ ,
between two streamlines having stream
where K is a constant. The vorticity, W , is
functions  & is

0
A. – B. K
A. | +  | B.  
C. – /2 D. K/2
I1 C.  / D. | − |
[GATE-ME-14: 2M]
[GATE-ME-16: 1M]
32. Match the following pairs:
36. A channel of width 450 mm branches into sub-
EG
P × ⃗=0 I Incompressible
channels having width 300 mm and 200 mm as
Continuity
shown in figure. If the volumetric flow rate
equation
(taking unit depth) of an incompressible flow
Q . ⃗=0 II Steady flow
through the main channel is 0.9 / and the
R ⃗ III Irrotational flow
=0
N

velocity in the sub-channel of width 200 mm is

S ⃗ IV Zero acceleration 3 m/s, the velocity in the sub-channel of width
=0
of fluid particle 300 mm is ______(m/s)Assume both inlet and
outlet to be at the same elevation.
A. P-IV, Q-I, R-II, S-III
B. P-IV, Q-III, R-I, S-II
C. P-III, Q-I, R-IV, S-II
D. P-III, Q-I, R-II, S-IV
[GATE-ME-15:2M]
33. The velocity field of an incompressible flow is
given by
=( + + ) +( + +
) +( + + ) ,
-90
Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-ME-16:1M] 40. For a steady flow, the velocity field is.

37. For a certain two-dimensional incompressible ⃗ = (− + 3 ) ̂ + (2 )̂
flow, velocity field is given by 2 ̂− ̂. The magnitude of the acceleration of a particle
The streamlines for this flow are given by the at (1, -1) is
family of curves A. 2 B. 1
A. = C. 2 √5 D. 0
B. = [GATE-ME-17:2M]
C. 2 − = 41. For a two-dimensional incompressible flow
D. = field given by ⃗ = ( ̂ − ̂), where A>0,
[GATE-ME-16:1M] which one of the following statements is
38. For a two-dimensional flow, the velocity field FALSE?
is ⃗ = ̂+ ̂,where ̂ and ̂ are A. It satisfies continuity equation
B. It is unidirectional when x→0 and y→ ∞.
the basis vectors in the x-y Cartesian coordinate

0
C. Its streamlines are given by x = y
system. Identify the correct statements from
D. It is irrotational.
below:
(1) The flow is incompressible
(2) The flow is unsteady
I1 [GATE-ME-18:1M]

42. In a Lagrangian system, the position of a fluid

EG
(3) y-component of acceleration, particle in a flow is described as =

=( and = where t is the time while

)
, , and k are constants. The flow is
(4) x-component of acceleration,
A. unsteady and one-dimensional
( )
=( ) B. steady and two-dimensional
N

A. (2) and (3) B. (1) and (3) C. steady and one-dimensional

C. (1) and (2) D. (3) and (4) D. unsteady and two-dimensional
[GATE-ME-16:2M] [GATE-ME-18:2M]

39. Consider the two-dimensional velocity field 43. A flat plate of width L = 1 m is pushed down
given by with a velocity U = 0.01 m/s towards a wall
⃗ = (5 + + ) ̂ + (4 + + ), resulting in the drainage of the fluid between

where , , and are constants. Which the plate and the wall as shown in the figure.

one of the following conditions needs to be Assume two-dimensional incompressible flow

satisfied for the flow to be incompressible? and that the plate remains parallel to the wall.

A. + =0 B. + =0 The average velocity, of the fluid (in m/s)

C. + =0 D. + =0 draining out at the instant shown in the figure

[GATE-ME-17:1M] is ______(correct to three decimal places).

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Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-ME-20:1M]
46. Air discharges steadily through a horizontal
nozzle and impinges on a stationary vertical
plate as shown in figure.

[GATE-ME-18:2M]
44. Water flows through a pipe with a velocity

given by ⃗ = + + ̂ / where ̂ is the

unit vector in the y direction, (> 0) is in

seconds, and x and y are in meters. The
magnitude of total acceleration at the point
( , ) = (1, 1) at = 2 is ____ / .
[GATE-ME-19:1M]
The inlet and outlet areas of the nozzle are
45. The velocity field of an incompressible flow in

0
0.1 and 0.02 , respectively. Take air
a Cartesian system is represented by
density as constant and equal to 1.2 / . If
⃗ = 2( − ) ̂+ ̂+3
I1
Which one of the following expressions for v is
the inlet gauge pressure of air is 0.36 kPa, the
gauge pressure at point O on the plate is
valid?
EG
___________kPa (round off to two decimal
A. −4 −4 B. −4 +6 places).
C. 4 −6 D. 4 +4 [GATE-ME-20:2M]

PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. If velocity potential function satisfies Laplace A. ф = + B. ф = -
N

equation, the C. ф = 2 D. ф = -
A. Flow is rotational [GATE-CE-92:1M]
B. Flow does not satisfy continuous equation 3. Let the ‘x’ and ‘y’ components of velocity in
C. Flow is irrotational but does not satisfy steady, two-dimensional, incompressible flow
continuity equation be linear of ‘x’ and ‘y’ such that ⃗ = (ax+by) ̂
D. Flow is irrotational and satisfies continuity + (cx+dy) ̂, where a, b, c and d are constants.
equation. The condition for which, the flow is irrotational
[GATE-CE-90:1M] is_____
2. Which of the following functions represent the [GATE-CE-94:1M]
velocity potential of an Incompressible flow. 4. State whether the following statements are
“TRUE” (or) “FALSE” with reasons.

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Fluid Mechanics

(1) Flow lines and equipotential lines in a flow A. A family of parallel straight lines
net are orthogonal to each other B. A family of circles
(2) Water pressure is atmospheric at all points C. A family of parabolas
on a potential line. Potential line is, therefore, D. A family of hyperbolas
an equipotential line [GATE-CE-97:1M]
[GATE-CE-94:1M] 9. In a steady radial flow into an intake, the
5. x-component of velocity in a 2-D velocity is found to vary as (1/ ), where ‘r’ is
incompressible flow is given by u = +4xy. If the radial distance. The acceleration is
y – component of velocity v equals zero at proportional to
y = 0, then the expression for v is given by A. 1/ B. 1/
A. 4y B. 2 C. 1/ D. 1/r
C. -2 D. 2xy [GATE-CE-99:1M]
[GATE-CE-96:1M] 10. The relation that holds good for the flow to be
6. The acceleration of a fluid particle in steady one- irrotational is

0
dimensional flow is A. − =0 B. =
A. 0

C. D.
I1
B. u
C. + =0 D. =−

[GATE-CE-99:1M]
EG
[GATE-CE-96:1M]
11. For a two-dimensional irrotational flow, the
7. Fluid flows steadily through a variable area duct.
velocity potential is defined as ф = ( +
At section (1), density = , cross sectional
). Which of the following is a possible
area = , Velocity and pressure = and the
stream function, , for this flow?
corresponding values at section (2) are , ,
N

and . Then, the following relation is A. (y/x) B. (y/x)

satisfied. C. 2 (y/x) D. 2 (x/y)

A. = [GATE-CE-03:1M]
12. The x component of velocity in a two-
B. =
dimensional incompressible flow is given by
C. =
u = 1.5x. At the point (x, y) = (1,0), the y-
D. =
component of velocity v = 0; The equation for
[GATE-CE-96:2M]
the y-component of velocity is
8. Two flow patterns are represented by their
A. v = 0 B. v = 1.5y
stream functions = + , = 2xy These
C. v = -1.5x D. v = -1.5y
two patterns are superposed on one another, the
[GATE-CE-04:1M]
resulting streamline pattern can be represented
by one of the following:

- 93 -
Fluid Mechanics

13. An inert tracer is injected continuously from a section falling in 5 cm portion of the pipe
point in an unsteady flow field. The locus of is_____
locations of all tracer particles at an instance of [GATE-CE-14:1M]
time represents 17. A plane flow has velocity components u = ,
A. Stream line B. Path line
v=− and w = 0 along x, y and z directions
C. Stream tube D. Streak line
respectively, where (≠ 0) and (≠ 0) are
[GATE-CE-05:1M]
constant having the dimension of time. The
14. The circular water pipes shown in the sketch
given flow is incompressible if
are flowing full. The velocity of flow (in m/s)
in the branch pipe “R” is A. =− B. =−

C. = D. =
[GATE-CE-14:1M]
18. In a two-dimensional steady flow field, in a

0
certain region of the x-y plane, the velocity
component in the x-direction is given by =

A. 3
I1
B. 4
and the density varies as = . Which of

the following is a valid expression for the

EG
velocity component in the y-direction, ?
C. 5 D. 6
[GATE-CE-12:1M] A. = -x/y B. = x/y
15. For a two-dimensional flow field, the stream C. = -xy D. = xy

function  is given as  = ( − ). The [GATE-CE-14:1M]

19. A nozzle is so shaped that the average flow
N

magnitude of discharge occurring between the

velocity changes linearly from 1.5 m/s at the
stream lines passing through points (0,3) and
beginning to 15 m/s at its end in a distance of
(3,4) is
0.375 m. The magnitude of the convective
A. 6 units ` B. 3 units
acceleration (in m/ ) at the end of the nozzle
C. 1.5 units D. 2 units
is______
[GATE-CE-13:1M]
[GATE-CE-15:1M]
16. An incompressible homogeneous fluid is
20. A Newtonian fluid has the following velocity
flowing steadily in a variable dimeter pipe
field:
having the large and small diameters as 15 cm
⃗= y ̂ + 2x z ̂-y
and 5 cm, respectively. If the velocity at a
section at 15 cm diameter portion of the pipe is The rate of shear deformation ̇ at the point

2.5 m/s, the velocity of the fluid (in m/s) at a = −2, = −1, = 2 for the given flow is

-94
Fluid Mechanics

A. -6 B. -2 D. = ; =0
C. -12 D. 4 [GATE-CE-04:2M]
[GATE-CE-88:2M]
23. The power required to keep the plate in steady
21. Which of the following two-dimensional
motion is
incompressible velocity fields satisfies the
A. 5 x 10 watts
conservation of mass
B. 10 watts
A. u = x, v = y
C. 2.5 x 10 watts
B. u = -2x, v = 2 y
D. 5 x 10 watts
C. u = xy, v = xy
[GATE-CE-04:2M]
D. u = - , v = 0.
24. A velocity field is given as ⃗ = 2y ̂ + 3x ̂
[GATE-CE-96:2M]
where x and y are in meters. The acceleration
Common Data for Questions (22 & 23):
of a fluid particle at (x,y) = (1,1) in the x-
The laminar flow takes place between closely
direction is
spaced parallel plates as shown in figure below,

0
A. 0 B. 5.00 m/
the velocity profiles is given by u = V .
C. 6.00 m/ D. 8.48 m/
I1 [GATE-CE-04:2M]
25. The velocity in m/s at a point in a two-
dimensional flow is given as ⃗ = 2 ̂ + 3 ̂ . The
EG
equation of the stream line passing through the
point (x, y) is
A. 3dx-2dy = 0
The gap height h, is 5 mm and the space is filled B. 2x+3y = 0
N

with oil (specific gravity = 0.86, viscosity C. 3dx + 2dy = 0

(μ = 2 × 10 – / ). The bottom plate D. xy = 6
is stationary and the top plate moves with a [GATE-CE-05:2M]

steady velocity of V = 5 cm/s. The area of the 26. A stream function is given by:

plate is 0.25 . =2 y + (x +1) . The flow rate across a

[GATE-CE-04:2M] line joining points A (3,0) and B (0,2) is

22. The rate of rotation of a fluid particle is given A. 0.4 units B. 1.1 units

by C. 4 units D. 5 units
[GATE-CE-05:2M]
A. = 0: =−
27. The circulation ‘⌈’ around a circle of radius 2
B. = 0: =− units for the velocity field u = 2x +3y and
C. = ; = v = -2y is

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Fluid Mechanics

A. -6 units B. -12 units decimal places) at the point (0,-1,1) is

C. -18 units D. -24 units ____________
[GATE-CE-05:2M] [GATE-CE-18:1M]
28. The velocity field for a flow is given by: 32. The velocity field in a flow system is given by
⃗ = (5x +6y +7z) ̂ + (6x +5y +9z) ̂ + (3x +2y =2 +( + ) +( ) . The acceleration

+ z) and the density varies as = . . of the fluid at (1,1,2) is

In order that the mass is conserved, the value of A. 2 + 10 B. 4 + 12

should be C. + D. 4 + 10

A. -12 B. -10
[GATE-CE-19:1M]
C. -8 D. 10
33. Uniform flow with velocity U makes an angle
[GATE-CE-06:2M]
with the y-axis, as shown in the figure.
29. A particle moves along a curve whose
parametric equations are = +2 ,
= -3 =2 (5 ), where ,

0
and and
show variations of the distance covered by the
I1
particle (in cm) with time t (in s). The
magnitude of the acceleration of the particle
( / ) at = 0 is _______
EG
[GATE-CE-14:2M]
30. The velocity components of a two-dimensional
The velocity potential ( ), is
plane motion of a fluid are:
A. ± ( − )
= + 2 - and B. ± ( + )
N

= -2 - C. ± ( − )
D. ± ( + )
The correct statement is:
[GATE-CE-20:1M]
A. Fluid is incompressible and flow is
34. The velocity components in the and
irrotational
B. Fluid is incompressible and flow is rotational directions for an incompressible flow are given

C. Fluid is compressible and flow is irrotational as = (−5 + 6 ) and = −(9 + 6 ),

D. Fluid is compressible and flow is rotational respectively. The equation of the streamline is

[GATE-CE-13:2M] A. (−5 + 6 )(9 + 6 ) =

31. A flow field is given by = , =- , = B. =

0. Value of the z-component of the angular
C. =
velocity (in radians per unit time, up to two
D. (−5 + 6 ) − (9 + 6 ) =
-96
Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-CE-20:1M]
PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS
1. Under what conditions is the equation Common Data for Questions 4 and 5:
∇. ⃗ = 0 valid? The velocity field for a two-dimensional flow
P: Steady incompressible flow  x y
is given by; V  x, y, t   iˆ  ˆj
t t
Q: Unsteady incompressible flow
R: Steady compressible flow 4. The total acceleration is

S: Unsteady compressible flow xˆ y ˆ xˆ y ˆ

A. i 2 j B.  i 2 j
t2 t t2 t
A. P, Q, R B. Q, R, S
2x ˆ 2y ˆ
C. P, R, S D. P, Q, S C. i D. j
t2 t2
[GATE-2009-XE]
[GATE-2009-XE]
2. Stream function CANNOT be defined for
5. The given velocity field is
A. two-dimensional incompressible flow
A. incompressible and rotational
B. two-dimensional compressible flow

0
B. compressible and rotational
C. three-dimensional incompressible flow
C. incompressible and irrotational
I1
D. axisymmetric incompressible flow
[GATE-2009-XE]
3. Consider incompressible flow through a two-
D. compressible and irrotational
[GATE-2009-XE]
EG
6. For two-dimensional irrotational and
dimensional open channel. At a certain section
incompressible flows
A-A, the velocity profile is parabolic.
A. Both potential and stream functions satisfy
Neglecting air resistance at the free surface,
the Laplace equation.
find the volume flow rate per unit width of the
B. Potential function must satisfy the Laplace
N

channel.
equation but the stream function need not.
C. Stream function must satisfy the Laplace
equation but the potential function need
not.
D. Neither the stream function nor the
potential function need to satisfy the
Laplace equation.
[GATE-2009-AE]
7. Consider steady flow of water in a situation
3 3
A. 10 m / s B. 13.33 m / s where two pipe lines (Pipe 1 and Pipe 2)
C. 20 m 3 / s D. 33.33 m3 / s combine into a single pipe line (Pipe 3) as

[GATE-2009-XE] shown in the figure. The cross – sectional areas

- 97 -
Fluid Mechanics

of all three pipelines are constant. The 9. The wind is blowing east-west at time t  T
following data is given: and switches to south-north at t  T . At t  T
which of the following curves represent
streaklines?

Pipe number Area ( 2) Velocity (m/s)

1 1 1

2 2 2

3 2.5 ?
[GATE-2010-XE]

0
Assuming the water properties and the
Common Data for Question 10 & 11:
velocities to be uniform across the cross section
I1 The velocity field of a two-dimensional fluid
of the inlets and the outlet, the exit velocity (in
flow is as follow:
m/s) in pipe 3 is
x y
A. 1 B. 1.5 u  U0 , v  U 0
EG
L L
C. 2 D. 2.5
Where, U 0 and L are, respectively, the
[GATE-2009-PI]
characteristic velocity and length.
8. Let  and  represent, respectively, the
10. If L=0.2 m and the resultant of total
velocity potential and stream function of a flow
acceleration in x- and y-directions at (x=L,
N

field of an incompressible fluid. Which of the

y=L) is 10m / s 2 , the magnitude of U 0  m / s 
following statements are TRUE?
P:  exists for irrotational flows only is
A. 1.414 B.2.38
Q.  exists for both irrotational and rotational
C. 1.19 D. 11.90
flows
[GATE-2010-XE]
R:  exists for rotational flows only
11. The above fluid flow can be described as
S:  exists for both rotational and irrotational
A. rotational and compressible
flows B. irrotational and compressible
A. P, R B. Q, S C. rotational and incompressible.
C. Q, R D. P, Q D. irrotational and incompressible
[GATE-2010-XE] [GATE-2010-XE]

-98
Fluid Mechanics

12. If is the potential function for an

incompressible irrotational flow, and and
are the Cartesian velocity components, then
which one of the following combinations is
correct?

A. = , = B. =− , = 
A. 50 x  x3  
B. 50 1  x 2 
C. =− , = D. = , = C. 0 
D. 50 x 2  x3 
[GATE-2010-AE] [GATE-2011-XE]
13. The temperature field in a fluid flow is given by Common Data for Questions 16 to 17:
0
 60  0.2xy  C . The velocity field is A flow has a velocity field given by

⃗=2 ̂+ ̂ m/s The rate of change of the V  2 xiˆ  2 yjˆ
temperature measured by a thermometer 16. The velocity potential   x, y  for the flow is

0
moving along with the flow at  2, 4  m at t =4 A. 2 x  2 y  const. B. 2 xy  const.
s is I1 C. x 2  y 2  const. D. x 2  y 2  const.
A. 12.8 0C / s B. 10.6 0C / s
[GATE-2011-XE]
C. 6.4 0C / s D. 4.8 0C / s 17. The streamlines for the velocity field look like
EG
[GATE-2011-XE]
14. A velocity field in a plane flow is given by

V  2 xyiˆ  3 yjˆ m / s . The vorticity at the point
(2,4) m is
N

A. 4kˆ rad / s B. 3 ˆj rad / s

C. 2kˆ rad / s D. 3iˆ rad / s

[GATE-2011-XE]
15. A fluid with a volumetric flow rate of 5 m3 / s
enters the nozzle shown below. The cross-
sectional area varies with x as
A  x   1/ 1  x 2  . Assuming that the flow is [GATE-2011-XE]
Linked Answer Questions
parallel and uniform at each cross-section, the
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 18 &
acceleration at any point in the nozzle is given
19:
by
Two flat parallel plates are separated by a small

- 99 -
Fluid Mechanics

gap h filled with an incompressible fluid of D. A blob (or drop) of dye is injected and a
viscosity  . Assume that the length and width long-exposure picture is taken
of the plates to be much larger than the gap h. [GATE-2012-XE]
The top plate moves horizontally while the 22. The velocity in a one-dimensional unsteady
bottom plate is held stationary. The magnitude flow is given by x 2
 t  , where x is the
of the difference between the shear stress at the
position and t are the time. The total
top and bottom walls is found to be  . acceleration at any x and t is
18. The velocity of the top plate is
A. 1  xt  x 3 B. 1  xt  2 x 3
A. h /  2  B. h /  C. 1  xt  x 3 D. 1  2 xt  2 x 3
C. 2 h /  D. 3h /  2  [GATE-2012-XE]

[GATE-2011-XE] 23. If  is the stream function, the Laplace’s

19. If a finite width slender object is introduced equation 2  0 is true when the flow is
parallel to the plates in the middle of the gap, A. incompressible

0
the time at which it would have rotated B. incompressible and irrotational
clockwise by 90 0 would be.
A. 2 /   
I1
B.  /   
C. irrotational
D. compressible
[GATE-2012-XE]
C. 2 /  3  D.  /  4 
EG
24. In the following equations, u and v are the
[GATE-2011-XE]
velocities in the x- and y- directions,
20. If the density of a fluid changes from point
respectively and t is time. The flow field that
point in a flow region, the flow is called
CANNOT be termed as incompressible is.
A. steady flow B. unsteady flow
N

A. u  x3  xy 2 , v  y 3  yx 2
C. non-uniform flow D. compressible flow
B. u  10 xt , v  10 yt
[GATE-2011-AG]
1/7
21. Identify the visualization method that shows a C. u   y /   , v  0   constant 
PATHLINE in an unsteady flow, assuming that D. u  2 y , v  2 x
the camera covers the required field of view. [GATE-2012-XE]
A. A dye is continuously injected and a snap 25. If A is the area of circle of radius r enclosing a
shot is taken. plane forced vortex flow, with origin at the
B. A dye is continuously injected and a long- centre of thevortex and if  is the angular
exposure picture is taken. 
velocity,  is the vorticity, V is the velocity
C. A blob (or drop) of dye is injected and a
vector, then the circulation around the contour
snap shot is taken
of the circle is given by
-100
Fluid Mechanics

A. 2 A B. 2 A A. x 2  y 2 B. 2xy

C. 2VA D. 0 C. x 2  y 2 D. x  y
[GATE-2013-XE] [GATE-2013-XE]
26. An incompressible fluid at a pressure of 150 Common Data Questions 29 & 30:
kPa (absolute) flows steadily through a two- The velocity field within a laminar boundary
dimensional channel with a velocity of 5 m/s as layer is given by the expression:
shown in the Figure. The channel has a 90°  Bu y Bu y 2
V  3/2 iˆ  5/ 2 ˆj
bend. The fluid leaves the channel with a x 4x
pressure of 100 kPa (absolute) and linearly Where B  100 m1/2 and the free stream
varying velocity profile. is four time velocity u  0.1 m / s .
. The density of the fluid is 914.3 / .
29. Calculate the x-direction component of the
The velocity , in m/s, is
acceleration m / s 2 at the point x = 0.5 m and y
= 50 mm. _______

0
[GATE-2013-XE]
I1 30. Find the slope of the streamline passing
through the point x = 0.5 m and y = 50 mm.
________
EG
[GATE-2013-XE]
31. The and velocity components of a two-
A. 25 B. 2.5 dimensional flow field are,
C. 2.0 D. 4 = , = , where c is a constant.
N

[GATE-2013-XE] The streamlines are a family of

27. The velocity vector corresponding to a flow A. hyperbolas B. parabolas
fied is given, with usual notation, by C. ellipses D. circles

V  3xiˆ  4 xyjˆ . The magnitude of rotation at [GATE-2013-AE]
the point (2,2) in rad/s is 32. For an unsteady incompressible fluid flow, the
A. 0.75 B.1.33 velocity field is

C. 2 D. 4  
V  3x 2  3 tiˆ  6 xytjˆ,
[GATE-2013-XE]
where x, y is in meters and t is in seconds.
28. The stream function for a potential flow field is
Acceleration in m / s 2 at the point x = 10 m and
2 2
given by   x  y . The corresponding
y = 0, as measured by a stationary observer is.
potential function, assuming zero potential at A. 303 B.162
the origin, is C. 43 D. 13

- 101 -
Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-2014-XE] [GATE-2014-XE]
33. For an incompressible flow, the existence of 36. Velocity in a two-dimensional flow at a time t
components of acceleration for different types and location (x, y) is described at:

of flow is described in the table below. V  3t 2iˆ   x  1 ˆj . The equation for the path
Type of Flow
line of a particle passing through the point (1,
P. Steady and uniform
0) at t = 0 is.
Q. Steady and non-uniform
A. x 4  4 y 3  0
R. Unsteady and uniform
3
S. Unsteady and non-uniform B.  x  1  2 y 4  0

Components of Acceleration 4
C.  x  1  64 y 3  0
1. Local exists, convective does not exit 4
D.  x  1  16 y 3  0
2. Both exist
3. Both do not exist [GATE-2014-XE]
4. Local does not exist, convective exists. 37. Steady state incompressible flow through a

0
Which one of the following options connecting pipe network is shown in the figure. Inlets

A. − 1; − 4; − 3; − 2
I1
the left column with the right column is
correct?
marked as (1), (2) and (3) and exit marked as
(4), are shown with their respective diameters.
The exit flow rate at (4) is 0.1 m3 / s . A 20%
EG
B. − 4; − 1; − 2; − 3 increase in flow rate through (3) results in a
C. − 3; − 2; − 1; − 4 10% increase in flow rate through (4). The
D. − 3; − 4; − 1; − 2 original velocity through inlet (3) is ____ m/s.
[GATE-2014-XE]
N

34. Velocity in a two-dimensional flow field is

specified as: u  x 2 y; v   y 2 x . The magnitude
of the rate of angular deformation at a location
(x = 2m and y = 1m) is ____ s 1
[GATE-2014-XE]
35. For a plane irrotational flow, equi-potential
lines and streamlines are
[GATE-2014-XE]
A. parallel to each other.
38. Velocity potential for an incompressible fluid
B. at an angle of 900 to each other.
C. at an angle of 450 to each other.
 
flow is given as:   2 x 2  2 y  y 2 . Assume

the value of stream function at the origin to be

D. at an angle of 60 0 to each other.
zero. The value of stream function at
-102
Fluid Mechanics

[( , ) = (2, 2)] is _____ C. Only a path line

[GATE-2014-XE] D. Only a streak line
39. The streamlines of a potential line vortex is [GATE-2014-AE]
concentric circles with respect to the vortex 41. For a steady, incompressible two-dimensional
center as shown in figure. Velocity along these flow, represented in Cartesian co-ordinates
streamlines, outside the core of the vortex can ( , ), a student correctly writes the equation of

be written as, = , where strength of the pathline of any arbitrary particle as, =

vortex is and is radial direction. The value = , where and are constants

of circulation along the curve shown in the having unit of ( ) . If value of is 5,

figure is: the value of is ______
[GATE-2014-AE]
42. A two-dimensional velocity field is given by

 
V  10 y 3  x 2 y iˆ  2Cxy 2 ˆj , where iˆ and ĵ

0
are the unit vectors in the directions of the
I1 rectangular Cartesian coordinates x and y,
respectively. If the flow is incompressible, the
constant C should be.
EG
A. Γ B. −2Γ A. -10 B. 0
C. 2Γ D. 0 C. 5 D. 10
[GATE-2014-AE] [GATE-2015-XE]

40. To observe unsteady separated flow in a 43. Let V and T denote the velocity vector and
N

diverging channel, bubbles are injected at each temperature in a flow field. The rate of change
10 ms interval at point A as shown in figure. of temperature experienced by a fluid particle
These bubbles act as tracer particles and follow as it is passes trough the point  x1 , y1 , z1  at a
the flow faithfully. The curved line AB shown
time t1 is 2.50 C / s . The rate of change of
at any instant represents:
temperature at a time t1 at the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 )

is 4.80 C / s . The quantity ⃗ . ∇ at ( x1 , y1 , z1 )

and t1 in 0 C / s is _____

[GATE-2015-XE]
44. Consider a two-dimensional velocity field
A. Streamline, streak line and path line 
given by V   yiˆ   xjˆ , where iˆ and ĵ are the
B. Streamline and path line

- 103 -
Fluid Mechanics

unit vectors in the directions of the rectangular the magnitude of the normal forces exerted on
Cartesian coordinates x and y, respectively. A the plate, in N, is _____
fluid particle is located initially at the point (-1,
1). Its position after unit time is
A. (-2, -2) B. (1, -1)
C. (1, 1) D. (3, -1)
[GATE-2015-XE]
45. A fluid enters a control volume through an inlet
port (denoted with subscript ‘i’) and leaves
through two outlet ports (denoted with
subscripts ‘o, 1’ and ‘o, 2’) as shown in the
figure. The velocities may be assumed to be
uniform across the ports. The rate of change of
mass in the control volume in kg/s, at the

0
[GATE-2015-XE]
instant shown in the figure is ______ 47. Velocity vector in m/s for a 2-D flow is given
I1 in Cartesian coordinate (x, y) as ⃗ = (

̂). Symbols bear usual meaning. At a point

̂−
EG
in the flow field, the x- and y- components of
the acceleration vector are given as 1 / and
−0.5 / , respectively. The velocity
magnitude at that point is ______ m/s.
[GATE-2016-XE]
N

[GATE-2015-XE]
48. If ( , ) is velocity potential and Ψ( , ) is
46. A plane jet of water with volumetric flow rate
stream function for a 2-D, steady,
3
0.012 m / s and cross-sectional area
incompressible and irrotational flow, which on
4 2
6 10 m strikes a stationary plate inclined at of the followings is incorrect?
angle  and leaves as two streams, as shown in A. =−
the figure. The ratio of the discharge through
section 2 to that through section 3 is 3: 1. The B. + =0
velocities may be considered uniform across
C. =
the cross-sections and the effects of friction
may be neglected. The density of water is D. + =0
1000 kg / m3 . Ignoring the effects of gravity,
[GATE-2016-XE]
-104
Fluid Mechanics

49. A 2-D incompressible flow is defined by its 52. Velocity field of a 2-D steady flow is provided
velocity components in m/s as =− as ⃗ = ( − ) ̂−2 ̂. The equation of
the streamlines of this flow is.
and =− . If the value of the constant c
A. − =
is equal to 0.1 / , the numerical value of
vorticity at the point x = 1m and y = 2m is B. − =
_____ .
C. − =
[GATE-2016-XE]
50. Consider a fully developed, steady, D. − =

incompressible, 2-D, viscous channel flow with [GATE-2016-XE]

uniform suction and blowing velocity , as 53. In given flow field, the velocity vector in
shown in the figure given below. The centerline Cartesian coordinate system is given as:
velocity of the channel is 10 m/s along the x- ⃗=( + + ) ̂+( + + )̂
direction. If the value of at both the walls is +( − )

0
1 m/s, the value of y-component of velocity What is the volume dilation rate of the fluid at
inside the flow field is _____m/s.
I1 a point where x = 1, y = 2 and z = 3?
A. 6 B. 5
C. 10 D. 0
EG
[GATE-2017-XE]
54. A steady, incompressible, two-dimensional
velocity field in Cartesian coordinate system is
represented by the following expression.
⃗ = (0.7 + 0.4 ) ̂ + (1.2 − 0.4 ) ̂
N

The coordinates of the point (x, y) in the flow

[GATE-2016-XE]
field having “zero” velocity is,
51. A horizontal pipe is feeding water into a
A. (1.75, -3) B. (-1.75, 3)
reservoir from the top with time-dependent
C. (1.75, 3) D. (-1.75, -3)
volumetric flow-rate = 1 + 0.1 ×
[GATE-2017-XE]
where t is time in hours. The area of the base of 55. During an experiment, the position of a fluid
the reservoir is 0.5 . Assuming that initially particle is monitored by an instruement over a
the reservoir was empty, the height of the water time period of 10 s. The trace of the particle
level in the reservoir after 60 minutes is given by the following figure represents a
______m.
[GATE-2016-XE]

- 105 -
Fluid Mechanics

acceleration field ( ⃗) for this flow?

A. =0

B. ⃗ = ( ̂+ ̂)

A. streamline B. streakline C. ⃗ = ( ̂− ̂)
C. pathline D. timeline
D. = ( ̂+ ̂)
[GATE-2017-XE]
56. In a Cartesian two-dimensional coordinate [GATE-2017-XE]
system, u and v represent the velocities in x and 59. An idealized velocity fields is given by ⃗ =
y directions, respectively. For a certain flow, 4 ̂−2 ̂+4 . At point (-1, 1, 0) and
the velocity field is represented by the = 1, the magnitude of the material
following expression. acceleration vector of the fluid element is
⃗=( + ) ̂+( + )̂ _____
where, the coefficients a, b, c and d are [GATE-2017-AE]

0
constants. For an incompressible flow, which 60. In a two-dimensional, incompressible and
one of the following relations is TRUE? irrotational flow, stream function Ψ=
A. a + d = 0
C. b + d = 0
I1
B. a + c = 0
D. b + c = 0
Ψ( , ) and velocity potential
exist. The velocities in x and y directions are
= ( , )
EG
[GATE-2017-XE] non-zero. The product of
57. The stream function (Ψ) of a velocity field at
, is____
any location (x, y) is given as, Ψ = −
2 . What is the rate of rotation of a fluid A. -1 B. 0

element located at (x = 2, y = 2)? C. 1 D. ∞

N

[GATE-2018-XE]

A. 8 B. 10 61. If the stream function(Ψ( , )) for a two-

C. 12 D. 14 dimensional incompressible flow field is given

[GATE-2017-XE] as 2 ( − ), the corresponding velocity

58. The velocity field in Cartesian coordinate field is

system for a two-dimensional steady flow is A. ⃗ = 2( −3 ) ̂+4 ̂

given as: B. ⃗ = 2( −3 ) ̂−4 ̂
C. ⃗ = 2( ) ̂−4 1
⃗= ( ̂− ̂) D. ⃗ = 2( ) ̂+4 ̂
[GATE-2018-XE]
where, and L are constants. Which one of the
following expressions represents the
-106
Fluid Mechanics

62. If the velocity field is, ⃗ = ̂+4 ̂ / , 67. A two-dimensional velocity field in Cartesian

vorticity of the fluid element in the field at ( = coordinates is defined by = − . This

1, = 2) in in is ________ flow is

[GATE-2018-XE] A. Compressible and rotational

63. The velocity field in a two-dimensional, B. compressible and irrotational

C. incompressible and rotational
unsteady flow is given by ⃗( , , ) = 2 ̂+
D. incompressible and irrotational
3 / . The magnitude of acceleration of a
[GATE-2019-XE]
fluid particle located at
68. The velocity components in Cartesian
=1 , =1 at the time =1 , /
coordinates in a two-dimensional
is
incompressible flow are = cos( ) and
A. 16.0 B. 18.1
= sin( ). The magnitude of total
C. 24.1 D. 34.1
acceleration at the point (-1, 1) is
[GATE-2018-XE]
A. 0 B. 1

0
64. In a two-dimensional, incompressible and
irrotational flow, fluid velocity (v) in the y- C. D.
I1
direction is given by v = 2x-5y. The velocity (u)
in the x-direction is
[GATE-2019-XE]
69. ( , ) represents the velocity potential of a

A. u = 2x–5y B.u = 2x+5y two-dimensional flow with velocity field ⃗ =

EG
C. u = 5x+2y D. u = 5x-2y ( , ) ̂ + ( , ) ̂, where ̂ and ̂ are unit
[GATE-2018-XE] vectors along the and axes, respectively.
65. If = 2( − ) and =− represent the Which of the following is necessarily true?
− and −components of the two- A. ∇ =0
N

dimensional velocity filed of an incompressible B. ∇ × ⃗ = 0

flow, the value of the constant a is ________ C. ∇. ⃗ = 0
[GATE-2018-PI] D. =− / , = /
66. If and are the velocity components in the [GATE-2019-AE]
− and −directions respectively, the 70. A uniform approach flows is subjected to an
−component of vorticity at a point in a unsteady and periodic flapping plate as shown
flow field is in the Figure. Tracer is released to obtain flow
A. + B. − visualization lines, which are marked as ‘P’,
‘Q’ and ‘R’.
C. + D. −

[GATE-2019-XE]

- 107 -
Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-2020: XE]
73. The velocity field for a flow is ⃗ = 5 ̂ +
2 ̂+2 , where is time. Choose the
correct option representing the total
acceleration at ( , , , )
A. 5 ̂ + 2( + ) ̂ + 2( + )
B. 5 ̂ + (10 + 4 ) ̂ + (2 + 4 )
C. 5 ̂ + 2
D. 2 (2 +5 ) ̂+4
[GATE-2020: XE]
Choose the correct option that the line ‘R’ 74. The stream function of a flow field is Ψ =
represents
( − ) where is a constant which one
A. Streakline of the following represents the vorticity?

0
B. Streamline A. −2 B. 2 ( + 1)
C. Pathline C. 2 ( − 1) D. −2 ( + 1)
D. Timeline
I1[GATE-2020: XE]
[GATE-2020: XE]

75. An incompressible, steady flow with uniform

71. The volume flow between any two points not
EG
velocity condition at the inlet between parallel
lying on the same streamline in a flow field is
plates is shown in figure. The flow develops
equal to
into a parabolic laminar profile with =
A. Change in strain rate between the points
( − ) at the downstream end, where ‘a’
B. Change in vorticity between the points
N

is a constant. Assume unit depth of the plate.

C. Change in potential function between the
For = 7.5 / , =3 and the fluid
points
with density, = 800 /
D. Change in stream function between the The value of ‘a’ is _________
points
[GATE-2020: XE]
72. The potential function for a two dimensional
incompressible flow field is given as:

= −
3
[GATE-2020: XE]
Magnitude of the velocity vector at point (2,1)
is ______m/s

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 5 FLUID KINEMATICS

PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. The velocity components for a two- A. 1,2,3 and 4 B. 1 and 2
dimensional incompressible flow of a fluid are C. 3 and 4 D. 2,3 and 4
u = x – 4y and v = -y – 4x. It can be concluded 5. The realization of velocity potential in fluid
that flow indicates that the
A. the flow does not satisfy the continuity A. flow must be irrotational
equation B. circulation around any closed curve must
B. the flow is rotational have a finite value
C. the flow is irrotational C. flow is rotational and satisfies the continuity
D. none of the above equation
[ESE-ME-92] D. Vorticity must be non – zero
2. Which of the following equations are for a flow [ESE-ME-93]

0
field is given by ф = 0 and velocity is given 6. The continuity equation for a steady flow state
by V = ∇ ф, then
A. ∇ × ⃗ = 0
I1
B. ∇ × ⃗ = 1
⃗
that
A. velocity field is continuous at all points in
flow field
C. x ⃗=1 D. ( ⃗ × ) ⃗ =
EG
B. the velocity is tangential to the streamlines
[ESE-ME-92]
C. The stream function exists for steady flows
3. A two – dimensional fluid flow is described by
D. The efflux rate of mass through the control
the velocity components u = 5 , v = - 15 y.
surfaces is zero
The stream function will be
[ESE-ME-93]
N

A. 5 y B. 5 x
7. If two dimensional flows are specified as
C. 5 (x + y) D. 15 (x + y)
i) u = y, v = x and
[ESE-ME-92]
4. Which of the following equations are forms ii) u = x ,v= y

continuity equations? then it can be concluded that

(V is the velocity and ∀ is volume) A. both the flows are rotational

1. A1 = B. both the flows are irrotational

C. flow i) is rotational while flow
2. + =0
ii) is irrotational
3. ʃs . + ʃv ∀= 0 D. flow i) is irrotational while flow
( ) ii) is rotational.
4. + =0
[ESE-ME-94]
Select the correct answer using the codes below:
8. Consider the following statements: For a two –
Codes:
dimensional potential flow
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Fluid Mechanics

1) Laplace equation for stream function must v = velocity in the y – direction

be satisfied A two – dimensional flow in x-y plane is
2) Laplace equation for velocity potential must irrotational if
be satisfied A. = B. =
3) Streamlines and equipotential lines are
C. = D. =
mutually perpendicular
4) Stream function and potential function are
not interchangeable. [ESE-ME-95]

Which of the statements are correct? 12. In a two – dimensional flow, the velocity

A.1 and 4 B. 2 and 4 components is x and y directions in terms of

C. 1,2 and 3 D. 2,3 and 4 stream function (ψ)are.

[ESE-ME-94] A. u = ∂ ψ/∂x, v = ∂ ψ/∂y

9. The streamlines and the lines of constant B. u = ∂ ψ/∂y, v = ∂ ψ/∂x
velocity potential in an inviscid irrotational C. u = (-)∂ ψ/∂y, v = ∂ ψ/∂x

0
flow field form D. u = ∂ ψ/∂x, v = (-)∂ ψ/∂y
I1
A. Parallel grid lines place in accordance with [ESE-ME-95]

their magnitude. 13. Which of the possible irrotational flow

B. Intersecting grid net with arbitrary functions given below, the incorrect relation is
EG
orientation (where ψ = stream function and ф = velocity

C. An orthogonal grid system potential)?

D. None of the above A. ψ = xy

[ESE-ME-94] B. ψ = A ( − )
10. The differential form of continuity equation for C. ф= ur cos θ + / cos θ
N

two-dimensional flow of fluid may be written D. ф = ( − 2/ )sin θ

[ESE-ME-95]
in the following form ρ +ρ = 0 in which
14. The general form of expression for the
u and v are velocities in the x and y – direction
continuous equation in a Cartesian coordinate
and p is the density. This is valid
system for incompressible or compressible
A. for compressible, steady flow
flow is given by
B. for compressible, unsteady flow
A. + + =0
C. for incompressible, unsteady flow
( ) ( ) ( )
D. for incompressible, steady flow B. + + =0
[ESE-ME-94] ( ) ( ) ( )
C. + + + =0
11. Given that
( ) ( ) ( )
u = velocity in the x – direction D. + + + =1

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Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-ME-96] C. 7.5 cm/s D. 10.0 cm/s

15. The curl of a given velocity field [ESE-ME-98]

× ⃗ indicates the rate of 19. The area of a 2m long tapered duct decreases as

A. increase or decrease of flow at a point A = (0.5 – 0.2x) where ‘X’ is the distance in

B. twisting of the lines of flow meters. At a given instant a discharge of 0.5

C. deformation /s flowing in the duct and is found to

D. translation increase at a rate of 0.2 /s. The local

[ESE-ME-96] acceleration (in /s2) at x = 0 will be
16. In a two – dimensional flow in x – y plane, if A. 1.4 B. 1.0

= , then the fluid element wil undergo C. 0.4 D. 0.667

[ESE-ME-98]
A. translation only
20. Irrotational flow occurs when
B. translation and rotation
A. flow takes place in a duct of uniform cross
C. translation and deformation
– section at constant mass flow rate

0
D. rotation and deformation
B. streamlines are curved
[ESE-ME-96]
I1
17. For an irrotational flow, the velocity potential
lines and the streamlines are always
C. there is no net rotation of the fluid element
about its mass center
D. fluid element does not undergo any change
A. Parallel to each other
EG
in size or shape
B. Coplanar
[ESE-ME-98]
C. Orthogonal to each other
21. If the stream function is given by ψ = 3xy, then
D. inclined to the horizontal
the velocity at a point (2, 3) will be
[ESE-ME-97]
A. 7.21-unit B. 10.82 unit
N

18. A pipe flow system with flow direction is

C. 18-unit D. 54 unit
shown in figure below: The following gives the
[ESE-ME-98]
velocities and the corresponding areas:
22. Match List – I (Pipe flow) with List-II (Types
The value of is
Pipe No. Area (cm2) Velocity (cm/s)

1. 50 10

2. 50 V2

3. 80 5

4. 70 5

A. 2.5 cm/s B. 5.0cm/s

of acceleration) and select the correct answer:

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Fluid Mechanics

List – I A. u +v +w
A. Flow at constant rate passing through a bend
B. + +
B. Flow at constant rate passing through a
straight uniform diameter pipe C. u +u +u
C. Gradually changing flow through a bend
D. u +v +w
D. Gradually changing flow through a straight
[ESE-ME-01]
pipe
25. The stream function in a 2 – dimensional flow
List – II
field is given by ψ= xy. The potential function
1. Zero acceleration
is
2. Local and convective acceleration
3. Convective acceleration A. B.

4. Local acceleration C. xy D. y+ x
Codes: [ESE-ME-01]
A B C D 26. A streamline is a line

0
A. 3 1 2 4 A. Which is along path of the particle
B. 3
C. 1
D. 1
1
3
3
4
2
4
2
4
2
I1 B. which is always parallel to the main
direction of flow
C. along which there is no flow
EG
[ESE-ME-99] D. on which tangent drawn at any point gives
23. The pipe cross – sections and fluid flow rates the direction of velocity
are show in the figure below: [ESE-ME-02]
27. Assertion (A): Stream lines are drawn in the
flow field such that at a given instant of time
N

they are perpendicular to the direction of flow

at every point in the flow field.
Reason (R): Equation for a stream line in a
two-dimensional flow is given by
− =0

The velocity in the pipe labeled as (A. is) [ESE-ME-02]

A.1.5 m/s B.3 m/s 28. The velocity potential of a velocity field is

C. 15 m/s D.30 m/s given by ф = - + const. Its stream

[ESE-ME-99] function will be given by:

24. The convective acceleration of fluid in the x-

direction is given by A. – 2 xy + constant

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Fluid Mechanics

B. + 2 xy + constant 33. Which of the following functions represent the

C. – 2 xy + f(x) velocity potential in a two – dimensional flow
D. – 2 xy + f(y) of an ideal fluid?
[ESE-ME-02] 1. 2x + 3y
29. Which one of the following stream functions is 2. 4 -3
a possible irrotational flow field? 3. cos(x-y)
A. ψ = Y B. ψ = 2xy 4. ta (x/y)
C. ψ = A D. ψ = Ax + B Select the correct answer using given below:
[ESE-ME-03] A. 1 and 3 B. 1 and 4
30. The components of velocity in a two- C. 2 and 3 D. 2 and 4
dimensional frictionless incompressible flow [ESE-ME-04]
are u = + 3y and v = 3t + 3x. What is the 34. If for a flow, a stream function ψ exists and
approximate resultant total acceleration at the satisfies the Laplace equation, then which one
point (3,2) and t =2? of the following is the correct statement?

0
A. 5 B. 49 A. The continuity equation is satisfied and the
C. 59 D. 54I1 [ESE-ME-04]
31. Which one of the following statements is
flow is irrotational
B. The continuity equation is satisfied and the
flow is rotational
EG
correct? Irrotational flow is characterized as the C. The flow is irrotational but does not satisfy
one in which the continuity equation
A. the fluid flows along a straight line D. The flow is rotational
B. the fluid does not rotate as it moves along [ESE-ME-05]
C. the net rotation of fluid particles about their 35. Consider the following statements regarding a
N

mass centers remains zero path line in fluid flow:

D. the streamlines of flow are curved and 1. A path line is a line traced by a single
closely spaced particle over a time interval
[ESE-ME-04] 2. A path line shows the positions of the same
32. The steam function ψ = - is observed for particle at successive time instants
a two-dimensional flow field. What is the 3. A path line shows the instantaneous
magnitude of the velocity at point (1, -1)? positions of a number of particles, passing
A. 4.24 B. 2.83 through a common point, at some previous
C. 0 D. – 2.83 time instants
[ESE-ME-04] Which of these statements are correct?
A. 1 and 3 B. 1 and 2
C. 2 and 3only D. 1,2 and 3

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Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-ME-06] A. ψ = − B. ψ = A sin (xy)

36. For a steady two – dimensional flow, the scalar C. ψ = A D. ψ =Ax + B
components of the velocity field are = - 2x, [ESE-ME-07]
= 2y, = 0. What are the components of ф ф
41. The relation + = 0 for an irrotational
acceleration?
flow is known as which one of the following?
A. = 0, =0 B. = 4x, =0
A. Navier – Stokes equation
C. = 0, = 4y D. = 4x, = 4y
B. Laplace equation
[ESE-ME-06]
C. Reynolds equation
37. In a two – dimensional incompressible steady
D. Euler’s equation
flow, the velocity component u = is [ESE-ME-07]
obtained. What is the other component ‘v’ of 42. Match List – I (Condition) with List – II
velocity? (Regulating fact) and select the correct answer
A. v = B. v = using the codes given below the lists:

0
C. v = − y + f(x) D. v = − x = f(y) List – I
[ESE-ME-06] A. Existence of stream function
I1
38. For irrotational and incompressible flow, the
velocity potential and stream function are given
by ф and ψ, respectively. Which one of the
B. Existence of velocity potential
C. Absence of temporal variations
D. Constant velocity vector
EG
following sets is correct? List – II
A. ф = 0, ψ=0 1. Irrotationally of flow
B. ф ≠0, ψ=0 2. Continuity of flow
C. ф = 0, ψ≠0 3. Uniform flow
N

D. ф ≠0, ψ≠0 4. Steady flow

[ESE-ME-06] A B C D
39. Which one of the following is the correct A. 4 3 2 1
statements? B. 2 1 4 3
A. flow is steady C. 4 1 2 3
B. flow is uniform D. 2 3 4 1
C. flow velocities do not change steadily with [ESE-ME-07]
time 43. A velocity field is given by u = 3 xy and v =
D. flow is neither steady nor uniform
( − ). What is the relevant equation of a
[ESE-ME-07]
streamline?
40. Which one of the following stream functions ψ
is possible irrotational flow field? A. = B. =( )

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Fluid Mechanics

C. = D. =( A. − −2
)

44. A steady incompressible flow is given by: u = B. +2 −

2 + and v = - 4xy What is the convective
C. 3 + 2 −
acceleration along x – direction at point (1, 2)?
D. + 2 −
A. = 6-unit B. = 24 unit [GATE-ME-10]
C. = - 8-unit D. = - 24 unit 49. The velocity potential in a flow field is ф = 2xy.
[ESE-ME-08] The corresponding value of stream function is
45. The stream function in a flow field is given by
A. ( − ) + constant
ψ = 2xy. In the same flow field, what is the
B. ( − ) + constant
velocity at a point (2,1)?
C. ( − ) + constant
A. 4-unit B. 5.4 unit
D. 2 (x - y) +constant
C. 1.73-unit D. 4.47 unit
[ESE-ME-10]
[ESE-ME-08]
50. Stream and velocity potential functions for a

0
46. Assertion (A): The local acceleration is zero in
2D flow field given by u = 2x and v = - 2y are
a steady motion.
I1
Reason (R): The convective component arises
due to the fact that a fluid element experiences
A. ψ = 2xy, ф =
B. ψ = −
−
, ф = 2xy

different velocity at different locations. C. ψ = ,ф= +

EG
[ESE-ME-09] D. ψ = − ,ф=
47. Consider the following equations: [ESE-ME-10]

1. A1v1 = A2v2 51. The stream function in a two – dimensional

flow field is given by ψ = - . Then the
2. + =0
N

magnitude of velocity at point (1,1) is

3. ʃs . + (ʃv ) A. 2 B. 2√2
4. ( )+ ( )=0 C. 4 D. 8
[ESE-ME-10]
Which of the above equations are forms of
52. Consider the following:
continuity equations? (Where u, v are
The components of velocity u and v along X
velocities and V is volume)
and Y directions in a 2D flow problem of an
A. 1 only B. 1 and 2
incompressible fluid are
C. 2 and 3 D. 3 and 4
[ESE-ME-09] 1. u = cos y; v = -2x sin y

48. The velocity potential function is given by an 2. u = x + 2; v = 1 – y

. 3. u = xyt; v = - t/2
expression ∅ = - − + + .
4. u = In x + y; v = xy – y/x
The velocity component in x direction is

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Fluid Mechanics

Which of these will satisfy the continuity C. Vortex flow

equation? D. Unsteady pulsating flow
A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1,2 and 4 [ESE-ME-11]
C. 2,3 and 4 D. 1,2,3 and 4 57. Consider the following statements pertaining to
[ESE-ME-10] kinematics and dynamics of fluid flow:
53. The components of rotation for a three- 1. For ψ = − , velocity at (1, 1) is 2√2
dimensional flow field 2. For all of flow, stream and potential
V = (y2 + z2) ̂ + (x2 +y2) +(x2+y2) at (1,2,3) functions exist
are 3. Bernoulli’s equation is not valid for real
A. = −1rad/s, = 2rad/s, = - 1 rad/s fluid flow
B. = −1rad/s, = -1rad/s, = 2 rad/s Which of these statements are correct?

C. = −2rad/s, = -1rad/s, = -2 rad/s A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 2 only

D. = 2rad/s, = -2rad/s, = - 1 rad/s C. 2 and 3only D. 1 and 3

[ESE-ME-11]

0
[ESE-ME-10]
58. For an irrotational motion
54. Assertion (A): The velocity potential provides

components.
I1
an alternative means of expressing velocity
A. The fluid element does not undergo any
shear
B. The fluid particles do not undergo a circular
Reason (R): The existence of velocity potential
EG
motion
in a flow field ensures that the flow must be
C. The circulation around any path is zero
irrotational
[ESE-ME-10]
D. The viscosity may not be zero
[ESE-ME-12]
55. If flow conditions satisfy ‘Laplace equation’
59. A velocity potential function exists only for
N

then
A. steady flow B. uniform flow
A. Flow is rotational
C. Irrotational flow D. Compressible flow
B. Flow does not satisfy continuity equation
[ESE-ME-12]
C. Flow is irrotational but does not satisfy
60. A steady irrotational flow of an incompressible
continuity equation
fluid is called
D. Flow is irrotational and satisfy continuity
A. streamline flow
equation
B. creeping flow
[ESE-ME-11]
C. shear flow
56. The stream function of a two – dimensional
D. potential flow
flow is ψ = 2xy. The flow is
[ESE-ME-12]
A. Rotational
B. irrotational

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Fluid Mechanics

61. The streamline equation passing through the A. Intersect each other at various different
point (2, 3) will be (The two-dimensional flow angles forming irregular shaped nets
is given by u = a and v = a) B. Intersect each other orthogonally forming
A. x + y = 1 B. y = x + 1 curvilinear squares
C. 2x + y = 1 D. None of the above C. Indicate the direction but not magnitude of
[ESE-ME-13] vector
62. Consider the following statements about D. Indicate the direction and magnitude of
velocity potential: vector
1. Velocity potential is a vector function [ESE-ME-14]
similar to stream function. 66. Which one of the following statements is
2. It is a fully three-dimensional function and correct for the velocity potential?
not limited to two coordinates. A. Existence of velocity potential is an
3. Velocity potential does not exist at indication of irrotational nature of the flow
stagnation points. B. The velocity potential automatically

0
4. Velocity potential exists only if the flow is satisfies the continuity equation
Irrotational.

A. 1, 2 and 3
I1
Which of these statements are correct?
B. 1,2 and 4
C. Velocity potential can be defined only for
2- dimensional flow
D. All of the above
EG
C. 1,3 and 4 D. 2,3 and 4
[ESE-ME-13] 67.
63. The velocity potential function in a two-
dimensional flow field is given by ф = - .
The magnitude of velocity at point P (1, 1) is
N

A. zero B. 2
C. 2√2 D. 8
[ESE-ME-13]
In the above layout of piping, what is the
64. A2-D flow field is defined as ⃗ = ⃗ x - ⃗ y.
velocity in 200 mm diameter pipe?
The equation of streamline passing through the
A. 2.5 m/s B. 5.55 m/s
point (1,1) is
C. 7.25 m/s D. 9.56 m/s
A. xy-1 = 0 B. xy + 1 = 0
[ESE-ME-14]
C. xy + 2 = 0 D. xy – 2 = 0 68. A two-dimensional velocity field is given by
[ESE-ME-14]
=( − + ) – (2 − )
65. A flow net is a graphical representation of
The convective acceleration at ( , ) = (1,2)
streamlines and equi-potential lines such that
is
these lines

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Fluid Mechanics

A. 0 B. 14 units given by an expression = 2xy. The value of

C. 2 units D. None of the above velocity potential at P is
[ESE-ME-15] A. 3 B. 2.5
69. State whether following flow field is physically C. 4 D. 5
possible? [ESE-ME-15]
= 3 + 2 + 73. In a stream line steady flow, two points A and
= −2 − B on a stream line are 1 m apart and he flow
A. Possible for steady, incompressible flow velocity varies uniformly from 2 m/s to 5 m/s.
B. Possible for unsteady, incompressible flow What is the acceleration of fluid at B?
C. Possible for steady, compressible flow A. 2 m/s2 B. 6 m/s2
D. Not possible C. 9m/s2 D. 15 m/s2
[ESE-ME-15] [ESE-ME-15]
70. A steady incompressible flow field is given by 74. The stream function is given by = 3xy, then
u = 2x2 + y2 and v = 4xy. The convective the velocity at the point (2,3) is

0
acceleration along x- direction at point (1,2) is A. 9 B. -6
A. 6 units
C. -8 units
I1
B. 24 units
D. -24 units
71. Consider the following remarks pertaining
C. 117 D. 10.8
[ESE-ME-15]
75. Statement (I): Given a flow with velocity field
EG
To the irrotational flow: ⃗, × ⃗=0 if the flow is incompressible.
1. The Laplace equation of stream Function Statement (II): Given a flow with velocity

+ =0 must be satisfied for the field ⃗ , . ( × ⃗) = 0

[ESE-ME-16]
flow to be potential.
76. Uniform flow occurs when:
N

2. The Laplace equation for the velocity

A. At every point the velocity vector is
∅ ∅
Potential + must be satisfied to
identical in magnitude and direction at any
Fulfill the criterion of mass conservation given instance
i.e., continuity equation. B. The flow is steady
Which of the above statements is /are correct C. Discharge through a pipe is constant
A. 1 only B. Both 1 and 2 D. Conditions do not change with at any time
C. 2 only D. Neither 1 nor 2 [ESE-ME-16]
[ESE-ME-15] 77. For a steady two-dimensional flow, the scalar
72. In a two-dimensional incompressible fluid flow components of the velocity field are Vx = 2x, Vy
field, the stream function at a point P (2,1) is = 2y and Vz = 0. The corresponding
components of acceleration ax and ay

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Fluid Mechanics

respectively are: position vector = + 2 − 3 at time = 2 will

A. 0 and 4y B. 4x and 0 be
C. 0 and 0 D. 4x and 4y A. 19 + 12 B. 21 − 12
[ESE-ME-16] C. 19 + 22 D. 21 + 22
78. A two – dimensional flow filed is defined as [ESE-ME-19]
= ̅ − ̅ . The equation of the stream-line 82. A flow field satisfying ∆. ⃗ = 0 as the continuity
passing through the point (1,2) is equation represents always
A. + 2 =0 B. +2=0 A. a steady compressible flow
C. xy -2 = 0 D. −2=0 B. an incompressible flow
[ESE-ME-17] C. an unsteady and incompressible flow
79. If a workpiece is moved by 50 mm in 10 s by a D. an unsteady and compressible flow
piston of diameter 100 mm, the hydraulic liquid [ESE-ME-19]
flow rate is nearly 83. A curve that is everywhere tangent to the
A. 3.00 × 10 /

0
instantaneous local velocity vector, is
B. 3.93 × 10 / A. Streak line B. Path line
C. 4.74 × 10
D. 5.00 × 10
/
/
I1 [ESE-ME-18]
C. Normal line D. Streamline
[ESE-ME-20]
84. Which of the following characteristics
EG
80. Statement I: When flow is unsteady, both regarding fluid kinematics is/are correct?
normal and tangential components of 1. Streamline represents an imaginary curve in
acceleration will occur. the flow field so that the tangent to the curve at
Statement II: During unsteady flow, in any point represents the direction of
addition to the change of velocity along the
N

instantaneous velocity at that point.

path, the velocity will also change with time. 2. Path lines, streamlines and streak lines are
[ESE-ME-18]
identical in steady flow.
81. The stream function for a flow field is Ψ = 3 2 A. 1 only B. 2 only
+ (2 + ) 2. The velocity at a point P for C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
[ESE-ME-20]

PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. Match List-I with List-II select the correct c. Path lines
answer using the codes given below the lists: d. Equipotential lines
List-I List-II
a. Stream lines 1. Tracing of motion of any fluid particle
b. Streak line 2. Tracing of motion of different fluid particles

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Fluid Mechanics

3. Identification of location of number of fluid A. both A and R are true and R is the correct
particles explanation of A
4. Orthogonal to streak lines B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
5. Location of equal piezo metric heads explanation of A
Codes: C. A is true but R is false
A B C D D. A is false but R is true
A. 2 3 4 5 [ESE-CE-96]
B. 3 2 1 4 5. Given =3 and = ( − ), the
C. 1 2 4 3 discharge passing between the streamlines
D. 2 3 1 5 through the points (1, 3) and (3, 3) is
[ESE-CE-95]
A. 2 units B. 4 units
2. The stream function for a two-dimensional
C. 8 units D. 12 units
flow is given by = 2xy. The velocity at (2, 2) [ESE-CE-96]
is

0
6. In a parallel two-dimensional flow in the
A. 4√2 B. 4 positive x-direction, the velocity varies linearly
C. 2√2 I1
D. √2
[ESE-CE-95]
3. Consider the following parameters related to
from zero at y = 0 to 75 m/sec at y = 1 m. The
expression for w is given by
A. 22.5y2 B. 30.0y2
EG
fluid flow: C. 37.5y2 D. 45.0y2
1. Vorticity [ESE-CE-96]
2. Velocity potential 7. Which of the following conditions will be
3. Stream function satisfied by steady irrotational flow?
N

Among these, those which exist both 1. + =0

irrotational flows and irrotational flows should
2. + =0
include
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 3. + =0
C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2 and 3
Select the correct answer using the codes given
[ESE-CE-95]
below:
4. Assertion (A): = 14.14y – 10x represents
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3
uniform flow at an angle of 45° to the X-axis
C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2 and 3
with a velocity of 24.14 units along the X-axis.
[ESE-CE-97]
Reason (R): The velocity component is 8. Assertion (A): The following potential
derivable from the appropriate sum of the function in two-dimensional flow field
partial derivatives. represents irrotational flow = 2x2 - 3y2
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Fluid Mechanics

Reason (R): For the given function discharge between points (1, 1) and (2, 2) is

+ =0 equal to
A. 9 units B. 8 units
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct
C. 7 units D. 6 units
explanation of A
[ESE-CE-00]
B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
13. The stream function for a two-dimensional
explanation of A
flow is given by = 2xy. The resultant velocity
C. A is true but R is false
at a point P (2, 3) is
D. A is false but R is true
A. 8.45 units/s B. 7.21 units/s
[ESE-CE-98]
C. 6.44 units/s D. 5.18 units/s
9. In steady flow of a compressible fluid through
[ESE-CE-03]
a pipe, the density, area and velocity at a
14. Consider the following parameters related to
particular section are 1.5 kg/m3, 0.5 m2 and 3
fluid flow:
m/s, respectively. At another section the
1. Vorticity

0
density and area are 0.75 kg/m3 and 1.0 m2
2. Velocity potential
respectively. What is the velocity at this
section?
A. 1.5 m/s
I1
B. 3.0 m/s
3. Stream function
Which of these parameters exist both in
rotational and irrotational flows?
C. 4.5 m/s D. 6.0 m/s
EG
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3
[ESE-CE-98]
C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2 and 3
10. Which one of the following can be a set of
[ESE-CE-03]
velocity components of a two-dimensional
15. Consider the following statements related to
flow?
concept of continuity equation and the concept
N

A. u = x + y and v = x2 + y2
of control volume in deriving the equation:
B. u = x + y and v = x – y
1. Continuity equation relates velocity
C. u = x y and v =
component and density of the fluid at a
D. u = x2 + y2and v = x2 - y2 point in a fluid flow.
[ESE-CE-99] 2. Continuity equation assumes that no void
11. For stream function = 3x2 - y3, the magnitude occurs in the fluid and fluid mass is neither
of velocity at the point (2, 1) is created nor destroyed.
A. 12.37 B. 12 3. The shape of control volume for deriving the
C. 13 D. 13.5 equation of continuity is assumed to be a
[ESE-CE-99]
parallelepiped.
12. A two-dimensional flow is described by
velocity components u = 2x and v= -2y. The

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Fluid Mechanics

4. For incompressible fluids the equation of 2. Rotation of the fluid is always associated
continuity does not contain the viscosity with shear stress.
terms. Which of these statements is/are correct?
Which of these statements are correct? A. 1 only B. 2 only
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 B. 1 and 2 C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
C. 2, 3 and 4 D. 1 and 4 [ESE-CE-08]
[ESE-CE-03] 19. Consider the following statements in respect of
16. Match List – I (Format of representation) with two-dimensional incompressible flow with
List -II (Context/Relevant to) and select the velocity components u and v in x and y
correct answer using the codes given below the directions respectively:
lists: 1. The continuity equation is =
List – I
2. The acceleration in x-direction is
A. + B. −
ax = + +

0
C. u +v D.
3. The condition of irrotationality is =
List – II I1 4. The equation of a streamline is udy = -vdx
1. Relevant to a velocity potential
Which of these statements are correct?
2. Rate of rotation about a relevant axis
A. 2 and 3 only B. 1 and 2 only
EG
3. Pressure gradient in a relevant direction
C. 1, 2 and 3 D. 3 and 4
4. Continuity of flow
[ESE-CE-09]
Codes:
20. Consider the following statements:
a b c d
1. A streamline is an imaginary line within the
A. 3 2 4 1
N

flow for which the normal at any point

B. 4 1 3 2
relates to the acceleration at that point.
C. 3 1 4 2
2. Convective acceleration is the change in
D. 4 2 3 1
velocity with respect to distance only.
17. If the stream function = 3x2 - y3, what is the
3. Temporal acceleration expresses variation
magnitude of velocity at point (2, 2)?
of velocity with respect to time only.
A. 9 B. 13
4. Both convective acceleration and temporal
C. 15 D. 17
acceleration can coexist.
[ESE-CE-07]
Which of these statements are correct related to
18. Consider the following statements:
fluid kinematics?
1. Fluids of low viscosity are all irrotational.
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 B. 1, 2 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only D. 2, 3 and 4 only

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Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-CE-10] 25. The velocity of water at the outer edge of a

21. Consider the following statements: 60cm diameter whirlpool, where the water
1. There is no flow across a streamline. level is horizontal is 2.5 m/s. The velocity of
2. Streamline spacing varies directly with water at a level where the diameter of the
velocity at the section. whirlpool is 15cm, is
3. Streamlines do not cross. A. 1 m/s B. 5 m/s
4. In steady flow, streamline pattern does not C. 8 m/s D. 10 m/s
change with time. [ESE-CE-16]
Which of these statements in respect of stream 26. A fluid flow field is given by
flow pattern are correct? U = 2xyi + yzj - 2 +
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 B. 1 and 2 only
1. The flow is viscous
C. 1, 3 and 4 only D. 2, 3 and 4 only
2. The flow is steady
[ESE-CE-11]
3. The flow is incompressible
22. X-component of velocity in a two-dimensional

0
4. The magnitude of the total velocity vector at
incompressible flow is given by u = 2y2 + 6xy.
a point (1, 4, 3) is nearest to 27 units.
If the Y-component of velocity v is zero at y=
I1 Which of the above statements are correct?
0, the expression for Y-component of velocity
A. 1 and 3 B. 1 and 4
is given by
C. 2 and 3 D. 2 and 4
EG
A. v = 3y2 + f(y) B. v = 3y2 + f(x)
[ESE-CE-17]
C. v = -3y2 + f(y) D. v = -3y2 + f(x)
27. A steady, two-dimensional, incompressible
[ESE-CE-13]
flow field is represented by u = x+3y+3 and v=
23. In a two-dimensional flow, with its stream
2x-y-8 in this flow field. The stagnation point
function = 2xy, the velocity at a point (3, 4)
N

is
is
A. (3,2) B. (-3,2)
A. 12.0 units B. 10.0 units
C. (-3, -2) D. (3, -2)
C. 8.0 units D. 6.0 units
[ESE-CE-18]
[ESE-CE-16]
28. If the energy present in a jet of water of 20 cm
24. A fluid flow is described by a velocity fluid
diameter and having a velocity of 25 m/s could
= 4x2i- 5x2yj +1k.
be extracted by a device with 90 % efficiency,
What is the absolute velocity (in magnitude) at
the power extracted would be nearly.
the point (2, 2, 1)?
(taking = 0. 051 )
A. √1802 B. √1828
C. √1840 D. √1857 A. 180 kW B. 225 kW

[ESE-CE-16] C. 260 kW D. 300 kW

[ESE-CE-18]

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Fluid Mechanics

29. Which one of the following is the use of flow C. To determine the viscosity for given
net analysis in fluid mechanics? boundaries of flow
A. To determine the streamlines and D. To design the hydraulic structure
equipotential lines [ESE-CE-20]
B. To determine downward lift pressure above
hydraulic structure
PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS
1. In a two-dimensional flow,where u is the x- . . ⃗+ =0 B. . ⃗ + =0
component and v is the y-component of
C. . ⃗ = 0 D. . ⃗ = 0
velocity. The equation of streamline is given by
[CSE-ME-00]
A. udx-vdy=0 B. vdx-udy=0 5. Consider the following statements:
C. uv dx dy = 0 D. udx-vdy=0 1. Steak line indicates instantaneous position of
[CSE-ME-98]
particles of fluid passing through a point.
2. The continuity equation + + = 0 is valid

0
2. Streamlines are paths traced by a fluid
only for particle with constant velocity.
A. Ideal fluid flow
I1
B. Incompressible fluid whether the flow is
3. Fluid particles cannot cross streamlines
irrespective of the type of flow.
steady or not 4. Streamlines converge as the fluid is
EG
C. Steady flow, whether it is compressible or accelerated, and diverge when retarded.
not Which of these statements are correct?
D. Steady flow and compressible fluids A. 1 and 4 B. 1,3 and 4
[CSE-ME-98] C. 1,2 and 4 D. 2 and 3
N

3. The continuity equation for 3 dimensional flow 6. The velocity potenial function in a two
+ + = 0 is applicable to (symbols have dimensional flow fluid is given by ∅ = − .
The magnitude of velocity at the point(1.1) is
usual meanings)
A. 2 B. 4
A. Steady flow
B. Uniform flow C. 2√2 D. 4√2
[CSE-ME-02]
C. Ideal fluid flow
7. Consider the following statements:
D. Ideal as well as viscous fluid flow
1. For stream function to exist, the flow should
[CSE-ME-99]
4. Which one of the following equations be irrotational

represents the continuity equation for steady 2. Potential functions are possible even though

compressible fluid flow? continuity is not satisfied

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Fluid Mechanics

3. Streamlines diverge where the flow is C. − =0 D. − =0

accelerated
[CSE-ME-03]
4. Bernoullis’ equation will be satisfied for
11. Which one of the following statements is
flow across a cross-section.
correct? A steady flow of diverging straight
Which of the above statements are correct?
straight stream lines
A. 1,2,3 and 4 B. 1,3 and 4
A. Is a uniform flow with local acceleration
C. 3 and 4 D. 2 only
B. Has convective normal acceleration
8. Consider the following statements for a two
C. Has convective tangential accleration
dimensional potential flow:
D. Has both convective normal and tangential
1. Laplace equation for stream function must
accelerations
be satisfied
[CSE-ME-04]
2. Laplace equation for velocity poential must 12. Which one of the following is the expression of
be satisfied the rotational component for a two-dimensional
3. Streamlines and equipotential lines are

0
fluid element in x-y plane?
mutually perpendicular
A. = −

high speed flows

I1
4. Streamlines can intersect each other in very

Which of the above statements are correct?

B. = +

C. = −
EG
A. 1 and 4 B. 2 and 4
C. 1,2 and 3 D. 2,3 and 4 D. = +

[CSE-ME-02] [CSE-ME-04]
9. For two-dimensional fluid element in x-y plane 13. Which one of the following is satisfied if the
the rotational component is given by flow is irrotational for a two-dimensional fluid
N

A. = − element in the x-y plane?

A. = B. =−
B. = −
C. = D. =−
C. = −
[CSE-ME-04]
D. = −
14. In a two-dimensional fluid flow, u = 6x+xy.
[CSE-ME-03] Which one of the following gives the
10. Which of the following relations must hold for component of the velocity to satisfy the
an irrotational two-dimensional flow in the x-y continuity equation?
plane? A. 6x+xy B. 6+xy
A. − =0 B. − =0 C. –(6y+xy) D. - 6 +
[CSE-ME-05]

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Fluid Mechanics

15. If u = ax and v = - ay give the velocity V = (3x+2y)I + (2z+3x2)j+(2t-3z)k.

distribution for a two-dimensional flow,what is What is the velocity at time t = 2s at (0,0,2)?
the equation of a stream line passing through A. 2.25 unit/s B. 3.25 units/s
the point (3,1)? C. 4.01 units/s D. 4.47 units/s
A. xy=3 B. x+y = 4 [CSE-ME-09]
C. x+3y = 6 D. x2y = 9 19. For an irroatational flow the equation is
[CSE-ME-05] ∅
+ =0
16. If ⃗ is velocity vector of fluid, then ∆. ⃗ = 0 is
What is the name of the equation ?
strictly true for which of the following?
A. Bernoulli’s equation
A. Steady and incompressible flow
B. Reynolds equation
B. Steady and irrotational flow
C. Cauchy Riemanns’ equation
C. Inviscid flow irrespective of stadiness
D. Laplace equation
D. Incomressible flow irrespective of
[CSE-ME-09]
steadiness

0
20. Which of the following repreents a possible
[CSE-ME-07]
two-dimensional incompressible flow?

correct?
I1
17. Which one of the following statements is

The continuity equation for flow of a fluid

A. u = 5x3 + y2; v = -15x2y + 30
B. u = 4x+y3 ; v = x2-y
C. u = x2 + y; v = 4xy+10
EG
A. Relates to mass rate of flow along stream
D. u = xt2 ; v = -xyt+y2
lines
[CSE-ME-10]
B. Expresses the relation between energy and
21. The existence of velocity potential in fluid flow
work
indicates that the
C. Relates to the momentum per unit volume
N

A. Vorticity must be zero

for two points on a stream line
B. Vorticity must be non-zero
D. Requires that Newton’s second law of
C. Flow is rotational
motion be satisfied at every point in fluid
D. Flow should accelerate
[CSE-ME-08]
[CSE-ME-10]
18. The velocity field in a fluid is given by

PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. Flow net is drawn for two-dimensional another location in the stream tube is 0.5 cm.
converging boundary. The velocity of uniform The velocity at this point is:
flow at approach is 1.2 m/s. The size of the A. 1.44 m/s B. 2.4 m/s
square is 1.2 cm side. The size of the square at C. 2.88 m/s D. 3.4 m/s

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Fluid Mechanics

[CSE–CE–94] of them lie along the directions of velocity

2. In a two-dimensional incompressible flow, if vectors of fluid particle at those segments.
the fluid velocity components are given by =
[CSE–CE–95]
–4 , = −4 , then stream function y is
given by: 6. Given the x-component of the velocity =

A. x2 - xy + 2y2 B. 2x2 - 2xy + y2 6 − 2 , the y-component of the flow

C. 2x2 + xy - 2y2 D. 2x2 - xy + 2y2 velocity is given by:
[CSE–CE–95] A. 6 − 4 B. − 6 + 2
3. Which of the following equations will be C. 6 − 2 D. 4 − 3
satisfied by irrotational flow of an [CSE–CE–95]
incompressible fluid? 7. Consider the following statements relating to
u v w fluid dynamics:
1.   0
x y z 1. Momentum equation contains only vector
u v v w w y quantities.

0
2.      0
y x z x y z 2. Energy equation involves scalar quantities
 2u  2v  2 w I1 only.
3.   0
x2 y2 z 2 3. Irrotational flow occurs in a real fluid
v u u w v w 4. In uniform flow, there is no variation of
4.  ,  , 
EG
x y z x z y velocity, at a given time, with respect to
Select the correct answer from the codes given distance.
below: Of these statements
A. 3 and 4 B. 1 and 2 A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
C. 1 and 3 D. 1 and 4 B. 2, 3 and 4 are correct
N

[CSE–CE–95] C. 1, 2 and 4 are correct

4. The velocity components representing the D. 1, 3 and 4 are correct
irrotational flow is: [CSE–CE–96]
A. u = x + y, v = 2x -y 8. If the stream function is =2 , then the
B. u = 2x + 3y, v = -2y2 + x velocity at a point (1, 2) is equal to:
C. u = x2, v = - 2xy A. 2 B. 4
D. u = -2x, v = 2y C. √20 D. 16
[CSE–CE–95] [CSE–CE–96]
5. Assertion (A): There is no flow in the direction 9. Assertion (A): Irrotational flow exists when
perpendicular to a stream line at any point on it. the net rotation of the fluid about its mass centre
Reason (R): Stream line consists of a number is zero.
of infinitesimally small segments, such that all

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Fluid Mechanics

Reason (R): There is always a possibility of C. u = ,v= D. u = -9; v = -9

rotation in ideal fluid and therefore ideal fluids
[CSE–CE–98]
cannot have irrotational flow.
14. Consider the following statements:
[CSE–CE–96]
1. Velocity potential is a scalar quantity
10. A velocity field with no components in the y
dependent upon space and time.
and z direction is given by:
2. Velocity potential provides an alternate
= 6 + 2 + .
means of expressing velocity components.
The acceleration along the x-direction at a point
3. Stream function is applicable to two-
(3, 1, 2), at time 2, is:
dimensional cases only.
A. 8 units B. 16 units
4. Partial derivation of stream function with
C. 28 units D. 36 units
respect to any direction gives velocity
[CSE–CE–97]
component in that direction.
11. The acceleration components of a fluid particle
Of these statements:
are denoted as:

0
A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
1. local tangential acceleration.
B. 1, 3 and 4 are correct

3. local normal acceleration.

4. convective normal acceleration.
I1
2. convective tangential acceleration
C. 1, 2 and 4 are correct
D. 2, 3 and 4 are correct
[CSE–CE–98]
EG
In a curved nozzle fitted to the end of a straight
pipeline carrying water under variable head, the 15. Consider the following statements:

acceleration components that are present would 1. In a source, equipotential lines are circles.

include. 2. Flow net is a representation of 2-dimensional

A. 1 and 2 B. 3 and 4 irrotational flow of incompressible fluid.

N

C. 1, 2 and 4 D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 3. Boundaries act as limiting equipotential lines

[CSE–CE–97] in a flow net.

12. Vorticity in the z-direction is given by: 4. In uniform flow region, streamlines will be

 u v   u v  parallel and equidistant.

A.    B.   
 x y   x y  Of these statements:
A. 1, 2 and 3 correct
 v u   v u 
C.    D.    B. 1, 2 and 4 are correct
 x y   x y 
C. 2, 3 and 4 are correct
[CSE–CE–97]
D. 1, 3 and 4 are correct
13. If = 3 the and components of velocity
[CSE–CE–98]
at the point (1, 3) will be:
16. Which one of the following represents two-
A. u = -9; v = -3 B. u = - 3y; v = -3x
dimensional rotational flow?
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Fluid Mechanics

A. u = x; v = -y Codes:
B. u = 3x2 – 3y2; v = -6xy A. 1, 3 and 4 B. 1, 2 and 4
C. u = y; v = x C. 2, 3 and 4 D. 1, 2 and 3
D. u = x2y; v=-xy2 [CSE–CE–01]
[CSE–CE–99] 20. A very large and open reservoir feeds into a
17. The velocity components in a 2-D flow for an horizontally laid pipe which discharges into the
incompressible fluid are given by the atmosphere at its outfall. All losses other than
equations: by friction are to be neglected. Due to some
unforeseen reason, an orifice-like opening
u = 2xy, v = a2 + x2 + y2
occurs at the mid-length of the pipe whereby
The flow: 10% of the then-inflowing discharge from the

A. satisfies irrotationality condition and the reservoir is lost at this opening. The reduction

continuity equation in the then-available discharge at the outfall

end is, nearly:

0
B. satisfies irrotationality condition but not the
continuity equation A. 3.2% B. 5.4%
I1
C. does not satisfy the irrotationality condition
but satisfies the continuity equation
C. 7.5% D. 9%
[CSE–CE–01]
21. The given table shows the specific energy of
D. does not satisfy either the irrotationality
EG
flow. E at various stages of flow, d, both d and
condition or the continuity equation.
E are in metres.
[CSE–CE–99]
18. Stream function = uy -vx represents the: d E

A. free vortex motion 0.2 5.29

N

B. uniform flow parallel to x-axis 0.4 1.67

C. uniform flow parallel to y-axis 0.6 1.17
D. uniform flow inclined to x-axis 0.7 1.14
[CSE–CE–00] 0.74 1.11
19. Which of the following represents possible 0.8 1.12
flow fields? 1.0 1.2
1. u = 4x3 and v = - 12 x2y 1.2 1.34
2. u = log xy and v = 1.4 1.5
3. u = y2 and v = -x 1.6 1.6
4. u = 2xy and v = -y2 1.8 1.86
Select the correct answer using the codes given 2.0 2.05
below:

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Fluid Mechanics

The unit discharge in this case can be inferred as . = ( − )+( − ): This is not a
nearly:
possible case of flow
A. 1.25 m2/s B. 1.62 m2/s
C. 1.94 m2/s D. 2.08 m2/s . = (5 − 6 ): velocity at any point
[CSE–CE–01]
depends on its coordinates
22. Assertion(A): = y4– 6x2y2 is not the valid
velocity potential function of a 2-dimensional . =( − ): Streamlines are rectangular
flow field.
hyperbola
Reason(R): The function does not satisfy [CSE–CE–03]
equation of continuity and condition of 27. While measurement the discharge in a stream it
irrotationality. was found that the depth of flow increased at
[CSE–CE–02] the rate of 90 mm per hour when the discharge
23. Assertion (A): A streamline may be considered
at the section was 20 m3/s with a surface width
as a solid boundary.

0
of 25 m. The discharge at a section 800 m
Reason (R): Streamlines are not always the
upstream at the same time would have been:
streak lines also.

24. Assertion (A): A stream function

I1 [CSE–CE–03]
A. 18.5 m3/s
C. 20.5 m3/s
B. 19.5 m3/s
D. 21.5 m3/s
[CSE–CE–03]
EG
= {(-2/3) x3y2}- {(3/2) x2y3}
28. A steady three-dimensional flow field is
represents a 2-D rotational flow field. described by a velocity vector as:
Reason (R): The function satisfies continuity ⃗ = (2 + 3 ) + (−2 +3 +3 )
equation, and vorticity is zero.
+ (−3 /2 − 2 +9 )
C[CSE–CE–03]
N

Magnitude of velocity at point (1, -2, 1) is equal

25. A fluid (sp . gr. = 0.9, = 1.2 Pa s) flows in a
to
laminar state between two stationary parallel
A. 2.5 B. 41.8
plates set 3 cm apart. If the steady discharge is
C. 62.5 D. 1748.25
600 cm3/ per cm width of plates, the shear stress
[CSE–CE–04]
at distance 1 cm from either boundary is:
29. Acceleration in the normal direction to a stream
A. 160 Pa B. 320 Pa
line is represented by (symbols have usual
C. 480 Pa D. 640 Pa
meanings)
[CSE–CE–03]
26. Which one of the following is correctly A. + B. +

matched? C. + D. +
. = (2 − 1): Velocity at (3, 4) is √85 [CSE–CE–04]

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Fluid Mechanics

30. The stream function of a particular flow is 34. In a three-dimensional incompressible flow, the
given by = Inr where r = + velocity component in the x and y directions are
u = 2x2+ z2 + 6 and v = y2 + 2z2 + 7. What is
represents the radial distance from the origin
the velocity component in the z-direction?
(which is x = y = 0). The velocity components
A. 2xz + 2yz + f(x, y)
for this flow in polar coordinates (r, ) are
B. 2zy + 4yz + f(x, y)
A. and - B. 0 and -
C. 4xz + 2yz + f(x, y)
C. 0 and - D. r and - D. -4xz – 2yz + f(x, y)
[CSE–CE–04] [CSE–CE–07]
31. Consider the following statements in respect of 35. If the velocity potential ɸ =4xy, what are the x
a steady two-dimensional rotational flow: and y components of velocity at the point (1,4)?
1. Continuity is satisfied and streamlines can A. u = - 16, v =- 4 B. u = -4, v = - 16
be drawn. C. u = 16, v = -4 D. u = 16, v = 16
2. Both stream function and velocity potential [CSE–CE–07]

0
function exist. 36. In a two-dimensional incompressible flow, the
I1
Which of the statements given above is/are fluid velocity components are given by?
correct? u = 2x – 3y and v = -3x – 2y with a velocity
A. 1 only B. 2 only potential. What is its velocity potential?
EG
C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 A. x2-6xy-2y2
[CSE–CE–05] B. 2x2 + 3y2 – 2xy
32. The velocity vector for a steady three- C. x2 – 3xy – y2
dimensional flow field is described as: D. –x2 + 3xy + y2
⃗= + +( −2 ) [CSE–CE–08]
N

At point (1, 2, 3), what is the approximate value 37. A Steady 2-dimensional flow field has stream

of the magnitude of the velocity? function, = y2 – x2 + 3xy. What is the

A. 21 B. 18 approximate magnitude of velocity at point

C. 10 D. 4 (1,2)?
[CSE–CE–06] A. 4 B. 7
33. A given two-dimensional flow is continuous C. 8 D. 11
and irrotational. The velocity component u is [CSE–CE–08]

given by u = 8xy. Which one of the following 38. A steady 2-dimensional flow field velocity

expression is v-component? vector is described by the function

A. 4x2 + 4y2 B. 4y2 – 4x2 ⃗ = (ax – by) ̅ + (-cx + 3dy) ̅ ; where a, b, c,

C. 4x2 - 4y2 D. 4x2y - 4y2x d are constants.

[CSE–CE–07]

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Fluid Mechanics

What is the condition for this flow field to be c. Streak lines

irrotational? d. Equipotential lines
A. a = -1.5 d B. a = 1.5 d List-II (Statement)
C. b = - c D. b = c 1. Along which the liquid will rise to same
[CSE–CE–08] height in piezometric tubes at different
39. For a two-dimensional stream function given points.
by = 4xy, what is the velocity potential? 2. Paths followed by different people after
A. Non-existing B. 2x2 – coming out of the door of a cinema hall.

C. 2x2 – 2y2 D. x2/y2 3. Traces of headlights of highway cars

[CSE–CE–08] recorded by flash of a camera at night.

40. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct 4. Paths followed by individual paper boats

answer using the code given below the lists: floated by children in a moving stream.

List-I (Line) a b c d
A. 1 4 2 3

0
a. Streamline
b. Streak line B. 3 4 2 1

c. Path lined.
d. Equipotential line
I1 C.
D.
1
3
2
2
4
4
3
1
[CSE–CE–09]
List-II (Description)
EG
1. Trajectory of a colored dye in fluid 42. If velocity field = ax ̅ - ay ̅ in which x, y are

2. Phreatic line in a homogeneous earth dam in m and a = 0.1 s-1, what is the nature of the

3. Upstream face of a homogeneous earth dam streamlines for the above velocity field?

4. Trajectory of a paper boat floating on A. Parallel lines

B. Concentric circles
N

moving water
a b c d C. Rectangular hyperbola

A. 4 3 2 1 D. Ellipse

B. 2 1 4 3 [CSE–CE–09]
43. Consider the stream function = 2xy; what is
C. 4 1 2 3
D. 2 3 4 1 the velocity at (3, 4)?

[CSE–CE–08] A. 1.0 m/s B. 8.0 m/s

41. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct C. 10.0 m/s D. 12.0 m/s

answer using the code given below the Lists: [CSE–CE–09]

List-I (Line) 44. Which one of the following will make a flow

a. Streamlines rotational?

b. path lines

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Fluid Mechanics

A. The flow takes place along curved velocity at the first section is 1 m/s. what would
streamlines be the velocity at the second section?
B. The fluid elements have a net rotation along A. 1.0 m/s B. 2.0 m/s
a few point of certain streamlines C. 0.5 m/s D. 2.5 m/s
C. The fluid elements have a net rotation about [CSE–CE–10]
an axis through mass centre of certain fluid 46. For a flow field described by:
elements and perpendicular to plane of = =− the stream function
movement
is
D. A velocity gradient exists in the direction
A. Non-existent B. = log y. log x
normal to that of the flow
C. = log xy D. =
[CSE–CE–10]
45. On a flow net diagram, the distances between [CSE–CE–10]

two adjacent streamlines at two consecutive

sections are 1 cm and 0.5 cm respectively. If the

0
I1
5. FLUID KINEMATICS – ANSWERS
::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::
EG
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. * 10. D
11. D 12. C 13. C 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. C
21. A 22. A 23. D 24. D 25. C 26. D 27. B 28. A 29. C 30. D
31. A 32. C 33. * 34. B 35. D 36. * 37. B 38. B 39. B 40. C
N

41. C 42. B 43. * 44. * 45. A 46. *

9. Closed Curve 33. 1.9 to 2.1 36. 0.99 to 1.01 43. 0.045 to 0.055
44. 3 to 3 46. 0.37

::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. B 3. * 4. * 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. A
11. C 12. D 13. D 14. B 15. B 16. * 17. D 18. C 19. * 20. C
21. B 22. A 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. C 27. B 28. C 29. * 30. A
31. * 32. D 33. D 34. A
3. = 4. (1). True, (2). False 16. 22 to 23 19. 540 29. 12 to 12

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Fluid Mechanics

31. 1.50 to 1.50

::: PREVIOUS GATE - XE/CH/PI/AE/MT ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6.- 7. - 8. D 9. C 10. C

11. D 12. - 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. D 17. D 18. A 19. A 20. -

21. D 22. D 23. B 24. A 25. A 26. C 27. D 28. B 29. * 30. *

31. A 32. A 33. D 34. * 35. B 36. C 37. * 38. * 39. D 40. D

41. * 42. C 43. * 44. B 45. * 46. * 47. * 48. C 49. * 50. *

51. * 52. D 53. B 54. B 55. C 56. A 57. D 58. D 59. * 60. A

61. B 62. * 63. C 64. C 65. * 66. B 67. C 68. D 69. B 70. A

71. D 72. * 73. B 74. C 75. *

0
29. -5 30. 0.025 34. 3 37. 17.68 38. 8 41. -5.0 to -4.99
43. -2.3 45. 0.759 46. 207.84 47. 1.414 49. 0 50. 1
51. 2.1 59. 20 to 20
I1 62. 4 65. 3.9 to 4.1 72. 5 to 5
75. 5 to 5 (or) 500 to 500
EG
::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. D

11. C 12. C 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. C
N

21. B 22. A 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. D 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. C

31. C 32. A 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. D 37. C 38. A 39. A 40. A

41. B 42. B 43. D 44. C 45. D 46. B 47. D 48. B 49. B 50. A

51. B 52. A 53. A 54. B 55. D 56. B 57. D 58. C 59. C 60. D

61. B 62. D 63. C 64. A 65. B 66. A 67. D 68. D 69. A 70. C

71. B 72. A 73. D 74. D 75. D 76. A 77. D 78. C 79. B 80. D

81. A 82. A 83. D 84. C

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Fluid Mechanics

::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. B

11. A 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. D 18. B 19.A 20. D

21. C 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. D 26. A 27. D 28. B 29. A

::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. D 10. A

11. C 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. D 19. D 20. A

21. A

::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. D

0
11. C 12. D 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. D 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. B

21. C

31. A
22. C

32. D
23. B

33. C
I1
24. C

34. D
25. A

35. A
26. A

36. D
27. C

37. C
28. B

38. D
29. A

39. C
30. B

40. C
EG
41. C 42. C 43. C 44. C 45. C 46. B
N

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 6 FLUID DYNAMICS

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. A mercury manometer is attached to a section B. The velocity of flow of saline through the
of the pipe shown in the figure. Mercury levels tube. (Neglect viscous losses in tube).
are indicated when there is no water flowing Atmospheric pressure = Patm.
through the pipe. When water starts flowing
through the pipe continuously at constant rate
in the direction of the arrow, the level of
mercury at B.

0
I1 [GATE-ME-87: 5M]
5. Water flows the through a pipe of diameter 0.30
EG
[GATE-ME-87: 2M]
m. What would be the velocity V for the
2. When a Pitot-static tube is immersed in a water
conditions shown in the figure below?
stream (density w), the differential head

measured by a mercury (density m)

manometer is hm. What is the velocity of the

N

water stream?
[GATE-ME-87: 3M]
3. A jet of water (area Aj, velocity Vj, density )
impinges horizontally on a curved vane which
deflects the jet through 60° upwards. If the vane
travels horizontally at a speed ‘u’ find
[GATE-ME-88: 2M]
A. The force experienced by the vane, and
6. In a syringe as shown in the figure, a piston of
B. The power developed by the vane.
1 cm2 cross section is pushed at a constant
[GATE-ME-87: 5M]
speed of 10 cm/s to eject water through an
4. Consider the saline drip bottle shown. If is the
outlet of 1 mm2. Determine the force required
density of saline, find
to move the piston. Neglecting losses.
A. Pressure at A.

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Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-ME-89: 5M]
7. In a hand operated liquid sprayer (figure shown
below) the liquid from the container rises to the A. 1000 N B. 100 N
top of the tube because of:
C. 10 N D. 2000 N
[GATE-ME-90: 2M]
9. A jet of water with a velocity (Figure shown
below) and area of cross-section enters a
stream of slow-moving water in a pipe of area
and velocity . The two streams enter with

0
the same pressure . After thoroughly mixing
in the pipe the stream emerges as a single
I1 stream with velocity , and pressure . If
there are no losses in the flow, determine ( -
) for V1 = 20 m/s, V2 = 10 m/s, A1 = 0.01 m2,
EG
A. Capillary effect
A2 = 0.02 m2, density of water = 1000 kg/m3.
B. Suction produced by the air jet at the top end
of tube
C. Suction produced by the piston during the
backward stroke
N

D. Pumping of the air into the container

[GATE-ME-90:1M]
8. A jet of water issues from a Nozzle with a
[GATE-ME-90: 5M]
velocity 20 m/s and it impinges normally on a 10. A venturimeter (throat diameter = 10.5 cm) is
flat plate moving away from it at 10 m/s. The fitted to a water pipe line (internal diameter =
cross-sectional area of the jet is 0.01 m2, and 21.0 cm) in order to monitor flow rate. To
the density of water = 1000 kg/m3. The force improve accuracy of measurement, pressure
developed on the plate is: difference across the venturimeter is measured
with the help of an inclined tube manometer,
the angle of inclination being 30° (see figure
below). For manometer reading of 9.5 cm of

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Fluid Mechanics

mercury, find the flow rate. Discharge

coefficient of venture is 0.984

[GATE-ME-93:2M]
13. Bernoulli’s equation can be applied between
any two points on a stream line for a rotational
flow field State: True/False.
[GATE-ME-94: 1M]
14. A fan in the duct shown below sucks air from
[GATE-ME-92:5M]
the ambient and expels it as a jet at 1 m/s to the
11. Shown below are three pipe sections through
ambient. Determine the gauge pressure at the
which water flows as shown. Option A. to D.
point marked as A. Take the density of air as
below pertain to the direction of the net force

0
1 /
on the pipe section due to the flow of water
I1
EG
State which of the options indicate the correct
direction of force for pipe 1, pipe 2 and pipe 3.
A. 45° to both + X and + Y axes
B. 45° to both − X and − Y axes
N

[GATE-ME-93:2M]
C. 45° to both + X and − Y axes
15. In a venturimeter, the angle of the diverging
D. 45° to both − X and − Y axes
section is more than that of converging section.
[GATE-ME-93: 1M]
State: True/False.
12. Shown below are three tanks, tank 1 without an
[GATE-ME-94: 1M]
orifice tube and tanks 2 and 3 with orifice tubes
16. The discharge velocity at the pipe exit in figure
as shown. Neglecting losses and assuming the
is
diameter of orifice to be much less than that of
the tank, write expressions for the exit velocity
in each of the three tanks.

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Fluid Mechanics

conditions given below. (Assuming steady state

flow)

A. 2 B. 2 ℎ

C. ( + ℎ) D. 0 At inlet: At outlet:
[GATE-ME-98:2M] A1 = 10-3 m2 A2 = 10-4 m2;
17. Water flows through a vertical contraction from V1 = 2 m/sec; P2 = Patm
a pipe of diameter d to another of diameter d/2 P1 = 3×105 Pa (gauge)
(see Figure). The flow velocity at the inlet to Determine the external horizontal force needed

0
the contraction is 2 m/s and pressure 200 to keep the nozzle
kN/m2. If the height of the contraction
I1 [GATE-ME-01: 5M]
measures 2 m, then pressure at the exit of the 20. A water container is kept on a weighing
contraction will be very nearly balance. Water from a tap is falling vertically
EG
into the container with a volume flow rate of
‘Q’; the velocity of the water when it hits the
water surface is ‘U’. At a particular instant of
time the total mass of the container and water is
‘m’. The force registered by the weighing
N

balance at this instant of time is

A. + B. + 2
A. 168 kN/m2 B. 192 kN/m2 C. + /2 D. /2
C. 150 kN/m2 D. 174 kN/m2 [GATE-ME-03: 2M]
[GATE-ME-99: 2M] 21. Air flows through a venturi and into
18. Navier stoke’s equation represents the atmosphere. Air density is ρ; atmospheric
conservation of pressure is ; throat diameter is ; exit
A. Energy B. Mass diameter is D and exit velocity is U. The throat
C. Pressure D. Momentum is connected to a cylinder containing a
[GATE-ME-00: 1M] frictionless piston attached to a spring. The
19. Water ( = 1000 /m3) flows horizontally
spring constant is k. The bottom surface of the
through a nozzle into the atmosphere under the piston is exposed to atmosphere. Due to the

- 139 -
Fluid Mechanics

flow, the piston moves by distance x. Assuming

incompressible frictionless flow, x is

A. (ρ /2 )π

B. (ρ /8 ) −1 π
A. − = 20
C. (ρ /2 ) −1 π B. − = 1.4
C. − = 20
D. (ρ /8 ) −1 π
− = 1.4

0
D.
[GATE-ME-03: 2M] [GATE-ME-05: 2M]
I1
22. A venturimeter of 20 mm throat diameter is
used to measure the velocity of water in a
horizontal pipe of 40 mm diameter. If the
24. A siphon draws water from a reservoir and
discharges it out at atmospheric pressure.
EG
Assuming ideal fluid and the reservoir is large,
pressure difference between the pipe and throat
the velocity at point P in the siphon tube is
sections is found to be 30 kPa then, neglecting
frictional losses, the flow velocity is
A. 0.2 m/s B. 1.0 m/s
C. 1.4 m/s D. 2.0 m/s
N

[GATE-ME-05: 2M]
23. A U – tube manometer with a small quantity of
mercury is used to measure the static pressure
difference between two locations A and B in a
conical section through which an
A. 2 ℎ B. 2 ℎ
incompressible fluid flows. At a particular flow
rate, the mercury column appears as shown in C. 2 (ℎ − ℎ ) D. 2 (ℎ + ℎ

the figure. The density of mercury is 13600 [GATE-ME-06:2M]

kg/ and g = 9.81 m/ . Which of the 25. Consider steady, incompressible and

following is correct? irrotational flow through a reducer in a

horizontal pipe where the diameter is reduced
from 20 cm to 10 cm. The pressure in the 20 cm
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Fluid Mechanics

pipe just upstream of the reducer is 150 kPa.

The fluid has a vapour pressure of 50 kPa and a
specific weight of 5 kN/ . Neglecting
frictional effects, the maximum discharge (in
/s) that can pass through the reducer without
causing cavitation is
A. 0.05 B. 0.16
C. 0.27 D. 0.38
[GATE-ME-09: 2M]
26. Figure shows the schematic for the A. 2 ℎ 1+ +
measurement of velocity of air (density = 1.2
B. 2 (ℎ + ℎ + ℎ )
kg/ ) through a constant – area duct using a
pitot tube and a water tube manometer. The C. 2
differential head of water (density = 1000

0
kg/ ) in the two columns of the manometer is D. 2
I1
10 mm. Take acceleration due to gravity as 9.8
/ . The velocity of air in m/s is
[GATE-ME-12: 2M]
28. Water is coming out from a tap and falls
vertically downwards. At the tap opening, the
EG
stream diameter is 20 mm with uniform
velocity of 2 m/s. Acceleration due to gravity is
9.81 m/ . Assuming steady, inviscid flow,
constant atmospheric pressure everywhere and
N

neglecting curvature and surface tension

effects, the diameter in mm of the stream 0.5 m
below the tap is approximately
A. 10 B. 15
C. 20 D. 25
A. 6.4 B.9.0
[GATE-ME-13: 2M]
C. 12.8 D. 25.6
29. An ideal water jet with volume flow rate of
[GATE-ME-11: 2M]
0.05m3/s strikes a flat plate placed normal to its
27. A large tank with a nozzle attached contains
path and exerts a force of 1000 N. Considering
three immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown.
the density of water as 1000 kg/m3, the
Assuming that the changes in ℎ , ℎ and ℎ are
diameter (in mm) of the water jet is ______
negligible, the instantaneous discharge velocity
[GATE-ME-14: 2M]
is

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Fluid Mechanics

30. A siphon is used to drain water from a large Assuming g = 9.8 m /s2, the velocity of water
tank as shown in figure below. Assume that the (in m/s) is __________
level of water is maintained constant. Ignore [GATE-ME-15: 2M]
frictional effect due to viscosity and losses at 33. In a vertical piston-cylinder arrangement the
entry and exit. At the exit of the siphon, the force applied to the piston, pushes water
velocity of water is through a nozzle as shown in the figure. The
water flows out from the nozzle, and reaches
the top of its trajectory. The kinetic and
pressure energies at points (1), (2) and (3),
respectively, are

0
A. 2 −
I1
B. 2 ( − )
EG
C. 2 ( − ) D. 2

[GATE-ME-14: 2M]
A. (small and large), (large and zero) and (zero
31. Water ( = 1000 / ) flows through a
and zero)
venturimeter with inlet diameter 80 mm and
N

B. (small and zero), (large and large) and

throat diameter 40 mm. The inlet and throat
(small and zero)
gauge pressure are measured to be 400 kPa and
C. (large and zero), (zero and large) and (large
130 kPa respectively. Assuming the
and zero)
venturimeter to be horizontal and neglecting
D. (large and small), (small and zero) and
friction, the inlet velocity (in m/s) is
(small and large)
__________
[GATE-ME-15: 2M]
[GATE-ME-15: 2M]
34. The water jet exiting from a stationary tank
32. A Prandtl tube (Pitot-static tube with C=1) is
through a circular opening of diameter 300 mm
used to measure the velocity of water. The
impinges on a rigid wall as shown in the figure.
differential manometer reading is 10 mm of
Neglect all minor losses and assume the water
liquid column with a relative density of 10.
level in the tank to remain constant. The net

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Fluid Mechanics

horizontal force experienced by the walls is

______kN.
Density of water is 1000 kg/m3
Acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s2.

[GATE-ME-17:2M]
37. The arrangement shown in the figure measures
the velocity V of a gas of density 1 kg/m3
flowing through a pipe. The acceleration due to
gravity is 9.81 m/s2. If the manometric fluid is
[GATE-ME-16: 2M] water (density 1000 kg/m3) and the velocity V

0
35. A vertical cylindrical tank of 1 m diameter is is 20 m/s, the differential head h (in mm)
filled with water up to a height of 5 m from its

atmosphere. A hole of 5
I1
bottom. Top surface of water is exposed to
mm2 area forms at the
between the two arms of the manometer
is________.
EG
bottom of the tank. Considering the coefficient
of discharge of the hole to be unity and the
acceleration due to gravity to be 10 m/s2, the
rate of leakage of water (in liter/min) through
the hole from the tank to the atmosphere, under
N

the given conditions, is ____________

[GATE-PI-16: 1M]
[GATE-ME-17:2M]
36. A 60 mm-diameter water jet strikes a plate
38. A frictionless circular piston of area 10 m2
containing a hole of 40 mm diameter as shown
and mass 100 kg sinks into a cylindrical
in the figure part of the jet passes through the
container of the same area filled with water of
hole horizontally, and the remaining is
density 1000 kg/m3 as shown in the figure. The
deflected vertically. The density of water is
container has a hole of area 10 m2 at the
1000 kg/m3. If velocities are as indicated in the
bottom that is open to the atmosphere.
figure, the magnitude of horizontal force (in N)
Assuming there is no leakage from the edges of
required to hold the plate is__________
the piston and considering water to be
incompressible, the magnitude of the piston

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Fluid Mechanics

velocity (in m/s) at the instant shown is _____ where the jet strikes the floor is
(correct to three decimal places).

A. 0.5 B. 1.0

[GATE-ME-18:2M]
C. 2.0 D. 4.0
[GATE-ME-18:2M]
39. Air flows at the rate of 1.5 m3/s through a
horizontal pipe with a gradually reducing cross 41. A sprinkler shown in the figure rotates about its
section as shown in the figure. The two cross- hinge point in a horizontal plane due to water

0
sections of the pipe have dimeters of 400 mm flow discharged through its two exit nozzles.
and 200 mm. Take the air density as 1.2 kg/m3

change in pressure ( −
I1
and assume inviscid incompressible flow. The
) (in kPa) between
The total flow rate Q through the sprinkler is 1
EG
sections 1 and 2 is
litre/sec and the cross-sectional area of each
exit nozzle is 1 cm2. Assuming equal flow rate
through both arms and a frictionless hinge, the
steady state angular speed of rotation (in rad/s)
N

A. -1.28 B. 2.56 of the sprinkler is _____(correct to two decimal

C. -2.13 D. 1.28
places).
[GATE-ME-18:2M]
[GATE-ME-18:2M]
40. A tank open at the top with a water level of 1
42. A two-dimensional incompressible frictionless
m, as shown in the figure, has a hole at a
flow field is given by ⃗ = ̂− .̂ If is the
height of 0.5 m. A free jet leaves horizontally
density of the fluid, the expression for pressure
from the smooth hole. The distance X ( in m)
gradient vector at any point in the flow field is
given as
A. ( ̂ + ̂) B. − ( ̂ + ̂)
C. ( ̂ − ̂) D. − ( ̂+ ̂)
[GATE-ME-19:1M]

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Fluid Mechanics

43. Consider a flow through a nozzle, as shown in [GATE-ME-20:2M]

the figure below.
44. Water (density 1000 / ) flows through an
inclined pipe of uniform diameter. The
velocity, pressure and elevation at section A are
= 3.2 / , = 186 and = 24.5
respectively, and those at section B are =
3.2 / , = 260 kPa and − = 9.1 ,
respectively. If acceleration due to gravity is 10
/ then the head lost due to friction is
The air flow is steady, incompressible and _______________m (round off to one decimal
inviscid. The density of air is 1.23 /, . place).
The pressure difference, ( − ) is [GATE-ME-20:2M]
__________kPa (round off to 2 decimal places)

0
PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS

A. Static pressure
B. Dynamic pressure
I1
1. The Pitot-static tube measures 4. If discharges in two circular orifices
placed at depths of 200mm and 800mm in
water are equal, the ratio of diameters is
and
EG
C. Difference in static and dynamic pressure A. 1:2 B. 2:1
D. Difference in total and static pressures. C. √2 : 1 D. 1: √2
[GATE-CE-89:1M] [GATE-CE-91:1M]
2. The most appropriate governing equations of 5. Bernoulli’s equation is an equation of
ideal fluid flow are
N

A. Conservation of mass
A. Euler’s equations B. Conservation of linear momentum
B. Navier stokes equation C. Conservation of energy
C. Reynold’s equations D. Conservation of angular momentum
D. Hagen-Poiseuille equations [GATE-CE-92:1M]
[GATE-CE-90:1M] 6. PITOT TUBE is used to measure
3. The range of coefficient of discharge of a A. Static pressure of flowing fluid
venturimeter is B. Dynamic pressure of a flowing fluid
A. 0.5 to 0.6 C. Total pressure of a flowing fluid
B. 0.62 to 0.73 D. Surface tension of a flowing fluid
C. 0.7 to 0.8 [GATE-CE-92:1M]
D. 0.95 to 0.99
[GATE-CE-91:1M]

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Fluid Mechanics

7. Water flows steadily down in a vertical pipe of B. A ; 2 A

constant cross section. Neglecting friction, C. 0 ; 0
according to Bernoulli’s equation
D. 0 ; A
√
A. Pressure is constant along the length of the
[GATE-CE-04:1M]
pipe
11. Group-I gives a list of devices and Group-II
B. Velocity decrease with Depth
gives a list of uses.
C. Pressure decreases with Depth
Group-I
D. Pressure increases with Depth
P. Pitot tube
[GATE-CE-96:1M]
Q. Manometer
8. The equation gz + /2 + ∫ / = Constant
R. Venturimeter
along a steam line holds true for
S. Anemometer
A. Steady, frictionless, compressible fluid
Group- II
B. Steady, uniform, incompressible fluid
1. Measuring pressure in a Pipe
C. Steady, frictionless, incompressible fluid

0
2. Measuring velocity of flow in a pipe
D. Unsteady, incompressible fluid
3. Measuring air and gas velocity
I1
[GATE-CE-96:1M]
9. In a Bernoulli’s equation, used in pipe flow,
each term represents
4. Measuring discharge in a pipe
The correct match of Group-I with Group-II is
EG
P Q R S
A. Energy per unit weight
A. 1 2 4 3
B. Energy per unit mass
B. 2 1 3 4
C. Energy per unit volume
C. 2 1 4 3
D. Energy per unit flow length
D. 4 1 3 2
[GATE-CE-01:1M]
N

[GATE-CE-10:1M]
10. A frictionless fluid of density flows through
12. Group I lists a few devices while Group II
a bent pipe as shown below. If A is the cross-
provides information about their uses. Match
sectional area and V is the velocity of flow, the
the devices with their corresponding use.
force exerted on segment 1-2 of the pipe in the
Group I
x and y directions are, respectively,
P. Anemometer
Q. Hygrometer
R. Pitot Tube
S. Tensiometer
Group II
1. Capillary potential of soil water
A. A ;0
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Fluid Mechanics

2. Fluid velocity of a specific point in the flow

stream
3. Water vapour content of air
4. Wind speed
A. P-1; Q-2; R-3; S-4
B. P-2; Q-1; R-4; S-3
C. P-4; Q-2; R-1; S-3
D. P-4; Q-3; R-2; S-1
13. A tank containing water has two orifices of the
A. B.
same size at depth of 40 cm and 90 cm below
the free surface of water. The ratio of the C. D.
discharge through these orifices are [GATE-CE-96:2M]
A. 4:9 B. 2:3 16. When a steady jet of water impinges on a
C. 16:81 D. 1:1

0
stationary inclined plane surface and if fluid
[GATE-CE-89:2M] friction is neglected, the resultant force on the
14. The discharge coefficient,
meter is
A. Greater than the
I1 of an orifice

of a venturimeter
plane
A. Is tangential to the surface
B. Is normal to the surface
EG
B. Smaller than the of a venturimeter C. Is in the direction of the jet flow
C. Equal to the of a venturimeter D. None of the above
D. Greater than one [GATE-CE-96:2M]
[GATE-CE-96:2M] 17. A nozzle discharging water under head H has
15. A pitot tube is used to measure velocity V in a
N

an outlet area “a” and discharge coefficient

duct of a gas with density and static pressure = 1.0. A vertical plate is acted upon by the fluid
P. It is connected to U-tube manometer force Fj when held across the free jet and by the
containing a liquid of density (Figure fluid force when held against the nozzle to
shown below). The height, h is stop the flow. The ratio Fj/Fn is
A. 1/2 B. 1
C. √2 D. 2
[GATE-CE-98:2M]
18. A body moving through still water at 6 /
produces a water velocity of 4 / at a point
1 m ahead. The difference in pressure between
the nose and the point 1 m ahead would be
A. 2000 / B. 10000 /

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Fluid Mechanics

C. 19620 / D. 98100 / horizontal position, the manometer reading will

[GATE-CE-98:2M] be
19. A horizontal jet strikes a frictionless vertical A. Zero B.
√
plate (the plane view is shown in the figure). It
C. 11 cm D. 11 √2 cm
is then divided into two parts, as shown in the
[GATE-CE-05:2M]
figure. If the impact loss is neglected, what is
22. A horizontal water jet with a velocity of 10 m/s
the value of ?
and cross-sectional area of 10 strikes a
flat plate held normal to the flow direction. The
density of water is 1000 kg/ . The total force
on the plate due to the jet is
A. 100N B. 10N
C. 1 N D. 0.1 N
[GATE-CE-07:2M]
A. 15ᵒ B. 30ᵒ

0
23. At two points 1 and 2 in a pipeline the velocities
C. 45ᵒ D. 60ᵒ
are V and 2V respectively. Both the points are
I1
[GATE-CE-03:2M]
20. A tank and a deflector are placed on a
frictionless trolley. The tank issues water jet
at the same elevation. The fluid density is .
The flow can be assumed to be incompressible,
inviscid, steady and irrotational. The difference
EG
(mass density of water = 1000 kg/ ), which
in pressures and at points 1 and 2 is
strikes the deflector and turns by 45ᵒ if the
A. 0.5 B. 1.5
velocity of jet leaving the deflector is 4 m/s and
C. 2 D. 3
discharge is 0.1 / , the force recorded by the
[GATE-CE-07:2M]
spring will be
N

24. Water ( = 9.879 kN/ ) flows with a flow

rate of 0.3 /sec through a pipe AB of 10 m
length and of uniform cross section. The end B
is above end A and pipe makes an angle of 30ᵒ
to the horizontal. For a pressure of 12 kN/ at
the end B, the corresponding pressure at the end
A. 100 N B. 100√2 N
A is
C. 200 N D. 200√2 N
A. 12.0 kN/ B. 17.0 kN/
[GATE-CE-05:2M]
C. 56.4 kN/ D. 61.4 kN/
21. The reading of differential manometer of a
[GATE-CE-09:2M]
venturimeter, placed at 45ᵒ to the horizontal is
25. A horizontal jet of water with its cross-
11 cm. If the venturimeter is turned to
sectional area of 0.0025 hits a fixed vertical
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Fluid Mechanics

plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. After impact the unity, assuming that the energy losses are
jet splits symmetrically in a plane parallel to the negligible, the flow rate (in /s) through the
plane of the plate. The force of impact (in N) of pipe is approximately equal to
the jet on the plate A. 0.500 B. 0.150
A. 90 B. 80 C. 0.050 D. 0.015
C. 70 D. 60 [GATE-CE-14:2M]
[GATE-CE-14:2M] 29. A square plate is suspended vertically from one
26. A venturimeter, having a diameter of 7.5 cm at of its edges using a hinge support as shown in
the throat and 15 cm at the enlarged end, is figure. A water jet of 20 mm diameter having a
installed in a horizontal pipeline of 15 cm velocity of 10 m/s strikes the plate at its mid-
diameter. The pipe carries an incompressible point, at an angle of 30ᵒ with vertical. Consider
fluid at a steady rate of 30 liters per second. The ‘g’ as 9.81 m/ and neglect the self-weight of
difference of pressure head measured in terms the plate. The force F (expressed in N) required
of the moving fluid in between the enlarged and to keep the plate in its vertical position

0
the throat of the venturimeter is observed to be is___________

as 9.81 m/
I1
2.45 m. Taking the acceleration due to gravity
, the coefficient of discharge of the
venturimeter (correct up to two places of
EG
decimal) is______
[GATE-CE-14:2M]
27. A horizontal nozzle of 30 mm diameter
discharges a steady jet of water into the
atmosphere at a rate of 15 liters per second. The
N

diameter of inlet to the nozzle is 100 mm. The

jet impinges normal to a flat stationary plate
[GATE-CE-16:2M]
held close to the nozzle end. Neglecting air
30. Water flows through the Y-joint as shown in
friction and considering the density of water as
figure. Find the horizontal and vertical
1000 kg/ , the force exerted by the jet (in N)
components of the force acting on the joint
on the plate is________
because of the flow of water. Neglect energy
[GATE-CE-14:2M]
losses and body force.
28. A venturimeter having a throat diameter of
0.1m is used to estimate the flow rate of a
horizontal pipe having a diameter of 0.2 m. For
an observed pressure difference of 2 m of water
head and coefficient of discharge equal to

- 149 -
Fluid Mechanics

(i) Acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s2.

(ii) Weights of both bend pipe segment as well
as water are negligible.
(iii) Friction across the bend is negligible.
The magnitude of the force (in kN, up to two
decimal places) that would be required to hold
the pipe section is _______
[GATE-CE-98:5M] [GATE-CE-17:2M]
31. A vertical water jet is issuing upwards from a 33. Bernoulli’s equation is applicable for
nozzle with a velocity of 10 m/s. The nozzle A. Viscous and compressible fluid flow
exit diameter is 60 mm. A flat horizontal plate B. Inviscid and compressible fluid flow
with a total of 250 N is supported by the impact C. Inviscid and incompressible fluid flow
of the jet. Determine the equilibrium height of D. Viscous and incompressible fluid flow
the plate above the nozzle exit. Neglect all [GATE-CE-18:1M]

0
losses and take unit weight of water as 1000 34. A circular duct carrying water gradually
kg/ ________. I1 contracts from a diameter of 30 cm to 15 cm.
[GATE-CE-99:5M] The figure (not drawn to scale) shows the
32. Water flows through a 90° bend in a horizontal arrangement of differential manometer
EG
plane as depicted in the figure. attached to the duct.
N

When the water flows, the differential

manometer shows a deflection of 8 cm of
A pressure of 140 kPa is measured at Section mercury (Hg). The values of specific gravity of
1-1. The inlet diameter marked at section 1-1 is mercury and water are 13.6 and 1.0,
cm, while the nozzle diameter marked at respectively. Consider the acceleration due to
√
gravity, = 9.81 / . Assuming frictionless
Section 2-2 is cm. Assuming the following.
√

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Fluid Mechanics

flow, the flow rate (in / , round off to 3 atmospheric pressure ( ) acting on the sphere
decimal places) through the duct is _____ at any time, t, is
[GATE-CE-19:1M] A. B. 4
35. A solid sphere of radius, r, and made of material C. D. zero
with density, , is moving through the
[GATE-CE-19:1M]
atmosphere (constant pressure, p) with a
velocity, v. The net force ONLY due to
PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS
1. A nozzle has inlet and outlet diameters of 10 B. Both [a] and [r] are true but [r] is not the
cm and 5 cm, respectively. If it discharges air correct reason for [a]
at steady rate of 0.1 m3 / s into the atmosphere, C. Both [a] and [r] are false

the gauge pressure (static) at the nozzle inlet D. [a] is true but [r] is false

will be [GATE-2009-XE]
Linked Answer Questions

0
A. 1.26 kPa B. 1.46kPa
C. 3.52 kPa D. 3.92 kPa Statement for Linked Answer Questions 4
I1
[GATE-2009-XE]
2. Water flows from an open vertical cylindrical
and 5:
An incompressible fluid is passed through a T-
junction supported on wheels, as shown in the
tank of 20 cm diameter through a hole of 10 cm
EG
diameter. What will be the velocity of water figure. The area at outlet A is twice that of outlet

flowing out of the hole at the instant when the B. While the incoming mass flow rate is fixed,

water level in the tank is 50 cm above the hole? the distribution of flow at the two outlets can be

Ignore unsteady effects. varied by a suitable mechanism built in the

N

A. 3.16 m/s B. 3.26 m/s system. Assume that the flexible tube offers no

C. 3.36 m/s D. 3.46 m/s resistance to motion, and frictional effects in the

[GATE-2009-XE] pipes and wheels can be neglected. Now,

3. Determine the correctness or otherwise of the consider the following two cases:

following Assertion [a] and the Reason [r]: Case 1: The flow rates at section A and B are

Assertion [a]: The coefficient of discharge of equal,

orifice flow meter is less than that of venturi Case 2: The velocity at sections A and B are

meter. equal.

Reason [r]: Orifice flow meter is a differential

pressure device.
A. Both [a] and [r] are true and [r] is the correct
reason for [a].

- 151 -
Fluid Mechanics

Let the cross-sectional area at sections (1) and

(2) be and respectively. The velocity
4. Which of the following statements are true? measured at section (1) using a Pitot static
P: In Case 1, the velocity at section A is twice probe is . Then the static pressure drop −
the velocity at section B is
Q: In Case 1, the velocity at section A is half A. − 1−
the velocity at section B

0
R: In Case 2, the flow rate at section A is twice B. 1−

that at section B
I1 C. 1+
S: In Case 2, the flow rate at section A is half
that at section B D. − 1+
EG
A. P, R B. P, S [GATE-2009-AE]
C. Q, R D. Q, S 7. A venturimeter of 75 diameter is fitted to
[GATE-2009-XE] a horizontal pipe of 150 diameter. Gauge
5. Which of the following statements are true? pressure in the venturimeter in case of no flow
P: In Case1, the system moves to the left is 2 of water. Taking atmospheric pressure
N

Q: In Case1, the system moves to the right as 10 of water, the theoretical flow through
R: In Case2, the system moves to the left the pipeline in litres per second, when the throat
S: In Case2, the system moves to the right point pressure is 2.60 m of water (absolute), is
A. P, R B. P, S A. 15 B. 30
C. Q, R D. Q, S C. 60 D. 75
[GATE-2009-XE] [GATE-2009-AG]
6. Consider an ideal flow of density through a 8. The diverging limb of a venturimeter is kept
variable area duct as shown in the figure below: longer than the converging limb to
A. ensure that the flow remains laminar
B. avoid separation

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Fluid Mechanics

C. ensure that the flow remains turbulent and y-directions, respectively, are
D. avoid formation of boundary layer A. 4.21 and -15.71
[GATE-2010-XE] B. -4.21 and 15.71
9. Ancients have designed water clocks based C. 15.71 and -27.2
upon the head of the water in a circular section D. 4.21 and 15.71
container with a hole at the bottom as shown in [GATE-2010-XE]
the figure below. The radius (r) varies as a 11. Consider steady and incompressible flow of
function of head (H) to maintain a constant rate water through a tapered pipe from section 1 to
of decline of H. section 2. The pipe has a diameter of 0.25 m
and a centre-line elevation of 25 m at section 1
and a diameter of 0.35 m and a centre-line
elevation of 20 m at section 2. Consider head
loss between section 1 and section 2 to be
negligibly small. Pressure at section 1 is 120

0
kPa. The acceleration due to gravity is 10 /
I1 and density of water is 1000
flow rate of 0.2
2 (in kPa) is
/ . For a
/ . The pressure at section

The relation between H and r is

EG
A. 56 B. 112
A. H is proportional to r
C. 176 D. 232
B. H is proportional to
[GATE-2010-PI]
C. H is proportional to
12. An aircraft is cruising at an altitude of 9 km.
D. H is proportional to
N

The free-stream static pressure and density at

[GATE-2010-XE]
this altitude are 3.08 × 10 / and
10. A 20 cm diameter pipe carries a water
0.467 / respectively. A Pitot tube
discharge of /100 / . The pipe is bent
mounted on the wing senses a pressure of
through an angle of 300 in the horizontal plane
3.31 × 10 / . Ignoring compressibility
as shown in the figure below.
effects, the cruising speed of the aircraft is
approximately.
A. 50 / B. 100 /
C. 150 / D. 200 /
[GATE-2010-AE]
Neglecting friction, the components of the 13. A pitot-static probe is inserted in an airflow. A
force (N) exterted by water on the bend in x- manometer connected to this probe having Hg

- 153 -
Fluid Mechanics

as the manometric fluid shows a difference of Assuming that the density of the fluid is
30 mm. Assume a probe factor of 1. Assuming 1 kg / m3 , the pressure at the point (1, 1, 1) for
 air  1.23 kg / m3 , Hg  13600 kg / m3 and this flow is

g  10 m / s 2 , the speed of the air flow is A. 100 Pa B. 105 Pa

C. 95 Pa D. 90 Pa
approximately
[GATE-2011-XE]
A. 66.5 m/s B. 81.5 m/s
Common Data for Q-16 & Q-17:
C. 76.5 m/s D. 92.5 m/s
A two-dimensional rectangular water jet of
[GATE-2011-XE]
14. When a large tank containing water is placed velocity 10 m/s and area 5cm 2 impinges

on a weighing scale, a reading of 10000 N is normal to a flat plate and splits symmetrically
obtained. The tank is fitted with an outlet pipe into two half jets, each of area 2.5 cm 2 as
and a valve as shown. When the valve is shown. Assume steady flow and neglect
opened, a jet of water with a velocity of 10 m/s viscous effects and the weight of the plate and

0
issues out in the vertically upward direction. the water. Density of water is 1000kg / m 3 .
The diameter of the outlet pipe is 10 cm.
I1
Determine approximately the reading on the
weighing scale at the instant the valve is opened
EG
and the water jet issues out. Density of water is
1000 kg / m3

16. After splitting, the velocity of the upward half-

N

jet along the plate is

A. 5 m/s B. 7.5 m/s
C. 2.5 m/s D. 10 m/s
[GATE-2011-XE]
17. The magnitude of the reaction force at the wall
A. 9215 N B.10000 N
is
C. 10785 N D. 12500 N
A. 20 N B. 25 N
[GATE-2011-XE]
C. 35 N D. 50 N
15. In an inviscid incompressible flow, the velocity
 [GATE-2011-XE]
field is given by V  xiˆ  yjˆ m / s and the body
18. A low speed wind tunnel has a contraction ratio

force per unit mass is given by g  10 kˆ m / s 2 of 14: 1 and the cross-sectional area of the test
.The pressure at the point (0, 0, 0) is 101 Pa. section is 1 . The static pressure difference

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Fluid Mechanics

between the settling chamber and the test low head loss and
4.
section is 40 of water column. Assume = low cost
9.81 / , = 1.2 / and = A. P – 2; Q – 4 B. P – 1; Q – 2
1000 / . The speed of air in the test C. P – 3; Q – 1 D. P – 1; Q – 3
section (in m/s) is ____________ [GATE-2012-XE]
[GATE-2011-AE] 22. Water is supplied to a tank at the rate of
19. A hydraulic spray nozzle has a discharge of 0.02 m3 / s , as shown in the figure below. The
450 min at a pressure of 280 . If the cross-sectional area of the tank is 1m2 and the
pressure is increased by 10%, the discharge
inner diameter of the outlet pipe is 60 mm. At a
will be
time when the water level in the tank is
A. increased by 4.9%
increasing at the rate of 5 mm/s, the average
B. increased by 10.0%
velocity (in m/s) of water in the outlet pipe is
C. increased by 21.0%
approximately.

0
D. decreased by 4.6%
[GATE-2011-AG]
I1
20. In a two-dimensional flow field, the velocities
in the x- and y- directions are u and v,
respectively. The shear stress for a Newton
EG
fluid having dynamic viscosity  is given by

 v u  v
A.     B. 2
 x y  y

u  v u 
C. 2 D.    
N

x  x y 
A. 0.005 B.0.06
[GATE-2012-XE] C. 5.3 D. 20
21. Match the devices in Column I with the [GATE-2012-XE]
characteristics in Column II. 23. The water level in a gas-pressurized tank with
Column 1 Column 2 a large cross-sectional area is maintained
high head loss and constant as shown in the figure below. The
(P) Orifice meter 1.
low cost water level in the tank is 4.2 m above the pipe
high head loss and centerline as indicated in the figure. The gas
(Q) Venturi meter 2.
high cost pressure is 130 kPa. The atmospheric pressure,
low head loss and gravitational acceleration and density of water
3.
high cost may be taken as 100 kPa, 10 m / s 2 and

- 155 -
Fluid Mechanics

1000 kg / m3 , respectively. Neglecting losses, A. only along a streamline in inviscid flow,

the maximum velocity (in m/s) of water at any and between any two points in potential

location in the horizontal portion of the flow.

delivery pipe for the pressure NOT to drop B. between any two points in both inviscid

below atmospheric pressure, is flow and potential flow.

C. between any two points in inviscid flow,
and only along a streamline in potential
flow,
D. only along a streamline in both inviscid
flow and potential flow.
[GATE-2012-AE]
26. A large tank with a nozzle attached contains
three immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown.
Assuming that the changes in ℎ , ℎ ℎ are

0
negligible, the instantaneous discharge velocity
A. 1.3
C. 10
I1
B.4.2
D. 12
is

[GATE-2012-XE]
EG
24. The velocity of an air stream is 20 m/s. The
density of mercury and air are 13600 kg / m 3

and 1.2 kg / m3 , respectively. The gravitational

acceleration may be taken as 10 m / s 2 . When a

N

Pitot-static tube is placed in the stream,

assuming the flow to be incompressible and
frictionless, the difference between the
stagnation and static pressure in the flow field A. 2 ℎ 1+ +
(in mm Hg) would approximately be.
B. 2 (ℎ + ℎ + ℎ )
A. 1760 B. 1.76
C. 0.57 D. 0.57  10 5 C. 2

[GATE-2012-XE]
D. 2
25. Bernoulli’s equation is valid under steady state
[GATE-2012-PI]

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Fluid Mechanics

27. A reservoir connected to a pipe line is being Water enters a symmetric forked pipe and
filled with water, as shown in the Figure. At any discharges into atmosphere through the two
time, t, the free surface level in the reservoir is brances as shown in the Figure. The cross-
h. Find the time in seconds for the reservoir to sectional area of section-1 is 0.2m2 and the
get filled up to a height of 1 m, if the initial level velocity across section-1 is 3 m/s. The density of
is 0.2 m _____
water may be taken as 1000 kg / m 3 . The viscous
effects and elevation changes may be neglected.

0
I1 [GATE-2013-XE]
28. Bernoulli’s equation is valid for the following
type of flow: 30. The gauge pressure at section-1, in kPa, is
EG
A. Compressible, steady, inviscid A. 0.6 B. 13.5
B. Incompressible, steady, viscous C. 135 D. 600
C. Compressible, unsteady, viscous [GATE-2013-XE]
D. Incompressible, steady, inviscid. 31. The magnitude of the force, in kN, required
tohold the pipe in place, is
N

[GATE-2013-XE]
29. Air flows steadily through a channel. The A. 2.7 B.5.4
stagnation and static pressure at a point in the C. 19 D. 27
flow are measured by a Pitot tube and a wall [GATE-2013-XE]
pressure tap, respectively. The pressure 32. In water jet machining, the water jet is issued
difference is found to be 20 mm Hg. The through a 0.3 mm diameter orifice at a pressure

densities of air, water and mercury, in kg / m 3 , of 400 MPa. The density of water is 1000 /
. The coefficient of discharge is 1.0.
are 1.18, 1000 and 13600, respectively. The
Neglecting all losses during water jet formation
gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m / s 2 .
through the orifice, the power of the water jet
Determine the air speed in m/s. _____
in kW is
[GATE-2013-XE]
A. 25.3 B. 50.6
Linked Answer Questions 30 & 31:
C. 75.9 D. 101.2

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Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-2013-PI] the water force on the elbow is ___ N.

33. The gravity driven flow over a hump of height
h in a canal is shown in the figure. The height
of the free surface from the canal bed at
upstream of the hump is H. The free surface
height reduces to above the hump.

[GATE-2014-XE]
35. Water is flowing through a venturimeter having
a diameter of 0.25 m at the entrance (Station 1)
and 0.125 m at the throat (Station 2) as shown
in the figure. A mercury manometer measures
Assuming the canal bed to be horizontal, the
the piezometric head difference between
discharge per unit width is given by
Stations 1 and 2 as 1.3505 m. The loss of head

0
( ) between these two stations, is 1/7 times the
A. B.
( )
velocity head at the Station 2. Assume the

C.
(
(

)
)
D.
I1 ( )
acceleration due to gravity to be 10 m / s 2 . The
velocity of water at the throat is ___ m/s.
EG
[GATE-2014-XE]
34. A reducing elbow is used to deflect water
upward by 300 as shown in the figure. The
mass flow rate at the inlet is 14 kg/s. Water is
N

entering at a gauge pressure of 200 kPa and

exits to the atmosphere. The cross-sectional
area is 113cm 2 at the inlet and 7 cm 2 at the [GATE-2014-XE]
exit. Density of water and acceleration due to 36. A student can measure free-stream velocity of
gravity are 1000 kg / m3 and 10 m / s 2 , a low-speed wind tunnel using a

respectively. Magnitude of x – component of i. Pitot tube alone aligned with the flow
direction.
ii. Pitot tube aligned with the flow direction
with static pressure measurement at an
appropriate position on the tunnel wall.

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Fluid Mechanics

iii. Pitot tube aligned with the flow direction

along with barometer pressure reading of the
outside ambient.
iv. Pitot static tube alone aligned with the flow
direction.
Considering the above statements, which of the
following options is correct?
A. (i) only B. (i) & (ii)
C. (ii) & (iv) D. (i), (iii) & (iv) [GATE-2015-XE]
[GATE-2014-AE] 39. Water drains out into atmosphere from a
37. A 200 m long horizontal pipe carries a smaller orifice located at the bottom of a large
discharge of 50 . The centre line of the open tank. If the initial height of the water
pipe is 5 m above the datum. The diameter of column is H, the time taken to empty the tank
the pipe tapers from 200 mm to 100 mm. Using is proportional to.

0
= 9.81 and neglecting losses in the A. H 1/2 B. H

is 100
I1
pipe, if the pressure at the larger end of the pipe
, the pressure at the other end of the
pipe in kPa is _____
C. H 3/2 D. H 2
[GATE-2015-XE]
40. The total discharge of water through a lawn
EG
[GATE-2014-AG] sprinkler shown in the figure is one liter per
38. An inclined venturimeter connected to an minute. The velocity of the jet at each end,
inverted manometer is shown in the figure. The relative to the arm, is 2 /30 m/s. The density
cross-sectional areas at the inlet and the throat
of water is 1000 kg / m3 and the length of each
N

are 2  10 3 m 2 and 2  10 4 m 2 , respectively.

arm is 0.1 m. If the frictional torque of the pivot
3
The densities of water and oil are 1000 kg / m is  / 36 mN.m, the rotational speed, in
3
and 800 kg / m , respectively. The gravitational revolutions per minute, of the sprinkler

acceleration is 9.81 m / s 2 . If the discharge of is______

water the rough the venturimeter is

5  10 4 m3 / s , neglecting viscous effects and
assuming uniform velocities across the inlet
and the throat, the manometer reading h, in m,
will be ____
[GATE-2015-XE]

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Fluid Mechanics

41. A steady, two-dimensional, inviscid and A. 43241 B. 45594

incompressible flow field is described in C. 47940 D. 49779
rectangular Cartesian coordinates as u = ax and [GATE-2015-AE]
v = -ay, where u and v are the components of 44. In a vertical piston-cylinder arrangement the
the velocity vector in the x and y directions, force applied to the piston, pushes water
respectively. Gravity acts along the negative y- through a nozzle as shown in the figure. The
direction. The pressure distribution, with the water flows out from the nozzle, and reaches
reference pressure taken as zero at the origin, the top of its trajectory. The kinetic and
with usual notation, is given by pressure energies at points (1), (2) and (3),
1 respectively, are
 
A.   a 2 x 2  xy  y 2   gy
2
1
 
B.   a 2 x 2  xy  y 2   gy
2
1
 
C.   a 2 x 2  y 2   gy

0
2
1 I1
 
D.   a 2 x 2  y 2   gy
2
[GATE-2015-XE]
EG
42. The Pitot tube of an aircraft registers a pressure
= 54051 / . The static pressure,
density and the ratio of specific heats of the
freestream are
= 45565 / , = 0.6417 / and
N

= 1.4, respectively. The indicated airspeed

(in m/s) is
A. 157.6 B. 162.6
A. (small and large), (large and zero) and (zero
C. 172.0 D. 182.3
and zero)
[GATE-2015-AE]
B. (small and zero), (large and large) and
43. Air enters an aircraft engine at a velocity of
(small and zero)
180 / with a flow rate of 94 / . The
C. (large and zero), (zero and large) and (large
engine combustor requires 9.2 / of air to
and zero)
burn 1 / of fuel. The velocity of gas exiting
D. (large and small), (small and zero) and
from the engine is 640 / . The momentum
(small and large)
thrust (in N) developed by the engine is
[GATE-2015-PI]
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Fluid Mechanics

45. An orifice meter, having orifice diameter of supporting string connected to the wall is
= mm is placed in a water pipeline having ____N
√

flow rate, = 3 × 10 / . The ratio of

orifice diameter to pipe diameter is 0.6. The
contraction coefficient is also 0.6. The density
of water is 1000 / . If the pressure drop
across the orifice plate is 43.5kPa, the
discharge co-efficient of the orifice meter at [GATE-2016-XE]
this flow Reynolds number is _______ 48. A vertical cylindrical tank of 1 m diameter is
[GATE-2016-XE] filled with water up to a height of 5 m from its
46. Exhaust from a kitchen goes into the bottom. Top surface of water is exposed to
atmosphere through a tapered chimney as atmosphere. A hole of 5 area forms at the
shown. The area of cross-section of chimney at bottom of the tank. Considering the coefficient

0
location-1 is twice of that at location-2. The of discharge of the hole to be unity and the
flow can be assumed to be inviscid with acceleration due to gravity to be 10 / , the
constant exhaust density of 1
acceleration due to gravity,
I1 = 9.8
/ and
/ . If
rate of leakage of water (in litre/min) through
the hole from the tank to the atmosphere, under
EG
the steady, uniform exhaust velocity at the given conditions, is ______
location-1 is U=1m/s, the pressure drop across [GATE-2016-PI]
the chimney is _____ Pa 49. A cylindrical tank of 0.8 m diameter is
completely filled with water and its top surface
is open to atmosphere as shown in the figure.
N

Water is being discharged to the atmosphere

from a circular hole of 15 mm diameter located
at the bottom of the tank. The value of
acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 / . How
[GATE-2016-XE] much time (in seconds) would be required for
47. A jet of diameter 20 mm and velocity 6 m/s water level to drop from a height of 1 m to 0.5
coming out of water-tank standing on a m?
frictionless cart hits a vane and gets deflected
at an angle 45° as shown in the figure below.
The density of water is 1000 / . Neglect
all minor and viscous losses. If the cart remains
stationary, the magnitude of tension in the

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Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-2017-XE]
52. In the figure below, water exits from a nozzle
into atmospheric pressure of 101 . If the
exit velocity is =8 / and friction is
neglected, the magnitude of the axial force on
the flange at location 1 required to keep the
nozzle attached to the pipe is ______N (round
to nearest integer)

A. 188 B. 266
C. 376 D. 642
[GATE-2017-XE]
[GATE-2017-AE]
50. An inviscid incompressible fluid of density
53. A pitot-static tube is used to measure air

0
1000 / is flowing in a horizontal pipe of
velocity in a duct by neglecting losses. The
tapered cross-section with a flow rate of
4000
I1
/ . The area of cross-section at two
different locations ‘A’ and ‘B’ are 10 and
density of air is 1.2 / . If the difference
between the total and static pressures is 1 kPa,
the velocity of air at the measuring location, in
20 , respectively. The velocity of the fluid
EG
m/s is ________
at the location ‘A’ is 4 m/s and pressure is
[GATE-2018-XE]
5 / . The pressure ( / ) at location ‘B’
54. A water jet of 100 mm diameter issuing out of
would be ____
a nozzle at a speed of 50 m/s strikes a vane and
[GATE-2017-XE]
flows along it as shown in figure. The vane is
N

51. A venturimeter of diameter 0.2 m at the

attached to a cart which is moving at a constant
entrance and 0.1 m at the throat is inclined
speed of 20 m/s on a frictionless track. The jet
upwards. The vertical elevation difference
is deflected at an angle of 30°. Take the density
between the entrance and the throat is 0.5 m.
of water as 1000 / . Neglecting the
The density of water is 1000 / and the
friction between the vane and the fluid, the
coefficient of velocity is 0.97. The differential
magnitude of the force exerted by water on the
U-tube manometer connected to the entrance
cart in the x-direction, in N, is _____ /
and throat shows a pressure difference of
30 / . Assume acceleration due to gravity
as 9.81 / . The velocity of the water (in
m/s, rounded off to the first decimal place) at
the throat would be ___
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Fluid Mechanics

intake air velocity = 100 / ; axial exhaust

gas velocity= 250 / ; intake cross-sectional
area =1 ; intake static pressure=
−22 ( ); exhaust static pressure =
0 ( ); mass flow rate through the
engine= 100 / . The anchoring force (in
kN) in axial direction on the thrust stant is
______

[GATE-2018-XE]
55. In which one of the following devices the
difference between static and total pressure is
used to determine the flow velocity?
A. Piezometer B. Pitot static tube

0
C. Orificemeter D. Venturimeter
I1 [GATE-2019-XE]
56. The theoretical discharge for the flow through
an Orificemeter is 40 / . If the measured
[GATE-2019-XE]
59. A two-dimensional, incompressible fluid flow
EG
discharge in an experiment is 32 / , then is described by the stream function Ψ =

the discharge coefficient (rounded off to one xy / on the Cartesian − plane. If the
decimal place) is______ density and dynamic viscosity of the fluid are
[GATE-2019-XE] 1 / and 0.1 / − , respectively, the
magnitude of the pressure gradient in the
N

57. The velocity field in Cartesian coordinates in a

two-dimensional steady incompressible flow of direction at =1 and =1 is ______ /
a fluid with density is = − . (round off to 1 decimal place).
Assuming no body and line forces, the [GATE-2019-AE]
magnitude of pressure gradient ∇ at point 60. During a strom, the wind speed is 90 /ℎ .
(1, 1) is In a high-rise building, there is a window of

A. √2 B. size 1.2 × 1.8 facing the storm on an

C. /√2 D. /2 upper floor. Neglecting the ground effects on

[GATE-2019-XE] wind speed and considering the density of air

58. A jet engine is to be tested on a thrust stand as = 1.2 / , the force (in N) acting on

shown in the figure below. The conditions the window due to the storm is ______

prevailing in a typical test are as follows: Axial [GATE-2019-PI]

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Fluid Mechanics

61. A liquid of viscosity 1.74 × 10 / is that the jet splits equally into two halves as
flowing through a horizontal capillary tube of shown in figure. The jet cross-sectional area is
diameter 0.5 mm. The flow in the tube is 2 , ⃗ is 20 / and ⃗ is 10 m/s and
steady, incompressible, and fully developed density of water is 1000 / . Consider
laminar flow. The pressure drop across two steady flow and neglect weight of the jet,
locations spaced 1 m apart in the tube is 1.0 weight of the plate and frictional losses.
MPa
The absolute value of the force required to keep
The flow rate in the tube ______ /
the plate moving at constant velocity ⃗ is
[GATE-2020: XE]
_____N.
62. A venturimeter with 75 mm diameter throat is
placed in a 150 mm diameter pipeline carrying
water at 25° . The pressure drop between the
upstream tap and the venturi throat is 40 kPa.

0
(Density of water= 1000 / ).
The flow rate is _______ / (rounded off to
three decimal places).
I1
[GATE-2020: XE]
EG
63. A water jet with velocity ⃗ impinges normal

to a moving flat plate with velocity ⃗ such [GATE-2020: XE]

PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. The differential manometer connected to a Pitot a level difference as ‘h’ as shown in figure
N

static tube used for measuring fluid velocity below.

gives The velocity V is given by the expression
A. Static Pressure
B. Total Pressure
C. Dynamic pressure
D. Difference between total pressure and
dynamic pressure
[ESE-ME-93]
2. Prandtl Pitot tube was used to measure the
velocity of a fluid of specific gravity . The
differential manometer, with a fluid of specific
gravity connected to the Pitot tube recorded A. 2 ℎ − 1 B. 2 ℎ − 1

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Fluid Mechanics

C. 2 ℎ( − ) D. 2 ℎ( − ) and velocity from inside bend to the outside

[ESE-ME-95] bend.
Reason (R): Flow will be such that streamline
3. The express + + commonly used
spacing will decrease towards the inner bend
to express Bernoulli’s equation, has units of
resulting in decrease of pressure head and
A. Total energy per unit mass
increase of velocity head at the inner wall.
B. Total energy per unit weight
[ESE-ME-97]
C. Total energy per unit volume
7. A horizontal pipe of cross – sectional area 5
D. Total energy per unit cross sectional area of
is connected to a venturimeter of throat
flow.
area
[GATE-ME-95]
3 as shown in the figure below. The
4. Match List – I with List - II and select the
manometer reading is equivalent to 5 cm of
correct answer using the codes given below the
water
lists:
The discharge in cm3/s is nearly

0
List – I List – II
A. Anemometer 1. Flow rate
B. Piezometer
C. Pitot tube
2. Velocity
I1
3. Static pressure
D. Orifice 4. Difference between
EG
static and stagnation pressure
Codes: A. 0.45 /s B. 5.5 /s
A B C D C. 21.0 /s D. 370 /s
A. 1 3 4 2 [ESE-ME-98]
N

B. 1 2 3 4 8. A liquid flow downward through a tapered

C. 2 3 4 1 vertical portion of a pipe. At the entrance and
D. 2 4 3 1 exit of the pipe, the static pressures are equal.
[ESE-ME-97] IF for a vertical height ’h’ the velocity becomes
5. Assertion (A): Bernoulli’s equation is an four times, then the ratio of ‘h’ to the velocity
energy equation head at entrance will be
Reason (R): Starting from Euler’s equation,
one can arrive at Bernoulli’s equation.
[ESE-ME-97]
6. Assertion (A): In the case of flow around pipe
bends, there will be redistribution of pressure

A. 3 B. 8

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Fluid Mechanics

C. 15 D. 24
[ESE-ME-98]
9. Consider the following assumptions:
1. The fluid is compressible
2. The fluid is inviscid.
3. The fluid is incompressible and homogeneous.
4. The fluid is viscous and compressible
The Euler’s equation of motion requires
A. always from A to B
assumptions indicated in
B. From A to B if + =
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3
C. From B to A if + =
C. 1 and 4 D. 3 and 4
D. From B to A if + =
[ESE-ME-98]
12. A Pitot static tube is used to measure the
10. The elbow nozzle assembly shown in the figure
velocity of water using a differential gauge
below is in a horizontal plane. The velocity of

0
which contains a manometric fluid of relative
jet issuing from the nozzle is
density 1.4. The deflection of the gauge fluid
I1 when water flows at velocity of 1.2 m/s will be
(the coefficient of the tube may be assumed to
be 1)
EG
A. 183. 5 mm B. 52.4mm
C. 5.24mm D. 73.4 mm
A. 4 m/s B. 16 m/s [ESE-ME-00]
C. 24 m/s D. 30 m/s 13. A glass tube with a 90 bend is open at both the
N

[ESE-ME-99] ends. It is inserted into a flowing stream of oil,

11. Point A of head ‘ ’ is at a higher elevation S = 0.90, so that one opening is directed
than point B of head ‘ ’. The head loss upstream and the other is directed upward. Oil
between these points is . The flow will take inside the tube is 50 mm higher than the surface
place of flowing oil. The velocity measured by the
[ESE-ME-99] tube is, nearly
A. 0.89 m/s B. 0.99 m/s
C. 1.40 m/s D. 1.90 m/s
[ESE-ME-01]
14. At location – I of a horizontal line, the fluid
pressure head is 32 cm and velocity head is 4

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Fluid Mechanics

cm. The reduction in area at location – II is such A. 1 and 3 B. 2 and 3

that pressure head drops down to zero C. 1 and 4 D. 2 and 4
[ESE-ME-02]
17. While measuring the velocity of air (ρ = 1.2
kg/ ), the difference in the stagnation and
static pressure of a Pitot static tube was found
The ratio of velocities at location – II to that at to be 380 Pa. The velocity at that location is
location – I is A. 24.03 m/s B. 4.02 m/s
A. 3 B. 2.5 C. 17.8 m/s D. 25.17 m/s
C. 2 D. 1.5 [ESE-ME-02]
[ESE-ME-01] 18. The expression
15. A symmetrical stationary vane experiences a ф
+∫ + [∇ф] + gz = constant represents
force F of 100 N as shown in the figure below,
A. steady flow energy equation
when the mass flow rate of water over the vane

0
B. unsteady irrotational Bernoulli’s equation
is 5 kg/s with a velocity ‘v’ of 20 m/s without
C. steady rotational Bernoulli’s equation
friction I1 D. unsteady rotational Bernoulli’s equation
[ESE-ME-03]
19. An orifice meter with = 0.61 is substituted
EG
by venturi meter with = 0.98 in a pipeline
carrying crude oil, having the same throat
diameter as that of the orifice. For the same
The angle α of the vane is
flow rate, the ratio of the pressure drops for the
A. zero B. 30
N

venturi meter and the orifice meter is

C. 45 D. 60
A. 0.61/0.98 B. (0.61) /(0.98)
[ESE-ME-01]
C. 0.98/0.61 D. (0.98) /(0.61)
16. Which of the following assumptions are made
[ESE-ME-03]
for deriving Bernoulli’s equation?
20. Assertion (A): After the fluid has
1. Flow is steady and incompressible
reestablished its flow pattern downstream of an
2. Flow is unsteady and compressible
orifice plate, it will return to same pressure that
3. Effect of friction is neglected and flow is
it had upstream of the orifice plate.
along a stream line
Reason (R): Bernoulli’s equation when
4. Effect of friction is taken into consideration
applied between two points having the same
and flow is along a stream line
elevation and same velocity gives the same
Select the correct answer using codes given
pressure at these points.
below:
[ESE-ME-03]

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Fluid Mechanics

21. A Pitot - static tube (C = 1) is used to measure A. 64 cm B. 68 cm

air flow. With water in the differential C. 80 cm D. 85 cm
manometer and a gauge difference of 75 mm, [ESE-ME-06]
what is the value of air speed if ρ = 1.16 kg/ ? 25. A circular jet of water impinges on a vertical
A. 1.21 m/s B. 16.2 m/s flat plate and bifurcates into two circular jets of
C. 35.6 m/s D. 71.2 m/s half the diameter of the original as shown in the
[ESE-ME-04] figure below
22. The Euler’s equation of motion is a statement
of
A. energy balance
B. conservation of momentum for an inviscid
fluid
C. conservation of momentum for an
incompressible flow

0
D. conservation of momentum for a real fluid
I1 [ESE-ME-05]
23. Which one of the following is measured by a
Rotameter?
After hitting the plate
A. the jet move at equal velocity which is twice
of the original velocity
EG
A. Velocity of fluids B. the jet move at equal velocity which is 3
B. Discharge of fluids times of the original velocity
C. Viscosity of fluids C. data given is insufficient to calculate
D. Rotational speed of solid shafts velocities of the two outgoing jets
[ESE-ME-06]
N

D. the jets move at equal velocity which is

24. A venturimeter in an oil (specific gravity 0.8)
equal to original velocity
pipe is connected to a differential manometer in
[ESE-ME-06]
which the gauge liquid is mercury. For a flow 26. The velocity of a water stream is being
rate of 0.16 /s, the manometer registers a measured by a L –shaped Pitot tube and the
gauge differential of 20 cm. The oil – mercury reading is 20cm. Then, what is the approximate
manometer being unavailable, an air – oil value of velocity?
differential manometer is connected to the A.19.6 m/s B. 2.0 m/s
same venturimeter. Neglecting variation of C. 9.8 m/s D. 20 cm/s
discharge coefficient for the venturimeter, what [ESE-ME-07]
is the new gauge differential for a flow rate of
0.08 /s?

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Fluid Mechanics

27. An incompressible fluid flows radially outward A. 1,2 and 4 B. 1 only

from a line source in a steady manner. How C. 2,3 and 4 D. 1,2,3 and 4
does velocity in any radial direction vary? [ESE-ME-10]
A. r B. 31. Assertion (A): A pitot tube works on the
C. 1/ D. 1/r principle of converting kinetic energy into
[ESE-ME-08] potential energy.
28. Which one of the statements is correct for a Reason (R): The oncoming upstream velocity
forced vortex? of fluid decelerates and comes to rest at the
A. Turns in an opposite direction to a free stagnation point at the tip of the pitot tube. A
vortex 32. The condition in which Bernoulli’s equation
B. Always occurs in conjunction with a free applies are
vortex 1. The flow must be inviscid
C. Has the linear velocity directly proportional 2. The fluid may be compressible or
to the radius incompressible

0
D. Has the linear velocity inversely 3. The flow must be steady
proportional to the radius I1 [ESE-ME-09]
29. When is Bernoulli’s equation applicable
4. There should be only one stream line in the
flow.
A. 1,2,3, and 4 B. 1,2 and 3
EG
between any two points in a flow field? C. 1,3 and 4 D. 2,3 and 4
A. The flow is steady, incompressible and [ESE-ME-10]
rotational 33. A jet of oil with relative density 0.7 strikes
B. The flow is steady, compressible and normally a plate with a velocity of 10 m/s. The
irrotational jet has an area of 0.03 . The force exerted on
N

C. The flow is unsteady, incompressible and the plate by the jet is

irrotational A. 210 N B. 2.1 kN
D. The flow is steady, incompressible and C. 20.6 kN D. 206 kN
Irrotational [ESE-ME-10]
[ESE-ME-09] 34. Match List – I with List – II and select the
30. Consider the following statements regarding correct answer using the codes given below the
Bernoulli’s theorem for fluid flow: lists:
1. Conservation of energy List – I List - II
2. Steady flow A. Rotameter 1.Vena contracta
3. Viscous flow B. Venturimeter 2. Tapering tube
4. Incompressible flow C. Orifice – meter 3.Convergent divergent
Which of these statements is/are correct? D. Flow nozzle 4. Bell mouth entry

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Fluid Mechanics

Codes: D. steady, irrotational flow of an

A B C D incompressible fluid
A. 4 3 1 2 [ESE-ME-12]
B. 2 3 1 4 39. By integrating Euler equation between two
C. 4 1 3 2 sections 1 and 2 for flow of an incompressible
D. 2 1 3 4 inviscid fluid through a pipe, we get
[ESE-ME-11] A. steady flow energy equation
35. Which one of the following instruments is a B. Bernoulli equation
rate meter? C. continuity equation
A. Disk meter D. variable flow equation
B. hot wire anemometer [ESE-ME-12]
C. Pitot tube 40. The piezometer head is the summation of
D. Venturimeter A. velocity head and pressure head
[ESE-ME-11] B. pressure head and elevation head

0
36. The measurement of flow rate in a pipe is done C. elevation head and velocity head
by a combination of venturimeter and
I1 D. velocity head, pressure head and elevation
A. V – notch B. Pitot tube head
C. Orifice – meter D. Manometer [ESE-ME-12]
EG
[ESE-ME-11] 41. The velocity at the exit of the pipe as shown in
37. Assertion (A): After the fluid downstream of the above figure will be
the orifice plate has reestablished it will return
to the same pressure that it had upstream of the
orifice plate.
N

Reason (R): According to Bernoulli’s theorem

with usual assumptions, the flow between two
points, the sum of kinetic, potential and
pressure energies remain constant
A. 9.9m/s B. 14.0 m/s
[ESE-ME-11]
C. 17.1 m/s D. 19.8 m/s
38. Bernoulli’s equation is applicable between any
[ESE-ME-13]
two points in
42. Water flows through a vertical contraction from
A. rotational flow of an incompressible fluid
a pipe of diameter d to another of diameter of
B. irrotational flow of compressible or
. Inlet velocity at inlet to contraction is 2 m/s
incompressible fluid
C. steady, rotational flow of an incompressible and pressure 200 kN/ . If height of

fluid
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Fluid Mechanics

contraction measures 2 m, the pressure at exit away from the jet with a velocity of 5 m/s. The
of contraction will be nearly to force one plate due to this impact is
A.192 kN/ B. 150 kN/ A.150 N B.1470 N
C.165 kN/ D. 175 kN/ C. 340 N D. 900 N
[ESE-ME-13] [ESE-ME-14]
43. Angle of diverging portion of the venturimeter 46. A jet of water issues from a nozzle with a
is limited to 7°, because velocity of 20 m/s and it impinges normally on
1. Flow decelerates in the diverging portion a flat plate moving away from it at 10 m/s. If
and pressure increase in the downstream the cross-sectional area of the jet is 0.01 m2 and
direction. Hence, the fluid experiences an the density of water is taken as 1000 kg/m3,
adverse pressure gradient, if the divergence then the force developed on the plate will be
angle is large. A. 100 N B. 200 N
2. Flow separation takes place due to adverse C. 1000 N D. 2000N
pressure gradient when divergence angle is [ESE-ME-15]

0
large. 47. Statement (I): In a venturimeter, the divergent
I1
3. If the divergence angle is large, a negative section is much longer as compared to the
pressure is created at the throat which convergent section.
obstructs the flow of fluid. Statement (II): Flow separation occurs only in
EG
Which of the above reasons are correct? the diverging section of the venturimeter.
A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 2 only A[ESE-ME-16]

C. 1 and 3 only D. 2 and 3 only 48. The velocity of flow from a tap of 12mm

[ESE-ME-14] diameter is 8 m/s. What is the diameter of the

44. Bernoulli’s equation is applicable between any jet at 1.5 m from the tap when the flow is
N

two points located in vertically upwards? Assuming that, the jet

A. Rotational flow of an incompressible fluid continues to be circular upto the level.
B. Irrotational flow of compressible or A. 44mm B. 34mm
incompressible fluid C. 24 mm D. 14 mm
C. Steady, rotational flow of an incompressible [ESE-ME-16]

fluid 49. A conical diffuser 3 m long is placed vertically.

D. Steady, irrotational flow of an The velocity at the top (entry) is 4 m/s and at

incompressible fluid the lower end is 2 m/s. The pressure head at the

[ESE-ME-14] top is 2m of the oil flowing through the

45. A water jet 0.0015 m2 in area issues from a diffuser. The head loss in the diffuser is 0.4 m
nozzle with 15 m/s velocity. It is made to of the oil. The pressure head at the exit is:
impinge perpendicular on to a plate that moves A. 3.18 of oil B. 5.21 of oil

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Fluid Mechanics

B. C. 7.18 of oil D. 9.21 of oil 1. It is assumed that no energy has been

[ESE-ME-16] supplied.
50. Bernoulli’s equation 2. The velocity of a steady stream of fluid flow
+ = constant, is valid for: will depend on the cross-sectional area of
the stream
1. Steady flow
3. Consider the two sections 1 and 2 along a
2. Viscous flow
flow stream. In this reach, if q is work done
3. Incompressible flow
by a pump, w is work absorbed by turbine,
4. Flow along a streamline
is density of water and g is acceleragtion
Which of the above are correct?
of gravity, with p, v and z carrying standard
A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1,2 and 4
meanings, Bernoulli’s equation with read
C. 1,3 and 4 D. 2 ,3 and 4
[ESE-ME-16] + + = + + + +
51. A fluid jet is discharging from a 100 mm nozzle Which of the above statements are correct?

0
and the vena contracta formed has a diameter A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only
of 90 mm. If the coefficient of velocity of 0.98, C. 2 and 3 only C. 1,2 and 3

is:
I1
then the coefficient of discharge for the nozzle [ESE-ME-17]
54. A jet of water issues from a sharp-edged
A. 0.673 B. 0.794 vertical orifice under a constant heat of 0.51 m.
EG
C. 0.872 D. 0.971 At a certain point of the issuing jet, the
[ESE-ME-16] horizontal and vertical coordinates measured
52. Water is coming out from a tap and falls from vena contracta are 0.406 m and 0.085 m,
vertically downwards. At the tap opening, the respectively. What is the value of the
N

stream diameter is 20 mm with uniform coefficient of velocity?

velocity of 2 m/s. Assuming steady inviscid A. 0.975 B. 0.925
flow, constant pressure atmosphere C. 0.875 D. 0.825
everywhere, and neglecting curvature and [ESE-ME-17]
surface tension effects, the diameter of the 55. Statement I: There exists a positive pressure
stream 0.5 m below the tap opening is nearly difference between the inlet and throat of a
A. 11.7 mm B. 14.6 mm venturi meter.
C. 17.5 mm D. 20.4 mm Statement II: The coefficient of discharge of
[ESE-ME-17] venturi meter accounts for eh non-uniformity of
53. Consider the following statements regarding flow at both inlet and throat
Bernoulli’s equation: [ESE-ME-18]

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Fluid Mechanics

56. A nozzle at the end of an 80 mm hosepipe A. 0.72 B. 0.64

produces a jet 40 mm in diameter. When it is C. 0.56 D. 0.49
discharging the water 1200 LPm, the force on [ESE-ME-19]
the joint at the base of the nozzle will be 59. A 120 mm wide uniform plate is to be subjected
A. 180 N B. 200 N to a tensile load that has a maximum value of
C. 220 N D. 240 N 250 kN and a minimum value of 100 kN. The
[ESE-ME-2019] properties of the plate material are: endurance
57. A vertical water pipe, 1.5 m long, tapers from limit stress is 225 MPa, yield point stress is 300
75 mm diameter at the bottom to 150 mm MPa. If the factor of safety based on yield point
diameter at the top and the rate of flow is 50 L/s is 1.5, the thickness of the plate will be nearly
upwards. If the pressure at the bottom end is A. 12 mm B. 14 mm
150 / 2, the pressure at the top will be C. 16 mm D. 18 mm
nearly [ESE-ME-20]
60. A duct of rectangular cross-section 600 ×

0
A. 195.2 / B. 191.4 /
C. 187.6 / D. 183.8 / 400 carries 90 / of air having
I1 [ESE-ME-19]
58. In a lawn sprinkler, water leaves the jet with
density of 1.2 / . When the quantity of air
in both cases is same, the equivalent diameter

an absolute velocity of 2 m/s and the of circular duct will be nearly

EG
sprinkler arms are 0.1 in length. The A. 0.86 m B. 0.76 m

sprinkler rotates at a speed of 120 r.p.m. The C. 0.64 D. 0.54 m

utilization factor of this sprinkler will be [ESE-ME-20]
nearly.
N

PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. In fluid flow , the line of constant piezometric E. both A and R are true and R is the correct
head passes through two points which have the explanation of A
same F. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
A. elevation B. pressure explanation of A
C. velocity D. velocity potential G. A is true but R is false
[ESE-CE-95] H. A is false but R is true
2. Assertion (A): Pressure intensity in a liquid [ESE-CE-97]
flows a form of energy. 3. Two small orifices A and B of diameters 1 cm
Reason (R): The pressure gradient is a measure and 2 cm, respectively, are placed on the sides
of the rate of energy dissipation in steady of a tank at depths of h1 and h2 below the open
uniform flow. liquid surface. If the discharges through A and

- 173 -
Fluid Mechanics

B are equal, then the ratio of h1 and h2

(assuming equal Cd values) will be
A. 16: 1 B. 8: 1
C. 4: 1 D. 2: 1
[ESE-CE-97]
4. The coefficient of velocity for an orifice is
given by (using usual notations)
A. B.

C. D.

[ESE-CE-98]
5. A 30 cm diameter, 90° elbow has one limb
vertical. Average velocity of flow of water
The water jets through the orifices
through the elbow is 5 m/s and the pressure

0
A. intersect at point A
intensity is 4 kPa. The vertical component of
B. intersect at point B
force to keep the elbow in position will be
I1 C. strike the plane at point C and B respectively
A. 0.28 kN B. 1.49 kN
D. would be striking at E and F only
C. 1.77 kN D. 2.05 kN [ESE-CE-02]
EG
[ESE-CE-01] 7. Match List-I (Equation/Principle) with List-II
6. One orifice is located at a distance ‘x’ from the
(Property) and select the correct answer using
free surface while another orifice is located at
the codes given below the lists:
the same distance ‘x’ from the bottom of the
List-I
tank as shown in the figure.
N

a. Energy equation
b. Continuity equation
c. Moment of momentum principle
d. Impulse-momentum principle
List - II
1. Force on a moving vane
2. Lawn sprinkler
3. Pressure at a point in a pipeline
4. Flow at two sections of a tapering pipe
Codes:
a b c d
A. 4 3 2 1

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Fluid Mechanics

B. 3 4 1 2 B. Negative pressure manometer

C. 4 3 1 2 C. For measuring pressure in liquids or gases
D. 3 4 2 1 D. For measuring pressure in liquids only
[ESE-CE-03] List – II
8. Consider the following statements related to a
horizontal venturimeter:
1. The velocity of flow in the main pipe is
greater and the pressure is lesser than that
at the throat section.
2. The velocity of flow in the main pipe is
lower and the pressure is larger than that at
the throat section.
3. The pressure difference between the main
pipe and throat section is positive.

0
4. The pressure difference between the main
I1
pipe and throat section is negative.
Which of these statements are not correct?
A. 1 and 4 B. 1 and 2
EG
C. 2 and 3 D. 3 and 4
[ESE-CE-03]
9. When a body moves through still water at a
constant velocity of 4.5 m/s, the velocity of
water at 0.8 m ahead of the nose of the body is
N

3.0 m/s. What will be the difference in pressure

between the nose and the point 0.8 m ahead of
it?
A. 875 N/m2 B. 1000 N/m2
C. 1125 N/m2 D. 1250 N/m2
[ESE-CE-03]
10. Match List-I (Features) with List-II (Type of
manometers) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists:
List-I
A. Open ended manometer for positive
pressure

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Fluid Mechanics

List-II
1. Principle of moment of momentum
2. Bernoulli's equation
3. Equation for conservation of momentum
4. Momentum equation
Codes:
a b c d
A. 4 1 2 3
B. 2 3 4 1
C. 4 3 2 1
D. 2 1 4 3
[ESE-CE-05]
12. A Pitot-static tube, with a coefficient of 0.98 is
used to measure the velocity of water in a pipe.

0
The stagnation pressure recorded is 3 m and the
I1 static pressure is 0.5 m. What is the velocity of
flow?
A. 7.2 m/s B. 6.8 m/s
EG
C. 5.9 m/s D. 5.2 m/s
[ESE-CE-06]
13. Assertion (A): It takes longer to drain a
Codes: reservoir with a long vertical pipe taken down
A B C D from its bottom discharging into atmosphere
N

A 3 4 1 2 than with an orifice at the bottom.

B 1 2 3 4 Reason (R): The relative height of the water
C 3 2 1 4 surface elevation in the reservoir compensates
D 1 4 3 2 for the friction loss in the pipe besides the entry
[ESE-CE-04]
and exit losses in the pipe.
11. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists:
explanation of A
List-I
B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
a. Equation of motion along a streamline
explanation of A
b. Euler's equation
C. A is true but R is false
c. Pressure exerted by a free jet
D. A is false but R is true
d. Rotating lawn sprinkler
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Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-CE-06] 2. refers to energy balance.

14. In an air flow the velocity is measured by a 3. develops into Bernoulli's equation under
Pitot tube (coefficient = 1.0). The mass density appropriate conditions.
of air can be taken as 1.2 kg/m3. If the head 4.is applicable to rotational as well as
difference in a vertical U-tube holding water is irrotational flows. Which of these statements
12 mm, then what is the velocity of air in m/s? are correct?
A. 10 B. 14 A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 B. 1 and 2 only
C. 17 D. 20 C. 1 and 3 only D. 3 and 4 only
[ESE-CE-07] [ESE-CE-13]
15. Assertion (A): Total energy of flow decreases 18. The Bernoulli's equation is applicable to:
in the direction of flow. A. Both steady and unsteady flows
Reason (R): The specific energy may decrease, B. Real fluids
increase or remain constant. C. All fluids and flows along a stream tube
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct D. Steady flow of ideal fluids along a stream

0
explanation of A tube
B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
I1 [ESE-CE-13]
explanation of A 19. Statement (I): The integration of differential
C. A is true but R is false form of Euler’s equation of motion yields to
EG
D. A is false but R is true Bernoulli's equation.
[ESE-CE-09] Statement (II): Euler's equation is based on the
16. Consider the following statements: The assumption of conservation of mass.
moment of momentum equation in fluid A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
dynamics can be used individually true and Statement (II) is the
N

1. to find the torque exerted on sprinklers by correct explanation of Statement (I)

water B. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
2. to determine the force in a flow passage, individually true but Statement (i I) is NOT
when stream changes direction/magnitude. the correct explanation of Statement (I)
Which of these statements is/are correct? C. Statement (I) is true but Statement (H) is
A. 1 only B. 2 only false
C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 D. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is
[ESE-CE-10] true
17. Consider the following statements: Euler’s [ESE-CE-13]
equation of motion 20. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter
1. can be derived from Navier-Strokes of 30 cm and throat diameter of 15 cm is used
equations. to measure the flow of water. The reading on a

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Fluid Mechanics

differential manometer connected to the inlet [ESE-CE-16]

and the throat is 20 cm of mercury. If Cd = 0.98, 24. Statement (I): When flow through a pipeline is
the rate of flow is nearly measured through fixing a venturimeter, the
A. 12.5l/s B. 25 l/s computed flow will not be sensitive to the
C. 125 l/s D. 250 l/s alignment of the centre line of the set-up –
[ESE-CE-14] horizontal or sloping, up or down, along the
21. An open rectangular tank of dimensions 4m × flow direction.
3m × 2m contains water to a height of 1.6m. It Statement (II): The difference in the readings
is then accelerated along the longer side. What on the manometer limbs is by itself always
is the maximum acceleration possible without adjusted for the ratio of the densities of the two
spilling the water? If this acceleration is then liquids – the manometer liquid and the liquid
increased by 10%, what amount of water will whose flow rate is being measured – in the
be spilt off? development of the formula for computing the
A. 1.472 m/s2 and 0.48 m3 discharge.

0
B. 1.962 m/s2 and 0.48 m3 A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
C. 1.472 m/s2 and 0.52 m3
D. 1.962 m/s2 and 0.52 m3
I1 [ESE-CE-16]
individually true and Statement (II) is the
correct explanation of Statement (I)
B. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
EG
22. While conducting the flow measurement using individually true but Statement (II) is NOT
a triangular notch, an error of 2% in head over the correct explanation of Statement (I)
the notch is observed. The percentage error in C. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is
the computed discharge would be false
A. + 7% B. - 3% D. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is
N

C. + 5% D. - 4% true.
[ESE-CE-16] [ESE-CE-17]
23. An orifice is located in the side of a tank with 25. Statement (I): Bernoulli’s equation is
its centre 10 cm above the base of the tank. The applicable to any point in the flow field
constant water level is 1.0m above the centre of provided the flow is steady and irrotational.
orifice. The coefficient of velocity is 0.98. On Statement (II): The integration of Euler’s
the issuing jet, the horizontal distance from the equation of motion to derive Bernoulli’s
vena-contracta to where the jet is 10 cm below equation involves the assumptions that velocity
vena-contracta is potential exists and that the flow conditions do
A. 1.62 m B. 1.00 m not change with time at any point.
C. 0.62 m D. 0.32 m A[ESE-CE-18]

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Fluid Mechanics

26. In a siphon, the summit is 5 m above the water

+ + +ℎ
level in the tank from which the flow is being −1 2
discharged. If the head loss from the inlet the B. + + =
summit is 2.5m and the velocity head at the
+ +
summit is 0.5m m, (taking = 10 appropriate −1 2

units) the pressure head at the summit is C. + + + =

A. -80 kPa + +
2
B. -3 m of water (abs)
D. + + + =
C. 5 m of water (abs)
D. 18 m of water (abs) + + +ℎ
2
[ESE-CE-18]
[ESE-2019]
27. A vertical cylindrical tank, 2 m diameter has at
29. When the drag force becomes equal to the
the bottom, a 5 cm diameter, sharp-edged
weight of the body, the acceleration ceases and
orifice, for which = 0.6. Water enters the

0
the net external force acting in the body
tank at a constant rate of 9//sec. At what depth
becomes

become steady?
A. 2.95 m
I1
above the orifice will the level in the tank

B. 2.75 m
A. Zero and the body will move at constant
speed
B. Light and the body will move forward
EG
C. 2.60 m D. 2.50 m
C. Zero and the body will move fast
[ESE-CE-18]
D. High and the body will move at constant
28. For frictionless adiabatic flow of compressive
speed
fluid, the Bernoulli’s equation with usual
notations is
[ESE-CE-20]
N

A. + + =

PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. Two venturimeter of different area ratios are C. 5 D.6
connected at different locations of a pipeline to
[CSE-ME-99]
measure discharge. Similar manometers are
2. Bernoulli’s equation p/ + v2/2 +gh = constant;
used acros the two venturimeters to register the
is applicable for
head differences. The first venturimeter of area
A. Steady, frictionless and incompressible
ratio 2 registers a head difference ‘h’, while the
flow along a streamline
second venturimeter registers ‘5h’. The area
B. Uniform and frictionaless flow along a
ratio for the second venturimeter is
streamline when is a function of p
A. 3 B. 4

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Fluid Mechanics

C. Steady and frictionless flow along a difference of two pressure, ∆ , measured at an

streamline when is a function of p upstream point and at the smallest cross-section
D. Steady, uniform and incompressible flow of the tube, is used. If a relation ∆P Qn exists,
along a streamline then n is equal to
[CSE-ME-99] A. 1/3 B. 1/2
3. A liquid of specific gravity 0.82 flows with a C. 1 D. 2
velocity 4.43 m/s. It velocity head is [CSE-ME-01]
A. 0.82 m B. 4.43 m 6. The Bernoulli’s equation refers to conservation
C. 1m D. 19.6 m of
[CSE-ME-00] A. Mass B. linear momentum
4. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct C. angular momentum D. energy
answer : 7. Match List-I (Device) with List-II (use) and
List-I select the correct answer :
A. Orifice meter List-I

0
B. Broad crested weir A. Pitot tube
C. Pilot tube
D. Rotameter
List-II
I1 B. Preston tube
C. Flow Nozzle
D. Hot wire anemometer
EG
1. Measurement of flow in a channel
List-II
2. Measurement of velocity in a
pipe/channel 1. Boundary shear stress
3. Measurement of flow in a pipe of any 2. Turbulent velocity fluctuations
inclination 3. The total head
N

4. Measurement of upward flow in a vertical 4. Flow rate

pipe Codes :
Codes : A B C D
A B C D A 4 2 3 1
A 3 1 4 2 B 3 1 4 2
B 1 3 2 4 C 4 1 3 2
C 3 1 2 4 D 3 2 4 1
D 1 3 4 2 [CSE-ME-02]
[CSE-ME-00] 8. What is the percentage error in the estimation
5. Fluid flow rate Q, can be measured easily with of the discharge due to an error of 2% in the
the help of a venturi tube, in which the connected to an orifice meter ?

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Fluid Mechanics

A. 4 B. 3 11. Assertion (A) : The coefficient of discharge of

C. 2 D. 1 a venturimeter is higher than that of an
[CSE-ME-04] orificemeter.
Reason (A) : Orificemeter produces eddies and
9. Match List-I (Forms of Bernoullis’ Equation)
cross-currents in the fluid flow, when dissipate
with List-II (Units of these forms) and select
energy.
the correct answer using the codes given below
[CSE-ME-06]
the lists:
12. Consider the following statements:
List-I
The coefficient of discharge Cd of a
A. P+ wz + venturimeter takes into account

B. + gz + 1. the effect of roughness of the surface

2. non-uniform velocity distributions at inlet
C. +z+ and throat section
List-II 3. Reynolds number of flow

0
1. Total energy per unit volume 4. Discharge
2. Total energy per unit mass
3. Total energy per unit weight
Codes :
I1 5. length of throat
6. diamter of throat
7. diamter ratio
EG
A B C Which of the statements given above are
A 1 2 3 correct?
B 1 3 2 A. 1,2,4 and 5 B. 1,4,5 and 6
C 2 1 3 C. 1,2,3 and 7 D. 2,6 and 7
D 2 3 1 [CSE-ME-06]
N

[CSE-ME-06] 13. Which one of the following expresses the error

10. Bernoulli’s equation is derived by making in discharge due to error in the measurement of
which one of the following assumptions? head over a triangular notch?
A. The flow is steady only
. = B. =
B. The flow is uniform and incompressible
C. The flow is non-viscous, uniform and C. = D. =
steady [CSE-ME-06]
D. The flow is steady, non-viscous, 14. Which one of the following is the correct
incompressible and irrotational statement? A differential manometer connected
[CSE-ME-06]
to a pilot-static tube used for measuring fluid
velocity gives
A. Static pressure

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Fluid Mechanics

B. Total pressure D. The energy is constant along a stream line

C. Dynamic pressure but may very across stream lines
D. Difference between total pressure and [CSE-ME-08]
dynamic pressure 19. Which one of the following statements is
[CSE-ME-06] correct?
15. A triangular notch is more accurate measuring Bernoulli’s equation is applicable between any
device then the rectangular notch for measuring two points
which one of the following? A. In any type of irrotational flow of a fluid
A. Low flow rates B. Medium flow rates B. In steady, irrotational flow of an
C. High flow rates D. All flow rates incompresible fluid
[CSE-ME-07] C. In steady, rotational flow of an
16. Which one of the following expresses the incompressible fluid
hydraulic diameter for a rectangular pipe of D. In any rotational flow of an incompressible
width b and height a? fluid only

0
. B. [CSE-ME-08]
( ) ( )
I1 20. On which one of the following is the Euler’s
C. ( )
D.
equation of motion based?
[CSE-ME-07] A. Mass conservation
EG
17. Which one of the following statements is B. Energy conservation
correct? C. Momentum conservation
The Euler’s equation for fluid flow refers to D. Total head conservation
motion with [CSE-ME-09]
A. Constant velocity 21. The vertically upward jet of water 7.5 cm in
N

B. Accelration along the flow diamter issuing from a nozzle with a velocity of
C. Retardation along the flow 9 m/s strikes the normal to a flat circle plate of
D. Constant acceleration mass 30 kg and diameter 50 cm and supports it.
[CSE-ME-08] What would be the vertical distance above the
18. Which one of the following statements is nozzle where the plate is held in equlibrium?
correct? According to Bernoulli’s equation for A. 50 cm B. 15 cm
steady ideal fluid flow, C. 73 cm D. 33 cm
A. Total energy is constant throughout [CSE-ME-09]
B. Principle of conservation of mass holds 22. The stagnation and static presures recorded by
C. Velocity and pressure are inversely water meter during flow of water in a pipe are
proportional respectively 4 m and 2m. If the coefficient of

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Fluid Mechanics

the water meter used is 0.98, then what is the that of water is 1000 kg/m3. Assuming
velocity of flow? acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s2, what is
(g is acceleration due to gravity) the difference between stagnation and static
A. 1.50 B. 1.96 pressure?

C. 2.00 D. 4.00 A. 135.9 Pa B. 135988 Pa

C. 13598.8 Pa D. 1359.88 Pa
[CSE-ME-10]
[CSE-ME-10]
23. A Pitot-static tube when inserted into an air
stream for measureing velocity at a point gives
different pressure reading of 10 mm in an air-
mercury manometer. Specific gravity of
mercury is 13.6. Air density is 1.2 kg/m3 and

PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. Under which of the following conditions 3. Which of the following assumptions are made

0
equation + + = Constant, will be valid in the analysis of jet impinging normally on a

in the whole flow field?

1. Flow is rotational
I1 moving orate?
1. Friction between jet and plate is neglected
2. Flow is steady.
2. Flow is irrotational
EG
3. Momentum of jet is unchanged.
3. Flow is incompressible
4. Plate moves at a constant velocity
4. Flow is steady
Choose the correct answer using the codes
5. Flow is laminar
given below:
Select the correct answer using the codes given
A. 1, 2 and 4 B. 1, 2 and 3
N

below:
C. 2, 3 and 4 D. 1, 3 and 4
A. 1, 3 and 4 B. 2, 4 and 5
[CSE–CE–95]
C. 1, 3 and 5 D. 2, 3 and 4
4. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
[CSE–CE–94]
answer using the codes given below the lists:
2. A jet of water issue from a 5 cm diameter
List-I
nozzle, held vertically upwards, at a velocity of
1. Continuity equation
20 m/sec. If air resistance consumes 10% of the
2. Momentum equation s
initial energy of the jet, then it would reach a
3. Energy equation
height, above the nozzle, of:
4. Free Vortex
A. 18.35m B. 19.14m
List - II
C. 19.92 m D. 20.00 m
a. Law of conservation of energy.
[CSE–CE–95]
b. Concentric circular streamline

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Fluid Mechanics

c. Newton's Second Law of Motion. the following assumptions could be made in the
d. Law of conservation of Mass momentum equation? (Assume V1 = V2 = V3)
Codes:
1 2 3 4
A. a b c d
B. d c a b
C. a c d b
D. b c d a
[CSE–CE–96]
5. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I List-ll
1. Venturimeter a. Flow rate
2. Current meter b. Flow velocity

0
3. Piezometer c. Flow pressure
Codes: I1 The net momentum flux in the direction
1 2 3 A. of approaching flow is zero.

A. a b c B. Normal to the approaching flow direction is

EG
B. b a c zero.

C. c b a C. Normal to the plate is zero.

D. b c a D. of the plate is zero.

[CSE–CE–96] [CSE–CE–94]

6. Oil of relative density 0.80 issues from a 50mm 8. In a horizontally held injection syringe, the
N

diameter orifice under a pressure of 100 kN/m2 piston of 0.2 cm2 cross-sectional area is pushed

(gauge). If the coefficient of velocity is taken as at a constant speed of 1.0 cm/s to eject water
unity, the issuing velocity will nearly be: into the atmosphere through a hypodermic

A. 11 m/s B. 13 m/s needle of 0.07 mm2 cross-sectional area while

C. 16 m/s D. 20 m/s rinsing. Neglecting losses, the force required to
[CSE–CE–97] move the piston is nearly:
A. 6 kg B. 6 × 103 kg
7. A two-dimensional jet of water is deflected by
C. 6 × 10-5 kg D. 6 × 10-7 kg
an inclined plate as shown in the figure. To
[CSE–CE–97]
determine the volume flow rates Q2 and Q3 in
9. Match List-I (Phenomena) with List – II
terms of the volume flow rate Q1, which one of
(Equation/Concept involved) and select the

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Fluid Mechanics

correct answer using the codes given below the 2. Equation motion for one-dimensional
lists: steady flow of ideal and incompressible
List – I fluid
a. Force developed in a pipe bend 3. Equation based on conservation of
b. Pitot static tube momentum principle applicable to
c. Flow through smaller passage produces circulatory flows
d. Vortex flow 4. Three-dimensional equation motion based
List – II on Principle of conservation of momentum
1. Continuity equation for ideal and incompressible fluid flow
2. Energy equation Codes:
3. Momentum equation a b c d
4. Moment of momentum A. 2 3 4 1
Codes: B. 3 2 1 4
a b c d C. 2 3 1 4

0
A. 3 2 4 1 D. 3 2 4 1
B.
C.
D.
3
2
2
2
3
3
1
4
1
I1 4
1
4
[CSE–CE–99]
12. A Pitot tube (coefficient = 1.0) is used to
measure the velocity of air of mass density
EG
[CSE–CE–98] 1.2kg/m2. If the head difference in a vertical U-
10. The limit of the values of the coefficient of tube filled with water is 12 mm then the
discharge of venturimeter is between: velocity of air (in m/s) will be:
A. 0.60 to 0.75 B. 0.76 to 0.80 A. 10 B. 14
C. 0.81 to 0.94 D. 0.95 to 0.99 C. 17 D. 20
N

[CSE–CE–99] [CSE–CE–99]
11. Match List-I with List-I and select the correct 13. The head loss at an orifice (cv= 0.98)
answer using the codes given below the lists: discharging under a head of 2 m is:
List-I A. 0.02 m B. 0.04 m
a. Moment of momentum equation C. 0.06 m D. 0.08 m
b. Bernoulli’s equation [CSE–CE–00]
c. Euler’s equation 14. Consider the following conditions:
d. Hagen-Poiseuille equation 1. Fluid is ideal
2. Flow is steady
List-II
3. Fluid is laminar
1. Equation to find energy loss in a pipeline 4. Fluid is Newtonian and flow is turbulent.
5. Flow is along a streamline.

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Fluid Mechanics

For + Z + constant, the conditions to 3. dp + gdz + vdv = 0

4. =
be satisfied are:
A. 1, 2 and 5 B. 2, 3 and 4 Codes:
C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 5 a b c d
[CSE–CE–99] A. 3 2 4 1
15. A 15 cm diameter pipe carries a flow of 70 B. 4 1 3 2
litres per second of an oil (sp.gr = 0.75). At a C. 3 1 4 2
section 12 cm above the datum, there is vacuum D. 4 2 1 3
of 2 cm of mercury. If the kinetic energy [CSE–CE–03]
correction factor for this section is 1.1 the total 18. Consider the following statements:
head at the section of oil is: 1. In Lagrangian method of describing the
A. 0.648 m B. 0.637 m motion of fluid, an observer concentrates
C. 0.557 m D. 0.728 m on a point in the fluid system.

0
[CSE–CE–01] 2. The components of acceleration of the fluid
16. A cylindrical vessel open at the top is filled particle are and
I1
with water and rotated at a constant angular
velocity about its vertical axis such that the
3. A particle moving in a curved path will
always have a normal acceleration
bottom of the vessel is just exposed at the axis.
EG
towards the centre of the curved path
The volume of water spilled as a fraction of the
volume of the cylinder is: Which of these statements are correct?

A. 1/3 B. 2/5 A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 2

C. 1/2 D. 2/3 C. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 3

N

[CSE–CE–02] [CSE–CE–03]

17. Match List-I (Equation for Flow) with List-II 19. Match List – I (Equation) with List – II (Basic

(Expression) and select the correct answer law) and select the correct answer using the

using the codes given below the lists: codes given below the lists:

List-I List – I

a. Bernoulli’s equation a. Continuity equation

b. Vortex flow equation b. Moment of momentum equation

c. Laminar flow equation c. Bernoulli’s equation

d. Turbulent flow d. Laminar flow equation

List – II List – II
1. Newton’s law of viscosity
1. du = .

2. dp + gdz –( v2/r)
-186
Fluid Mechanics

/ /
2. Newton’s second law flor flow around an A. B.
axis
/ /
3. Law of conservation of mass C. D.
4. Euler’s equation applied to 1-D flow
[CSE–CE–04]
Codes:
23. A sprinkler with unequal arms issuing jets of
a b c d area 0.8 cm2 at each end and facing same
direction receives a total flow of 1.5 liters at the
A. 3 2 4 1
axis. Absolute velocity of water discharging at
B. 1 4 2 1
the end of longer arm at X when the sprinkler
C. 3 4 2 1
is rotating at 36 rpm, will be approximately
D. 1 2 4 3
[CSE–CE–03]
20. A 75 mm diameter pipe of 500 m length

0
operates under a head of 60 m at its inlet. If a
nozzle is fitted at its outlet, then for most
I1
efficient conditions the velocity of flow from
the nozzle (with CV = 1) shall be A. 9.4 m/s
C. 7.9 m/s
B. 3.8 m/s
D. 10.9 m/s
A. 19.8 m/s B. 28 m/s
EG
C. 10 m/s D. 40 m/s [CSE–CE–04]

[CSE–CE–04] 24. Consider Euler’s equation for one-dimensional

21. A 300 mm diameter pipe of mild steel having 6 (horizontal) unsteady flow. In a 20 cm diameter
mm thickness carries water with a velocity of horizontal pipe, water discharge increases from
N

3m/s. What will be the rise in pressure if the 25 to 100 litres per second in 3 seconds. What
valve at the downstream is closed is the pressure gradient that can sustain the
instantaneously? (E = Volume modulus of flow?
elasticity of water = 2 × 109 N/m2, = 1000 A. -5970 Pa/m B. -7808 Pa/m
kg/m3) C. -796 Pa/m D. 0
A. 2424 kN/m2 B. 4141 kN/m2 [CSE–CE–07]

C. 4242 kN/m2 D. 4441 kN/m2 25. Two small circular orifices of diameters d1 and

[CSE–CE–04] d2, respectively, are placed on the side of a tank

22. A hemispherical tank of radius R has an orifice at depths of 25 cm and 1.0 m below a
of cross-sectional area a at the bottom and is consistently maintained surface of water. If the
full of liquid. The time required to empty the discharges through the orifices are the same,
tank completely is given by: what is the ratio of the diameter d1 to d2?

- 187 -
Fluid Mechanics

A. B. the figure by dotted lines. The point A on the

√
body surface is:
C. 2 D. √2
[CSE–CE–08]
26. Which one of the following statements is
correct? The coefficient of discharge of a
venturimeter is
A. less than that of an orifice meter.
B. approximately 0.67.
C. more than that of an orifice meter. A. separation point
D. dependent on the orientation of the. pipe B. stall point
on which the venturimeter is fitted C. stagnation point
[CSE–CE–08] D. point of maximum velocity
27. A Rankine (oval) half-body PP is subjected to
[CSE–CE–95]

0
a two - dimensional flow (x,y coordinate
directions from origin O) with uniform velocity
I1
V, resulting in typical streamlines as shown in
EG

6. FLUID DYNAMICS - ANSWERS

N

::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. * 2. * 3. * 4. * 5. * 6. * 7. B 8. A 9. * 10. *
11. - 12. * 13. * 14. * 15. * 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. * 20. A
21. D 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. B 29. * 30. B
31. * 32. * 33. A 34. * 35. * 36. * 37. * 38. * 39. A 40. B
41. * 42. B 43. * 44. *

1. Rises 2. 2 ℎ 3. 0.5 − , 0.5 −

4. , − ℎ , 2 (ℎ − ℎ ) 5. 1.085 m/s 6. 5 N 9. 25 kPa 10. 0.30155 /

12. 2 2 ( + )& 2 ( + ) 13. True 14. −0.5 /

15. False 19. 264 N 29. 56 to 57 31. 6 to 6 32. 1.30 to 1.34
-188
Fluid Mechanics

34. 8.76 to 8.78 35. 3.0 to 3.0 36. 627 to 629 37. 19 to 21 38. 1.4 to 1.5 41. 10 to 10
43. 1.522 kPa 44. 8

::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. B, D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. A 10. C

11. C 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. D 18. B 19. B 20. D

21. C 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. * 27. * 28. C 29. * 30. *

31. * 32. * 33. C 34. * 35. D

26. 0.93 to 0.95 27. 318 to 319 29. 7.4 to 8.0 30. 27.5 kN & 3.339 kN
31. 1.112 32. 2.50 to 3.75 34. 0.078 to 0.085

0
::: PREVIOUS GATE - XE/CH/PI/AE/MT ANSWERS :::
1.B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. - 7. - 8. B 9. B 10. A

11. -

21. D
12. -

22. C
13. B

23. D
I114. C

24. B
15. D

25. -
16. D

26. -
17. D

27. *
18. -

28. D
19. -

29. *
20. D

30. B
EG
31. A 32. A 33. A 34. * 35. * 36. C 37. * 38. * 39. A 40. *

41. C 42. A 43. D 44. A 45. * 46. * 47. * 48. * 49. C 50. *

51. * 52. * 53. * 54. * 55. B 56. * 57. A 58. * 59. * 60. *
N

61. * 62. * 63. *

27. 20 29. 67.25 34. 2034.85 35. 5 37. 80.2 to 81.5 38. 1.576
40. 15 45. 0.3 46. 2.9715 47. 7.99 48. 3 50. 6005
51. 7.097 52. 90 to 92 53. 40.82 54. 947 56. 0.8
58. 37 59. 3.5 to 3.7 (or) 2.3 to 2.5 60. 800 to 820 (or) 1600 to 1640
61. 857 to 924 62. 0.035 to 0.045 63. 20 to 20
::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. C

11. C 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. D 16. A 17. D 18. B 19. B 20. D

- 189 -
Fluid Mechanics

21. C 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. D 30. A

31. A 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. D 36. D 37. D 38. B 39. B 40. B

41. A 42. B 43. B 44. D 45. A 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. B 50. C

51. B 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. C 56. D 57. A 58. C 59. B 60. D

::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. - 10. D

11. B 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. C 17. C 18. D 19. C 20. C

21. B 22. C 23. C 24. A 25. A 26. A 27. A 28. B 29. A

0
::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. B

11. A
2. A

12. A
3. C

13. A
I1
4. C

14. C
5. D

15. A
6. D

16. C
7. B

17. B
8. D

18. D
9. A

19. B
10. D

20. C
EG
21. C 22. B 23. D
N

::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. D

11. D 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. B

21. C 22. C 23. C 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. -

-190
 7 FLOW THROUGH PIPES

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. A centrifugal pump is required to pump water are all doubled in a new arrangement. The pipe
to an open water tank situated 4 km away from friction factor, however, remains constant. The
the location of the pump through a pipe of ratio of pipe frictional losses in the new
diameter 0.2 m having Darcy’s friction factor arrangement to that in the original
of 0.01. The average speed of water in the pipe configuration would be
is 2 m/s. If it is to maintain a constant head of 5 A. B.
m in the tank neglecting other minor losses, the
C. 2 D. 4
absolute discharge pressure at the pump exit is
[GATE-ME-08:2M]
A. 0.449 bar B. 5.503 bar
4. Water at 25 is following through a 1.0 km
C. 44.911 bar D. 55.203 bar
long G.I. pipe of 200 mm diameter at the rate
[GATE-ME-04:2M]

0
of 0.07 / . If value of Darcy friction factor
2. A horizontal – shaft centrifugal pump lifts
for this pipe is 0.02 and density of water is 1000
I1
water at 65° . The suction nozzle is one meter
below pump centerline. The pressure at this
point equals 200 kPa gauge and velocity is 3
/ , the pumping power (in kW) required
to maintain the flow is
EG
A. 1.8 B. 17.4
m/s. Steam tables show saturation pressure at
C. 20.5 D. 41.0
65° is 25 kPa, and specific volume of the
[GATE-ME-09:2M]
saturated liquid is 0.001020 / . The
5. A smooth pipe of diameter 200 mm carries
pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) in
water. The pressure in the pipe at section S1
N

meters is
(elevation: 10 m) is 50 kPa. At section S2
(elevation: 12 m) the pressure is 20 kPa and
velocity is 2m/s. Density of water is 1000
/ and acceleration due to gravity is
9.8 . Which of the following is TRUE?
A. flow is from S1 to S2 and head loss is
0.53 m
B. flow is from S2 and S1 and head loss is
A. 24 B. 26 0.53 m
C. 28 D. 30 C. flow is from S1 to S2 and head loss is 1.06 m
[GATE-ME-06:2M] D. flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is
3. Oil is being pumped through a straight pipe, the 0.53 m
pipe length, diameter and volumetric flow rate [GATE-ME-10: 2M]

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Fluid Mechanics

6. Oil flows through a 200 mm diameter C. = = = ; ℎ =ℎ +ℎ +ℎ

horizontal cast iron pipe (friction factor, D. = = = ; ℎ =ℎ =ℎ =ℎ

f = 0.0225) of length 500 m. The volumetric [GATE-ME-15: Set-3]

flow rate is 0.2 / . The head loss (in m) due 10. Which of the following statement are TRUE,

to friction is (assume g = 9.81 / ) when the Cavitation parameter, = 0?

A. 116.18 B. 0.116 (i) The local pressure is reduced to vapor

C. 18.22 D. 232.36 pressure.

[GATE-ME-12:1M] (ii) Cavitation starts

7. For steady, fully developed flow inside a (iii) Boiling of liquid starts

straight pipe of diameter D, neglecting gravity (iv) Cavitations stops

effects, the pressure drop ∆ over a length L A. (i), (ii) and (iv)

and the wall hear stress are related by B. only (ii) and (iii)

∆ ∆ C. only (i) and (iii)

A. = B. =
D. (i), (ii) and (iii)

0
∆ ∆ [GATE-ME-15:2M]
C. = D. =
I1 11. In a fully developed turbulent flow through a
[GATE-ME-13:1M]
circular pipe, a head loss of ℎ is observed. The
8. Consider fully developed flow in a circular pipe
diameter of the pipe is increased by 10% for the
with negligible entrance length effects.
EG
same flow rate and a head loss of ℎ is noted.
Assuming the mass flow rate, density and
Assume friction factor for both the cases of
friction factor to be constant, if the length of the
pipe is doubled and the diameter is halved, the pipe flow is the same. The ratio of is closest

head loss due to friction will increase by a to

N

factor of A. 0.34 B. 0.62

A. 4 B. 16 C. 0.87 D. 1.00
C. 32 D. 64 [GATE-ME-16:2M]
[GATE-ME-15:1M] 12. Water (density = 1000 kg/m3) at ambient
9. Three parallel pipes connected at the two ends temperature flows through a horizontal pipe of
have flow-rates , and respectively, uniform cross section at the rate of 1 kg/s. If the
and the corresponding frictional head losses are pressure drop across the pipe is 100 kPa, the
ℎ , ℎ and ℎ respectively. The correct minimum power required to pump the water
expression for total flow rate ( ) and frictional across the pipe, in watts, is_______
head loss across the two ends (ℎ ) are. [GATE-ME-17:1M]
A. = + + ; ℎ =ℎ +ℎ +ℎ 13. Consider steady, viscous fully developed flow
B. = + + ; ℎ =ℎ =ℎ =ℎ of a fluid through a circular pipe of internal

-192
Fluid Mechanics

diameter D. We know that the velocity profile is proportional to . The value of n is

forms a paraboloid about the pipe centre line, ___________.

given by: =− − m/s, where C is a

constant. The rate of kinetic energy (in J/s) at

the control surface A-B, as shown in the figure,
[GATE-ME-20:2M]

PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. If bulk modulus of water is 2× 10 kgf/
(19.62 x 10 N/ ). Then water hammer wave
celerity through a rigid pipe line will be
______m/s.
[GATE-CE-88:1M]
2. The loss of energy at the exit of a submerged

0
pipe is
.
A. B.I1
C. 1.5 C. 2.0

[GATE-CE-89:1M]
EG
A. = B. <
3. Water is pumped through a pipe line to a height
C. > D. =
of 10 m at the rate of 0.1 /sec. Frictional and
[GATE-CE-96:1M]
other minor losses are 5 m. Then the power of
pump in kw required is ______ 6. While deriving an expression for loss of head
N

[GATE-CE-90:1M]
due to a sudden expansion in a pipe, in addition
4. The head loss due to sudden expansion is
to the continuity and impulse-momentum
expressed by
equation, one of the following assumptions is
A. B. made:

( ) A. Head loss due to friction is equal to the

C. D.
head loss in eddying motion
[GATE-CE-93:1M] B. The mean pressure in eddying fluid is equal
5. In the siphon shown in figure below assuming
to the downstream pressure
ideal flow, pressure
C. The mean pressure in eddying fluids is
equal to the upstream pressure
D. Head lost in eddies is neglected
[GATE-CE-97:1M]

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Fluid Mechanics

7. If a single pipe of length L and diameter D is to

be replaced by three pipes of same material,
same length and equal diameter d (d < D), to
convey the same total discharge under the same
head loss, then d and D are related by
A. = / B. d = /

C. d = / D. d = /

[GATE-CE-97:1M] Discharge , and are related as

8. The kinetic energy correction factor for a fully A. + = B. = +
developed laminar flow through a circular pipe C. = + D. + + =0
is [GATE-CE-98:1M]

A. 1.00 B. 1.33 11. For steady incompressible flow through a

C. 2.00 D. 1.50 closed-conduit of uniform cross-section, the

0
[GATE-CE-97:1M] direction of flow will always be:
9. A straight pipe AB, of length 10 m, tapers from A. From higher to lower elevation
I1
a diameter of 40 cm at A to 20 cm at B. The
centre line of the pipe is so located that the end
B. From higher to lower pressure
C. From higher to lower velocity
D. From higher to lower piezometric head
EG
B is 2 m above the level of A. Liquid of specific
gravity 0.9 flows through the pipe at 150 [GATE-CE-15-1M]

liters/sec. Pressure gauges connected at A and 12. An old pipeline which has relative roughness
B show the reading of 60 kPa and 40 kPa, = 0.005 operates at a Reynolds number which
respectively. Determine the direction of flow is sufficiently high for the flow to be beyond
N

________. the viscous influence and the corresponding

[GATE-CE-97:5M] F = 0.03. If through further aging the relative
10. Three reservoirs A, B and C are interconnected roughness is doubled and the corresponding
by pipes as shown in the figure. Water surface F = 0.0375. Power increase required to
elevations in the reservoirs and the Piezometric maintain the same rate of flow would be about
head at the junction J are indicated in the Figure

A. 25% B. 50%
C. 75% D. 100%
[GATE-CE-93:2M]
13. A 15 cm diameter pipe is joined to a 30 cm
diameter pipe by a reducing flange. For water
flowing at a rate of 0.115 /s, the head loss
-194
Fluid Mechanics

when water flows from the smaller to the larger [GATE-CE-96:2M]

diameter pipe is______ Common Data for Questions 18 & 19:
[GATE-CE-94:2M] A pipe line (diameter 0.3 m, length 3 km)
14. Cavitation is caused by carries water from point P to point R (see
A. high velocity B. low pressure figure). The piezometric heads at P and R are to
C. high pressure D. high temperature be maintained at 100 m and 80 m, respectively.
[GATE-CE-00:1M] To increase the discharge, a second pipe is
15. Fill up the blank: added in parallel to the existing pipe from Q to
Due to ageing of a pipeline, it carrying capacity R. The length of the additional pipe is also 2
has decreased by 25%. The corresponding km. Assume the friction factor, f = 0.04 for all
increase in the Darcy Weisbach friction factor f pipes and ignore minor losses.
is____%.
[GATE-CE-95:2M]
16. A farmer uses a long horizontal pipeline to

0
transfer water with a 1 hp pump and the
discharge is ‘Q’ litres per min. If the uses a 5
I1
hp pump in the same pipe line and assuming the 18. What is the increase in discharge if the
friction factor is unchanged the discharge is additional pipe has same diameter (0.3 m)
EG
approximately A. 0% B. 33%

A. 5Q B. √5Q C. 41% D. 67%

[GATE-CE-03:2M]
C. 5 D. √5Q
19. If there is no restriction on the diameter of the
[GATE-CE-96:2M]
additional pipe, what would be the maximum
N

17. The head loss coefficient in a sudden expansion

increase in discharge theoretically possible
shown in figure below is proportional to
from this arrangement?
A. 0% B. 50%
C. 67% D. 73%
[GATE-CE-03:2M]
20. A fire protection system is supplied from a
water tower with a bent pipe as shown in the
figure. The pipe friction factor F is 0.03.
Ignoring all minor losses, the maximum

A. B. 1 − discharge, Q, in the pipe is

C. D.

- 195 -
Fluid Mechanics

pipe divides into two horizontal parallel pipes

of diameters and (where =4 ) that
run for a distance of L each and then again join
back to a pipe of the original size. For both the
parallel pipes, assume the head loss due to
friction only and the Darcy-Weisbach friction
factor to be the same. The velocity ratio
between the bigger and the smaller branched
pipes is______
A. 31.7 lit/sec B. 24.0 lit/sec
[GATE-CE-14:2M]
C. 15.9 lit/sec D. 12.0 lit/sec
24. A straight 100 m long raw water gravity main
[GATE-CE-04:2M]
is to carry water from an intake structure to the
21. A single pipe of length 1500 m and diameter 60
jack well of a water treatment plant. The
cm connects two reservoirs having a difference
required flow through this water main is

0
of 20 m in their water levels. The pipe is to be
0.21 / . Allowable velocity through the
replaced by two pipes of the same length and
I1
equal diameter ‘d’ to convey 25% more
discharge under the same head loss. If the
main is 0.75
9.81
100
/ . Assume
/ . The minimum gradient (
= 0.01, =
/
length) to be given to this gravity main
EG
friction factor is assumed to be same for all the
so that the required amount of water flows
pipes, the value of ‘d’ is approximately equal to
without any difficulty is _____
which of the following options?
[GATE-CE-14:1M]
A. 37.5 cm B. 40.0 cm
25. Two reservoirs are connected through a 930m
C. 45.0 cm D. 50.0 cm
N

long, 0.3 m diameter pipe, which has a gate

[GATE-CE-11:02M]
valve. The pipe entrance is sharp (loss
22. A 2 km long pipe of 0.2 m diameter connects
coefficient = 0.5) and the value is half-open
two reservoirs. The difference between water
(loss coefficient = 5.5). The head difference
levels in the reservoirs in 8 m. The Darcy-
between the two reservoirs is 20 m. Assume the
Weisbach friction factor of the pipe is 0.04.
friction factor for the pipe as 0.03 and g = 10
Accounting for frictional, entry and exit losses,
m/ . The discharge in the pipe accounting for
the velocity in the pipe (in m/s) is:
all minor and major losses is _________ /s.
A. 0.63 B. 0.35
26. A circular pipe has a diameter of 1 m, bed slope
C. 2.52 D. 1.25
[GATE-CE-13:2M] of 1 in 1000, and Manning’s roughness

23. An incompressible fluid is flowing at a steady coefficient equal to 0.01. It may be treated as

rate in a horizontal pipe. From a section, the an open channel flow when it is flowing just

-196
Fluid Mechanics

full, i.e., the water level just touches the crest.

The discharge water level just touches the crest.
The discharge in this condition is denoted by
. Similarly, the discharge when the pipe is
flowing half-full, i.e., with a flow depth of

0.5 m, is denoted by . The ratio is

A. 1 B. √2
C. 2 D. 4
[GATE-CE-15:1M] [GATE-CE-99:5M]

27. A pipe of 0.7 m diameter has a length of 6 km 29. A triangular pipe network is shown in the figure

and connects two reservoirs A and B. The water

level in reservoir A is at an elevation 30 m
above the water level in reservoir B. Halfway

0
along the pipe line, there is a branch through
which water can be supplied to a third reservoir
I1 The head loss in each pipe is given by
C. The friction factor of the pipe is 0.024. The ℎ = .
, with the variables expressed in
quantity of water discharged into reservoir C is
a consistent set of units. The value of r for
EG
0.15 /s. Considering the acceleration due to
the pipe AB is 1 and for the BC is 2. If the
gravity as 9.81 m/ and neglecting minor discharge supplied at the point A (i.e., 100)
losses, the discharge (in /s) into the reservoir is equally divided between the pipes AB and
B is _______ AC, the value of r (up to two decimal places)
[GATE-CE-15-:2M]
N

for the pipe AC should be ________

28. Two pipes A and B are connected in parallel [GATE-CE-17:1M]
between two points M and N as shown in the 30. Two identical pipes (i.e., having the same
figure. Pipe A is of 80 mm diameter, 900m long length, same diameter, and same roughness) are
and its friction factor is 0.015. Pipe B is of 100 used to withdraw water from a reservoir. In the
mm diameter, 700 m long and its friction is first case, they are attached in series and
0.018. A total discharge of 0.030 /s is discharge freely into the atmosphere. In the
entering the parallel pipes through the division second case, they are attached in parallel and
at M. Calculate the discharge in the two pipes also discharge freely into the atmosphere.
A and B. Neglecting all minor losses, and assuming that
the friction factor is same in both the cases, the
ratio of the discharge in the parallel

- 197 -
Fluid Mechanics

arrangement to that in the series arrangement [GATE-CE-19:2M]

(round off to 2 decimal places) is ______

PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS

1. While deriving the Chezy formula for uniform this section is
flow, it is assumed that there is a balance pD pD
A. B.
between 4L 2L
A. at the head of the off-taking channel p L p L
C. D.
B. in the main channel upstream of the off- 2D 4D

taking channel [GATE-2011-XE]

C. in the main channel downstream of the off- 4. Oil flows through a 200 mm diameter

taking channel horizontal cast iron pipe (friction factor, =

D. in the watercourse to regulate the outlets 0.0225) of length 500 m. The volumetric flow
[GATE-2010-AG] rate is 0.2 3/ . The head loss (in m) due to

0
2. A pipeline carrying a discharge of 500 litres per
friction is (assume = 9.81 / 2)
minute branches into two parallel pipes, X and
I1 A. 116.18 B. 0.116
Y, as shown in the following figure. The length
C. 18.22 D. 232.36
and diameter of pipes X and Y are shown in the
[GATE-2012-PI]
figure.
EG
5. In a simple Couette flow apparatus, the gap h
between the parallel plates is filled with a liquid
of density and dynamic viscosity , and one
plate is dragged at a velocity of U parallel to
itself, while the other plate is fixed. The
N

The friction factor, f, for all pipes is 0.030. The magnitude of vorticity at any point in the flow

ratio of flow in pipes X and Y is is

A. 0.36 B. 0.44 A. B. 0

C. 0.67 D. 1.00
C. D.
[GATE-2010-AG]
3. Consider a steady, fully developed flow in a [GATE-2015-XE]

horizontal pipe of diameter D. Over a section of 6. The figure shows a reducing area conduit

length L of this pipe, a pressure drops of  p is carrying water. The pressure P and velocity V
are uniform across sections 1 and 2. The density
observed. The average wall shear stress over
of water is 1000 kg / m3 . If the total loss of head
due to friction is just equal to the loss of

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Fluid Mechanics

potential head between the inlet and the outlet, of pipe flow is the same. The ratio of is
then V2 in m/s will be_______
closest to
A. 0.34 B. 0.62
C. 0.87 D. 1.00
[GATE-2016-PI]
10. The discharge of a centrifugal pump is
25 against the delivery head of 10 m. The
outlet of the delivery pipe is submerged. A 200

[GATE-2015-XE] m long 100 mm diameter pipe is connected

7. A pump is used to deliver water to an overhead with the delivery end of the pump. The friction

tank at flow rate of = 4 × 10 / . The factor for the pipe is 0.03. The minor losses in

pump adds 1.6 kW to water. If the density of the delivery pipe are 1 m. The pressure at the

water is 1000 / and acceleration due to delivery end of the pump in kPa is _______

0
gravity is 10 / , the pump head added to the [GATE-2016-AG]

flow is ____m 11. Water is flowing at a rate of 0.5 / in a

I1
[GATE-2016-XE]
8. Water is discharged at atmospheric pressure
horizontal pipeline of inside diameter 0.5 m.
The density and kinematic viscosity of water is
EG
from a large reservoir through a long pipe of 1000 / and 10 , respectively.

diameter d and length L. The height of the free Assume Darcy-Weisbach friction factor value

surface of the reservoir from the discharge to be 0.0093 and acceleration due to gravity as

point h meters. The Darcy’s friction factor of 9.81 / . To maintain constant flow rate, the

the pipe is 0.002. Neglect the velocity inside the required power per unit length of the pipeline
N

reservoir as the reservoir is very large. Given L (in W/m, rounded off to the first decimal place)

= 20m, d = 40mm, density of water = would be ____

1000 / and flow rate is =4 × [GATE-2017-XE]

10 / . Assuming gravitational 12. A pipeline with variable cross-section contains

acceleration, = 10 / . The value of h is water with specific weight 10 / . The

___ m. flow conditions at two points 1 and 2 on the

[GATE-2016-XE] axis of the pipe are:

9. In a fully developed turbulent flow through a =3 , = 10 /

circular pipe, a head loss of ℎ is observed. The =1 , = 20 /

diameter of the pipe is increased by 10% for Consider frictional losses to be negligible. For

the same flow rate and a head loss of ℎ is no-flow condition between points 1 and 2 (as

noted. Assume friction factor for both the cases shown in figure), if the height from the

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Fluid Mechanics

datum is 1 m, then the height (in m) is 15. A liquid flow through a horizontal smooth
______ ( = 9.81 / ) pipe of diameter 5 cm and discharges into a
collection tank of dimension 50 cm × 50 cm ×
50 cm. Time taken for a 10 cm rise of liquid
level in the collection tank is 40 s

The flow velocity in the pipe is ____m/s

(rounded off to two decimal places)
[GATE-2020: XE]
16. An incompressible viscous fluid is placed
[GATE-2017-PI]
between two infinite horizontal parallel plates
13. An orifice plate is used to measure flow rate of
as shown in figure. The plates move in opposite
air (density = 1.23 / ) in a duct of 250 mm
direction with constant velocities and .
diameter as shown in figure. The volume flow
The pressure gradient in the −direction is
rate is 1 / . Flow at sections 1 and 3 is

0
zero and the only body force is due to the fluid
uniform and section 2 is located at vena
weight. The flow is steady, laminar and two-
I1
contracta. The diameter ratio,
The flow area at vena contracta,
where
/ , is 0.66.
= 0.65
is area of the orifice. The pressure
dimensional. Assume velocity component in
‘y’ direction to be zero.
EG
difference between locations 2 and 3 in /
is _______
N

[GATE-2018-XE]
14. Water is flowing at a velocity of 1.6 in a The correct expression for the velocity
pipe of diameter 8 and length 100 . distribution between the plates is:
Assuming the value of coefficient of friction A. −
for pipe, = 0.005 and acceleration due to
B. −
gravity, = 9.81 , the head loss (in
meter) due to friction in the pipe is
C. +
A. 1.28 B. 2.28
C. 2.78 D. 3.26 D. +

[GATE-2019-AG] [GATE-2020: XE]

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Fluid Mechanics

17. Consider a two dimensional, incompressible diameter, d 5 cm. The friction factor, f is 0.02.
steady flow of a Newtonian fluid in which the Head loss is obtained using Darey-Weisbach
velocity field is = −2 , = − . relation . The fluid pressure, p measured at
Pressure gradients in the − and −
various stations are reported in the table below.
directions are
The length of the pipe, between station 0 and
A. = −2 ( + ), = −2 ( +
station 6 is 6 m.
) Statio 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
B. = −2 ( − ), = −2 ( + n
p, 30 27 25 24 22 21 -
)
kPa 4 3 5 0 6 3
C. = −2 ( + ), = −2 ( −

) If acceleration due to gravity, = 10 /

D. = −2 ( − ), = −2 ( − and density of water = 1000 / ,

0
) then the fluid pressure at station 6 is
I1
[GATE-2020: XE]

18. Water flows at an average velocity, v of

________kPa (rounded off to one decimal
place)
[GATE-2020: XE]
10 / through a horizontal smooth tube of
EG
PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS
1. Assertion (A): In pipe flow, during sudden 3. If H is the total head at inlet and ℎ is the head
expansion, the loss of head is (V1-V2)2/2g lost due to friction, efficiency of power
Reason (R): In pipe flow, the loss of head transmission through a straight pipe is given by
N

during gradual expansion is given by ∫ A. (H - ℎ )/H B. H/(H +ℎ )

.
C. (H - ℎ )/(H + ℎ ) D. H/(H - ℎ )
[ESE-ME-92]
[ESE-ME-95]
2. The frictional head loss through a straight pipe
4. The frictional head loss in a turbulent flow
(ℎ ) can be expressed as ℎ = fl /2gD for both
through a pipe varies
laminar and turbulent flows. For a laminar
A. directly as the average velocity
flow, ‘f’ is given by (Re is the Reynolds
B. directly as the square of the average velocity
Number based on pipe diameter)
C. inversely as the square of the average
A. 24/Re B. 32/Re
velocity
C. 64/Re D. 128/Re
D. Inversely as the square of the internal
[ESE-ME-93]
diameter of the pipe
[ESE-ME-95]

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Fluid Mechanics

5. Water flow through a pipeline having four 7. If the energy grade line and hydraulic grade
different diameters at 4 stations is shown in the line are drawn for flow through an inclined
figure below. pipeline the following four quantities can be
directly observed:
1. Static head 2. Friction head
3. Datum heat 4. Velocity head
Starting from the arbitrary datum line, the above
types of heads will be in the sequence
The correct sequence of station numbers in the
A. 3,2,1,4 B. 3,4,2,1
decreasing order of pressure is
C. 3,4,1,2 D. 3,1,4,2
A. 3,1,4,2 B. 1,3,2,4 [ESE-ME-96]
C. 1,3,4,2 D. 3,1,2,4 8. The equivalent length of the stepped pipeline
[ESE-ME-96]
shown in the figure below, can be expressed in
6. Match list – I (fluid properties) with List – II
terms of the diameter D as

0
(related terms) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists:
List – I
A. Capillarity
I1
EG
B. Vapour pressure
C. Viscosity
A. 5.25 L B. 9.5 L
D. Specific gravity
C. 33 L D. 33 L
List-II
[ESE-ME-98]
1. Cavitation
N

9. The mercury manometer is fitted to a pipe. It is

2. Density of water
mounted on the delivery line of centrifugal
3. Shear forces
pump. One limb of the manometer is connected
4. Surface tension
to the upstream side of the pipe at ‘A’ and the
other limb at ‘B’, just below the valve’V; as
Codes:
shown in the figure. The manometer reading ‘h’
A B C D
varies with different valve positions.
A. 4 1 3 2
B. 1 4 3 2
C. 4 1 2 3
D. 1 4 2 3
[ESE-ME-96]

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Fluid Mechanics

1) 5 cm/s 4 sq cm

2) 6 cm/s 5 sq cm

3) cm/s 2 sq cm

4) 4 cm/s 10 sq cm

5) cm/s 8 sq cm

The velocity would be

A. 2.5 cm/s B. 5 cm/s

[ESE-ME-98] C. 7.5 cm/s D. 10 cm/s

[ESE-ME-00]
10. Assertion (A): with gradual closure of the
13. A pipe is connected in series to another pipe
valve, the magnitude of ‘h’ will go on
whose diameter is twice and length is 32 times
increasing and even a situation may arise when
that of the first pipe. The ratio of frictional head
mercury will be sucked in by the water flowing

0
losses for the first pipe to those for the second
around ‘B’.
pipe is (both the pipes have the same frictional
I1
Reason (R): With the gradual closure of the
valve, the pressure at ‘A’ will go on increasing.
11. The value of friction factor is misjudged by +
constant)
A. 8 B. 4
EG
C. 2 D. 1
25% in using Darcy – Weisbach equation.
[ESE-ME-00]
The resulting error in the discharge will be
14. A pipeline connecting two reservoir has its
A. + 25% B. – 18.25%
diameter reduced by 20% due to deposition of
C. – 12.5% D. + 12.5%
chemicals. For a given head difference in the
[ESE-ME-99]
N

reservoirs with unaltered friction factor this

12. The velocities and corresponding flow areas of
would cause a reduction in discharge of
the branches labeled 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for a
A. 42.8% B. 20%
C. 17.8% D. 10.6%
[ESE-ME-00]
15. Which one of the following statements is
correct?
A. Hydraulic grade line and energy grade line
are the same in fluid flow problems
Pipe system shown in the given figure are given
B. Energy grade line lies above the hydraulic
in the following table:
grade line and is always parallel to it.
Pipe Label 1 Velocity Area

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Fluid Mechanics

C. Energy grade line lies above the hydraulic Reason (R): Reynolds number depends on the
grade line and they; are separated from velocity, diameter of the pipe and kinematic
each other by a vertical distance equal to viscosity of the fluid.
the velocity head. [ESE-ME-01]
D. The hydraulic grade line slopes upwards 20. In the phenomenon of cavitation, the
meeting the energy grade line only at the characteristic property involved is
exit of flow. A. Surface tension
[ESE-ME-00] B. Viscosity
16. The gross head available to a hydraulic power C. Bulk modulus of elasticity
plant is 100m. The utilized head in the runner D. Vapor pressure
of the hydraulic turbine is 72 m. IF the [ESE-ME-02]
hydraulic efficiency of the turbine is 90%, the 21. Match List –I (Fluid parameters) and List – II
pipe friction head is estimated to be (Basic dimensions) and select the correct
A. 20 m B. 18 m answer using the codes given below the lists:

0
C. 16.2 m D. 1.8 m List – I
I1 [ESE-ME-00] A. Dynamic viscosity
17. For maximum transmission of power through a B. Chezy’s roughness coefficient
pipe line with total head H, the head lost due to C. Bulk modulus of elasticity
EG
friction ℎ is given by D. Surface tension (σ)
A. 0.1 H B. H/3 List – II
C. H/2 D. 2H/3 1. /
[ESE-ME-01] 2. /
18. Two pipelines of equal length and with 3. M/LT
N

diameters of 15 cm and 10 cm are in parallel √

4.
and connect two reservoirs. The difference in
Codes:
water level in the reservoirs is 3m. If the
A B C D
friction is assumed to be equal, the ratio of the
A. 3 1 4 1
discharge due to the larger diameter pipe to that
B. 1 4 2 3
of the smaller diameter pipe is, nearly,
C. 3 4 2 1
A. 3.375 B. 2.756
D. 1 2 4 3
C. 2.25 D. 1.5
[ESE-ME-02]
[ESE-ME-01]
22. A 20 cm diameter 500 m long water pipe with
19. Assertion (A): In a pipe line, the nature of the
friction factor f = 0.025, leads from a constant
fluid flow depends entirely on the velocity.
– head reservoir and terminates at the delivery
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Fluid Mechanics

end into a nozzle discharging into air. (Neglect

all energy losses other than those due to pipe
friction). What is the approximate diameter of
the jet for maximum power?
A. 6.67 mm B. 5.98mm
C. 66.7 mm D. 59.8 mm
[ESE-ME-04]
23. A 12 cm diameter straight pipe is laid at a Which of the following items is contained in
uniform downgrade and flow rate is maintained the box
such that velocity head in the pipe is 0.5 m. If A. A pump
the pressure in the pipe is observed to be B. A turbine
uniform along the length when the down slope C. A partially closed valve
of the pipe is 1 in 10. What is the friction factor D. An abrupt expansion
for the pipe? [ESE-ME-06]

0
A. 0. 012 B.0.024 26. Assertion (A): The power transmitted through
C. 0.042 I1
D. 0.050 a pipe is maximum when the loss of head due
[ESE-ME-06] to friction is equal to one – third of total head at
24. A compound pipeline consists of two pieces of the inlet.
EG
identical pipes. The equivalent length of same Reason (R): Velocity is maximum when the
diameter and same friction factor, for the friction loss is one – third of the total head at
compound pipeline is when pipes are the inlet.
connected in series, and is when connected [ESE-ME-07]

in parallel. What is the ratio of equivalent 27. The head loss in turbulent flow in pipe varies
N

lengths / ? A. Directly as the velocity

A. 32 : 1 B. 8 : 1 B. Inversely as the square of the velocity

C. 2 : 1 D. √2 : 1 C. Inversely as the square of the diameter

[ESE-ME-06] D. Approximately as the square of the velocity

25. The energy grade line (EGL) for steady flow in [ESE-ME-07]

a uniform diameter pipe is shown below. 28. Why are surge tanks used in pipe line?
A. To reduce frictional loss in pipe
B. To ensure uniform flow in pipe
C. to relieve the pressure due to water hammer
D. to reduce cavitation.
[ESE-ME-08]

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Fluid Mechanics

29. Consider the following statements related to the 33. An oil of kinematic viscosity 0.5 stoke is
fluid properties: flowing through a pipe of 5 cm diameter. The
1. Vapour pressure of water at 373 K is 101.5 flow through the pipe becomes critical at
x 10 N/ velocity of
2. Capillary height in cm for water in contact A. 0.2 m/s B. 2 m/s
with glass tube and air is (tube dia) 0.268 C. 2.5 m/s D. 4 m/s
3. Blood is a Newtonian fluid [ESE-ME-10]

Which of the statements given above is/are 34. Match List – I with List – II and select the
correct? correct answer using the codes given below the
A. 1 only B. 1 and 3 lists:
C. 1 and 2 D. 2 only List – I
[ESE-ME-08] A. Lubrication
30. A penstock pipe of 10 m diameter carries water B. Rise of sap in trees
under a pressure head of 100m. IF the wall C. Formation of droplets

0
thickness is 9 mm, what is the tensile stress in D. Cavitation
the pipe wall in MPa?
A. 2725
C. 272.5
I1
B. 545.0
D. 1090
List-II
1. Capillary
2. Vapour pressure
EG
[ESE-ME-09] 3. Viscosity
31. Three identical pipes of length L, diameters d 4. Surface tension
and friction factor f are connected in parallel Codes:
between two reservoirs. What is the size of a A B C D
pipe of length L and of the same friction factor A. 2 4 1 3
N

f equivalent to the above pipe? B. 3 4 1 2

A. 1.55d B. 1.4 d C. 2 1 4 3
C. 3d D. 1.732 d D. 3 1 4 2
[ESE-ME-09] [ESE-ME-10]
32. How does the head loss in turbulent flow in 35. The head loss in a sudden expansion from 6 cm
pipe vary? diameter pipe to 12 cm diameter pipe, in terms
A. Directly as velocity of velocity in the smaller diameter pipe is
B. Inversely as square of velocity
A. . B. .
C. Approximately as square of velocity
D. Inversely as velocity C. . D. .
[ESE-ME-09] [ESE-ME-10]

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Fluid Mechanics

36. Match List – I (Losses) with List – II [ESE-ME-11]

(Parameters responsible) and select the correct 38. Statement (I): The hydraulic power
answer using the codes given below the lists: transmitted by a pipe through certain distance
List – I List - II by means of water under pressure will be
A. Leakage loss 1. Zero at design point maximum when the loss of head due to friction
B. Friction loss 2. Proportional to head over this distance is one-third of total head
C. Entrance loss 3. Proportional to half supplied.
of relative velocity Statement (II): The average velocity of flow
square should be less than the critical velocity which
Codes: corresponds to the laminar flow
A B C A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
A. 1 2 3 individually true and Statement (II) is the
B. 2 3 1 correct explanation of Statement (I)
C. 1 3 2 B. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are

0
D. 2 1 3 individually true but Statement (II) is the
I1 [ESE-ME-10]
37. Match List – I with List – II and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the
NOT the correct explanation of Statement
(I)
C. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is
EG
lists: false
List – I D. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is
A. Capillarity true
B. Vapour Pressure [ESE-ME-12]
C. Viscosity 39. The vapour pressure is the characteristic fluid
N

D. Specific gravity property involved in the phenomenon of

List - II A. water hammer in a pipe flow
1. Cavitation B. cavitation
2. Density of water C. rise of sap in a tree
3. Shear forces D. spherical shape of rainwater drop
4. Surface tension [ESE-ME-12]

Code: 40. Statement (I): The pressure drop in circular

A B C D ducts is lesser when compared to that in

A. 2 3 1 4 equivalent rectangular ducts

B. 4 3 1 2 Statement (II): The mean velocity in a

C. 2 1 3 4 rectangular duct will be less than in its circular

D. 4 1 3 2 equivalent.

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Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-ME-12] 43. In flow through a pipe, the transition from

41. A tube is used (as shown in the given figure) as laminar to turbulent flow does not depend on
a siphon to discharge an oil of specific gravity A. density of fluid
0.8 from a large open vessel into a drain at B. length of pipe
atmospheric pressure. The velocity of oil C. diameter of pipe
through the siphon will be D. velocity of the fluid
[ESE-ME-13]
44. The head loss in a sudden expansion from 8 cm
diameter to 16 cm diameter pipe, in terms of
velocity in the smaller pipe is

A. B.

C. D.

[ESE-ME-15]

0
A. 1.5 m/s B. 6.7 m/s 45. Two reservoirs connected by two pipe lines
C. 8.8 m/s D. 10.4 m/s
I1 parallel of the same diameter D and length. It is
[ESE-ME-13] proposed to replace the two pipe lines by a
42. Cavitation occurs at the entrance of the turbine single pipeline of the same length without
EG
while it occurs at the exit of the pump. affecting the total discharge and loss of head
Statement (II): In both the cases local pressure due to friction. The diameter of the equivalent
at these points falls below the vapour pressure pipe D in terms of the diameter of the existing
of the flowing liquid
pipe line, is:
A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
N

individually true and Statement (II) is the A. 4.0 B. (2)

correct explanation of Statement (I) C. (4) D. (4)

B. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are [ESE-ME-16]
individually true and Statement (II) is 46. The condition for power transmission by flow
NOT the correct explanation of Statement through a pipeline to be maximum is that the
(I) loss of head of the flow due to friction
C. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is throughout the pipeline length is:
false A. One-third of the total head at inlet end
D. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is B. One-fourth of the total head at inlet end
true [ESE-ME-13] C. Three-fourth of the total head at inlet end
D. One-half of the total head at inlet end
[ESE-ME-16]
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Fluid Mechanics

47. An oil flows through a pipe at a velocity of 1.0 C. 54% D. 42%

m/s. Then pipe is 45 m long and has 150 mm [ESE-ME-19]
diameter. What is the head loss due to friction, 51. A pipe, having a length 200 m and 200 mm
if = 869 / and = 0.0814 / ? diameter with friction factor 0.015, is to be
A. 0.61 m B. 0.51 m replaced by a 400 mm diameter pipe of
C. 0.41 m D. 0.31m friction factor 0.012 to convey the same

[ESE-ME-16]
quantity of flow. The equivalent length of

48. The service pump in a water supply system has the new pipe for the same head loss will be

to maintain a net static head lift of 5 m at the A. 8300 m B. 8240 m

tank to which it delivers freely through a 4 km C. 8110 m D. 8000 m

long pipe, where in all minor losses can be [ESE-ME-19]

neglected. The diameter of the pipe is 0.2m and 52. Two pipes of lengths 2500 m each and
its friction factor f = 0.01. The pumped water is diameters 80 cm and 60 cm respectively, are

0
discharged at 2 m/s. The absolute pressure connected in parallel. The coefficient of

differential developed by the pump is nearly friction for each pipe is 0.006 and the total flow
I1
(talking atmospheric pressure as 10.3 m of
water)
is 250 litres/s. The rates of flow in the pipes
are nearly
A. 4.5 bar B. 5.5 bar A. 0.17 m /s and 0.1 m /s
EG
C. 45 bar D. 55 bar B. 0.23 m /s and 0.1 m /s
[ESE-ME-18] C. 0.17 m /s and 0.4 m /s
49. Water is discharged from a tank maintained at D. 0.23 m /s and 0.4 m /s
a constant head of 5 m above the exit of a [ESE-ME-20]
N

straight pipe 100 m long and 15 cm in diameter. 53. A fluid of mass density 1790 kg/m and
If the friction coefficient for the pipe is 0.01, the viscosity 2.1 Ns/m flows at a velocity of
rate of flow will be nearly. 3 m/s in a 6 cm diameter pipe. The head loss
A. 0.04 / B. 0.05 / over a length of 12 m pipe will be nearly
C. 0.06 / D. 0.07 / A. 62.0 m B. 54.0 m
[ESE-ME-19]
C. 46.5 m D. 38.5 m
50. I case of transmission of hydraulic power by
[ESE-ME-20]
a pipeline to a turbine in a hydroelectric
54. To maintain 0.08 m /s flow of petrol with a
power station, the maximum power
specific gravity of 0.7, through a steel pipe of
transmission efficiency through the pipeline
0.3 m diameter and 800 m length, with
is
coefficient of friction of 0.0025 in the Darey
A. 76% B. 67%
relation, the power required will be nearly

- 209 -
Fluid Mechanics

A. 0.6 kW B. 1.0 kW / /
C. D.
C. 2.6 kW D. 3.0 kW
Where:
[ESE-ME-20]
D = Diameter of pipe, f = Coefficient of
55. The diameter of a nozzle d for maximum
friction, L = Length of pipe
transmission of power through it, is
/ /
[ESE-ME-20]
A. B.

PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. Assertion (A): A loss of head at a sudden C. Q2 - Q1 = Q3 D. Q1 + Q2 + Q3= 0
contraction in a pipe is smaller than that at a [ESE-CE-95]
sudden expansion. 3. The cavitation and pitting can be prevented by
Reason (R): When the flow contracts, it tends creating which one of the following conditions?
to become irrotational. A. Reducing the pressure head
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct B. Reducing the velocity head

0
explanation of A C. Increasing the elevation head
B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct D. Reducing the piezo metric head
explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false
I1 [ESE-CE-95]
4. Which of the following pairs are correctly
matched?
EG
D. A is false but R is true
[ESE-CE-95] 1. Piezo metric head ...Sum of datum head and
2. Three reservoirs A, B and C are interconnected pressure head
by pipes as shown in the given figure. Water 2. Dynamic head ... Sum of datum head and
surface elevations in the reservoirs and the velocity head
N

piezometric level at the junction D are also 3. Stagnation head ...Sum of pressure head and
indicated in the figure. velocity head
4. Total head Sum of piezo metric head and
dynamic head
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below:
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1, 3 and 4
C. 1, 2 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4
[ESE-CE-95]
5. A pipeline of 5 cm diameter is reduced abruptly
Flow Q1, Q2 and Q3 are related as to 2.5 cm diameter at a section to enable
A. Q1 + Q2 = Q3 B. Q1- Q2= Q3 measurement of the water flowing through it.
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Fluid Mechanics

The loss of head at the contraction is 0.5 m. 7. Assertion (A): Loss of head at a sudden
Given that, in metric units, 2 = 4.43 and, expansion of a pipe is larger than that at a

= 3.132, the mean velocity in the reduced sudden contraction.

section will be Reason (R): Separation of flow occurs at

A. 0.5 m/sec B. 1.1075 m/sec sudden contractions.

C. 1.566 m/sec D. 4.43 m/sec B[ESE-CE-97]

[ESE-CE-96] 8. Assertion (A): In the equation hf = , for

6. Consider the following statements: A laminar flow through the pipe, the term V
horizontal pipe reduces from 10 cm to 5 cm in (mean velocity of flow) is given by V =
diameter. If the pressure head at 10 cm section ( )

is 10 metres and velocity head is 1 metre, then

the Reason (R): The term ‘f’ (friction factor) in the

1. total head at any point is 11 metres above equation equals where Re is the

0
2. pressure head at the 5 cm section is negative Reynolds number.
3. discharge varies proportionate to the [ESE-CE-98]
diameter I1
4. datum head at all sections is constant
9. A pipe network consists of a pipe of 60 cm
diameter and branches out at a point T into two
Which of these statements is/are correct? branches, one of 30 cm diameter and the other
EG
A. 1, 2 and 4 B. 1 and 3 of 45 cm diameter. These branch pipes rejoin at
C. 4 alone D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 a point B. The velocity in the first branch (of 45
[ESE-CE-96] cm diameter) is 1.5 m/sec. Which one of the
Directions: The following items consists of two following statements is true?
N

statements; one labelled as ‘Assertion (A)’ and A. The velocity in the second branch is 1.0
the other as ‘Reason (R)’. You are to examine m/sec.
these two statements carefully and select the B. The velocity in the second branch is 2.25
answers to these items using the codes given m/sec.
below: C. The velocity in the second branch is
Codes:
(=0.667) m/sec.
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct
D. The Pressure drop between T and B in both
explanation of A
branches is the same.
B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
[ESE-CE-98]
explanation of A
10. Which of the following statements are true in
C. A is true but R is false
relation to water hammer phenomenon?
D. A is false but R is true
1. It causes surface erosion in pipes.

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Fluid Mechanics

2. The pressure rise is given by pCU for 2. elevation is kept so high that the local
sudden closure of valve. pressure reduces below vapour pressure
3. It is accompanied by serious cavitation. 3. general ambient pressure is increased to a
4. The volume modulus of fluid is the very high magnitude
relevant fluid property. 4. water hammer must occur in the system
5. It is governed by the Reynolds number of Which of these statements are correct?
the flow A. 2 and 3 B. 3 and 4
Select the correct answer using the codes given C. 1 and 2 D. 1 and 4
below [ESE-CE-99]
A. 3 and 5 B. 2 and 4 14. Consider the following conditions for the pipe
C. 2 and 5 D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 network shown in the given figure (Notations
[ESE-CE-98] have the usual meaning with suffixes 1, 2 and 3
11. The friction factor (f), in terms of boundary referring to respective pipes):
shear ( ) is given by ( = mass density, V =

0
mean velocity)

A.

C.
B.

D.
I1
EG
[ESE-CE-98]
12. A compound pipe (new cast iron) system
consists of pipes of length 1800 m and diameter
1. Q1 = Q3 2. Q2 = Q1 + Q3
50 cm, length 1200 m and diameter 40 cm and
3. hf1 = hf3 4. hf1=hf2 = hf3
length and diameter 30 cm connected in series.
N

Which of these conditions must be satisfied by

The equivalent length of 40 cm diameter pipe
this pipe network?
will be nearly
A. 1 and 3 B. 2 and 3
A. 4300 m B. 4400 m
C. 1 and 4 D. 2 and 4
C. 4500 m D. 3600 m
[ESE-CE-00]
[ESE-CE-99]
15. Maximum pressure rise due to water hammer
13. Consider the following statements: in order to
in a pipeline (a = area of the pipe; V0 =
have cavitation,
Velocity, g = acceleration due to gravity; t =
1. local velocity is increased so that the local
time period; L = length of the pipeline) is
pressure is decreased below vapour
pressure A.

B.

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Fluid Mechanics

C. minor losses. What is the ratio of flow rates

through the two pipes?
D. Independent of the dimensions of the
A. 2.8 B. 5.6
pipe
C. 8 D. 11.3
[ESE-CE-00]
[ESE-CE-04]
16. A and B are at the same elevation of 2.5 m
20. Water flows into junction J from reservoirs A
above datum in the valve and pipe line shown
and B through connecting pipes, the head loss
in the given figure. Velocity head of 0.5 m,
through these being, respectively 10. and
head loss in valve of 0.2 m and pressure head
4. . The water level elevations at the
of 2.5 m are the parameters at A. Piezometric
reservoirs at A and B are 25.9 m and 18 m,
head at B is equal to
respectively. The inflow at J is discharged out
at C into the atmosphere. The head loss through
pipe JC is 1. . The gauge pressure at J is 9
m. What is the residual gauge pressure of the

0
outflow at C?
A. 5.5 m B. 5.3 m
C. 5.0 m
I1
D. 4.8 m
[ESE-CE-00]
17. Two tanks are connected in parallel by two
EG
pipes A and B of identical friction factors and
lengths. If the size of pipe A is double than that
of pipe B, then their discharges will be in the
ratio of
N

A. 2 B. 4
C. 5.66 D. 32
[ESE-CE-01]
18. The Chezy’s coefficient C is related to Darcy-
Weisbach friction factor ‘f’ as A. 2.56 m B. 1.86 m
C. 1.16 m D. 0.46 m
A. C = ( /8 ) B. C = [ESE-CE-06]
21. While using Darcy-Weisbach equation for
C. C = (8 / ) D. C = /8
estimating head loss in a pipe flow, the friction
19. Two long pipes in parallel are used to carry
factor was misjudged by + 20% for this case,
water between two reservoirs. The diameter of
the error in estimating discharge is
one pipe s twice that of the other. Both the pipes
A. + 10% B. + 40%
have the same value of friction factor. Neglect

- 213 -
Fluid Mechanics

C. -40% D. -10% 1. by reduction of pressure intensity below a

[ESE-CE-08] limiting value
22. What is the energy loss through a length of pipe 2. by increase in either elevation or the velocity
from which all the discharge is taken out of flow
uniformly along its length, with respect to the 3. by reduction of pressure load in the system
case when all the discharge is delivered to the 4. by decrease in the velocity of flow
end? Which of these statements are correct?
A. 2/3 B. 3/2 A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1/3 D. 1/2 C. 2 and 3 only D. 3 and 4
[ESE-CE-08] [ESE-CE-09]
23. The power transmitted through a pipeline is 26. Consider the following statements which are
maximum when the head lost due to friction in related to the phenomenon of cavitation in fluid
the pipe is equal to flow:
A. the total supply head 1. Cavitation occurs when local velocity is

0
B. half of the total supply head decreased so that local pressure increases to
C. one-third of the total supply head
I1 a high degree.
D. one-fourth of the total supply head 2. Cavitation occurs if elevation is high thereby
[ESE-CE-09] decreasing ambient pressure.
EG
24. In a siphon system employed for carrying water 3. Cavitation occurs if local velocity is
from a reservoir A at a higher elevation to increased so that the local pressure
another reservoir B at lower elevation, both decreases.
being separated by a higher hill, what will be 4. Cavitation is dependent on vapour pressure
the pressure at the ‘Summit’ (S)? of the fluid.
N

A. Equal to the pressure at the water surface Which of these statements are correct?
of reservoir A A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1, 2 and 4
B. Higher than the pressure at the water C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 2, 3 and 4
surface of reservoir A [ESE-CE-10]
C. Equal to the pressure at the water surface 27. In a pipe network of municipal water supply, a
of reservoir B parallel pipe is sometimes installed over a
D. Less than the pressure at both A and B portion of the pipe mainly for
above A. reducing water hammer pressure
[ESE-CE-09] B. decreasing the pumping power need
25. Consider the following statements: C. increasing the head available at the node
Cavitation generally results from a D. increasing the discharge
combination of several influences
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Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-CE-10] 31. Assertion (A): Loss of head at a sudden

28. Two identical pumps, each capable of contraction in a pipe is smaller than the loss at
delivering 0.2 cumec, against a head of 30 m, a sudden expansion in the pipe.
are connected in parallel. The resulting Reason (R): Increase in turbulence level is
discharge is higher at a sudden expansion than at a sudden
A. 0.4 cumec against a head of 30 m contraction.
B. 0.4 cumec against a head of 60 m A. both A and R are true and R is the correct
C. 0.2 cumec against a head of 30 m explanation of A
D. 0.2 cumec against a head of 60 m B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
[ESE-CE-11] explanation of A
29. Which one of the following statements is C. A is true but R is false
correct? D. A is false but R is true
A. Dynamic viscosity is the property of a fluid [ESE-CE-11]
which is not in motion 32. Three pipes A, B and C have the following

0
B. Surface energy is fluid property giving rise basic geometries:
to the phenomenon of capillarity in water
I1
C. Cavitation results from the action of very Pipe A B C
high pressure Diameter D D/2 2D
EG
D. Real fluids have lower viscosity than ideal Length L L 4L
fluids If these pipes are connected in series, by
[ESE-CE-11] assuming the value of friction factor f to be
30. Which one of the following statements is same for all the three pipes and the equivalent
correct?
N

pipe, this set of pipes in series is equivalent to

A. For water at 100° Celsius at sea level, the a pipe of length Le and diameter D and friction
vapour pressure is equal to atmospheric factor f with the equivalent length Le being
pressure. equal to
B. Surface energy (or tension) is caused by the
A. 5 B. 4
force of adhesion between liquid
molecules. C. 26 D. 33

C. Viscosity of a fluid is the property [ESE-CE-12]

exhibited by it both in static and in dynamic 33. If the velocity of flow as well as the diameter

conditions. of the flowing pipe are respectively doubled

D. Air is 50, 000 times more compressible through pipe system in use since long, the head

than water. loss will thereafter be

[ESE-CE-11] A. Halved B. Doubled

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Fluid Mechanics

C. increased 4 times D. No change length and are placed in parallel. If the friction
[ESE-CE-12] factor of P is 9 times that of Q, then the
34. Which of the following pairs are correctly discharge in P to that in Q is
matched? A. 0.5 B. 0.45
1. Piezometric head: Sum of datum head and C. 0.33 D. 0.27
pressure head [ESE-CE-15]
2. Dynamic head: Sum of datum head and 38. Assertion (A): Total energy line and the
velocity head hydraulic gradient line for a pipe flow cannot
3. Stagnation head: Sum of Piezometric head intersect each other.
and velocity head Reason (R): The vertical differences between
4. Total head: Sum of Piezometric head and these two lines must equal the velocity head.
dynamic head A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct
A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 1, 3 and 4 only explanation of A
C. 2, 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 B. Both A and R are true but R is not a correct

0
[ESE-CE-12] explanation of A
35. It is proposed to increase the discharge by 20%
I1 C. A is true but R is false
in circular pipe carrying oil in laminar regime. D. A is false but R is true
If all other factors remain unchanged, power [ESE-CE-15]
EG
consumption to maintain the modified flow 39. What is the maximum power available at the
relative to the original flow would increase by downstream end of a pipeline 3 km long, 20 cm
A. 10% B. 20% in diameter, if water enters at the upstream end
C. 44% D. 52% at a pressure of 720 m of water, with taking pipe
[ESE-CE-13] friction coefficient as 0.03 and gas 10 m/s2?
N

36. In a pipe network: A. 770 mhp B. 740 mhp

A. The algebraic sum of discharges around C. 700 mhp D. 660 mhp
each elementary circuit must be zero [ESE-CE-16]
B. The head at each node must be the same 40. In the design of pipeline, the usual practice is to
C. The algebraic sum of the drop in assume that due to ageing of pipelines:
piezometric head around each elementary 1. The effective roughness increases linearly
circuit is zero with time.
D. The piezometric head loss in each line of 2. The friction factor increases linearly with
each circuit is the same time.
[ESE 2013] 3. The flow through the pipe becomes linearly
37. Two reservoirs are connected by two pipes P lesser with time.
and Q. The pipes have the same diameter and
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Fluid Mechanics

Which of the above statements is/are correct? B. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 3 only individually true but Statement (II) is not
C. 2 only D. 1 only the correct explanation of Statement (I)
[ESE-CE-16] C. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is
41. A pipe of 324 mm diameter, having friction false
coefficient as 0.04, connects two reservoirs D. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is
with 15 m difference in their water levels true
through a 1500 m long pipe. What will be the [ESE-CE-16]
discharge through the pipe? 43. Cavitation is likely to occur if
A. 104 lps B. 134 lps 1. Pressure becomes very high.
C. 165 lps D. 196 lps 2. Temperature becomes low.
[ESE-CE-16] 3. Pressure at the specific point falls below
42. Statement (I): Pipes carrying water are vapour pressure.
anchored bends and other points of unbalanced 4. Energy is released with the onset of a high

0
thrusts. intensity wave due to noise and vibration of
Statement (II): Pipes are anchored by firmly
I1 the machine.
embedding in massive blocks of concrete or Which of the above statements are correct?
masonry to counter side thrusts due to A. 1 and 3 B. 2 and 3
EG
hydrodynamic forces exerted on the joints. C. 3 and 4 D. 2 and 4
A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are [ESE-CE-16]
individually true and Statement (II) is the
correct explanation of Statement (I)
PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS
N

1. From a reservoir, water is drained through two between two points. For the same total volume
pipes of 10 cm and 20 cm diameter flow rate with pipe of same diameter ‘d’ and
respectively. If the frictional head loss in both same friction factor ‘f’, the single length of the
the pipes is same, then the ratio of discharge pipe will be
through the larger pipe to that through the A. L/2 B. L/√2
smaller pipe will be C √2 L D. L/4
. √2 B. 2√2 [CSE-ME-99]
C. 4 D. 4√2 3. A stepped pipeline with four different cross.
Section discharges water at the rate of 2 litres
[CSE-ME-98]
per second. Match List-I (Areas of pipe in
2. Two identical pipes of length ‘L’, diameter ‘d’
sq.cm) with List-II (Velocities of water in cm/s)
and friction factor ‘f’ are connected in parallel
and select the correct answer :

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Fluid Mechanics

List-I List-II 5. Assertion (A) : Energy grade line lies above

A. 500 1. 4 the hydraulic grade line and is always parallel
B. 100 2. 5 to it.
C. 400 3. 10 Reason (R) : The vertical difference between
energy grade line and hydraulic grade line is
D. 200 4. 15
equal to the velocity head.
5. 20
[CSE-ME-03]
Codes :
6. Assertion (A) : Head loss for sudden expansion
A B C D
is more than the head loss for a sudden-
A 5 1 2 3
contraction for the same diameter ratio.
B 1 5 2 3 Reason (R) : Head loss varies as the square of

C 1 5 3 4 the ratio of the upstream and downstream

velocities in the pipe fitted with sudden
D 3 2 5 1
expansion or sudden constraction.

0
[CSE-ME-01] [CSE-ME-03]
I1
4. A laminar flow is taking place in a pipe. Match 7. What will be the maximum efficiency of the
List-I (Term) with List-II (Expression) and pipeline if one-third of the available head in
select the correct answer : flow through the pipeline is consumed by
EG
List-I friction?
A. Discharge, Q A. 33.33% B. 50.00%
B. Pressure drop, ∆P/L C. 66.66% D. 75.00%
C. Friction factor,f [CSE-ME-04]
8. Darcy-Weisbach equation for the head loss in a
N

List-II
flow through a pipe is given by h1 = ( (the
1. 16 / )

2. ∆ /128 symbols have the usual meaning). For the

3. 32 / laminar flow through a circular pipe, how does

4. ∆ /128 the friction factor f vary with a Reynolds

Codes : number (Re)?

A B C A. f = B. f =
A 2 3 4 C. f = D. f =
B 4 3 1
[CSE-ME-05]
C 4 1 3
9. A pipe of diameter (D) conveying a discharge
D 1 4 2
Q is to be replaced by two parallel pipes of
[CSE-ME-02]
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Fluid Mechanics

smaller diameter (d) to discharge the same A. Are equal

quantity. What will be the ratio of D/d? (f is B. The former is a non-dimensional wall
same for all pipes) shear stress
. =2 B. = √2 C. The latter is a non-dimensional wall shear
stress
C. = 41/5 D. = 41/3
D. The former is one fourth of latter
[CSE-ME-06]
[CSE-ME-08]
10. The power transmitted through the pipe is
13. Which one of the following is correct?
maximum when head lost due to friction in the
Minor losses through valves, fittings, bends,
pipe is equal to which one of the following?
contractions etc. are commonly modelled as
A. 1/2 H B.1/3 H
proportional to
C. 1/4 H D. 1/8 H
A. Total head B. Static head
(H = Total supply head)
C. Velocity head D. Dynamic head
[CSE-ME-07]
[CSE-ME-08]

0
11. A pipeline is said to be equivalent to another, if
14. The power required maintain a certain flow rate
in both
I1 in a tube of 10 m length and constant diameter
A. Length and discharge are the same
is found to be 50 kW when the head loss is 5 m
B. Velocity and discharge are the same
and the tube is horizontal. If the tube is now
EG
C. Discharge and frictional head loss are the
held vertical, the pumping power required for
same
the same flow rate in the vertically upward
D. Length and diameter are the same
direction is
[CSE-ME-07]
A. 150 kW B. 50 kW
12. Which one of the following statement is
C. 300 kW D. 60 kW
N

correct?
[CSE-ME-10]
Darcy’s friction factor and Fanning friction
factor for flow in a circular duct
PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS
1. A long pipeline carries water from a river to a 2. The head loss in a pipe of diameter d, carrying
city. As part of an augmentation scheme, a of at a flow rate Q over a distance l is h. The
similar pipe is added in parallel to the existing pipe is replaced by another with half the
pipe for half the total length of the pipeline. The diameter, all other things remaining the same.
percentage increase in discharge will be: The head loss in this case will be:
A. 26 B. 50 A. 0.5 h B. 2.0 h
C. 60 D. 100 C. 8.0 h D. 32.0 h
[CSE–CE–94] [CSE–CE–95]

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Fluid Mechanics

3. Two pipe systems in series are said to be C. 2, 3 and 4 are correct

equivalent when: D. 1, 2 and 4 are correct
A. the average diameter in both systems is [CSE–CE–96]
same. 6. The loss of head due to sudden expansion in a
B. the average friction factor in both systems pipe flow is given by:
is same. A. = ∙ B.
C. the total length of the pipes is same in both
( )
C. D.
the system.
D. the discharge under the same head is same [CSE–CE–98]

in both the systems. 7. Assertion (A): Energy is lost in a sudden

[CSE–CE–95] contraction in a pipeline.
4. The head loss caused due to sudden expansion Reason (R): If the flow is now reversed, energy
of pipe from area A1 to area A2 and the velocity can be gained at the transition which acts an
from V1 to V2 is given by: expansion.

0
2 2 [CSE–CE–99]
 A  V2  A  V2
A. 1  1  1 B.  1  1  2 8. A pipe of 100 m length and 200 mm diameter



A2  2 g

A  V2
C.  1  2  2
2
I1



A2  2 g
2
A  V2
D. 1  2  1
and friction factor 0.015 is to be replaced by a
400 mm diameter pipe of friction factor 0.012
 A1  2 g  A1  2 g
EG
to carry the same flow. For the head loss of the
[CSE–CE–96]
same magnitude the equivalent length is given
5. Consider the following statements relating to
by:
hydraulic gradient line and energy gradient
A. 40 m B. 400m
line:
C. 4 km D. 40 km
N

1. In the case of a fluid flowing in a pipeline

[CSE–CE–01]
hydraulic gradient line and energy gradient
9. Two reservoirs are connected by a pipeline
2. The line joining the points representing
consisting of two pipes A and B with equal
piezometric heads is known as hydraulic
friction factor and length, and connected in
gradient line
series. If the diameter of pipe A is 20% larger
3. In the case of ideal fluid, energy gradient
than that of pipe B, the ratio of head loss in pipe
line is always horizontal.
A to that of pipe B is nearly,
4. Hydraulic gradient line has a downward
A. 0.40 B. 0.53
slope in the case of flow through pipes.
C. 0.60 D. 0.83
Of these statements:
[CSE–CE–02]
A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B. 1, 3 and 4 are correct
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Fluid Mechanics

10. A pipeline of diameter 10 cm carries a same diameter and length in parallel. If the
discharge at a velocity of 1 m/s. It branches into friction factor of A is 4 times that of the pipe B,
pipes each of diameter 5 cm. Consider the what is the ratio of the discharge in A to that in
following statements: B?
1. The velocity in each branch is2 m/s. A. 0.25 B. 4.0
2. The discharges in the two branched pipes C. 2.0 D. 0.5
are equal. [CSE–CE–07]
3. The rate of flow before and after branching 14. A 10 cm dia pipe carries a fluid with kinematic
is the same. viscosity of 0.25 Stockers at 220C. If the flow
4. The velocity in 5 cm pipe is half of that in has to be critical (At Re = 2000), what is the
10 cm pipe. corresponding velocity of flow?
Select the correct answer using the codes given A. 0.8 m/s B. 8 m/s
below: C. 0.5 m/s D. 1.5 m/s

0
A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 4 [CSE–CE–07]

C. 2, 3 and 4 D. 1, 2 and 3 15. All minor losses in a 15 cm diameter pipeline

I1 [CSE–CE–02]
11. Two reservoirs are connected by two pipes A
add up to . What is the equivalent length

of a pipeline of same diameter with Darcy’s f =

EG
and B of same f and length is series. If the
0.03 for this condition?
diameter of A is 30% larger than that of B, what
A. 160 m B. 80 m
is the ratio of head loss in A to that of B?
C. 20 m D. 9 m
A. 0.77 B. 0.59
[CSE–CE–09]
C. 0.50 D. 0.27
16. A 15 cm diameter pipe carries 70 lit/s of oil (sp.
N

[CSE–CE–06]
Gr. = 0.75). At a section 62 cm above the
12. What is the condition for maximum
datum, the pressure is 2 cm vacuum of mercury
transmission of power through a nozzle at the
(sp. Gr. = 13.6). Assuming kinetic energy
end of a long pipe?
correction factor of 1.1, what is the total head
A. H= hf/3 B. hf=H/2
in m of oil at the section?
C. hf= H/3 D. H= hf/2
A. 1.057 B. 1.137
Where
C. 1.148 D. 1.228
H = total head at the inlet of the nozzie
[CSE–CE–09]
Hf= head loss due to friction.
17. A very large and open reservoir discharges into
[CSE–CE–06]
atmosphere through a 100 m long, 25 cm dia,
13. Two reservoirs at different Surface elevations
= 0.025, pipeline laid horizontally. The
are connected by a set of two pipes A and B of
reservoir level is at a constant height of 4.905

- 221 -
Fluid Mechanics

m above the axis of the pipe. Intending to [CSE–CE–09]

augment the available discharge at the outfall 20.
end of the pipeline, the latter half of the pipeline
is duplicated with an exactly similar pipe
through a junction chamber (under pressure) at
the midway point. All losses other than by
friction are to be neglected. What is the
combined discharge available at the outfall
end? Consider the following conditions with respect
A. 13% B. 26.5% to the solution of a 3-reservoir problem in the
C. 50% D. 66.7% above shown figure:
[CSE–CE–09] 1. For each pipe Darcy-Weisbach’s equation
18. A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 is satisfied.
sequentially having lengths , and also 2. ℎ =ℎ =ℎ

0
sequentially is to be replaced by an equivalent
3. Piezometric head is the same at junction
I1
pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same total
length / as that of the compound pipe. Which
one of the following defines the equivalent pipe
4.
with respect to each pipe.
= +
EG
condition correctly? Which of these are correct?
A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3
A. = + +
C. 2 and 4 D. 3 and 4
B. = + + [CSE–CE–10]

= + + 21. A single pipe of length L and diameter D is to

N

C.
be replaced by four parallel pipes of same
D. = + + material and of same length but of diameter d
[CSE–CE–09] each to convey the same total discharge under
19. The head loss in a pipe of diameter d carrying the same head loss. What is the magnitude of
oil at a flow rate over a distance is ℎ. The d?
pipe is replaced by another one with its A. ( B.
) .
( )
diameter ⁄2; all other parameters remaining
the same, what is the head loss in the replaced C. D.
( ) ( )
pipe? [CSE–CE–10]
A. 0.5 h B. 2 h 22. Two reservoirs are connected by two pipes A
C. 8 h D. 32 h and B of same f and equal lengths in series. The
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Fluid Mechanics

diameter of A is 30% larger than that of B.

What is the ratio of head loss in A to that of B?
A. 0.77 B. 0.59
C. 0.500 D. 0.27
[CSE–CE–10]
23. The momentum correction factor for triangular
velocity distribution for flow between parallel
A. 200 B. 1.50
plates as shown in the figure is:
C. 1.33 D. 1.00

[CSE–CE–99]

0
7. FLOW THROUGH PIPES - ANSWERS
I1
::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. D
EG
11. B 12. * 13. *
12. 100 to 100 13. 87

::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::

N

1. * 2. A 3. * 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. - 10. A

11. D 12. A 13. * 14. B 15. * 16. D 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. B

21. D 22. A 23. * 24. * 25. * 26. C 27. * 28. * 29.* 30. *

1. 1400 3. 14.175 13. 1.214 15. 77.77 23. 2 to 2 24. 4.7 to 4.9

25. 0.140 to 0.142 27. 0.56 to 0.58 28 = 0.0106 / , = 0.0193 /

29. 0.60 to 0.63 30. 2.80 to 2.90

::: PREVIOUS GATE - XE/CH/PI/AE/MT ANSWERS :::

1. - 2. - 3. C 4. - 5. D 6. * 7. * 8. * 9. B 10. *

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Fluid Mechanics

11. * 12. * 13. * 14. D 15. * 16. A 17. A 18. *

6. 8 7. 40 8. 10 10. 411.5: 412.5 11. 30.411

12. 5.5 to 6.0 13. 1292.4 15. 0.30 to 0.33 18. 183.5 to 184.5

::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. D 8. D 9. - 10. C

11. A 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. D 20. C

21. D 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. D 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. A

31. B 32. A 33. A 34. B 35. D 36. D 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. -

41. B 42. D 43. D 44. B 45. D 46. D 47. A 48. A 49. - 50. B

0
51. D 52. A 53. D 54. B 55. A

1. C 2. A 3. B
I1
::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::
4. B 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. B
EG
11. C 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. C

21. D 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. D 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. A

31. A 32. D 33. B 34. B 35. C 36. C 37. C 38. A 39. D 40. D
N

41. A 42. A 43. C

::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. B

11. C 12. C 13. C 14. A

::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. A 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. D

11. D 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. B 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. B

21. C 22. C 23. C

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 8 LAMINAR FLOW

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. A 0.20 m diameter pipe 20 km long transports [GATE-ME-95: 1M]
oil at a flow rate of 0.01 / . Calculate the 7. For laminar flow through a long pipe, the
power required to maintain the flow if the pressure drop per unit length increases.
dynamic viscosity and density of oil are 0.08 A. in linear proportion to the cross-sectional
Pa-sec, 900 / . areas
[GATE-ME-88:5M] B. in proportion to the diameter of the pipe
2. The discharge in / for laminar flow C. in inverse proportion to the cross-sectional
through a pipe of diameter 0.04 m having a area
centre line velocity of 1.5 m/s is: D. in inverse proportion to the square of cross-
A. 3 /50 B. 3 /2500 sectional area
C. 3 /5000 D. 3 /10000 [GATE-ME-96: 2M]

0
[GATE-ME-88: 2M] 8. Consider steady laminar incompressible axi-
I1
3. A 400 m long horizontal pipe is to deliver 900 symmetric fully developed viscous flow
kg of oil ( = 0.9, u = 0.0002 / ) per through a straight circular pipe of constant
minute. If the head loss is not to exceed 8 m of cross-sectional area at a Reynolds number of 5.
EG
oil, find the pipe diameter. (Friction factor in The ratio of inertia force to viscous force on a
laminar flow: = 64/ ) fluid particle is
[GATE-ME-89:5M] A. 5 B.
4. For a fully developed laminar flow through a C. 0 D. ∞
pipe, the ratio of the maximum velocity to the
N

[GATE-ME-97:1M]
average velocity is ____ (fill in the blank) Common Data for Questions 9 & 10:
[GATE-ME-94: 1M] A syringe with a frictionless plunger contains
5. Fluid is flowing with an average velocity of V water and has at its end a 100 mm long needle
through a pipe of diameter D. Over a length of of 1 mm diameter. The internal diameter of the
L, the head loss is given by . The friction syringe is 10 mm. Water density is 1000 /

factor, f for laminar flow in terms of Reynolds . The plunger is pushed in at 10 mm/s and

number (Re) is ____ (fill the blank) the water comes out as a jet
[GATE-ME-94:2M]
6. In fully developed laminar flow in the circular
pipe, the head loss due to friction is directly
proportional to……… (mean velocity/square
of the mean velocity)

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Fluid Mechanics

9. Assuming ideal flow, the force F in Newtons [GATE-ME-08: 2M]

required on the plunger to push out the water is 13. The pressure drop for laminar flow of a liquid
A. 0 B. 0.04 in a smooth pipe at normal temperature and
C. 0.13 D. 1.15 pressure is
[GATE-ME-03:2M] A. directly proportional to density
10. Neglect losses in the cylinder and assume fully B. inversely proportional to density
developed laminar viscous flow throughout the C. independent of density
needle; the Darcy friction factor is 64/ .
, D. proportional to ( )
where Re is the Reynolds number. Given that [GATE-ME-09: 2M]
the viscosity of water is 1.0 × 10 / s, 14. The velocity profile of a fully developed
the force F in Newton required on the plunger laminar flow in a straight circular pipe, as
is shown in the figure, is given by the expression.
A. 0.13 B. 0.16 ( )= 1− where is a
C. 0.3 D. 4.4

0
constant.
[GATE-ME-03:2M]

= (1 − 4 /
I1
11. The velocity profile in fully developed laminar
flow in a pipe of diameter D is given by
), where r is the radial
EG
distance from the centre. If the viscosity of the
fluid is , the pressure drop across a length L of
the pipe is The average velocity of fluid in the pipe is

A. B. A. − B. −
N

C. D. C. − D. −
[GATE-ME-06: 2M]
[GATE-ME-09: 1M]
12. Two pipes of uniform section but different 15. Maximum velocity of a one-dimensional
diameters carry water at the same volumetric incompressible fully developed viscous flow,
flow rate. Water properties are the same in the
between two fixed parallel plates, is 6 .
two pipes. The Reynolds number, based on the
The mean velocity (in ) of the flow is
pipe diameter,
A. 2 B. 3
A. is the same in the both pipes
C. 4 D. 5
B. is large in the narrow pipe [GATE-ME-10: 1M]
C. is smaller in the narrower pipe 16. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of
D. depends on the pipe material constant diameter and the flow is laminar. If the
-226
Fluid Mechanics

diameter of the pipe is increased by 50% B. fully developed turbulent flow through a
keeping the volume flow rate constant, then the straight circular pipe
pressure drop in the pipe due to friction will C. steady, incompressible, laminar flow
decrease by between two fixed parallel plates
A. 33% B. 50% D. steady, incompressible, laminar flow
C. 70% D. 80% between one fixed plate and the other
[GATE-ME-11: 2M] moving with a constant velocity
17. Water flows through a pipe having an inner [GATE-ME-15: 1M]
radius of 10 mm at the rate of 36 kg/hr at 25 . 22. For a fully developed laminar flow of water
The viscosity of water at 25° is 0.001 kg/m.s. (dynamic viscosity 0.001 Pa-s) through a pipe
The Reynolds number of the flow is _____ of radius 5 cm, the axial pressure gradient is -
[GATE-ME-14: 2M] 10 Pa/m The magnitude of axial velocity (in
18. For a fully developed flow of water in a pipe m/s) at a radial location of 0.2 cm is
having diameter 10 cm, velocity 0.1 m/s and [GATE-ME-15: 2M]

0
kinematic viscosity 10 / , the value of 23. The head loss for a laminar incompressible
I1
Darcy friction factor is _____ flow through a horizontal circular pipe is ℎ
[GATE-ME-14: 2M] Pipe length and fluid remaining the same, if the
19. Water flows through a 10 mm diameter and 250 average flow velocity doubles and the pipe
EG
m long smooth pipe at an average velocity of diameter reduces to half its previous value, the
0.1m/s. The density and the viscosity of water head loss is ℎ . The ratio ℎ /ℎ is
are 997 kg/ and 855 × 10 . / , A. 1 B. 4
respectively. Assuming fully-developed flow, C. 8 D. 16
the pressure drop (in Pa) in the pipe is ___. [GATE-ME-15: 2M]
N

[GATE-ME-14: 2M] 24. Consider a fully developed steady laminar flow

20. A fluid of dynamic viscosity 2 × 10 kg/m.s of an incompressible fluid with viscosity
and density 1 / flows with an average through a circular pipe of radius R. Given that
velocity of 1 m/s through a long duct of the velocity at a radial location of R/2 from the
rectangular (25 mm × 15 mm) cross-section. centerline ofthe pipe is , the shear stress at
Assuming laminar flow, the pressure drop (in the wall is / , where K is ______.
Pa) in the fully developed region per meter [GATE-ME-16: 2M]
length of the duct is _____ 25. For steady flow of a viscous incompressible
[GATE-ME-14: 2M] fluid through a circular pipe of constant
21. Couette flow is characterized by diameter, the average velocity in the fully
A. steady, incompressible, laminar flow developed region is constant. Which one of the
through a straight circular pipe

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Fluid Mechanics

following statements about the average it is parabolic at the exit. The Reynolds number
velocity in the developing region is TRUE? at the exit of the pipe is _______
A. it increases until the flow is fully developed
[GATE-ME-19:1M]
B. it is constant and is equal to the average
27. Water flows through two different pipes A and
velocity in the fully developed region.
B of the same circular cross-section but at
C. it decreases until the flow is fully
different flow rates. The length of pipe A is 1.0
developed.
m and that of pipe B is 2.0 m. The flow in both
D. it is constant but is always lower than the
the pipes is laminar and fully developed. If the
average velocity in the fully developed
frictional head loss across the length of the
region.
pipes is same, the ratio of volume flow rates
[GATE-ME-17:1M]
/ is _____ (round off to two decimal
26. Water enters a circular pipe of length
places).
= 5.0 and diameter = 0.20 with
Reynolds number = 500. The velocity [GATE-ME-19:2M]

0
profile at the inlet of the pipe is uniform while
I1
PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS
1. In Hagen-Poiseuille flow of viscous liquid, one D. viscous forces to pressure forces
of the following Pairs of forces strike a balance [GATE-CE-95:1M]
EG
A. inertial and viscous forces 4. The dimensions of a pressure gradient in a fluid
B. pressure and viscous forces flow are
C. gravity and viscous forces A. M B. M
D. inertial and gravity forces C. M D.
[GATE-CE-88:1M] [GATE-CE-95:1M]
N

2. If the velocity distribution is rectangular, the 5. The shear stress in a fully developed laminar
kinetic energy correction factor is flow in a circular pipe is
A. greater than zero but less than unity A. constant over the cross section
B. less than zero B. varies parabolically across the section
C. equal to zero C. maximum at the pipe wall
D. equal to unit D. maximum at the pipe center line
[GATE-CE-90:1M] [GATE-CE-96:2M]
3. The Reynolds number of a flow is the ratio of 6. The friction factor of laminar liquid flow in a
A. gravity forces to viscous forces circular pipe is proportional to
B. gravity forces to pressure forces A. reynolds number
C. inertial forces to viscous forces B. inversely to the Reynolds number

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Fluid Mechanics

C. square of the Reynolds number length is equal to 2 MPa. The viscosity of the
D. square root of the Reynolds number fluid is
[GATE-CE-96:1M] A. 0.025 N-s/ B. 0.012 N-s/
Common Data for Question (7 & 8) C. 0.00192 N-s/ D. 0.0102 N-s/
An upward flow of oil (mass density 800 [GATE-CE-07:2M]
kg/ , dynamic viscosity 0.8 kg/m-s) takes 10. Water flows through a 100 mm diameter pipe
place under laminar conditions in an inclined with a velocity of 0.015 m/sec. If the kinematic
pipe of 0.1m diameter as shown in the figure. viscosity of water is 1.13x10 /sec, the
The pressures at sections 1 and 2 are measured friction factor of the pipe material is
as = 435 kN/ and = 200 kN/ . A. 0.0015 B. 0.032
C. 0.037 D. 0.048
[GATE-CE-09:2M]
11. With reference to a standard Cartesian (x,y)
plane, the parabolic velocity distribution profile

0
of fully developed laminar flow in x-direction
I1 between two parallel, stationary and identical
plates that are separated by distance, h, is given
by the expression
EG
ℎ
7. The discharge in the pipe is equal to =− 1−
8 ℎ
A. 0.100 /s B. 0.127 /s In this equation, the y=0 axis lies equidistant
C. 0.144 /s D. 0.161 /s between the plates at a distance h/2 from the
[GATE-CE-06:2M] two plates, p is the pressure variable and µ is
N

8. If the flow is reversed, keeping the same the dynamic viscosity term. The maximum and
discharge, and the pressure at section 1 is average velocities are, respectively
maintained as 435 kN/ , the pressure at
A. - and =
section 2 is equal to
A. 488 kN/ B. 549 kN/ B. = and =
C. 586 kN/ D. 614 kN/
C. = − and =
[GATE-CE-06:2M]
9. Flow rate of a fluid (density = 1000 kg/ ) in D. = and =
a small diameter tube is 800 /s. The length [GATE-CE-14:2M]
and the diameter of the tube are 2 m and 0.5
mm, respectively. The pressure drop in 2 m,

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Fluid Mechanics

12. For a steady incompressible laminar flow The inlet leg length of the siphon to its summit
between two infinite parallel stationary plates, is 2000 m. The difference in the water surface
the shear stress variation is levels of the two reservoirs is 5 m. Assume the
A. Linear with zero value at the plates permissible minimum absolute pressure at the
B. Linear with zero value at the center summit of siphon to be 2.5 m of water when
C. Quadratic with zero value at the plates running full. Given: friction factor = 0.02
D. Quadratic with zero value at the center throughout, atmospheric pressure= 10.3 of
[GATE-CE-18:1M] water, and acceleration due to gravity

13. Water is pumped at a steady uniform flow rate = 9.81 / . Considering only major loss

of 0.01 m3/s through a horizontal smooth using Darcy-Weisbach equation, the maximum

circular pipe of 100 mm diameter. Given that height of the summit of siphon from the water

the Reynolds number is 800 and g is 9.81 m/s2, level of upper reservoir, h (in m, round off to 1

the head loss (in meters, up to one decimal decimal place) is _____
[GATE-CE-19:2M]

0
place) per km length due to friction would be
________ 15. Consider a laminar flow in the x-direction
I1 [GATE-CE-18:1M]
14. Two water reservoirs are connected by a siphon
between two infinite parallel plates (couette
flow). The lower plate is stationary and the
upper plate is moving with a velocity of 1 /
(running full) of total length 5000 m and
EG
diameter of 0.10 m, as shown below (figure not in the x-direction. The distance between the
drawn to scale) plates is 5 and the dynamic viscosity of the
fluid is 0.01 - / . If the shear stress on the
lower plate is zero, the pressure gradient,
N

,( / per m, round off to 1 decimal

place) is ______
[GATE-CE-19:2M]

PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS

1. Consider a fully developed laminar flow in a [GATE-2009-XE]
circular pipe. If the diameter of the pipe is 2. The pressure drop for laminar flow of a liquid
halved while the flow rate and length of the in a smooth pipe at normal temperature and
pipe are kept constant, the head loss increases pressure is
by a factor of A. Directly proportional to density
A. 4 B. 8 B. Inversely proportional to density
C. 16 D. 32 C. Independent of density
-230
Fluid Mechanics

D. Proportional to ( )0.75 6. For a fully developed flow between two

[GATE-2009-PI] parallel flat plates, the velocity gradient at a

Common Data for Questions 3 & 4: point is found to be 1000 s 1 . If the density of
A 60% efficient pump is installed in a pipe of the fluid is 880 kg / m3 and the kinematic
diameter 20 cm to lift water from a sump to an
viscosity of the fluid is 7.4 107 m 2 / s , the
overhead tank at a discharge rate of
shear stress at the same point is approximately
/100 / . Free surface level in the overhead
A. 0 Pa B.1.30Pa
tank is 20 m higher than the free surface level in
C. 0.32 Pa D. 0.65 Pa
the sump. The all-inclusive head losses (not
[GATE-2011-XE]
including the lift) in the suction and delivery
7. Consider fully developed flow of water in a
sides of the pump are 2 times and 28 times the
pipe of diameter 2 cm. The average velocity of
velocity head, respectively.
the flow is 2 m/s. The viscosity of the water is
3. The power (W) supplied to the pump is
103 kg / m  s and the density is 1000 kg / m 3 .

0
A. 10476.2 B.6285.7
The friction factor can be calculated using
C. 6757.1 D. 11261.9
I1 [GATE-2010-XE]
4. The suction side of the pump is located L m
f  64 / Re for laminar flows

f  0.3164 / Re0.25 for turbulent flows. The

and

above the free surface level in the sump. The pressure drops over a length of 0.5 m is
EG
minimum permissible pressure in the pipeline A. 0.08 Pa B.325Pa
on the suction side of the pump is 8 m of water C. 1115 Pa D. 9875 Pa
below atmospheric pressure. The maximum [GATE-2011-XE]
permissible value of L is 8. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of
N

A. 20.00 B.8.00 constant diameter and the flow is laminar. If the

C. 7.85 D.5.00 diameter of the pipi is increased by 5% keeping
[GATE-2010-XE] the volume flow rate constant, then the pressure
5. Two fluids of densities and are flowing at drop in the pipe due to friction will decrease by
velocities and , respectively, through A. 33% B. 56%
smooth pipes of identical diameter and pressure C. 70% D. 80%
per unit length. When the friction factor is [GATE-2011-PI]
same, the ratio / is equal to 9. In the case of a fully developed flow through a
pipe, the shear stress at the centerline is
A. / B.
A. a function of the axial distance
C. D. B. a function of the centerline velocity

[GATE-2010-MT]

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Fluid Mechanics

C. Zero that height difference h remains constant as

D. infinite shown in the figure below. The centerline
[GATE-2012-XE] velocity in the pipe is 10 / . The velocity
10. A fully developed laminar flow is taking place profile inside the pipe over the entire length is
through a pipe. If the flow velocity is doubled =− 1− , where, is a constant
maintaining the flow laminar, the pressure loss
pressure gradient along the pipe length, is
would be.
measured from the left end of the pipe along its
A. halved B. unaltered
central axis and r is radial location inside the
C. doubled D. trebled
pipe with respect to its axis. (Given data:
[GATE-2012-XE]
Density and kinematic viscosity of water are
11. Fully developed flow of an oil takes place in a
1000 / and 1 × 10 /
pipe of inner diameter 50 mm. The pressure
respectively; acceleration due to gravity is
drop per metre length of the pipe is 2 kPa.
10 / ).
Determine the shear stress, in Pa, at the pipe

0
If all other losses except the frictional losses at
wall. ____________
the pipe wall are neglected, the value of h in
I1 [GATE-2013-XE]
12. For steady, fully developed flow inside a
straight pipe of diameter D, neglecting gravity
meter is _______.
EG
effects, the pressure drop Δ over a length L
and the wall shear stress are related by

A. = B. =

C. = D. = [GATE-2014-AE]
N

[GATE-2013-PI] 15. For a fully developed laminar flow through a

13. A fluid is flowing through a pipe of circular smooth pipe, the relationship between friction
cross-section. Reynolds number of the flow is factor ( ) and Reynolds number ( ) is
1600. The head loss over a 45 m length of the A. ∝( ) B. ∝( )
pipe is 0.6 m. The average flow velocity of the C. ∝( ) D. ∝( )
fluid is 1 m/s and the acceleration due to gravity [GATE-2014-AG]
2
is 10 m / s . The diameter of the pipe is ___ m 16. Consider 2-D, steady, incompressible, fully
[GATE-2014-XE] developed flow of viscous, Newtonian fluid
14. Two overflowing water reservoirs are through two stationary parallel plates, in
connected with a 100 long pipe of circular Cartesian co-ordinate (x, y, z) system. Assume
cross-section (of radius, = 0.02 ), such plates are very long in x-direction, wide in z-
-232
Fluid Mechanics

direction (also there is no variation of velocity [GATE-2018-XE]

in z direction) and distance between them is 2h. 19. Consider a fully developed, two-dimensional
The velocity in such a channel is given as = and steady flow of a viscous fluid between two

1− . The origin y = 0 is located at fixed parallel plates separated by a distance of

30 mm. The dynamic viscosity of the fluid is
the center between the plates. If h = 48 mm and
0.01 / − and the pressure drop per unit
= 100 / difference between values
length is 300 Pa/m. The fluid velocity at a
of stream functions passing through y = 0 and
distance of 10 mm from the bottom plate, in m/s
y = h/2 is ______ / .
is________
[GATE-2016-XE]
[GATE-2018-XE]
17. A viscous, incompressible and Newtonian fluid
20. In a capillary tube of raidus R = 0.25 mm, a
flowing through the main branch of circular
fully developed laminar velocity profile is
pipe bifurcates into two daughter brances
whose radii are 4 cm and 2 cm, respectively. defined as, = (− )(1 − ). In this

0
The flow in both the daughter branches are expression,− =1 / , is the dynamic
laminar and fully developed. If the pressure
I1 viscosity of the fluid, and r is the radial position
gradients in both the daughter branches are
from the centerline of the tube. If the flow rate
same, then fraction of total volumetric flow rate
through the tube is1000 / , the viscocity
EG
(rounded off to the second decimal place)
of the fluid, in Pa-s, is __________
coming out from the branch with 4 cm diameter
[GATE-2018-XE]
is ___
21. The maximum velocity in a fully developed
laminar incompressible flow through a circular
pipe of constant cross-sectional area is 6 / .
N

The average velocity ( / ) of the flow is

______
[GATE-2019-XE]

[GATE-2017-XE] 22. Water ( = 1000 , = 0.001 . / )

18. Water is flowing in two different tubes of flows through a smooth circular pipe of radius
diameters D and 2D, with the same velocity. 0.05 . If the flow Reynolds number is 1000,
The ratio of laminar friction factors for the then the pressure drop (in / , rounded off
larger diameter tube to the smaller diameter to 2 decimal places) over a length of 5 m will
tube is be _____
A. 0.5 B. 1.0 [GATE-2019-XE]
C. 2.0 D. 4.0

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 8 LAMINAR FLOW

PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. A pipe friction test shows that, over the range [ESE-ME-95]
of speeds used for the test, the non – 5. Assertion (A): Nature of the fluid flow in pipe
dimensional friction factor, ‘f’ varies inversely does not depend entirely on average velocity
with Reynolds number. From this, one can but is actually a function of the Reynold’s
conclude that the number.
A. fluid must be compressible Reason (R): Reynold’s number depends not
B. fluid must be ideal only on average velocity but also on the
C. pipe must be smooth diameter of the pipe and kinematic viscosity of
D. flow must be laminar the fluid.
[ESE-ME-93] [ESE-ME-95]
2. A fully developed laminar viscous flow 6. All experiments thus far indicate that there can

0
through a circular tube has the ratio of be a laminar flow in a pipe if the Reynolds
I1
maximum velocity to average velocity as number is below.
A. 3.0 B. 2.5 A. 2300 B. 4000
C. 2.0 D. 1.5 C. 2000 D. 40000
EG
[ESE-ME-94] [ESE-ME-96]
3. In a laminar flow through a pipe of diameter D, 7. If Laminar flow takes place in two pipes, having
the total discharge Q, is expressed as ( is the relative rough nesses of 0.002 and 0.003, at a
dynamic viscosity of the fluid and –[dp/dx] is Reynolds number of 1815, then
the pressure gradient A. the pipe of relative roughness of 0.003 has a
N

– – higher friction factor

A. B.
B. the pipe of relative roughness of 0.003 has a
C. D. lower friction factor
[ESE-ME-94] C. both pipes have the same friction factor
4. For fully developed laminar flow though a pipe D. no comparison is possible due to inadequate
the volumetric flow is given by (symbols have data
the usual meaning) [ESE-ME-00]

A. − 8. Assertion (A): For a fully developed viscous

flow through a pipe the velocity distribution
B. −
across any section is parabolic in shape.
C. − Reason (R): The shear stress distribution from
the centre line of pipe upto the pipe surface
D. −
increases linearly
- 234 -
Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-ME-96] minute. What is the approximate value of the

9. The pipe of 20 cm diameter and 30 km length shear stress (in dyne/c ) on the internal wall
transports oil from a tanker to the shore with a of the pipe?
velocity of 0.318 m/s. The flow is laminar. If μ A. 0.0166 B. 0.0812
= 0.1 N-s/ , the power required for the flow C. 8.12 D. 0.9932
would be [ESE-ME-04]
A. 9.25 kW B. 8.36 kW 14. The pressure drop for a relatively low Reynolds
C. 7.63 kW D. 10.13 kW number flow in a 600 mm, 30 m long pipeline
[ESE-ME-00] is 70 kPa. What is the wall shear stress?
10. The pressure drop in a 100 mm diameter A. 0 Pa B. 350 Pa
horizontal pipe is 50 kPa over a length of 10 m. C. 700 Pa D. 1400 Pa
The shear stress at the pipe wall is [ESE-ME-04]
A. 0.25 kPa B. 0.125 kPa 15. The pressure drop in a pipe flow is directly
C. 0.50 kPa D. 25.0 kPa proportional to the mean velocity. It can be

0
[ESE-ME-01] deduced that the
11. Laminar developed flow at an average velocity
I1 A. Flow is laminar
of 5 m/s occurs in a pipe of 10 cm radius. The B. Flow is turbulent
velocity at 5 cm radius is C. Pipe is smooth
EG
A. 7.5 m/s B. 10 m/s D. Pipe is rough
C. 2.5 m/s D. 5 m/s [ESE-ME-06]
[ESE-ME-01] 16. Velocity for flow through a pipe, measured at
12. In a steady flow of an oil in a pipe in the fully the centre is found to be 2 m/s. Reynold’s
developed laminar regime, the shear stress is number is around 800. What is the average
N

A. constant across the pipe velocity in the pipe?

B. maximum at the center and decreases A. 2 m/s B. 1.7 m/s
parabolically towards the pipe wall C. 1 m/s D. 0.5 m/s
boundary [ESE-ME-07]
C. zero at the boundary and increases linearly 17. The power consumed per unit length is
towards the center laminar flow for the same discharge, varies
D. zero at the center and increases towards the directly as where D is the diameter of the
pipe wall pipe. What is the value of ‘n’?
[ESE-ME-03] A. 1/2. B. -1/2
13. A 40 mm diameter 2 m long straight uniform C. – 2 D. – 4
pipe carries a steady flow of water (viscosity [ESE-ME-08]
1.02 centipoises) at the rate of 3.0 litres per

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Fluid Mechanics

18. If a fluid flows through a capillary tube of [ESE-ME-12]

length L and diameter D, and the mass flow rate 23. A 0.20 m diameter pipe 20 km long transports
and the pressure drop are measured, the oil at a flow rate of 0.01 /s. Calculate power
viscosity of the fluid can be estimated from the required to maintain flow if dynamic viscosity
A. Euler equation and density of oil is 0.08 Pas and 900 kg/
B. Bernoulli’s equation respectively
C. Hagen – Poiseuille equation A. 4.064 kW B. 3.074 kW
D. Dittus – Boelter equation C. 5.064 kW D. 4.074 kW
[ESE-ME-08] [ESE-ME-13]
19. Assertion (A): For a fully developed laminar 24. Pressure loss for laminar flow through pipeline
flow through a pipe, velocity distribution is dependent
across any section is parabolic in shape A. inversely on flow of velocity
Reason (R): The shear stress distribution from B. directly on square of pipe radius
the centre line of the pipe up to the pipe surface C. directly on length of pipe

0
increases linearly. A D. inversely on viscosity of flowing medium.
I1 [ESE-ME-10]
20. Navier – Stokes equations are useful in the
analysis of
[ESE-ME-13]
25. For laminar flow through a round pipe, the
shear stress
EG
A. Turbulent flows B. Vortex flows A. Remains constant over the cross section
C. Viscous flows D. Rotational flows B. Varies linearly with the radial distance
[ESE-ME-11] C. Must be zero at all points
21. For laminar flow through a pipe, the discharge D. Varies parabolically with radial distance
varies [ESE-ME-14]
N

A. Linearly as the diameter 26.

B. Inversely as the square of diameter
C. As the inverse of viscosity
D. Inversely as the pressure gradient
[ESE-ME-11]
22. Flow commences between two parallel plates
with the upper plate moving in the direction of Consider flow of oil and water through a
flow, while the other plate is stationary. The channel; the boundary conditions at the
resulting flow between the plates is called interface are
A. creep flow B. couette flow A. Velocity and shear stress are continuous
C. plug flow D. stokes flow

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Fluid Mechanics

B. Shear stress is continuous and velocity is 30. In laminar flow through a circular pipe, the
discontinuous discharge varies
C. Shear stress is ze ro and velocity is A. Linearly with fluid density
continuous B. Inversely with pressure drop
D. Shear stress is zero C. Directly as square of pipe radius
[ESE-ME-14] D. Inversely with fluid viscosity
27. Which one of the following statements is not [ESE-ME-15]
correct in the context of laminar flow through a 31. The laminar flow is characterized by Reynolds
pipeline number which is
A. Shear stress is zero at the centre and varies A. Equal to critical value
linearly with pipe radius B. Less than the critical value
B. Head loss is proportional to square of the C. More than the critical value
average flow velocity D. Zero critical value
C. The friction factor varies inversely with [ESE-ME-15]

0
flow Reynolds number 32. Consider the fully developed laminar flow in a
I1
D. No dispersion of die injected into the flow circular pipe of a fixed length:
stream 1. The friction factor is inversely proportional
[ESE-ME-14] to Reynolds number
EG
28. Laminar flow between closely spaced parallel 2. The pressure drop in the pipe is
plates is governed by the consideration of proportional to the average velocity of the
which one of the following pair of forces? flow in the pipe
A. Pressure and inertial forces 3. The friction factor is higher for a rough pipe
B. Gravity and inertial forces as compared to a smooth pipe
N

C. Viscous and inertial force 4. The pressure drop in the pipe is

D. Pressure and viscous forces proportional to the square of an average of
[ESE-ME-14] flow in the pipe
29. For fully developed laminar flow through a Which of the above statements are correct?
circular pipe with Reynolds number Re the A. 1 and 4 B. 3 and 4
friction factor is C. 2 and 3 D. 1 and 2
A. Inversely proportional to Re [ESE-ME-16]
B. Proportional to Re 33. The oil with specific gravity 0.8, dynamic
C. Proportional to square of Re viscosity of 8 8 × 10 Ns/m2 flows through a
D. Independent of Re smooth pipe of 100 mm diameter and with
[ESE-ME-14] Reynolds number 2100. The average velocity
in the pipe is:

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Fluid Mechanics

A. 0.21 m/s B. 0.42 m/s 38. Statement I: In a pipeline, the nature of the
C. 0.168 m/s D. 0.105 m/s fluid flow depends entirely on the velocity.
[ESE-ME-16] Statement II: Reynolds number of the flow
34. Consider the following statements: depends on the velocity, the diameter of the
1. At low Reynolds numbers of any flow, pipe and the kinematic viscosity of the fluid
viscous forces dominate over interial [ESE-ME-18]
forces. 39. The shear stress for steady, fully developed
2. Transition from laminar to turbulent flow flow inside a uniform horizontal pipe with
occurs over a range of Raynolds numbers coefficient of friction f, density and velocity
depending on the surface presented to the v, is given by
flow. . B.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
C. D.
A. 1 only B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 [ESE-ME-18]

0
[ESE-ME-17] 40. The total energy of each particle at various
35. In a steady laminar flow of a given discharge
I1 places in the cases of a perfect incompressible
through a circular pipe of diameter D, the head fluid flowing in a continuous stream
loss is proportional to A. Keeps on increasing
EG
A. D-1 B. D-2 B. Keeps on decreasing
C. D-3 D. d-4 C. Remains constant
[ESE-ME-17] D. May increase or decrease
36. The centre-line velocity in a pipe flow is 2 m/s. [ESE-ME-18]
What is the average flow velocity in the pipe if 41. Which one of the following is correct? In a
N

the Reynolds number of the flow is 800? fully developed region of the pipe flow,
A. 2 m/s B. 1.5 m/s A. the velocity profile continuously changes
C. 1 m/s D. 0.5 m/s from linear to parabolic shape
[ESE-ME-17] B. the pressure gradient remains constant in
37. Statement (I): In flow through a pipeline, the the downstream direction
nature of the fluid flow depends on the velocity C. the pressure gradient continuously changes
of the fluid. exceeding the wall shear stress in the
Statement (II): Reynolds number of the downstream direction
depends on the velocity, the diameter of the D. the pipe is not running full
pipe and the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. [ESE-ME-08]
[ESE-ME-17] 42. An oil of viscosity 8 poise flows between

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Fluid Mechanics

two parallel fixed plates, which are kept at 2. Laminar unidirectional flow between parallel
a distance of 30 mm apart. If the drop of plates having no relative motion.
pressure for a length of 1 m is 0.3 × 3. Laminar flow in circuit pipes.

104 / 2 and width of the plates is 500 4. Laminar flow between concentric rotating

mm, the rate of oil flow between the plates cylinders.

will be A. 1,2 and 3 only

B. 1, 3 and 4 only
A. 4.2 × 10−3 3/
C. 1,2 and 4 only
B. 5.4 × 10−3 3/
D. 2,3 and 4 only
C. 6.6 × 10−3 3/ [ESE-ME-20]
D. 7.8 × 10−3 3/ 44. For fully developed laminar pipe flow, the
[ESE-ME-19] average velocity is
43. Which of the following applications regarding A. One-half of the maximum velocity
B. One-third of the maximum velocity

0
Navier-Stokes equations are correct?
1. Laminar unidirectional flow between C. One-fourth of the maximum velocity
stationary parallel plates. I1 D. Two-third of the maximum velocity
[ESE-ME-20]
PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS
EG
1. Laminar flow occurs between extensive [ESE-CE-96]
stationary plates. The kinetic energy correction 4. The highest velocity (in cm/sec) for flow of
factor is water of viscosity 0.01 poise to be laminar in a
A. 1.0 B. 1.5 6 mm pipe is
C. 2.0 D. 2.3 A.100/3 B. 125/3
N

[ESE-CE-96] C. 50 D. 200
2. In steady laminar flow of a liquid through a [ESE-CE-96]
circular pipe of internal diameter D, carrying a 5. For laminar flow in a pipe carrying a given
constant discharge, the hydraulic gradient is discharge, the height of surface roughness is
inversely proportional to doubled. In such a case, Darcy-Weisbach
A. D B. D2 friction factor will
C. D4 D.D5 A. remain unchanged
[ESE-CE-96] B. be halved
3. For laminar flow between parallel plates C. be doubled
separated by a distance 2h, head loss varies D. increase fourfold
A. directly as h B. inversely as h [ESE-CE-97]
C. inversely as h2 D. inversely as h3

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Fluid Mechanics

6. In laminar flow, local instability occurs first at C. A is true but R is false

a point where (symbols have the usual D. A is false but R is true
meaning) [ESE-CE-98]
A. u is maximum 9. Consider the following velocity profiles in a
B. duldy is maximum pipeline:

C. is maximum

D. is maximum

[ESE-CE-97]
7. Given that, as flow takes place between two
parallel static plates, the velocity midway
between the plates is 2 m/s, the Reynolds
Among these profiles, the momentum
number is 1200 and the distance between the
correction factor would be
plates is 10 cm, which of the following

0
A. least in 4
statements are true?
B. highest in 1
I1
A. The velocity of the boundary is 1 m/s.
B. The rate of flow is 0.1 m3/s/ metre width.
C. The flow is turbulent.
C. more in 3 than that for 2
D. the same in 1, 2, 3 and 4
[ESE-CE-00]
EG
D. The energy correction factor is 2.0.
10. If the velocity profile in laminar flow is
Select the correct answer using the codes given
parabolic, then the shear stress profile must be
below:
A. a hyperbola B. a parabola
A. 2 and 3 B. 2 and 4
C. a straight-line D. an ellipse
N

C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
[ESE-CE-00]
[ESE-CE-97]
11. In a laminar flow between two static parallel
8. Assertion (A): If laminar flow of oil between
plates, the velocity at mid-point is found to be
two points of a given pipeline is doubled, then
2.0 m/s. If the space between the plates is 10
the power consumption is increased to four
cm, then the discharge per unit width (in
times the original power
m3/s/m) will be
Reason (R): In laminar flow through circular
A. 0.01 B. 0.02
pipes, head loss varies directly as the discharge.
C. 0.10 D. 0.20
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct
[ESE-CE-01]
explanation of A 12. Water of v = 1 centistoke flows through a 1 cm
B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct diameter pipe. Critical flow will correspond to
explanation of A a discharge of approximately
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Fluid Mechanics

A. 0.008 l/s B. 0.013 l/s C. 0.67 R D. 0.29 R

C. 0.016 l/s D. 0.025 l/s [ESE-CE-07]
[ESE-CE-01] 17. In a 4 cm diameter pipeline carrying laminar
13. An oil of viscosity 9 poise is flowing through a flow of a liquid with = 1.6 centipoise, the
horizontal pipe of 60 mm diameter. If the flow velocity at the axis is 2 m/s. What is the shear
is laminar, the pressure drop in 100 m length of stress midway between the wall and the axis?
the pipe is 1800 kN/m2. The average velocity of A. 0.01 N/m2 B. 0.0125 N/m2
flow of the oil is C. 0.0175 N/m2 D. 0.02 N/m2
A. 2.25 m/s B. 0.55 m/s [ESE-CE-07]
C. 5.5 m/s D. 22.5 m/s 18. Consider the following statements:
[ESE-CE-02] A. Shear stress is maximum at the centre line.
14. Oil ( = 0.44 Pa-s, = 888 kg/m3) is filled in B. Maximum velocity is 3/2 times the average
the space between two parallel plates which are velocity.
18 mm apart. The upper plate is moving at a C. Discharge varies inversely with the

0
velocity of 4 m/s. What is the shear stress on coefficient of viscosity.
the plate?
A. 97.8 Pa
C. 79.8 Pa
I1
B. 48.9 Pa
D. 87.9 Pa
D. Slope of hydraulic gradient line increases
linearly with the velocity of flow.
Which of the above statements are correct in
EG
[ESE-CE-04] connection with a steady laminar flow through
15. The pressure gradient in the direction of flow is a circular pipe?
equal to the A. 1, 3 and 4 B. 3 and 4 only
1. shear gradient parallel to the direction of C. 1 and 3 only D. 2 and 4
flow [ESE-CE-09]
N

2. shear gradient normal to the direction of 19. Match List-I (Velocity distribution) with List-
flow II (Types of flow) and select the correct answer
3. velocity gradient parallel to the direction of using the codes given below the lists:
flow List – I List – II
4. velocity gradient normal to the direction of
flow
[ESE-CE-05]
16. A circular pipe of radius R carries a laminar
flow of a fluid. The average velocity is
indicated as the local velocity at what radial
distance, measured from the centre?
A. 0.50 R B. 0.71R

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Fluid Mechanics

B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct

explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
[ESE-CE-10]
21. The pressure drop in a 30 cm diameter
horizontal pipe is 60 kPa in a distance of 15 m.
The wall shear stress in kPa is
A. 0.1 B. 0.2
C. 0.3 D. 0.4
[ESE-CE-12]
22. Consider the following statements in respect of
steady laminar flow through a circular pipe:
A. Shear stress is zero on the central axis of the

0
pipe.
I1 B. Discharge varies directly with the viscosity
of the fluid.
C. Velocity is maximum at the centre of the
EG
Codes: pipe.
a b c d D. Hydraulic gradient varies as the square of
A. 1 3 4 2 the mean velocity of flow.
B. 2 3 4 1 Which of these statements are correct?
C. 1 4 3 2 A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 B. 1 and 3 only
N

D. 2 4 3 1 C. 2 and 4 only D. 3 and 4 only

[ESE-CE-10] [ESE-CE-12]
20. Assertion (A): Reynolds number of a fluid 23. A wall shear stress of 40 Pa exists in a laminar
flow is indicative of the relative dominance of flow in a 12 cm diameter pipe. At a distance of
the effects of momentum transfer between 2 cm from the wall, what will be the shear
adjacent layers of the flow over the viscous stress?
stresses. A. 22.2 Pa B. 24.0 Pa
Reason (R): For flow at high Reynolds C. 26.7 Pa D. 28.0 Pa
numbers, the velocity profile is logarithmic. [ESE-CE-13]
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct 24. Consider the following statements regarding
explanation of A laminar flow through a circular pipe:

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Fluid Mechanics

A. The friction factor is constant. 26. In a laminar flow between two fixed plates held
B. The frictional factor depends upon the pipe parallel to each other at a distance d, the shear
roughness. stress is:
C. The friction factor varies inversely with the A. Maximum at plane d/2 away from each plate
Reynolds number of flow. and zero at the plate boundaries.
D. The velocity distribution is parabolic. B. Zero throughout the passage.
Which of these statements are correct? C. Maximum at the plate boundaries and zero
A. 1 and 3 B. 3 and 4 at a plane d/2 away from each plate.
C. 2 and 3 D. 2 and 4 Which of the above statements is/are correct?
[ESE-CE-13] A. 1 only B. 3 only
25. In a laminar flow through a circular pipe of C. 2 only D. 1, 2 and 3
diameter 200 mm, the maximum velocity is [ESE-CE-16]
found to be 1 m/s. The velocity at a radial 27. Shear velocity is
distance of 50 mm from the axis of the pipe will A. a non-dimensional quantity

0
be B. the velocity of fluid at the edge of laminar
A. 0.5 m/s
C. 0.75 m/s
I1
B. 0.25 m/s
D. 1.25 m/s
[ESE-CE-14]
sublayer
C. a fictitious quantity
D. the velocity of fluid at the edge of
EG
roughness element
[ESE-CE-95]

PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. While water passes through a given pipe at a [CSE-ME-03]
mean velocity ‘V’ the flow is found to change 3. What is the discharge for laminar flow through
N

from laminar to turbulent. If another fluid of a pipe of diameter 40 mm having centre-line

specific gravity 0.8 and coefficient of viscosity velocity of 1.5 m/s?
20% of that of water, is passed through the . / B. /
same pipe, the transition of flow from laminar
C. / D. /
to turbulent is expected if the flow velocity is
[CSE-ME-04]
A. 2V B. V
4. Which one of the following is the characteristic
C. V/2 D. V/4
of a fully developed laminar flow?
[CSE-ME-98]
A. The pressure drop in the flow directions is
2. The drag oefficient for laminar flow varies with
zero
Reynolds number (Re) as
B. The velocity profile changes uniformly in
A. Re 1/2 B. Re
the flow direction
C. Re -1 D.Re -1/2

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Fluid Mechanics

C. The velocity profile does not change in the C. Linear and 1/7 power law
flow direction D. Parabolic and 1/7 power law
D. The Reynolds number for the flow is [CSE-ME-06]
critical 7. Which one of the following is the correct
[CSE-ME-04] statement? For the case of laminar flow
5. Which one of the following equation gives the between two fixed parallel plates, the shear
velocity distribution across a circular pipe stress is
having a viscous flow? A. Constant across the passage
B. Maximum at the centre and zero at the
A. U = Umax 1 −
boundary
B. U = Umax[ − ]
C. Zero all through the passage
C. U = U max 1 − D. Maximum at the boundary and zero at the
centre
D. U = U max 1 +
[CSE-ME-06]

0
[CSE-ME-05]
8. Which one of the following correctly Represents
6. Which one of the following is the correct
I1 the shear stress distribution across a section of
statements ? The velocity profiles for fully
a circular pipe having a viscous flow?
developed laminar and turbulent flow, ( / )
. = B. =
EG
respectively, in a pipe are
( / ) ( )
A. Parabolic and parabolic C. = − D.
B. Parabolic and elliptic [CSE-ME-06]

PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. For laminar flow through a circular tube, the 2. The friction factor depends upon the pipe
N

average velocity at a section is: roughness.

A. the same as that at the centre of tube. 3. The friction factor varies inversely with the
B. two-thirds the velocity at the centre of the Reynolds number of flow.
tube. 4. The velocity distribution is parabolic.
C. half the velocity at the centre of the tube. 5. The pressure drop varies directly with the
D. dependent on the pressure at the section. mean velocity.
[CSE–CE–95] Of these statements:
2. Consider the following statements regarding A. 1 and 4 are correct
the laminar flow through a circular pipe: B. 3 and 4 are correct
1. The friction factor is constant. C. 2 and 4 are correct
D. 3 and 4 are correct
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Fluid Mechanics

[CSE–CE–95] C. 4 3 1 2
3. The following statements relate to a laminar
D. 3 4 1 2
flow:
1. Laminar flow is rotational. [CSE–CE–99]

2. In laminar flow the loss of head is 5. Laminar flow of a liquid through a smooth 25

proportional to the square of the velocity. mm diameter pipe has a head loss of 1 m per

3. In laminar flow the loss of head is meter length of the pipe with mean velocity of

proportional to the first power of viscosity. flow at 1.5 m/s. If the flow velocity is doubled,

4. In laminar flow the velocity is constant yet remaining in laminar flow, the resulting

over the cross-section. head loss per meter length of pipe will, nearly

5. Other quantities remaining the same, be:

increase in diameter will increase the A. 4 m B. 3.5 m

Reynolds number in laminar flow. C. 2 m D. 1.4 m

Of these statements: [CSE–CE–01]

0
6. The shear velocity v0 is expressed as
A. 1, 2 and 4 are correct
B. 1, 3 and 4 are correct I1 A. + B. ×

C. 1, 3 and 5 are correct C. D.

D. 2, 3 and 5 are correct
EG
[CSE–CE–02]
[CSE–CE–97]
7. The velocity distribution for the flow between
4. Match List-I (Units) with List-II (Dimensions)
two parallel plates 0.3 m apart is parabolic and
and select the correct answer using the codes
the maximum velocity at the centre is 0.5 m/s.
given below the Lists:
The rate of flow per unit length is:
N

List – I List – II A. 1 m3/s B. 0.01 m3/s

a. Pressure 1. M0L0T0 C. 10 m3/s D. 0.1 m3/s

[CSE–CE–02]
b. Horse Power 2. ML-2 T-2 8. Consider the following statements:
c. Reynolds Number 3. ML2 T2 1. Velocity distribution in a generalized shear

flow depends on but is independent of

d. Specific Weight 4. ML-1 T-2
moving plate velocity
Codes:
2. Shear and pressure gradients (in case of
a b c d laminar as well as turbulent flow) are inter

A. 3 4 2 1 related through the relationship = .

B. 4 3 2 1

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Fluid Mechanics

3. Momentum correction factor for a laminar 11. Velocity measurement of flow through a rough
flow through a circular pipe is 4/3 circular pipe indicate that the average velocity
Which of these statements is/are correct? is 2.6 m/s and the centre-line velocity is 3.17
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 m/s. What is the friction factor for the pipeline?
C. 2 and 3 D. 2 only A. 0.027 B. 0.020
[CSE–CE–03] C. 0.015 D. 0.010
9. The ratio of maximum velocity and the average [CSE–CE–07]
velocity in laminar Poiseuille flow between two 12. In a 40 cm diameter pipeline, water flows with
parallel plates is: a mean velocity of 2 m/s and the shear stress at
A. 2 B. 1.5 a radial distance of 10 cm from the centerline
C. 1.25 D. 0.8 of the pipeline is 20 Pa. What is the value
[CSE–CE–03] Darcy’s friction coefficient?
10. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct A. 0.008 B. 0.02
answer using the codes given below the lists: C. 0.04 D. 0.08

0
List-I [CSE–CE–07]
a. Flow development length in pipes when
I1 13. In a laminar flow through a circular pipeline of
flow in laminar 20 cm diameter, the flow velocity at a radial
b. For Re < 2000 in laminar flow through distance of 5 cm from the pipe axis is 0.75 m/s.
EG
pipes What is the maximum flow velocity in the
c. For Re between 3000 and 1,00,000 in section?
turbulent flow through pipes of smooth A. 1.25 m/s B. 1.0 m/s
boundary C. 0.50 m/s D. 0.25 m/s
List-II
N

[CSE–CE–08]
1. Friction factor varies linearly with
Reynolds Number 14. The velocity distribution for a flow between

2. 0.06 Re × D (D is diameter of pipe) two parallel plates, 0.3 m apart, is parabolic and

3. Friction factor varies inversely with Re1/4 maximum velocity at the centre is 0.5 m/s.

Codes: What is the rate of flow per unit width?

a b c A. 10 m2/s B. 1 m2/s

A. 1 2 3 C. 0.1 m2/s D. 0.01 m2/s

[CSE–CE–08]
B. 2 1 3
15. A liquid of kinematic viscosity 1.2 stokes is to
C. 1 3 2
be pumped through a pipe of 10 cm dia. What
D. 2 3 1
[CSE–CE–04]

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Fluid Mechanics

will be the maximum flow possible (in cumec), Which of the above statements are correct?
under laminar flow condition? A. 1 and 3 B. 3 and 4
A. 5.2 x 10-3 B. 6 x 10-3 C. 2 and 3 D. 2 and 4
C. 9 x 10-3 D. 6.4 x 10-8
[CSE–CE–10]
[CSE–CE–09]
16. Consider the following statements in the 17. Which one of the following correctly describes

context of a smooth turbulent flow in a pipeline the relation between friction factor f of a pipe

1. Velocity distribution across the section is material and Reynolds number Re, for Re <

parabolic 100?

2. Friction factor is dependent on Reynolds A. √ B. ∝

√
number as also relative roughness.
C. ∝ D. ∝
3. Shear stress distribution across the section
is linear. [CSE–CE–10]
4. Thickness of laminar sublayer is greater

0
than height of roughness projections.
I1
8. LAMINAR FLOW - ANSWERS
EG
::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::
1. * 2. D 3. * 4. * 5. * 6. * 7. C& D 8. A 9. B 10. C

11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. * 18. * 19. * 20. *

21. D 22. * 23. C 24. * 25. B 26. * 27. *

N

1. 4.074 kW 3. 162.2 mm 4. 2 5. 64/Re 6. Mean velocity

17. 635 to 638 18. 0.06 to 0.07 19. 6800 to 6900 20. 1.7 to 2.0

22. 6.2 to 6.3 24. 2.6 to 2.7 26. 500 to 500 27. 0.48 to 0.52

::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. B

11. A 12. B 13. * 14. * 15. *

13. 65.0 to 69.0 14. 5.7 to 5.9 15. 7.9 to 8.1

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Fluid Mechanics

::: PREVIOUS XE/CH/PI/AE/MTANSWERS :::

1. C 2. - 3. D 4. C 5. - 6. D 7. C 8. - 9. C 10. C

11. * 12. A 13. * 14. * 15. B 16. * 17. * 18. A 19. * 20. *

21. * 22. *

11. 25 13. 0.15 14. 0.99 to 1.01 16. 2200 17. 0.941 19. 3
20. 0.001533 21. 3 22. 0.15 to 0.17

0
1. D 2. C 3. A
I1
::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::

4. A 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. C 10. B
EG
11. A 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. C

21. C 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. D

31. B 32. D 33. A 34. A 35. D 36. C 37. A 38. D 39. A 40. B
N

41. B 42. A 43. D 44. A

::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. C

11. C 12. A 13. A 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. - 18. B 19. B 20. B

21. C 22. B 23. C 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. -

::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

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Fluid Mechanics

1. D 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. C

::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B

11. B 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. C

0
I1
EG
N

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 9 TURBULENT FLOW

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. In the case of turbulent flow of a fluid through II. The fluid is unmixed
a circular tube (as compared to the case of III. < 2300
laminar flow at the same flow rate) the IV. > 2300
maximum velocity is ______ shear stress at the A. I, III B. II, IV
wall is _____, and the pressure drop across a C. II, III D. I, IV
given length is ____ The correct words for the [GATE-ME-14: 1M]
blanks are, respectively: 5. The instantaneous stream-wise velocity of a
A. higher, higher, higher turbulent flow is given as flows:
( , , , )= ( , , )+ ′
B. higher, lower, lower ( , , , ).
C. lower, higher, higher The time-average of the fluctuating velocity
′(
D. lower, higher, lower , , , )

0
[GATE-ME-87:2M] ′
A. B. -
I1
2. The parameters which determine the friction
factors for turbulent flow in a rough pipe are:
A. Froude number and relative roughness
C. zero D.

[GATE-ME-16: 1M]
EG
B. Froude number and Mach number 6. Consider steady flow of an incompressible
C. Reynolds number and relative roughness. fluid through two long and straight pipes of
D. Mach number and relative roughness diameters d1 and d2 arranged in series. Both
[GATE-ME-88: 1M]
pipes are of equal length and the flow is
3. Prandtl’s mixing length in turbulent flow
N

turbulent in both pipes. The friction factor for

signifies
turbulent flow though pipes is of the form, f =
A. The average distance perpendicular to the
K(Re)-n where K and n are known positive
mean flow covered by the mixing particles.
constants and Re is the Reynolds number.
B. The ratio of mean free path to characteristic
Neglecting minor losses, the ratio of the
length of the flow field.
frictional pressure drop in pipe 1 to that in pipe
C. The wavelength corresponding to the lowest
2, ( ) is given by
frequency present in the flow field.
( )
D. The magnitude of turbulent kinetic energy. A. B.
[GATE-ME-94: 1M] ( ) ( )
C. D.
4. Consider the turbulent flow of a fluid through a
[GATE-ME-17:2M]
circular pipe of diameter, D. Identify the correct
pair of statements.
I. The fluid is well-mixed
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Fluid Mechanics

PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. Eddy viscosity means that it is 5. The Prandtl mixing length for turbulent flow
A. a physical property of the fluid through pipes is
B. same as the kinematic viscosity A. independent of shear stress
C. always associated with laminar flow B. a universal constant
D. an apparent viscosity due to turbulent nature C. zero at the pipe wall
of flow D. independent of radial distance from pipe
[GATE-CE-90:1M] axis
2. The friction factor for a turbulent flow in [GATE-CE-96:1M]
smooth pipes varies 6. The flow of water (mass density = 1000 /
A. inversely as Reynolds number and kinematic viscosity = 10 / ) in a
B. directly as Reynolds number commercial pipe, having equivalent roughness
C. as square of Reynolds number as 0.12 mm, yields an average shear stress at

0
D. inversely as 1/4th power of Reynolds the pipe boundary= 600 / . The value of
number I1 / ( being the thickness of laminar sub-
[GATE-CE-91:1M] layer) for the pipe is
3. The stresses that arises due to fluctuations in A. 0.25 B. 0.50
EG
the C. 6.0 D. 8.0
velocity components in a turbulent flow are [GATE-CE-08:2M]
A. Euler stresses 7. A rough pipe of 0.5 m diameter, 300 m length
B. Limit stresses and roughness height of 0.25 mm, carries water
C. Reynolds stresses (kinematic viscosity = 0.9 × 10 m2/s) with
N

D. Principal stresses velocity of 3 m/s. Friction factor (f) for laminar

[GATE-CE-92:1M] flow is given by F = 64/Re, and for turbulent
4. Flow in a pipe can be expected to be turbulent
flow it is given by = 2 log10 + 1.74,
when the Reynolds number based on mean √

velocity and pipe diameter is where, Re = Reynolds number, r = radius of

A. = 0 B. < 2000 pipe, k = roughness height and g = 9.81 m/s2.

The head loss (in m, up to three decimal places)
C. > 3000 D. > 100
[GATE-CE-96:1M] in the pipe due to friction is______
[GATE-CE-18:2M]

PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS

1. The Darcy friction factor f for a smooth pipe f  0.3 / Re0.25 for turbulent flow, where Re is
is given by f  64 / Re for laminar flow and by the Reynolds number based on the diameter.

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Fluid Mechanics

For fully developed flow of a fluid of density 2 1

A. B.
1000 kg / m3 and dynamic viscosity 0.001Pa. s 15 5
1 49
through a smooth pipe of diameter 10 mm with C. D.
3 60
a velocity of 1 m/s, determine the Darcy friction
[GATE-2015-XE]
factor. __________
4. The nature of velocity profile within the
[GATE-2013-XE]
laminar viscous sublayer in a turbulent pipe
2. Which one of the following velocity profiles
flow is
typically represents a fully developed
A. linear B. parabolic
incompressible, turbulent flow in a pipe?
C. logarithmic D. exponential
[GATE-2017-XE]
5. Figures given below show the velocity and
shear stress profiles for the flow in a duct. In
each option, ‘1’ represents velocity profile and

0
‘2’ represents shear stress profile.
I1 Choose the correct option that closely
represents the turbulent flow condition.
EG
[GATE-2014-XE]
3. The velocity profile in turbulent flow through a
1/7
u  y
pipe is approximated as    , where
N

umax  R
umax is the maximum velocity, R is the radius

and y is the distance measured normal to the

[GATE-2020-XE]
pipe wall towards the centerline. If uav denotes

u av
the average velocity, the ratio is
u max

PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. Aging of pipe implies C. increase in absolute roughness periodically
A. pipe becoming smoother with time with time
B. relative roughness decreasing with time D. increase in absolute roughness linearly with
time

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Fluid Mechanics

[ESE-ME-92] C. yes, in such a manner that u v = non zero and

2. In rough turbulent flow in a pipe, the friction negative
factor would depend upon D. no, as u and v are not dependent on each
A. velocity of flow other.
B. pipe diameter [ESE-ME-94]
C. type of fluid flowing 6. According to Prandtl’s mixing length theory,
D. pipe condition and pipe diameter the turbulent kinematic viscosity. is
[ESE-ME-93] expressed in terms of the mixing length ℓand
3. In turbulent flow over an impervious solid wall
the velocity gradient, as
A. viscous stress is zero at the wall
B. viscous stress is of the same order A. =ℓ B. =ℓ

magnitude as the Reynold’s stress

C. =ℓ D. =ℓ
C. the Reynold’s stress is zero at the wall
[ESE-ME-94]
D. viscous stress is much smaller than

0
7. In a turbulent flow, , ̅ and are time average
Reynold’s stress
velocity components. The fluctuating
I1 [ESE-ME-93]
components are u’, v’, and w’ respectively. The
4. Reynold’s stresses may be defined as the
turbulence is said to be isotropic if
A. stresses (normal and tangential) due to
A. = ̅=
EG
viscosity of the fluid
B. + u’ = ̅ + v’ = = w’
B. additional normal stresses due to fluctuating
velocity components in a turbulent flow C. ( ′) = ( ′) = ( ′)

C. additional shear stresses due to fluctuating D. none of the above

velocity components in a turbulent flow [ESE-ME-97]

N

8. Shear stress in a turbulent flow is due to

D. additional normal and shear stresses due to
A. the viscous property of the fluid
fluctuating velocity components in the flow
B. the fluid density
field
[ESE-ME-94] C. fluctuation of velocity in the direction of

5. When we consider the momentum exchange flow

between two adjacent layers in a turbulent flow, D. fluctuation of the velocity in the direction of

can it be postulated that if at an instant there is flow as well as transverse to it

an increase in u in the x direction it will be [ESE-ME-97]

9. In turbulent flow, ‘l’is the Ptandtl’s mixing
followed by a change in v in the y direction?
⃗
A. yes, in such a manner that u v = 0 length and is the gradient of the average
B. yes, in such a manner that u v = non zero and velocity in the direction normal to flow. The
positive

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Fluid Mechanics

final expression for the turbulent viscosity vt is 2. The friction factor in for laminar flow
given by through pipes is directly proportional to
⃗ ⃗ Reynolds number
A. vt = ℓ B. vt =
ℓ
3. In fully turbulent flow through pipes,
⃗ ⃗
C. vt = ℓ D. vt = friction factor is independent of Reynolds
ℓ

[ESE-ME-97] number
10. In a fully turbulent flow through a rough pipe, Which of these statements are correct?
the friction factor ‘f’ is (Re is the Reynolds A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 3
number and k/D is relative roughness) C. 2 and 3 D. 1 and 2
A. A function of Re [ESE-ME-08]

B. A function of Re and k/D 14. Which one of the following statements is

C. A function of k/D correct for a fully developed pipe flow?

D. Independent of Re and k/D A. Pressure gradient balances the wall shear

[ESE-ME-99] stress only and has a constant value.

0
11. In a fully – developed turbulent pipe flow, B. Pressure gradient is greater than the wall
I1
assuming 1/7th power law, the ratio of time
mean velocity at the centre of the pipe to that
average velocity of the flow is
shear stress.
C. The velocity
continuously
profile is changing
EG
A. 2.0 B. 1.5 D. Inertial force balances the wall shear stress.
C. 1.22 D. 0.817 [ESE-ME-09]

[ESE-ME-01] 15. The parameters which determine the friction

12. The friction factor for fully developed turbulent for turbulent flow in a rough pipe are
flow through a rough circular pipe depends on A. Froude number and relative roughness
N

A. Reynolds number B. Froude number and Mach number

B. relative roughness C. Reynolds number and relative roughness
C. Reynolds number and relative roughness D. Mach number and relative roughness
D. Reynolds number, relative roughness and [ESE-ME-10]

diameter to length ratio 16. Flow takes place at Reynolds number of 1500
[ESE-ME-03] in two different pipes with relative roughness
13. Consider the following statements: of 0.001 and 0.002. The friction factor.
1. The friction in laminar flow through pipes A. Will be higher in case of pipe with relative
is independent of roughness. roughness of 0.001
B. Will be higher in case of pipe with relative
roughness of 0.002

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Fluid Mechanics

C. will be same in both pipes Reynolds number 105. If the pressure

D. In the two pipes cannot be compared on the difference is increased to 4∆P, the volume flow
basis of data given rate will be
[ESE-ME-11] A. 2 Q
17. Which of the following factors determine the B. A little more than 2 Q
friction for turbulent flow of incompressible C. A little less than 2 Q
fluids in a rough pipe? D. 4 Q
A. Froude number and Mach number [ESE-ME-14]
B. Mach number and relative roughness 19. = =− for a turbulent flow signifies.
C. Reynolds number and relative roughness
A. Conservation of bulk momentum transport
D. Froude number and relative roughness B. Increase in in −direction followed by
[ESE-ME-12] increase in in negative −direction
18. Water flows through a smooth circular pipe of C. turbulence is anisotropic
diameter D and Length L because of a pressure D. turbulence is isotropic

0
difference ∆P across the length. The volume [ESE-ME-19]
I1
flow rate is Q and the flow is turbulent with
PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS
1. Consider the following statements regarding A. 1, 2 and 4 B. 1, 2 and 3
EG
friction factor variation in pipe flow. C. 2, 3 and 4 D. 1, 3 and 4
1. In hydrodynamically rough boundaries [ESE-CE-00]
friction factor ‘f’ is related to relative 2. The maximum velocity Um, the mean velocity
roughness / , ( is roughness and D is U and shear velocity ∗ in the case of turbulent
the diameter of pipe). flow through circular pipes are related as
N

( )
2. In hydrodynamically smooth boundaries. =
∗
Friction factor ‘f’ depends both on
A. 2.5 for rough boundary flow only
Reynolds number ‘Re’ and relative
B. 5.75 for smooth boundary flow only
roughness.
C. 3.75 for both smooth and rough boundary
.
3. If the friction factor, = / then the value flows
of the friction factor ‘f’ relates to that of the D. 5.75 for both smooth and rough boundary
region of turbulent flow in smooth flows
boundary. [ESE-CE-12]
4. Friction factor is directly related to the 3. The loss of head in a pipe carrying turbulent
nature of boundary layer in a pipe flow. flow varies:
Which of these statements are correct?

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Fluid Mechanics

A. Inversely as the square of the velocity of 1. In flow through hydro-dynamically smooth

flow pipes, the friction factor f is always a
B. Inversely as the square of the diameter of constant.
pipe 2. In flow through hydro-dynamically smooth
C. Directly as the square of the velocity of flow pipes, the friction factor f is always a
D. Directly as the velocity of flow function of the flow Reynolds number.
[ESE-CE-13] 3. In a fully developed rough turbulent pipe
4. In turbulent flows through rough pipes, the flow, the friction factor f is a function of
ratio of the maximum velocity to the mean relative roughness only.
velocity is 4. In a fully developed rough turbulent pipe
A. 2 flow, the friction factor f is a function of the
B. 4/3 flow Reynolds number and relative
C. 1.1 roughness.
D. Dependent on the friction factor Which of the above statements are correct?

0
[ESE-CE-15] A. 1 and 3 B. 2 and 3
5. Consider the following statements:
I1 C. 2 and 4 D. 1 and 4
[ESE-CE-16]

PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS

EG
1. In case of turbulent flow, what is the loss of C. Reynolds number and relative roughness.
head approximately proportional to? D. Mach number and relative roughness.
A. Velocity B. (Velocity)1/2 [CSE-ME-10]
C. (Velocity)3/4 D. (Velocity)2 3. Using the Prandtls’ mixing length concept, how
N

[CSE-ME-07] is the turbulent shear stress expressed?

2. The parameters which determine the friction . B.
factor for turbulent flow in a rough pipe are
A. Froude number and relative roughness. C. D.

B. Froude number and Mach number. [CSE-ME-05]

PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. Match List – I (Nature of flow) with List – II 1. Turbulent flow with rough boundary
(Friction factor equation) and select the correct 2. Turbulent flow with smooth boundary
answer using the codes given below the lists: 3. Turbulent flow with Re < 105
List – I 4. Laminar flow
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Fluid Mechanics

List – II D. b d a c
a. f = [CSE–CE–96]

. 3. Consider the following statements:

b. f = .
1. Flow is established in a pipe when the
c. =2 + 1.74 boundary layer thickness is equal to the
radius of the pipe.
d. =2 − 0.8
2. For laminar flow, the friction factor in
Codes:
DarcyWeisbach equation varies inversely
1 2 3 4
as the Reynold number.
A. d c b a
3. For turbulent flow, the friction factor in
B. c d b a
DarcyWeisbach equation varies inversely
C. c d a b
as the square of Reynold number.
D. d c a b
4. When the boundary layer is rough, friction
[CSE–CE–94]
factor varies with the relative roughness of

0
2. Match List – I with List – II and select the
the pipe.
correct answer using the codes below the lists:
List – I
1. Laminar Flow (Re < 2000)
I1 Of the statements:
A. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
B. 1, 2 and 4 are correct
2. Turbulent flow, smooth boundary
EG
C. 2, 3 and 4 are correct
(Re = 3000 to 10,000)
D. 1, 3 and 4 are correct
3. Turbulent boundary layer, smooth
[CSE–CE–98]
boundary
4. Match List-I with List-II for different stages of
4. Turbulent boundary layer, rough boundary
flow in a pipeline and select the correct answer
N

List – II
using the codes given below the lists:
/
a. = 5.75 + 5.5 List-I
/
a. Laminar flow
b.
b. Smooth turbulent flow (Re < 105)
.
c. / c. Rough turbulent flow
d. =2 + 1.14 d. Smooth turbulent flow (Re > 105)
List-II
Codes:
.
1 2 3 4 1. =( ) .

A. a b c d 2. = −0.8 + 2 ( )
B. a c b d
3. =
C. b c a d

- 257 -
Fluid Mechanics

4. = 1.74 + 2 A. In hydrodynamically smooth boundaries

the thickness of laminar sub layer is less
Codes:
than roughness projections
a b c d
B. For hydrodynamically smooth boundary
A. 3 1 4 2
friction factor ‘f’ depends only on Reynolds
B. 1 3 4 2
Number
C. 3 1 2 4
C. For boundaries in transitional region
D. 1 3 2 4
friction factor ‘f’ is a function of relative
[CSE–CE–99]
roughness and Reynolds Number
5. In pipe-flow analysis, the profile of the velocity
D. In hydro dynamically rough boundary
distribution in laminar sub-layer is:
friction factor is solely dependent upon the
A. linear B. logarithmic
relative roughness
C. parabolic D. 1/7th power law
[CSE–CE–04]
[CSE–CE–00]
9. Which one of the following is the correct value

0
6. Turbulent flow generally occurs
of boundary roughness for the stated
A. at very low velocities
I1
B. in flows of highly viscous fluids
C. in flows through very narrow passages
conditions?
(f= friction factor, e= roughness, Re =
Reynold’s number, D = diameter)
D. in flows at high velocities through large
EG
A. For laminar flow: f = 640/Re
passages
B. For turbulent flow with smooth boundary:
[CSE–CE–03]
7. In a pipe flow problem, Reynolds number = = 2 log Re - 0.8. for Re > 10,000
105, Darcy's f= 0.0144, pipe radius = 0.1 m, .
C. For transition: = 2 log +
N

average height of roughness = 0.05 mm. The

D. For turbulent flow with rough boundary:
flow in the pipeline is:
A. Laminar = 2 log
B. Smooth turbulent flow (STF)
[CSE–CE–07]
C. Rough turbulent flow (RTF)
D. Transition from STF to RTF
[CSE–CE–04]
8. Which one of the following statements is not
correct?

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Fluid Mechanics

9. TURBULENT FLOW - ANSWERS

::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. A

::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. *

7. 4.5 to 4.7

0
::: PREVIOUS XE/CH/PI/AE/MT ANSWERS :::

I1
1. 0.03 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. A
EG
::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::
1. D 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. C

11. C 12. B 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. B

::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::

N

1. D 2. C 3.C 4. D 5. B

::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. C 3. D

::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B 8.A 9. B

- 259 -
 10 BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. A streamlined body is defined as a body about B. Obtain the momentum thickness into the
which boundary layer up to x.
A. The flow is laminar [GATE-ME-93:5M]
B. The flow is along the streamlines 4. The necessary and sufficient condition which
C. The flow separation is suppressed brings about separation of boundary layer is
D. The drag is zero > 0 (True/False)
[GATE-ME-87:1M] [GATE-ME-94:1M]
2. The predominant forces acting on an element of 5. As the transition from laminar to turbulent flow
fluid in the boundary layer over a flat plate in a is induced in a cross flow past a circular
uniform parallel stream are: cylinder the value of the drag coefficient drops.
A. Viscous and pressure forces

0
(True/False)
B. Viscous and inertia force [GATE-ME-94:1M]
C. Viscous and body forces I1
D. Inertia and pressure forces
[GATE-ME-90:1M]
6. Flow separation in flow past a solid object is
caused by
A. a reduction of pressure to vapour pressure
EG
3. The velocity profile across a boundary layer on B. a negative pressure gradient
a flat plate may be approximated as linear C. positive pressure gradient
( , )= D. the boundary layer thickness reducing to
( )
zero
Where is the velocity far away and ( ) is
N

[GATE-ME-02:1M]
the boundary layer thickness at a distance x
7. If ‘x’ is the distance measured from the leading
from the leading edge, as shown below.
edge of a flat plate, then laminar boundary layer
thickness varies as
/
A. 1/x B.
/
C. D.
[GATE-ME-02:1M]
8. For air flow over a flat plate, velocity (U) and
boundary layer thickness ( ) can be expressed
respectively, as
A. Use an appropriate control volume to
.
determine the rate of mass influx into the = − ; =
∞
boundary layer up to x.

- 260 -
Fluid Mechanics

If the free stream velocity is 2 m/s, and air has C. 0.17 D. zero
Kinematic viscosity of 1.5 × 10 / and [GATE-ME-06:2M]

density of 1.23 / , then wall shear stress Common Data for Questions 11 & 12:
at x = 1 m, is Consider a steady incompressible flow through
A. 2.36 × 10 / a channel as shown below.

B. 43.6 × 10 /
C. 4.36 × 10 /
D. 2.18 × 10 /
[GATE-ME-04:2M]
Common Data for Questions 9 & 10:
A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading
The velocity profile is uniform with a value of
edge is placed along a gas stream flowing at U
at the inlet section A. The velocity profile at
= 10 m/s. The thickness of the boundary layer
section B downstream is
at section r-s is 10 mm, the breadth of the plate

0
, 0≤ ≤
is 1 m (into the paper) and the density of the
= , ≤ ≤ −
gas, = 1.0 / . I1
Assume
boundary layer is thin, two-dimensional, and
that

have a linear velocity distribution, u = U ( / ),

the

11. The ratio

,

is
− ≤ ≤
EG
at the section r-s, where y is the height from A. B. 1
( / )
plate.
C. D.
( / ) ( / )

[GATE-ME-07:2M]
N

12. The ratio (where and PB are the

pressure at section A and B respectively and

is the density of the fluid) is
9. The mass flow rate (in kg/s) across the section A. −1 B. −1
q-r is
A. zero B. 0.05 C. −1 D.
C. 0.10 D. 0.15
[GATE-ME-07:2M]
[GATE-ME-06:2M]
13. Consider an incompressible laminar boundary
10. The integrated drag force (in N) on the plate,
layer flow over a flat plate of length L, aligned
between p-s, is
with the direction of an incoming uniform free
A. 0.67 B. 0.33
stream. If F is the ratio of the drag force on the

- 261 -
Fluid Mechanics

front half of the plate to the drag force on the D. does not hold because the flow is frictional
rear half, then [GATE-ME-15:2M]
A. <1 2 B. =1 2 18. A steady laminar boundary layer is formed over

C. F = 1 D. F > 1 a flat plate as shown in the figure. The free

[GATE-ME-07:1M] stream velocity of the fluid is . The velocity

14. An incompressible fluid flows over a flat plate profile at the inlet a-b is uniform, while that at
with zero pressure gradient. The boundary a downstream location c-d is given by =
layer thickness is 1 mm at a location where the 2 −
Reynolds number is 1000. If the velocity of the
fluid alone is increased by a factor of 4, then the
boundary layer thickness at the same location,
in mm will be
A. 4 B. 2

0
C. 0.5 D. 0.25
[GATE-ME-12:2M]
I1 The ratio of the mass flow rate, ̇ leaving
15. Consider laminar flow of water over a flat plate
through the horizontal section b-d to that
of length 1m. If the boundary layer thickness at
entering through the vertical section a-b is
a distance of 0.25 m from the leading edge of
EG
________.
the plate is 8 mm, the boundary layer thickness
[GATE-ME-16:2M]
(in mm), at a distance of 0.75 m, is _____
19. The velocity profile inside the boundary layer
[GATE-ME-14:2M]
for flow over a flat plate is given as
16. Air ( = 1.2 / and kinematic viscosity,
= ( ) , where is the free stream
N

= 2 × 10 / ) with a velocity of 2 m/s

flows over the top surface of a flat plate of velocity and δ is the local boundary layer

length 2.5 m. If the average value of friction thickness. If δ* is the local displacement
∗
. thickness, the value of is
coefficient is = , the total drag force (in

N) per unit width of the plate is ______ A. B. 1 −

[GATE-ME-15:2M] C. 1 + D. 0
17. Within a boundary layer for a steady [GATE-ME-17:1M]
incompressible flow, the Bernoulli equation 20. Consider a laminar flow at zero incidence over
A. holds because the flow is steady a flat plate. The shear stress at the wall is
B. holds because the flow is incompressible
denoted by w . The axial position and
C. holds because the flow is transitional

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Fluid Mechanics

on the plate are measured from the leading edge 21. The viscous laminar flow of air over a flat plate
in the direction of flow. If > , then results in the formation of a boundary layer.
A. | = | =0 The boundary layer thickness at the end of the
B. | = | ≠0 plate of length L is . When the plate length is

C. | > | increased to twice its original length the

D. | < | percentage change in laminar boundary layer

thickness at the end of the plate (with respect to
[GATE-ME-17:1M]
) is _______ (correct to two decimal places)
[GATE-ME-18:1M]

PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. Stream lines inside a boundary layer over a flat Assume the average skin friction coefficient is
plate /
proportional to ( ) . (fill in the blank)
A. Are parallel [GATE-CE-94:1M]

0
B. Diverge 5. Boundary layer is a thin fluid region close to
C. Converge the surface of a body where
D. Are normal to the flow direction
I1
[GATE-CE-92:1M]
A. viscous forces are negligible
B. velocity is uniform
2. If is the thickness of laminar boundary layer
EG
C. inertial forces can be neglected
at a distance from the leading edge of the flat D. viscous forces cannot be neglected.
plate, the thickness at =2 is equal to [GATE-CE-96:1M]
A. 2 B. 4 6. On an immersed body in a flowing fluid, the lift

C.
/
D. √2 force is
N

[GATE-CE-92:1M] A. due to buoyant force

3. Flow separation is likely to occur when the B. always in the opposite direction to gravity

pressure gradient is C. due to wake phenomenon

A. positive D. the dynamic fluid force component normal

B. zero to approach velocity

C. negative [GATE-CE-96:1M]

D. negative and only when equal to-0.332 7. Velocity distribution in a boundary layer flow

[GATE-CE-92:1M] over a plate is given by (u/ ) = 1.5 . Where,

4. A smooth flat plate is in a parallel flow stream. = y/ : y is the distance measured normal to
The ratio of the drag over the upstream half of the plate: is the boundary layer thickness; and
the plate to that over the entire plate is______ is the maximum velocity at y= . If the shear
stress acting on the plate is given by

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Fluid Mechanics

= K ( )/ , where, is the dynamic [GATE-CE-90:2M]

viscosity of the fluid, K takes the value of 10. A solid sphere (diameter 6 mm) is rising
A. 0 B. 1 through oil (mass density 900 kg/ , dynamic
C. 1.5 D. none of the above viscosity 0.7 kg/m-s) at a constant velocity of 1
[GATE-CE-02:1M] cm/s. What is the specific weight of the
8. A flat plate is kept in an infinite fluid medium. material from which the sphere is made? (Take
The fluid has a uniform free stream velocity g = 9.81 m/ )
parallel to the plate. For the laminar boundary A. 4.3 kN/ B. 5.3 kN/
layer formed on the plate, pick the correct C. 8.7 kN/ D. 12.3 kN/
option matching [GATE-CE-03:2M]
List-I 11. An aircraft is flying in level flight at a speed of
A. Boundary layer thickness 200 km/hr through an air (density = 1.2
B. Shear stress at the plate kg/ and viscosity µ = 1.6 x 10 kg/m-s).
C. Pressure gradient along the plate The lift coefficient at this speed is 0.4 and the

0
List- II drag coefficient is 0.0065. The mass of the air

3. Remains unchanged
I1
1. Decreases in the flow direction
2. Increases in the flow direction
craft is 800 kg. The effective lift area of the air
craft is (in sq. meter)
A. 21.2 B. 10.6
EG
Codes: C. 2.2 D. 1.1
A B C [GATE-CE-04:2M]
A. 1 2 3 12. A thin plate 0.5 m x 0.7 m in size settles in a
B. 2 2 2 large tank of water with a terminal velocity of
C. 1 1 2 .
N

0.12 m/s. The coefficients of drag = for

D. 2 1 3 .
a laminar boundary layer and = for a
[GATE-CE-03:1M] ( ) /

9. Two steel spheres of diameters and turbulent boundary layer, where , is the plate
where = 2 , are dropped from rest at the Reynolds number. Assume µ= 1x10 and
free surface of a deep well. If their drag = 1000 kg/ .
coefficients are independent of Reynolds
The submerged weight of the plate is
number, the ratio of their terminal velocities,

is
A. B. 2

C. D. 1
√

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Fluid Mechanics

of air are 1.2 kg/ and 1.5 x 10 /s

respectively. The drag coefficient is 0.30.
14. The drag fore on the automobile is
A. 620 N B. 600 N
C. 580 N D. 520 N
[GATE-CE-08:2M]
15. The metric horse power required to overcome
A. 0.0115 N B. 0.0118 N the drag force is
C. 0.0231 N D. 0.0376 N A. 33.23 B. 31.23
[GATE-CE-04:2M] C. 23.23 D. 20.23
13. The thickness of the laminar boundary layer on [GATE-CE-08:2M]
a flat plate at a point A is 2 cm and at a point B,
16. Velocity distribution in a boundary layer is
1 m downstream of A, is 3 cm. What is the
distance of A from the leading Edge? given by = , where u is the

0
A. 0.50 m B. 0.80 m velocity at vertical coordinate y, is the free
C. 1.00 m D. 1.25 m
I1 stream velocity and is the boundary layer
[GATE-CE-06:2M] thickness. The values of and are 0.3 m/s
Statement for linked Q. (14&15): and 1.0 m, respectively. The velocity gradient
EG
An automobile with projected area 2.6 is
( , round off to two decimal places)
running on a road with a speed of 120 kmph.
at = 0, is ___________
The mass density and the Kinematic viscosity
[GATE-CE-20:1M]

PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS

N

1. In a 2-D boundary layers flow, x and y are the 2. Which one among the following boundary
streamwise and wall-normal coordinates, layer flows is the LEAST susceptible to flow
respectively. If u denotes the velocity along the separation?
x direction, which one of the following A. turbulent boundary layer in a favorable
represents the condition at the point of flow pressure gradient
separation? B. laminar boundary layer in a favorable
u u pressure gradient
A. 0 B. 0
x y C. turbulent boundary layer in an adverse
 2u  2u pressure gradient
C. 0 D. 0
x 2 y 2 D. laminar boundary layer in an adverse
[GATE-2009-XE] pressure gradient
[GATE-2009-XE]

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Fluid Mechanics

3. An oil droplet (density = 800 / ) is rising C. Both models reach the bottom at the same
in still water at a constant velocity of 1 mm/s. tim
Its radius is approximately. D. Both models float on the surface
A. 21-micron B. 24-micron [GATE-2010-XE]
C. 34-micron D. 47-micron 7. In a 2-D, steady, fully developed, laminar
[GATE-2009-XE] boundary layer over a flat plate. If is the
4. The laminar boundary layer over a large flat stream-wise coordinate, is the wall normal
plate held parallel to the flow is 7.2 thick coordinate and is the stream-wise velocity
at a point 0.33 downstream of the leading component, which of the following is true:
edge. If the free stream speed is increased by A. ≫ B. ≫
50%, then the new boundary layer thickness at
C. = D. =−
this location will be approximately.
A. 10.8 B. 8.8 [GATE-2010-AE]

C. 5.9 D. 4.8 8. Consider an incompressible 2-D viscous flow

0
[GATE-2009-AE] over a curved surface. Let the pressure
I1
5. In the context of boundary layers, which one of
the following statement is FALSE?
A. It is a frictional layer, close to the body
distribution on the surface be

sin + /
( )=2+

, where s is the distance

along the curved surface from the leading edge.

EG
B. It is a region where the fluid flows is The flow separates at
irrotational
A. = B. =
C. It is a region across which the pressure
gradient is negligible C. = D. =
N

D. It is a diffusion layer of vorticity [GATE-2010-AE]

[GATE-2010-XE] Linked Answer Question
6. Two models M 1 and M 2 have equal volumes Statement for Linked Answer Question 9 &

and are made of steel. Model M 1 is an aerofoil 10:

The boundary layer formation over a flat plate is
(a streamlined body) and model M 2 a sphere (a
shown in the figure below. The variation of
bluff body). Both models are dropped in two
horizontal velocity (u) with y at any x along the
identical short jars filled with honey
plate in the boundary layer is approximated as:
simultaneously. Which of the following
statements is TRUE?
A. M 1 reaches the bottom earlier than M 2

B. M 2 reaches the bottom earlier than M 1

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Fluid Mechanics

u  P sin  Qy   R 10 . The ratio of displacement

thickness to momentum thickness of the
boundary layer at a distance of 2 from the
leading edge is

9. The most acceptable boundary conditions are

A. at y = 0, u = 0; at y   , u  U  ;

du
at y = 0, 0
dy
A. 7.53 B. 2.59
B. at y = 0, u  U  ; at y   , u  U  ;
C. 2.91 D. 0.39
du [GATE-2011-AE]
at y = 0, 0
dy

C. at y = 0, u = 0; at y   , u  U  ;

du

0
at y   , 0
dy

D. At = 0, = ; = ,
I1 = ; Linked Anser Questions
= , =0 Statement for Q-13 & Q-14:

10. Expressions for P, Q and R are The hydrodynamic boundary layer over a flat
EG
A. P = Q; Q = 0; R = 0 plate is shown in the figure below. The velocity

B. P  U  ; Q  0; R  0 in the x-direction is approximated as

u  a  by  cy 2 , where a, b and c are constants.

C. P  0; Q  ; R  U
2 U is the free stream velocity  is the boundary-
N

 layer thickness at any point x on the plane.

D. P  U  ; Q  ;R  0
2
11. Separation is said to occur at a wall when _____
at the wall becomes zero.
A. internal energy B. pressure
C. shear stress D. density 13. The dimensionless velocity profile is
2
[GATE-2011-XE] u  y  y
A.  2    
12. Consider a steady two dimensional zero- U    
2
pressure gradient laminar flow of air over a flat u  y  y
B.  2    
plate as shown below. The free stream U    
conditions are = 100 , =
1.2 , =1 and = 1.8 ×

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Fluid Mechanics

u  y  y
2 [GATE-2012-MT]
C.  1.5    0.5  
U     17. Let  , 1 and 2 denote respectively the
2
u  y  y boundary-layer thickness, displacement
D.  1.5    0.5  
U     thickness and the momentum thickness for
[GATE-2012-XE] laminar boundary layer flow of an
14. The displacement thickness (in mm) when incompressible fluid over a flat plate. The
  6mm , is correct relation among these quantities is.
A. 2.25 B. 2 A.   1   2 B.   1   2
C. -2 D. -2.25 C.   1   2 D.   1   2
[GATE-2012-XE]
[GATE-2013-XE]
Common Data Questions
18. Bodies with various cross-sectional shapes
Common Data for Questions 15 & 16:
subjected to cross-flow of air are shown in the
A steel ball (density = 7200 / ) is
following figures. The characteristic dimension

0
placed in an upward moving liquid (density
of all the shapes is the same. The cross-
= 2360 / , viscosity = 1 × 10 sectional shape with the largest coefficient of
I1
Pa.s and Reynolds number= 5 × 10 ). The
force (F) exerted on the steel ball is expressed
drag (i.e. sum of the pressure and skin-friction
drags), at any moderately large Reynolds
as
EG
number, is
= ( /2)
Where, is friction factor (= 0.2), v is the
velocity of liquid and R is the radius of steel
ball.
N

15. The force exerted on the steel ball is

A. 8.32 B. 6.70
C. 1.67 D. 0.52
[GATE-2013-XE]
[GATE-2012-MT]
19. Streamline pattern of flow past a cylinder is
16. The terminal velocity of a fine spherical steel
shown in the figure below. The oncoming flow
particle having diameter , in range, if
is steady, irrotational and incompressible. The
allowed to fall in a quiescent liquid AI bath, is
flow is from left to right. Bernoulli’s equation
A. 5.2 × 10 /
CANNOT be applied between the points
B. 2.6 × 10 /
C. 1.3 × 10 /
D. 6.6 × 10 /
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Fluid Mechanics

The volume flow rate through Section 2-2 is

A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 5 given by.
C. 3 and 4 D. 5 and 6 1 1
A. Uw B. Uw
[GATE-2013-AE] 2 3

20. Ladle deoxidation of liquid steel is done at 2

C. Uw D. Uw
3
1600 by adding ferro-aluminum. By
[GATE-2014-XE]
assuming Stokes law behavior, time (in s)
23. A cube of weight W and side a falls at a
required for alumina particles of 50
constant speed in a medium as shown in the
diameter to float to the surface from a depth of
figure. If the medium is air (mass density =
2

0
would be _______
) let be the velocity of the cube. If the
[Given: density of steel= 7000 / ,
I1 medium is water (mass density = ) let
density of alumina= 3650 / , viscosity of
be the velocity of the cube.
steel= 6 × 10 / − ]
[GATE-2013-MT]
EG
21. A milk fat globule of 2 diameter is rising in
whole milk of density 1030 and
coefficient of viscosity 10 . If the
density is 950 , the time needed to rise
N

10 for this fat globule in min is Neglecting the buoyancy force and assuming

A. 0.57 B. 34.57 drag coefficient to be same for both cases, the

C. 35.57 D. 95.57  U 
ratio of velocities,  air  is given by
[GATE-2013-AG]  U water 
22. Consider a laminar flow over a flat plate of  air air
A. B.
width w. At Section 1-1, the velocity profile is  water water
uniform as shown in the figure. The x-direction
water
velocity profile at Section 2-2 is given by C. D. 1
air
2
u y  y [GATE-2014-XE]
 2    , where  is the boundary
U   
24. Figures (a) – (d) below show four objects.
layer thickness.
Dimensions and surface conditions of the

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Fluid Mechanics

objects are shown in the respective figures. All D. The relation between stress and rate of
four objects are placed independently in a strain ceases to be linear.
steady, uniform flow of same velocity and the [GATE-2015-XE]
direction of flow is from left to right as shown 26. A steel sphere (density = 7900 kg / m3 ) of
in (a). The flow field can be considered as 2 – diameter 0.1 m is dropped from rest in water
D, viscous and incompressible. Following
(density = 1000 kg / m3 ). The gravitational
statements are made regarding the drag that
acceleration is 9.81 m / s 2 . Assuming that the
these objects experience.
drag coefficient is constant and equal to 1.33,
the terminal velocity attained by the sphere in
m/s is ____
[GATE-2015-XE]
(i) Drag of object (a) is more than the drag
27. The velocity profile of an incompressible
of object (d)
laminar boundary layer over a flat plate
(ii) Drag of object (a) is less than the drag

0
developing under constant pressure is given by
of object (d)
( )
(iii)

(iv)
of object (c)
I1
Drag of object (b) is more than the drag

Drag of object (c) is more than the drag

=

= 10
−

/
. The freestream velocity

and the dynamic viscosity of

the fluid = 1.8 × 10 / . At a
EG
of object (b) streamwise station where the boundary layer
(v) Drag of object (a) is more than the drag thickness =5 , the wall shear stress is
of object (b) _____× 10
Choose the correct combination of statements [GATE-2015-AE]
N

from the options given above: 28. A fat globule of 1.5 diameter is rising up in
A. (i), (iii), (v) B. (ii), (iv), (v)
a stagnant skim milk medium of 1005
C. (i), (iv), (v) D. (i), (iii)
density and 1.5 viscosity. If the density of
[GATE-2014-AE]
the fat globule is 915 , the steady rising
25. Which one of the following is true at the point
velocity of the globule in is _______
of separation of a boundary layer:
[GATE-2015-AG]
A. Transition occurs from laminar to turbulent
29. Two flow configurations are shown below for
flow
flow of incompressible, visocus flow. The inlet
B. The flow relaminarizes from turbulent
velocity for the diverging nozzle (Fig (i)) and
regime
free-stream velocity for flow past the bluff
C. The shear strees vanishes
body (Fig(ii)) is constant. Points A and B are

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Fluid Mechanics

separation points and flow are laminar. The 32. Air flows over a smooth flat plate at a velocity
relation regarding velocity gradients at point A of 4.39 m/s. The density of air is 1.031 .
and B is (y is direction normal to the surface at and the kinematic viscosity is 1.34 ×
the point of separation) 10 / . The plate length is 12.2 m in
direction of the flow. The boundary layer
.
thickness ( ) is given as , , where x is the
( )

distance from the leading edge and is the

Reynolds number. The boundary layer
thickness (in meters, rounded off to the second
A. = B. >
decimal place) at 12.2 m from the leading edge
C. < D. < will be ____

[GATE-2016-XE] [GATE-2017-XE]

30. Consider a laminar flow over a flat plate of 33. A spherical bubble of radius r is rising upward

0
length L =1m. The boundary layer thickness at with a constant velocity U, in quiescent water

the end of the plate is I1

for water, and for of dynamic viscosity . The density of air and

air for the same free stream velocity. If the water are denoted by and , respectively,

kinematic viscosities of water and air are and g is acceleration due to gravity. The bubble
EG
1 × 10 / and1.6 × 10 / motion is such that, the Reynolds number,

,respectively, the numerical value of the ratio, ≪ 1. The density of air can be neglected in
comparison to the water density ( ≪ ).
is ____
Which one of the following expressions is
[GATE-2016-XE]
TRUE for the density of water?
N

31. A very small particle of diameter and

A. = B. =
density freely settles at constant velocity in
C. = D. =
a tank of depth L containing liquid of viscosity
. The density of the liquid is where < [GATE-2017-XE]
. The velocity of particle in the liquid can be 34. Which one of the following statements is NOT

expressed as true
A. Compared to a laminar boundary layer, a
A. B.
turbulent boundary layer is more desirable
C. D. on a wing operating at large angle of attack

[GATE-2016-AG] B. The skin friction drag for a turbulent

boundary layer is larger than that for a
laminar boundary layer

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Fluid Mechanics

C. The location of transition from laminar to

turbulent boundary layer depends only on
the operating Reynolds number
D. A separated flow does not necessarily lead
to a turbulent boundary layer
[GATE-2017-AE]
35. Consider an incompressible flow over a flat
plate with the following approximation to the
velocity profile:
( ) ≤ A. B.
=
1 >
C. sin D. cos
Where is the boundary layer thickness and U
[GATE-2018-XE]
the free-stream speed. The normalized
38. A 2.6-gram smooth table-tennis (ping-pong)
momentum thickness ( / ) for this profile is

0
ball has a diameter of 38 mm. Density ( ) of
______ (in three decimal places).
air is 1.2 / . Neglect the effect of gravity.

36. Spherical dust particles of 50

under gravity in air at 21°
I1[GATE-2017-AE]
are settling
and normal
Take coefficient of drag as 0.5. If the ball is
struck with an initial velocity of 30 m/s, the
EG
initial deceleration, in / , is ______
atmospheric pressure. Density of particles is
[GATE-2018-XE]
1250 and density of air is 1.2 .
39. The boundary layer thickness at the location of
Considering viscosity of air as 1.81 ×
a sensor on a flat plate in an incompressible,
10 , the settling velocity of dust in
laminar flow of air is required to be restricted
N

will be _______
to 1 for an effective measurement. If the
[GATE-2017-AG]
flow velocity is 20 / with 1 bar pressure,
37. A two-dimensional laminar viscous liquid film
300 temperature, and 1.789 × 10 /
of constant thickness (h) steadily flows down
( − ) viscosity, the maximum distance (in
an incline as shown in figure. Acceleration due
mm) of the sensor location from the leading
to gravity is g. If the velocity profile in the
edge is __________(accurate to one decimal
liquid film is given as, = (2ℎ − ); = 0,
place).
the value of constant k is
[GATE-2018-AE]
40. On a flat plate, transition from laminar to
turbulent boundary layer occurred at a critical
Reynolds number ( ). The empirical

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Fluid Mechanics

relation for the laminar and turbulent boundary

.
layer thickness are given by = 5.48
.
and = 0.37 , respectively. The ratio

of laminar to turbulent boundary layer

thickness, at the location of transition, is 0.3.
The value of is_______
[GATE-2019-XE]
[GATE-2018-XE]
41. The skin friction coefficient for a turbulent pipe
43. The velocity profile in an incompressible,
flow is defined as, = , where is the laminar boundary layer is shown in the figure

wall shear stress and V is the average flow below. U is the free-stream velocity ( ) is the

velocity. The value of is empirically given stream-wise velocity component. The area of
. the black shaded region in the figure below
by the relation: = 0.065 , where Re
represents the

0
is the Reynolds number. If the average flow
velocity is 10 m/s, diameter of the pipe is 250
I1
mm, kinematic viscosity of the fluid is
0.25 × 10 / , and density of the fluid is
EG
700 / , the skin friction drag induced by
the flow over 1 m length of the pipe, in N, is
______.
[GATE-2018-XE]
A. boundary layer thickness
42. A (150 × 150 )square pillar is
N

B. momentum thickness
located in a river with water flowing at a
C. displacement thickness
velocity of 2 m/s, as shown in figure. The
D. shape factor
height of the pillar in water is 8 m. Take density
[GATE-2018-AE]
of water as 1000 / and kinematic
44. The terminal velocity ( ) of a spherical
viscocity as 1 × 10 / . The coefficient of
inclusion of diameter = 50 micrometers
drag of the pillar is 2.0. The drag force exerted
rising in liquid steel is _____( to
by water on the pillar in N is __________
two decimal places)
Assume Stokes law; i.e., drag force =
3 , where is the viscosity of steel.
Given: Density of liquid steel= 7900 ;
Viscosity of liquid steel= 0.0079 ;

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Fluid Mechanics

Density of the inclusion= 2500 ; boundary layer and is the boundary layer
Acceleration due to gravity= 9.8 . thickness, the wall shear stress is given by
[GATE-2018-MT] A. / B. 2 /
45. A golf ball is dimpled to make the flow
C. 2 D. 3 /
turbulent and consequently to reduce the drag.
[GATE-2019-XE]
Turbulent flow reduces the drag on the golf ball
48. An incompressible fluid flows past a flat plate
because
as shown in the figure below with a uniform
A. skin friction coefficient is lower in a
inlet velocity profile = and a parabolic exit
turbulent flow.
velocity profile = (2 − ), where is
B. skin friction coefficient is higher in a
the component of velocity parallel to the wall,
turbulent flow.
is the normal distance from the plate and =
C. turbulent flow has a lower tendency to
/ . If the volume flow rate across the top
separate
surface of the control volume (CV) is =
D. turbulent flow has a higher tendency to

0
per unit width (perpendicular to the −
separate
I1 plane) of the plate, the value of p (rounded off
[GATE-2019-XE]
to 2 decimal places) is _____
46. For a steady laminar incompressible boundary
layer flow over a sharp-edged flat plate at zero
EG
incidence,
A. the edge of the boundary layer is a
streamline
B. the edge of the boundary layer is pathline [GATE-2019-XE]
N

C. the skin friction coefficient decreases as the 49. A laminar hydrodynamic boundary layer over a
distance from the leading-edge increases smooth flat plate is shown in the figure. The
D. the skin friction coefficient remains shear stress at the wall is denoted by . Which
constant all along the plate. one of the following conditions is correct.
[GATE-2019-XE]
47. For steady laminar flow at zero incidence over
a flat plate, the component of velocity parallel
to the plate in the boundary layer is given by
( )= + + , where is the distance
measured normal to the flat plate. If is the
coefficient of dynamic viscosity, U is the
velocity parallel to the wall at the edge of the
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Fluid Mechanics

A. Pressure is varying along ′ ′ and D. Pressure is varying along ′ ′ and ( ) >

( ) >( ) ( )
B. Pressure is constant along ′ ′ and
[GATE-2020: XE]
( ) >( )
C. Pressure is constant along ′ ′ and
( ) >( )

PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. Laminar sub – layer may develop during flow . .
C. = D. =
over a flat – plate. It exists in
[ESE-ME-94]
A. Laminar zone
5. The energy thickness for a laminar boundary
B. transition zone
layer flow depends on local and free stream
C. turbulent zone
velocities within and outside the boundary
D. laminar and transition zone
layer δ. The expression for the energy thickness
[ESE-ME-92]
is given by
2. The laminar boundary layer thickness in zero

0
A. ∫ 1− dy
– pressure – gradient flow over a flat plate ∞

A. /
B.
I1
along the x – direction varies as (x is the
distance from the leading edge)
/
B. ∫

C. ∫
∞

1−
1−

∞
∞

dy
dy
EG
/
C. D. x. D. ∫ 1− dy
∞ ∞
[ESE-ME-93]
[ESE-ME-94]
3. In the region of the boundary layer nearest to
6. For laminar flow over a flat place, the thickness
the wall where Vorticity is not equal to zero, the
of the boundary layer at a distance from the
N

viscous forces are

leading edge is found to be 5 mm. Thickness of
A. of the same order of magnitude as the
the boundary layer at a downstream section,
inertial forces
which is at twice the distance of the previous
B. more than inertial forces
section from the leading edge will be
C. less than inertial forces
A. 10 mm B. 5 √2 mm
D. negligible
C. mm D. 2.5 mm
[ESE-ME-93] √

4. In the case of laminar boundary layer on a flat [ESE-ME-94]

plate, the local skin friction coefficient is given 7. List – I give the different items related to a

by (symbol have the usual meaning) boundary layer while List – II gives the
. . mathematical expression. Match List – I with
A. = B. =
List – II and select the correct answer suing the
codes given below the lists:

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Fluid Mechanics

List – I 10. The predominant forces acting on an element of

a. Boundary layer thickness fluid in the boundary layer over a flat plate
b. Displacement thickness placed in a uniform stream include
c. Momentum thickness A. inertial and pressure forces
d. Energy thickness B. viscous and pressure forces
List – II C. viscous and body forces
1. y = δ, u = 0.99 ∞ D. viscous and inertia forces

2. ∫ 1− [ESE-ME-96]
∞
11. Which one of the following velocities
3. ∫ 1− distributes of u/ satisfies the boundary
∞ ∞

4. ∫ 1− dy conditions for laminar flow on a flat plate?

∞ ∞
(here is the free stream velocity, u is
Codes:
velocity at any normal distance y from the flat
a b c d
plate, η = y/δ and δ is boundary layer thickness)

0
A. 1 2 3 4
A. η - B. 1.5 η – 0.5
B. 1 1 4 3
C.
D.
2
1
1
2
3
4
I1 4
3
C. 3 η - D. cos (π η/2)
[ESE-ME-96]
12. The turbulent boundary layer thickness varies
[ESE-ME-95]
EG
as
8. A laminar boundary layer occurs a flat plate at
/ /
A. B.
zero incidence of the flow. The thickness of
/ /
C. D.
boundary layer at a section 2 m form the
[ESE-ME-96]
leading edge is 2 mm. The thickness of
13. During the growth of turbulent boundary layer
N

boundary layer at a section 4 m form the

over a flat plate for a moderately high Reynolds
leading edge in mm will be
/
number, the boundary layer thickness, δ varies
A. 2 x (2) B. 2 x (2)
/ /
as
C. 2 x (2) D. 2 x (2)
[ESE-ME-95] A. B.
9. At the point of boundary layer separation C. D.
A. shear stress is maximum [ESE-ME-97]
B. shears stress is zero 14. Given that δ = boundary layer thickness, δ* =
C. velocity is negative displacement thickness, = energy thickness,
D. density variation is maximum θ = momentum thickness, the shape factor H of
[ESE-ME-96] a boundary layer is given by

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Fluid Mechanics

A. H = /δ B. H = δ*/θ 19. The correct sequence in ascending order of the

C. H = δ/θ D. H = δ/ δ* magnitude of the given parameter is
[ESE-ME-97] A. boundary layer thickness, momentum
15. If = free stream velocity, u = velocity at y thickness, displacement thickness
and δ = boundary layer thickness, then in a B. displacement thickness, boundary layer
boundary layer flow, the momentum thickness thickness, momentum thickness
θ is given by C. momentum thickness, displacement
A. θ = ∫ 1− thickness, boundary layer thickness
∞ ∞
D. momentum thickness, boundary layer
B. θ = ∫ 1− dy
∞ ∞ thickness, displacement thickness
C. θ = ∫ 1− dy [ESE-ME-99]
∞ ∞
20. A viscous fluid flows over a flat plate placed
D. θ = ∫ 1−
∞ at zero angle of attack
[ESE-ME-97] Assertion (A): The thickness of boundary layer

0
16. Flow separation is caused by is an ever – increasing one as its distance from
A. reduction of pressure to local vapour
I1 the leading edge of the plate increases
pressure Reason (R): In practice 99 percent of the depth
B. a negative pressure gradient of the boundary layer is attained within a short
EG
C. a positive pressure gradient distance of the leading edge.
D. thinning of boundary layer thickness to zero [ESE-ME-99]
[ESE-ME-97] 21. Consider the following statements:
17. In a boundary layer developed along the flow, 1. The cause of stalling of an aero foil is the
the pressure decreases in the downstream boundary layer separation and formation of
N

direction. The boundary layer thickness would increased zone of wake.

A. tend to decrease 2. An aero foil should have a rounded nose in
B. remain constant supersonic flow to prevent formation of
C. increase rapidly new shock.
D. increase gradually 3. When an aero foil operates at an angle of
[ESE-ME-98] incidence greater than that of stalling, the
18. For turbulent boundary layer flow, the lift decrease and drag increases
thickness of laminar sublayer ‘δ’ given by 4. A rough ball when at certain speeds can
A. v/u* B. 5v/u* attain longer range due to reduction of lift
C. 575log v/u* D. 2300 /v/u* as the roughness induces early separation.
[ESE-ME-99]
Which of these statements are correct?

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Fluid Mechanics

A. 3 and 4 B. 1 and 2 B. Q 2. Laminar viscous

C. 2 and 4 D. 1 and 3 sub - layer
[ESE-ME-99] C. R 3. Laminar
22. The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is D. S 4. Turbulent
defined as the distance from the surface where Codes:
the A B C D
A. velocity equals the local external velocity A. 3 1 2 4
B. velocity equals the approach velocity B. 3 2 1 4
C. momentum equals 99% of the momentum of C. 4 2 1 3
the free stream D. 4 1 2 3
D. velocity equals 99% of the local external [ESE-ME-00]
velocity 25. Separation of fluid flow is caused by
[ESE-ME-99] A. reduction of pressure in the direction of flow
23. In a turbulent boundary layer over the entire B. reduction of the boundary layer thickness

0
length of a plate, the boundary layer thickness C. presence of adverse pressure gradient
increases with its distance ‘x’ from the leading
I1 D. presence of favorable pressure gradient
edge as [ESE-ME-00]

A. B. 26. The velocity distribution in the boundary layer

EG
is given as = , where u is the velocity at a
C. D.
[ESE-ME-00] distance y for from the boundary, is the free
24. The development of boundary layer zones stream velocity and is the boundary layer
labeled P, Q, R and S over a flat plate is shown thickness at a certain distance from the leading
N

in the given figure. Based on this figure, match edge of plate. The ratio of displacement
List –I (Boundary layer zones) with List – II thickness to momentum thickness is
(Types of boundary layer) and select the correct A. 5 B. 4
answer using the codes given below the lists: C. 3 D. 2
[ESE-ME-01]
27. For the velocity profile u/ = η, the
momentum thickness of a laminar boundary
layer on a flat plate at a distance of 1, from
leading edge for air (kinematic viscosity = 2 x
List – I List- II 10 /s) flowing at a free stream velocity of
A. P 1. Transitional 2m/s is given by
A. 3.16 mm B. 2.1 mm
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Fluid Mechanics

C. 3.16 m D. 2.1 m C. Capillary rise 3. Compressibility

[ESE-ME-01] D. Cavitation 4. Adverse pressure
28. According to Blasius law, the local skin friction gradient
coefficient in the boundary layer over a flat Codes:
plate is given by A B C D
. .
A. B. A. 3 1 2 4
√ √
. . B. 4 2 1 3
C. D.
√ √
C. 3 4 1 2
[ESE-ME-01]
D. 4 1 2 3
29. The critical value of Reynolds number for
[ESE-ME-03]
transition from laminar to turbulent boundary
33. Consider the following statements pertaining to
layer in external flows is taken as
boundary layer:
A. 2300 B. 4000
1. Boundary layer is a thin layer adjacent to the
C. 5 × 10 D. 3× 10
boundary where maximum viscous energy

0
[ESE-ME-02]
dissipation takes place.
30. The boundary layer flow separates from the
surface if
A. = 0 and =0
I1 2. Boundary layer thickness is a thickness by
which the ideal flow is shifted
3. Separation of boundary layer is caused by
EG
B. = 0 and >0 presence of adverse pressure gradient.
Which of these statements are correct?
C. = 0 and <0
A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 2
D. The boundary layer thickness is zero C. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 3
[ESE-ME-02] [ESE-ME-03]
N

31. The laminar boundary layer thickness, δ at any 34. The velocity profile for turbulent layer over a
point x for flow over a flat plate is given by flat plate is
(δ/x) =
A. = −
. .
A. B.
. . B. =
C. D.
C. =2 −
[ESE-ME-02]
32. Match List – I (Phenomena. with List – II D. = -
(Causes) and select the correct answer
[ESE-ME-03]
List – I List – II
A. Shock wave 1. Surface tension
B. Flow separation 2. Vapour pressure

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Fluid Mechanics

35. Assertion (A): Aircraft wings are, slotted to Which of these statements is/are correct?
control separation of boundary layer especially A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 2
at large angles of attack. C. only 2 D. 1 and 3
Reason (R): This helps to increase the lift and [ESE-ME-04]
the aircraft can take off from, and land on, short 39. For linear distribution of velocity in the
runways. boundary layer on a plate, what is the ratio of
[ESE-ME-03] displacement thickness (δ*) to the boundary
36. A flat plate, 2m x 0.4 m is set parallel to a layer thickness (δ)?
uniform stream of air (density 1.2 kg/ and A. 1/4 B. 1/3
viscosity 16 centistoke) with its shorter edges C. 1/2 D. 1/5
along the flow. The air velocity is 30 km/h. [ESE-ME-05]
What is the approximate estimated thickness of 40. The velocity distribution in the boundary layer
boundary layer at the downstream end of the over a flat plate, set parallel to the direction of
plate? an incompressible free stream, is given by one

0
/
A. 1.96 mm B. 40.7 mm – sixth power law of the form u/U = ( / ) .
C. 13.12 mm I1
D. 9.51 mm
[ESE-ME-04]
37. What is the ratio of displacement thickness to
What is the ratio of displacement thickness to
boundary layer thickness?
A. 1:8 B. 1:7
EG
momentum thickness for linear velocity C. 7:72 D. 3:8
distribution over a flat plate? [ESE-ME-06]
A. 1.5 B. 2.0 41. In the boundary layer, the flow is
C. 2.5 D. 3.0 A. Viscous and rotational
[ESE-ME-04] B. Inviscid and irrotational
N

38. Consider the following statements regarding C. Inviscid ad rotational

laminar sublayer of boundary flow: D. Viscous and irrotational
1. The laminar sublayer exists only in a region [ESE-ME-06]
that occurs before the formation of laminar 42. Assertion (A): In the boundary layer concept,
boundary layer. the shear stress at the outer edge of the layer is
2. The laminar sublayer is a region next to the considered to be zero.
wall where the viscous force is Reason (R): Local velocity is almost equal to
predominating while the rest of the flow is velocity in potential flow.
turbulent. [ESE-ME-08]

3. The laminar sublayer occurs only in 43. The velocity profile in a laminar boundary
turbulent flow past a smooth plate. layer I given by u/U =y/δ. The ratio of

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Fluid Mechanics

momentum thickness to displacement thickness D. 2 only

for the boundary is given by which one of the [ESE-ME-10]
following? 47. Air (density 1.2 kg/ and kinematic viscosity
A. 2:3 B. 1:2 15 centistoke) flows over a flat plate, at zero
C. 1:6 D. 1:3 angle of incidence, at a velocity of 20 m/s. IF
[ESE-ME-08] Reynolds number at transition is taken as 2.5 x
44. The velocity distribution in a turbulent 10 , maximum distance, from leading edge up
/
boundary layer is given by u/U = ( / ) . to which the boundary layer remains laminar is
What is the displacement thickness δ*? A. 375 mm B. 93.75 mm
A. δ B. δ/7 C. 187.5 D. 250mm
C. (7/ 8) δ D. δ/8 [ESE-ME-10]
[ESE-ME-08] 48. The boundary layer separation occurs when
45. What is the commonly used boundary layer A. Pressure gradient is positive
control method to prevent separation? B. Pressure gradient is zero

0
A. Use of smooth boundaries C. Pressure gradient is negative

boundary
I1
B. Using large divergence angle in the

C. Suction of accelerating fluid within the

D. none of the above
[ESE-ME-11]
49. Boundary layer separation is caused due to
EG
boundary layer A. Laminar flow changing to turbulent flow
D. Suction of retarded fluid within the B. velocity gradient being zero at the wall
boundary layer C. reduction in pressure to vapour pressure
[ESE-ME-09] D. decrease in boundary layer thickness to a
46. Consider the following statements regarding negligible value
N

turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate with [ESE-ME-12]

zero pressure gradient: 50. The Reynolds number of a fluid flowing over a
1. The thickness of the boundary layer flat plate at a distance of 16 cm from the leading
increases approximately as the power of the edge is 25600. The thickness of the boundary
distance from the leading edge layer at this point will be
2. The shear stress at the boundary is A. 5 mm B. 7.5 mm
approximately inversely proportional to square C. 10mm D. 10.5mm
root of the local Reynolds number [ESE-ME-12]

Which of these statements is/are correct? 51. A flat plate of 4 m length is kept parallel to air
A. Both 1 and 2 flowing at 5 m/s at 15 C. Assuming the density
B. Neither 1 nor 2 of air to be 1.2 kg/ and dynamic viscosity to
C. 1 only be 1.76 × 10 kg/m-s, and knowing that the

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Fluid Mechanics

flow becomes turbulent when Reynolds 55. The boundary layers thickness at a given
number exceeds 5 × 10 , the flow will become distance from the leading edge of a flat plate is
turbulent at A. More for lighter fluid
A. 1.25 m B. 1.47 m B. More for denser fluid
C. 1.52 m D. 1.74m C. Less for denser fluid
[ESE-ME-12] D. Less for lighter fluid
52. The thickness of boundary layer in a turbulent [ESE-ME-15]
flow is 56. A fluid is flowing over a flat plate. At distance
. of 8cm from the leading edge, the Reynolds
A. B.
number is found to be 25600. The thickness of
. .
C. D.
( ) / ( ) / the boundary layer at this point is
[ESE-ME-12] A. 1.5 mm B. 2.5mm
53. Consider the following statements pertaining to C. 4.0 mm D. 5.0 mm
boundary layer on solid surfaces: [ESE-ME-15]

0
1. The boundary layers separation takes place 57. Air is flowing over a flat plate with a free steam
I1
if the pressure gradient is zero velocity of 24 m/s, and its kinematic viscosity
2. The condition of boundary layers separation is 75×10-6 m2/s. If at a particular point, the

is = 0. Reynolds number is 30000, its location from

EG
the leading edge is
3. Boundary layer on a flat plate is laminar if
A. 0.05 m B. 0.07m
the Reynolds number is less than 5× 10 .
C. 0.08m D. 0.09m
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
[ESE-ME-15]
A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 2 only 58. Consider the following statements pertaining to
N

C. 2 and 3 only D. 1 and 3 only boundary layer on a flat plate:

[ESE-ME-14]
1. The thickness of laminar boundary layers at
54. What is the ratio of momentum thickness to the
a distance x from the leading edge varies as
boundary layers thickness when the layers
x½

velocity profile is given by = 2. The thickness of turbulent boundary layer at

a distance x from the leading edge varies as
[Where u is velocity at height y above surface
x 4/5
and is free stream velocity of flow].
3. Boundary layer is laminar when Reynolds
A. 0.133 B. 0.333
number is less than 5×105
C. 0.166 D. 0.136
Which of the above statements are correct?
[ESE-ME-15]
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 2 only

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Fluid Mechanics

C. 1 and 3 only D. 2 and 3 only A. 48400 B. 57600

[ESE-ME-15] C. 62500 D. 77600
59. Statement (I): In a boundary layer formed by [ESE-ME-16]
uniform flow past a flat plate, the pressure 61. What is the ratio of displacement thickness to
gradient in the x direction is zero. boundary layer thickness for a linear
Statement (II): In a boundary layer formed by distribution of velocity = in the boundary
uniform flow past a flat plate, the pressure
layer on a flat plate, where is the boundary
gradient in the y direction is negligible.
layer thickness and is the free steam
B [ESE-ME-16]
velocity?
60. The thickness of the boundary layer for a fluid
A. 0.5 B. 0.67
flowing over a flat plate at a point 20 cm from
C. 0.75 D. 0.8
the leading edge is found to be mm. The
[ESE-ME-16]
Reynolds number at the point (adopting 5 as the
relevant constant) is:

0
PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS

always laminar.
I1
1. Assertion (A): Flow in the boundary layer is

Reason (R): In turbulent flow on a smooth

3. The ratio of the coefficient of friction drag in
laminar boundary layer compared to that in
turbulent boundary layer is proportional to
EG
boundary a laminar sublayer still exists within
A. B.
the boundary layer.
/ /
C. D.
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct
[ESE-CE-96]
action of A
4. The displacement thickness of a boundary layer
B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
N

is
explanation of A
A. the distance to the point where (v/V) = 0.99
C. A is true but R is false
B. the distance where the velocity ‘V’ is equal
D. A is true but R is true
to the shear velocity V, that is, where v =
[ESE-CE-95]
V.
2. The relative thickness ( / ) of turbulent
C. the distance by which the main flow is to be
boundary layer on a flat plate
shifted from the boundary to maintain the
A. decreases with distance (x)
continuity equation
B. increases with distance (x)
D. one half the actual thickness of the boundary
C. remains constant
layer
D. depends on relative roughness
[ESE-CE-97]
[ESE-CE-96]

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Fluid Mechanics

5. A fluid with kinematic viscosity flows in drag on both sides of the plate is (kinematic
laminar stage along a flat plate with free-stream viscosity = 10-6 m2/s)
velocity V At a distance x from the leading A. 5.3 N B. 26.6 N
edge, the Reynolds number of the flow is given C. 53 N D. 72.5 N
by = . The thickness of the boundary layer [ESE-CE-03]
8. For a turbulent boundary layer (under zero
at x will be proportional to
pressure gradient), the velocity profile is
A. xR1/2 B. xR-1/2
described by the one-fifth power law. What is
C. R1/2 D. R-1/2
the ratio of displacement thickness to boundary
[ESE-CE-01]
layer thickness?
6. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
A. 1/7 B. 1/6
answer using the codes given below the lists:
C. 1/5 D. 1/4
List-I
[ESE-CE-04]
a.
9. In a laminar boundary layer, the velocity

0
b. + distribution can be assumed to be given, in
I1 usual notations, as
c. Displacement thickness
=
d. Momentum thickness
Which one of the following is the correct
EG
List – II
1. The flow is attached flow expression for the displacement thickness ( *)
2. The flow is on the verge of separation for this boundary layer?

3. ∫ 1− A. * = B. *= /2
C. *= /4 D. * = /6
N

4. ∫ 1−
[ESE-CE-05]
Codes: 10. Which one of the following assumptions in
a b c d deriving the boundary layer equation of flow
A. 1 2 3 4 past a flat plate at zero incidence is not correct?
B. 2 1 3 4 A. Uniform flow = Vo
C. 1 2 4 3 B. Outside boundary layer velocity is Vo
D. 2 1 4 3 throughout
[ESE-CE-02] C. The boundary layer thickness is very
7. A thin smooth plate 1 m wide and 2 m long is small compared to distance x
towed through water at a velocity of 2 m/s.
Assuming that boundary remains laminar, then

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Fluid Mechanics

D. Pressure remains constant throughout the Reason (R): The point of separation
flow both within and outside the boundary demarcates between zones of forward and
layer reverse flow close to the wall.
[ESE-CE-06] A. both A and R are true and R is the correct
11. Assertion (A): Boundary layer theory is explanation of A
applicable only in the vicinity of the leading B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct
edge of the plate. explanation of A
Reason (R): Boundary layer theory is based on C. A is true but R is false
the assumption that its thickness is small when D. A is false but R is true.
compared to other linear dimensions. [ESE-CE-11]
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct 15. The thickness of the laminar boundary layer
explanation of A over a flat plate at two different sections P and
B. both A and R are true but R is not a Q are 0.8cm and 2.4 cm respectively. If the
correct explanation of A section Q is 3.6 down stream of P, the distance

0
C. A is true but R is false of section P from the leading edge of the plate
I1
D. A is false but R is true
[ESE-CE-06]
12. A flat plate with a sharp leading edge is placed
is
A. 0.32 m
C. 0.40 m
B. 0.22 m
D. 0.53 m
EG
along a free stream of fluid flow. Local [ESE-CE-12]
Reynolds number at 3 cm from the leading edge 16. Statement – I: Boundary layer theory is
is 105. applicable only in the vicinity of the leading
What is the thickness of the boundary layer? edge of a flat plate.
A. 0.47 mm B. 0.35 mm Statement – II: Boundary layer theory is based
N

C. 0.23 mm D. 0.12 mm on the assumption that its thickness is small

[ESE-CE-07] when compared to other linear dimensions in
13. What is the momentum thickness for the the flow
boundary layer with velocity distribution = A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are

? individually true and Statement (II) is the

correct explanation of Statement (I)
A. B.
B. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
C. 3 /2 D. 2 individually true but Statement (II) is NOT
[ESE-CE-08] the correct explanation of Statement (I)
14. Assertion (A): At the point of boundary layer C. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is
separation, the shear stress is zero. false

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Fluid Mechanics

D. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is C. - and 0 D. 0 and 0

true. [ESE-CE-16]
[ESE-CE-12]
20. A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge
17. The average drag coefficient for a laminar
is placed along a free steam of water flowing at
boundary layer over a flat plate was obtained as
2.5 m/sec. At what distance from the leading
0.018. If all other factors remain unchanged,
edge will the boundary layer transition from
and length of the plate is increased by 4 times
laminar to turbulent flow? Take density of
its original value this average drag coefficient
water as 1000 kg/m3 and its viscosity as 1
would change to
centriposie. Also, what will be the boundary
A. 0.0036 B. 0.0056
layer thickness at that distance?
C. 0.008 D. 0.009
A. 12.8 cm and 0.113 cm
[ESE-CE-13]
B. 14.2 cm and 0.113 cm
18. The velocity distribution in the boundary layer
C. 12.8 cm and 0.125 cm
is given by = , where u is the velocity at a

0
D. 14.2 cm and 0.125 cm
distance of y from the boundary and u = U at y 21. . If are the laminar boundary layer
I1
= , being boundary layer thickness. Then the
value of momentum thickness will be
thickness at a point M distance X from the
leading edge when the Reynolds number of the
A. B. flow are 100 and 484, respectively, then the
EG
C. D. ratio

[ESE-CE-16] A. 2.2 B. 4.84

19. What are the values of coefficients a and c if C. 23.43 D. 45.45
velocity distribution in a laminar boundary [ESE-CE-18]
N

layer on a flat plat is:

( )= = + + + Where,

A. and 1 B. 0 and 1

PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. Flow seperation is likely to take place when the D. strongly favourable
pressure gradient in the direction of flow is [CSE-ME-98]
A. Zero 2. If the velocity distribution in a turbulent
/
B. adverse boundary layer is given by = , then
C. slightly vavourable

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Fluid Mechanics

the ratio of displacement thickness to nominal A. Thinning of boundary layer thickness to

boundary layer thickness will be zero
A. 1.0 B. 0.6 B. A negative presure gradient
C. 0.3 D. 0.1 C. A positive pressure gradient
[CSE-ME-98] D. Reduction of pressure to local vapour
3. The thickness of laminar boundary layer at a pressure
distance ‘ x’ from the leading edge over a flat [CSE-ME-02]
plat varies as 7. Assertion (A) : A body with large curvature
/ causes a larger pressure drag and therefore,
A. x B.
/ / larger resistance to motion.
C. D.
4. Consider the following coefficients: Reason (R) : Large curvature diverges the
(Re = Reynolds number) streamlines, decreases the velocity resulting in
1. 1.328 Re-(0.5) for laminar flow the increase in pressure and development of
2. 0.72 Re-(0.2) for turbulent flow adverse pressure gradient leading to reverse

0
3. 0.072 Re-(0.2) for turbulent flow flow near the boundary.
I1
4. 1.028 Re-(0.5) for laminar flow
The coefficients of drag for a flat plate would
include
[CSE-ME-02]
8. Velocity defect in boundary layer theory is
defined as
EG
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 4 A. the error in the measurement of velocity at

C. 1 and 3 D. 3 and 4 any point in the boundary layer

5. Assertion (A) : In an ideal fluid, separation B. the difference beteen the velocity at a point

from a continuous surface would not occur with within the boundary layer and the free
stream velocity.
N

a positive pressure gradient.

Reason (R) : Boundary layer does not exist in C. The difference between the velocity at any

ideal fluid flow. point within the boundary layer and the

A. Both A and R are true and R is a correct velocity nearer the boundary.

explanation of A. D. The ratio between the velocity at a point in

B. Both A and R are true but R is not a correct the boundary layer and the free stream

explanation of A. velocity.

C. A is true but R is false. [CSE-ME-03]

D. A lis false but R is true. 9. The thickness of turbulent boundary layer at a

[CSE-ME-00] distance x from the leading edge over a flat

6. Flow separation is caused by plate vanes as

/ /
A. B.

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Fluid Mechanics

/ / 14. The thickness of turbulent boundary layet at a

C. D.
[CSE-ME-03] distance x from the leading edge on a flat plate
10. Velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary varies as
layer follows / /
. B.
A. Loarthmic law B. Parabolic law / /
C. D.
C. Linear law D. Cubic law [CSE-ME-04]
[CSE-ME-03] 15. The displacement thickness at a section, for an

11. The coefficient of friction ‘f’ in temrs of shear air stream ( = 1.2 / ) moving with a

stress ‘ ′ is given by velocity of 10m/s over a flat plate is 0.5 mm.

What is the loss of mass rate of flow of air due
A. f = B. f =
to boundary layer formation in kg per meter
C. f = D. f = width of plate per second?

[CSE-ME-03] A. 6×10-3 B. 6×10-5

0
12. Which one of the following is the expression C. 3×10-3 D. 2×10-3
for mlomentum thickness of a boundary [CSE-ME-04]

layer?

A. θ = ∫ 1 − dy
I1 16. Which one of the following is the correct
relation between the boundary layer thicknes .
EG
Displacement thickness δ* and the momentum
B. θ = ∫ 1 − dy
thickness ?
C. θ = ∫ 1− dy
A. δ > δ*> B. δ*> >δ
D. D. θ = ∫ 1− dy C. >δ>δ* D. > δ*>δ
N

[CSE-ME-04]
[CSE-ME-04] 17. The velocity distribution in laminar boundary
13. In a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate, layer is given by the relation u/ = y/δ. What
what would be the ratio of wall shear stress is the momentum thickness for the
and at the two sections which lie at distances boundary layer?
= 30 cm and = 90 cm from the leading
edge of the plate? . B.

. = 3.0 B. = C. D.

C. = (3.0)1/2 D. = (3.0)1/3 [CSE-ME-05]

[CSE-ME-04]

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Fluid Mechanics

18. How is the Von-Karman momentum integral 2. Boundary- layer thickness of turbulent flow
equation expressed ( is momentum is greater than that of laminar flow.
thickness)? 3. Velocity distributes uniformly in a turbulent

A. = bounday layer.
4. Velocity has a gradual variation in a laminar
B. = boundary-layer

C. = Which of the statements given above are

correct?
D. =
A. 1,3 and 4 only B. 1,2,3 and 4
19. Air (kinematic viscosity = 15×10 -6 m2 /s) with C. 1 and 2 only C. 2,3 and 4 only
a free stream velocity of 10m/s flows over a [CSE-ME-06]

smooth two-dimensional flat plate. If the 23. Boundary layer separation takes place when

critical Reynolds number is 5 ×105, what is the A. = + ve value

0
maximum distance from the leading edge up to
B. = - ve value
which laminar boundary layer exists?
A. 30cm
C.150 cm
I1
B. 75cm
D. 300 cm
C.

D.
=0

=0
EG
[CSE-ME-05]
20. The velocity distribution in laminar bondary [CSE-ME-07]
24. In a turbulent boundary layer over the entire
layer is given by the relation = . What is
plate, the nominal thickness of boundary layer
the displacement thickness for the boundary
varies with the longitudinal distance x as
layer?
N

/ /
. B.
. B. C. /
D. /

. D.
[CSE-ME-07]
[CSE-ME-05] 25. How is the displacement thickness in boundary
21. Assertion (A) : Laminar sub-layer exists layer analysis defined?
beneath the turbulent boundary layer A. The layer in which the loss of energy is
Reason (R) : No slip condition should exist minimum.
near the surface for viscid flow. B. The thickness up to which the velocity
[CSE-ME-02]
approaches 99% of the free stream velocity
22. Considerthe following statements:
C. The distance measured perpendicular to the
1. Boundary-layer thickness in laminar flow is
boundary by which the free stream is
greater than that of turbulent flow.

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Fluid Mechanics

displaced on accounto of formation of [CSE-ME-08]

boundary layer 29. What would be the momentum correction
D. The layer which represents reduction in factor when the velocity distribution is uniform
momentum caused by the boundary layer. over a cross-section?
[CSE-ME-07] A. 0 B. 1
26. What is the correct expression for momentum C. 2 D. 3
thickness ( ) in a boundary layer? [CSE-ME-09]
30. What is the velocity profile for tubulent
A. =∫ 1− dy
boundary layer on a flat surface?
B. =∫ 1− dy /
. = sin
C. =∫ 1− dy /
B. =
D. =∫ 1− dy
/
C. =2 −
[CSE-ME-08]

0
27. What causes flow separation in flow past a D. = −
solid object? I1 [CSE-ME-09]
A. Reduction of pressure to vapour pressure
31. A plate 0.5 m long is placed at zero angle of
B. A negative pressure gradient
incidence and moving 1.5 m/s . What is the
EG
C. A positive pressure gradient
maximum boundary layer thickness?
D. The boundary layer thickness reducing the
(Assume for water at 20℃. Γ = 1.205 kg/m3,
zero
= 6, = 20 × 10 / )
[CSE-ME-08]
A. 08.5 mm B. 10.7 mm
28. A boundary – layer forms on the surface of a
N

C. 12.9mm D. 14.2 mm
flat plate. If the boundary-layer thickness
[CSE-ME-09]
increases in the direction of flow. Which one of
32. The boundary layer separation occurs when
the following is correct?
. =0 B. <0
A. Fluid is entrained by the boundary-layer
B. Fluid is expelled from the boundary –layer C. <0 D. >0
C. Fluid has to be injected through the wall
[CSE-ME-10]
for the boundary-layer thickness to
increase
D. By definhition,boundary –layer thickness
is a constant
PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS

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Fluid Mechanics

1. The velocity profile for turbulent boundary B. the transverse pressure gradient is important
layer is: and the longitudinal pressure gradient can
/ be neglected
A. =sin B. =
C. both the longitudinal and transverse pressure
C. =2 − D. = − gradients can be neglected
D. both the longitudinal and transverse
[CSE–CE–94]
pressure gradients are important
2. If and denote the boundary layer [CSE–CE–97]
thicknesses at a point distance x from the 6. Separation of boundary layer takes place under:
leading edge on a flat plate when the Reynolds’ A. positive pressure gradient in the direction of
numbers are 100 and 256 respectively; then the flow
ratio of to will be B. negative pressure gradient in the direction of

0
A. 0.625 B. 1.6 flow
C. 2.56 D. 4.96 C. zero pressure gradient in the direction of
I1 [CSE–CE–94]
3. Assertion (A): At transition to turbulence, the
flow
D. very rough surface
EG
boundary layer thickness increases at a rapid [CSE–CE–99]
rate. 7. The thickness of a laminar boundary layer at
Reason (R): Friction at the boundary increases distance ‘x’ from the leading edge over a flat
after transition. plate varies as:
[CSE–CE–95] A. x0.8 B. x0.5
N

4. The separation of boundary layer takes place C. x0.2 D. x

when the pressure gradient is: [CSE–CE–00]
A. negative B. positive 8. A 1 m wide and 3 m long flat plate, held
C. zero D. constant stationary, parallel to the flow direction of a
[CSE–CE–96] uniform on coming stream of water velocity of
5. In a two-dimensional boundary layer over a flat 3m/s, leaves a velocity profile, at its trailing
surface edge, varying linearly from zero at the plate to
A. the longitudinal pressure gradient is the free stream velocity of 3 m/s at 5 cm away
important and the transverse pressure from the plate. The water flow is only on one
gradient can be neglected side of the plate. Assuming the pressure to be
the same everywhere in the flowing water, the
drag force on the plate will be:

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Fluid Mechanics

A. 75 N B. 66.7 N 12. Match List – I (Type of Thickness) with List –

C. 62.5 N D. 56.25 N II (Expressed By) and select the correct answer
[CSE–CE–01] using the codes given below the lists:
9. The momentum correction factor ( ) is used to List – I
account for a. Nominal thickness
A. change in the direction of flow b. Displacement thickness
B. change in total energy c. Momentum thickness
C. change in mass rate of flow d. Energy thickness
D. non-uniform distribution of velocities List – II
[CSE–CE–02] δ
 u
1.   1-  dy
10. The drag force experienced by an object is 0
U
A. The vertical component of the resultant
2. y =  at u = 0.99 U
fluid dynamic force acting on the object
δ
u u
B. The horizontal force due to pressure 3.  U 1- U  dy

0
0
variation over the surface of the object
δ
 u2  u
I1
C. The component of the resultant fluid
dynamic force in the flow direction
D. The resultant fluid dynamic force acting on
4.  1- 2  dy
0

Codes:
U U
EG
the object a b c d

[CSE–CE–02] A. 2 4 3 1
11. For laminar flow in a pipe of circular cross- B. 3 1 2 4
section, the Darcy’s friction factor is: C. 2 1 3 4
A. Directly proportional to Reynolds number D. 3 4 2 1
N

and independent of pipe wall roughness. [CSE–CE–03]

B. Directly proportional to pipe wall roughness 13. If the velocity profile for a laminar boundary

and independent of Reynolds number layer is described by = . , the

C. Inversely proportional to Reynolds number momentum correction factor for the velocity
and independent of pipe wall roughness profile is:
D. Inversely proportional to pipe wall A. 1.12 B. 0.9
roughness and independent of Reynolds
C. 1.6 D.
number.
[CSE–CE–04]
[CSE–CE–03]
14. For a real fluid flow along a long and thin flat
plate, consider the following observations
about the boundary layer growth:
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Fluid Mechanics

1. Thickness of boundary layer increases along The shape factor for this turbulent boundary
the direction of flow. layer shall be
2. Boundary shear stress increases along the A. B.
direction of flow.
C. D.
3. Flow within the boundary layer is laminar
[CSE–CE–04]
near the plate surface and turbulent away
16. A flat plate 1.2 m wide and 3.0m long is the
from it.
boundary for air flowing at a free stream
4. Space beyond boundary layer has constant
velocity of 6 m/s with ρ =1.208 kg/m3 and v
velocity and zero shear stress.
=1.47 X 10-5m2/s. Up to what length over the
Which of the observations given above are
plate will boundary layer be laminar?
always correct?
A. 1.208 m B. 1.225 m
A. 1 and 4 B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1.47 m D. 1.82 m
C. 2 and 3 D. 2, 3 and 4
[CSE–CE–04] [CSE–CE–06]

0
15. The velocity profile for a turbulent boundary
layer is given by

=
/
≤ .
I1
EG

10. BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY – ANSWERS

::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::

N

1. C 2. B 3. * 4. * 5. * 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. C

11. C 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. * 16. * 17. D 18. * 19. B 20. C

21. *

̇
3. A. = , B. = /6 4. False 5. True 15. 13.5 to 14.2

16. 0.0158 to 0.0162 18. 0.32 to 0.34 21. 41.30 to 41.50

::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. * 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. B
11. B 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. C 16. *
4. 0.7071 16. 0.47

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Fluid Mechanics

::: PREVIOUS XE/CH/PI/AE/MT ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. A 3. D 4. - 5. B 6. A 7. - 8. - 9. C 10. C

11. C 12. - 13. A 14. B 15. - 16. - 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. *

21. D 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. C 26. * 27 * 28. * 29. A 30. *

31. C 32. * 33. B 34. C 35. * 36. * 37. A 38. * 39. * 40. *

41. * 42. * 43. C 44. * 45. C 46. C 47. B 48. * 49. C

20. 2626 to 2632 26. 2.6 27. 53.9 to 54.1 28. 0.072 to 0.076 30. 0.25
32. 0.2158 35. 0.165 to 0.168 36. 94 38. 117.77
39. 47.0 to 55.0 40. 441426 41. 37.785 42. 4800 44. 0.9 to 1.0 48. 0.32 to 0.34

0
::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. C

11. B
2. C

12. A
3. B

13. C
I14. B

14. B
5. D

15. A
6. B

16. C
7. A

17. A
8. B

18. B
9. B

19. C
10. D

20. B
EG
21. D 22. D 23. D 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. B

31. D 32. C 33. A 34. B 35. C 36. B 37. D 38. C 39. C 40. B

41. A 42. A 43. D 44. D 45. D 46. C 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. A

51. B 52. C 53. C 54. C 55. A 56. B 57. D 58. A 59. B 60. C
N

61. A

::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. A

11. D 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. D 18. C 19. D 20. A

21. A

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Fluid Mechanics

::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. A

11. C 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. B 20. B

21. B 22. C 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. B

31. C 32. B

::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. C

11. C 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. B 16. B

0
I1
EG
N

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 11 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

PREVIOUS GATE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. If there are m physical quantities and n 1000 kg/m3. When the diameter of the sphere is
fundamental dimensions in a particular process, 100 mm and the fluid velocity is 2 m/sec, the
the number of non-dimensional parameters is drag coefficient is 0.5. if water now flows over
A. + B. × another sphere of diameter 200 mm under
C. − D. / dynamically similar conditions, the drag force
[GATE-ME-02:1M] (in N) on this sphere is ____________
2. A phenomenon is modeled using n dimensional [GATE-ME-17:2M]

variables with k primary dimensions. The 5. The aerodynamic drag on a sports car depends
number of non-dimensional variables is on its shape. The car has a drag coefficient of
A. B. 0.1 with the windows and the roof closed. With
C. − D. + the windows and the roof open, the drag

0
[GATE-ME-10:1M] coefficient becomes 0.8. The car travels at 44

3. Oil (kinematic viscosity,

= 1.0 × 10
I1
/ flows through a pipe
km/h with the windows and roof-closed. For
the same amount of power needed to overcome
the aerodynamic drag, the speed of the car with
of 0.5 m diameter with velocity of 10 m/s.
EG
Water (Kinematic viscosity = 0.89 × the windows and roof open (round off to two

10 / ) is flowing through a model pipe of decimal places). is _____ km/h (The density of

diameter 20 mm. For satisfying the dynamic air and the frontal area may be assumed to be

similarity, the velocity of water (in m/s) is constant).

[GATE-ME-19:2M]
N

_______________
[GATE-ME-16: 2M] 6. Froude number is the ratio of
4. For the laminar flow of water over a sphere, the A. Inertia forces to gravity forces
drag coefficient CF is defined as CF = B. Buoyancy forces to inertia forces

F/(ρU2D2), where F is the drag force, ρ is the C. Buoyancy forces to viscous forces
fluid density, U is the fluid velocity and D is the D. Inertia forces to viscous forces

diameter of the sphere. The density of water is [GATE-ME-20:1M]

PREVIOUS GATE (CE) QUESTIONS

1. In a model experiment with weir, if the /
A. B.
dimension of the model weir are reduced by a C. 1 D.
factor of ‘k’, the flow rate through the model [GATE-CE-87:1M]
weir is the following fraction of the flow rate 2. An 1:50 model of an ogee spillway crest
through the prototype records an acceleration of 1.5 m/ at a
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Fluid Mechanics

certain location. The homologous value of D. Flow over spillways

acceleration in the prototype is______ [GATE-CE-97:1M]
[GATE-CE-91:1M] 8. Group-I contains dimensionless parameters
3. The number of parameters needed to express and Group-II contains the ratios.
the function F (A, V, t, , L) = 0 are Group-I
A. 5 B. 4 P. Mach Number
C. 3 D. 2 Q. Reynolds Number
[GATE-CE-94:1M] R. Weber Number
4. A 1:30 model of an ogee spill way crest records S. Froude Number
and acceleration of 1.3 m/ at a certain Group-II
location. The homologous value of the 1. Ratio of inertial force and gravitational force
acceleration in the prototype in m/ is 2. Ratio of fluid velocity and velocity of sound
A. 0.043 B. 0.237 3. Ratio of inertial force and viscous force
C. 1.300 D. 7.120 4. Ratio of inertial force and surface tension

0
[GATE-CE-95:1M] force
5. The repeating variables in dimensional analysis
I1 The correct match of dimensionless Parameters
should in Group-I with ratios in Group-II is
A. Include the dependent variable A. P-3, Q-2, R-4, S-1
EG
B. Have amongst themselves all the basic B. P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1
dimensions C. P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1
C. Be derivable from one another D. P-1, Q-3, R-2, S-4
D. Exclude one of the basic dimensions [GATE-CE-13:1M]
[GATE-CE-96:1M] 9. The relationship between the length scale ratio
N

6. A dimensionless combination of pressure drop ( ) and the velocity scale ratio ( ) in

∆P, dynamic viscosity , velocity V and length hydraulic models, in which Froude dynamic
L is similarity is maintained, is:
∆
A. .
B. A. = B. =
∆ ∆ . .
C. D. C. = D. =
. .
[GATE-CE-15-1M]
[GATE-CE-96:1M]
10. In a 1/50 model of a spillway, the discharge was
7. Both Reynolds and Froude numbers assume
measured to be 0.3 /sec. The corresponding
significance in one of the following examples
prototype discharge in /sec is
A. Motion of submarine at large depths
A. 2.0 B. 15.0
B. Motion of ship in deep seas
C. 106.0 D. 5303.0
C. Cruising of a missile in air

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Fluid Mechanics

[GATE-CE-01:2M] C. 0.57 /s D. 5.7 /s

11. A laboratory model of a river is built to a [GATE-CE-07:2M]
geometric scale of 1:100. The fluid used in the 15. A river reach of 2.0 km long with maximum
model is oil of mass density 900 kg/ . The flood discharge of 10000 /s is to be
highest flood in the river is 10,000 /s. The physically modeled in the laboratory where
corresponding discharge in the model shall be maximum available discharge is 0.20 /s. For
A. 0.095 /s B. 0.100 /s a geometrically similar model based on
C. 0.105 /s D. 10.5 /s equality of Froude’s number, the length of the
[GATE-CE-03:2M] river reach (m) in the model is
12. The height of a hydraulic jump in the stilling A. 26.4 B. 25.0
pool of 1: 25 scale model was observed to be C. 20.5 D. 18.0
10 cm. The corresponding prototype height of [GATE-CE-08:2M]
the jump is 16. The drag force, on sphere kept in a uniform
A. not determinable from the data given flow field depends on the diameter of the

0
B. 2.5 m sphere, D; flow velocity, V; fluid density, ;
C. 0.5 m
D. 0.1 m
I1
[GATE-ME-04: 2M]
and dynamic viscosity,
following options
. Which of the
represents the
dimensional parameters which could be used to
non-
EG
13. The flow of glycerin (kinematics Viscosity analyze this problem?
= 5 × 10 /s) in an open channel is to be A. and
modeled in a laboratory flume using water
B. and
( =10 /s) as the flowing fluid. If both
C. and
N

gravity and viscosity are important, what

should be the length scale (i.e., ratio of
D. and
prototype to model dimensions) for
[GATE-CE-15:2M]
maintaining dynamic similarity?
17. A shallow wide river 1500 m wide has a flow
A. 1 B. 22
of 3000 /sec with a velocity of 1.5m/sec.
C. 63 D. 500
Manning’s (n) for the river is 0.025. if a
[GATE-CE-06:2M]
hydraulic model with vertical scale 1:40 and
14. A 1:50 scale model of a spillway is to be tested
horizontal scale of 1:800, is to be built, what
in the laboratory. The discharge in the
would be the Manning’s ‘n’ for the model?
prototype is 1000 /s. The discharge to be
[GATE-CE-87:5M]
maintained in the model test is
A. 0.057 /s B. 0.08 /s
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Fluid Mechanics

18. A 1:49 scale model of a proposed dam is used discharge (in / up to two decimal places)
to predict prototype flow conditions. The to be maintained in the model, neglecting
design flood discharge near the spillway is variation in acceleration due to gravity, is
15000 /s. Establish the relation between _____
velocities in the model and prototype. What [GATE-CE-18:1M]
flow rate should be established in the model to 20. In a laboratory, a flow experiment is performed
simulate this flow? If a velocity of 1.2 m/s is over a hydraulic structure. The measured
measured at a point in the model what is the values of discharge and velocity are 0.05 /
velocity at a corresponding point in the and 0.25 / , respectively. If the full scale
prototype? structure (30 times bigger) is subjected to a
[GATE-CE-00:5M] discharge of 270 / , then the time scale
19. A 1: 50 model of a spillway is to be tested in (model to full scale) value (up to two decimal
the laboratory. The discharge in the prototype places) is ______
spillway is 1000 / . The corresponding

0
[GATE-CE-18: 2M]
PREVIOUS GATE – XE/CH/PI/AE/MT QUESTIONS
I1
1. A 1: 20 models of a submarine is to be tested in
a towing tank containing sea water. If the
submarine velocity is 6 m/s, at what velocity
(S)
Ratio of inertial force
to gravity force
4.
Mach
number (Ma)
A. P-1; R-2; Q-3;S-4
EG
should the model be towed for dynamic B. P-1, Q-2, R-3; S-4
similarity? C. P-1; R-2; S-3; Q-4
A. 60 m/s B. 120 m/s D. P-1; S-2; Q-3; R-4
C. 180 m/s D. 240 m/s [GATE-2010-XE]
N

[GATE-2009-XE] 3. The length scale of a model is kept as 1: 64. The

2. A. Match the items given in the following two prototype fluid is water. Viscous and gravity
columns using appropriate combinations: forces are equally dominant in the prototype.
Column 1 Column 2 The required kinematic viscosity ( / )____
Ratio of inertial force Reynold of the fluid used in the model is
(P) 1.
to viscous force number (Re) A. 0.100E-07 B.0.195E-08
Ratio of momentum C. 0.156E-07 D. 0.125E-07
Froude
(Q) diffusivity to thermal 2. [GATE-2010-XE]
number (Fr)
diffusivity 4. A certain fluid flow is influenced by density
Ratio of inertial force
Prandtl
   , angular velocity   , dynamic viscosity
(R) to compressibility 3.
number (Pr)
force

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Fluid Mechanics

   , and a characteristic length (L). A relevant The drag force (in N) on the prototype is
approximately
non-dimensional parameter will be
A. 0.25 B. 0.93
A.  / L2 B.  L2 / 
C. 1.08 D. 4
C.  L2 D.  L
[GATE-2012-XE]
[GATE-2011-XE] 8. In the hydrodynamic entry region of a circular
5. An open channel flow is to be simulated in the duct, the pressure forces balance the sum of
laboratory. For this purpose, a 1:25 scale model A. viscous and buoyancy forces
is constructed. If the flow velocity in the B. inertia and buoyancy forces
prototype is 5 m/s, for dynamic similarity the C. inertia and surface tension forces
model should have a flow velocity of D. inertia and viscous forces
A. 5 m/s B. 1 m/s [GATE-2013-XE]
C. 125 m/s D. 25 m/s Common Data for Q-9 & Q-10:
[GATE-2011-XE] The wave and eddy resistance of a sea-going

0
6. Given that V, L and g are the characteristic vessel, 96 m in length, driven at a velocity of 12
velocity, characteristic length and acceleration
I1 m/s, is to be determined. For this purpose, a 1/16
due to gravity, respectively, the expression th scale model is employed in fresh water and
V the coefficient of resistance C we of the model is
represents.
EG
Lg
found to be 1.47  10 4 . The quantity Cwe is
A. Weber number
B. Euler number defined as Fwe /  V 2 L2 / 2  , where Fwe is the

C. Cavitation Number wave and eddy resistance,  is the density, V is

D. Froude Number
N

the velocity and L is the characteristic length.

[GATE-2012-XE] The density of sea water is 1026 kg / m3 .
7. Air flows over a spherical storage vessel of
9. The velocity in m/s, at which the model is
diameter 4 m at a speed of 1 m/s. To find the
towed, is
drag force on the vessel, a test run is to be
A. 0.75 B.1.33
carried out in water using a sphere of diameter
C. 3 D. 192
100 mm. The density and dynamic viscosity of
[GATE-2013-XE]
air are 1.2 / and 1.8 × 10 Pa. s,
10. The resistance of the prototype, in kN, is
respectively. The density and dynamic
A. 6 B.25
viscosity of water are 1000 / and 10
C. 26.9 D.100.1
Pa. s, respectively. The drag force on the model
[GATE-2013-XE]
is 4 N under dynamically similar conditions.
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Fluid Mechanics

11. It is required to cary out model studies on a boat C. = ℎ

having a characteristic length of 3.6 m and D. = ℎ
travelling at a speed of 3 m/s. Assume the [GATE-2015-XE]
acceleration due to gravity as 10 m / s 2 and 14. For a newly designed vehicle by some students,

neglect the effects due to viscous and surface volume of fuel consumed per unit distance

tension forces. The value of appropriate non- travelled ( / ) depends upon the

dimensional number is ____ viscosity ( ) and density ( ) of the fuel and,

[GATE-2014-XE] speed (U) and size (L) of the vehicle as =
12. The model of a conduit is scaled to 1/100 of the where C is constant. The dimensions of
actual size. Seawater is used in the prototype
the constant C are
and fresh water is used in the model. Velocity
A. B.
in the prototype is 0.5 m/s. Density and
C. D.
dynamic viscosity of the seawater are
[GATE-2016-XE]

0
1025 kg / m3 and 1.07  103 kg / m  s ,
15. Prototype of a dam spillway (a structure used
respectively. Density and dynamic viscosity of
I1 for controlled release of water from the dam)
3
fresh water are 1000 kg / m and has characteristic length of 20 m and
3
110 kg / m  s , respectively. Assume the characteristic velocity of 2 m/s. A small model
EG
viscous forces to be dominant. The viscosity to is constructed by keeping Froude number same
be maintained in the model to ensure dynamic for dynamic similarity between the prototype
similarity is ___ m/s. and the model. What is the minimum length-
[GATE-2014-XE] scale ratio between prototype and the model
13. A certain fluid flow phenomenon is described such that the minimum Reynold’s number for
N

by Reynolds, Weber and Ohnesorge numbers. the model is 100? The density of water is
The Weber and Ohnesorge numbers are defined 1000 / and viscosity is 10 −

U 2 L  A. 1.8 × 10 B. 1 × 10
as We  , and Oh  ,
  L C. 1.8 × 10 D. 9 × 10
respectively, where  is the surface tension,  [GATE-2016-XE]

is the density,  is the dynamic viscosity, U is 16. The volumetric flow rate (Q) of a triangular
notch is a function of the upstream liquid
the velocity and L is the characteristic
surface elevation (H) measured from the
dimension. If Re denotes the Reynolds number,
bottom of the notch, acceleration due to gravity
which of the following relations is true?
(g), notch angle ( ) and the approach velocity
A. = ℎ
B. = ℎ

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Fluid Mechanics

(V). Which one of the following is the correct C. free surface flows
expression for Q? D. compressible flows

A. = , [GATE-2018-XE]
√
20. Capillary waves are generated in the sea. The
B. = ,
√ speed of propagation (C) of these waves is
C. = , known to be function of density ( ), wave
√
length ( ), and surface tension ( ). Assume,
D. = ,
√ and to be constant. If the surface tension is
[GATE-2017-XE] doubled, in the functional form of the relevant
17. Model tests are to be carried out to study the non-dimensional group, the percentage
flow through a large prototype value of 0.6 increase in propagation speed (C) is_____
diameter at a flow rate of 10 / . The same [GATE-2018-XE]
working fluid is used for both the model and the 21. Analysis of a flow phenomenon in a system
prototype. A complete geometric similarity is requires the following variables:

0
maintained between the model and the i. Pressure [ ]

80 mm, its required flow rate (in

I1
prototype. If the valve diameter of the model is

rounded off to the first decimal place) would be

/ ,
ii.
iii.
Velocity of the fluid [
Size of the system [ ]
]

iv. Density of the fluid [ ]

EG
______
v. Viscosity of the fluid [ ]
[GATE-2017-XE]
According to Buckingham Pi theorem
18. A football, meant to be thrown at 100 /ℎ in (dimensional analysis) what is the number of
sea level air ( = 1.22 , = 1.78 × independent DIMENSIONLESS variables
N

10 − / ) , is to be tested using a one- needed to describe this system?

quarter scale model in a water tunnel ( = A. 2 B. 3

1000 , = 10 − / ). For dynamic C. 4 D. 5

[GATE-2018-MT]
similarity, the ratio of the model force to the
22. The power input P to a centrifugal pump is a
prototype force is ___________(round to
function of the volume flow rate Q, impeller
nearest integer).
diameter D, rotational speed Ω, fluid density ,
[GATE-2017-AE]
dynamic viscosity , and surface roughness ∈.
19. The influence of Froude number is most
To carry out a dimensional analysis using
significant in
Buckingham’s theorem, which one of the
A. capillary flows
following sets can be taken as the set of
B. creeping flows
repeating variables?
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Fluid Mechanics

A. , Ω, B. , ∈, C. 3 D. 5
C. ∈, , D. , , Ω [GATE-2019-MT]
[GATE-2019-XE] 25. A non-dimensional number known as Weber
23. In a steady incompressible flow of a fluid past number is used to characterize
a smooth stationary sphere, the drag force F Which one of the following flows,
depends on the flow velocity U, diameter D, A. Motion of fluid in open channel
and the dynamic viscosity and density of B. Motion of fluid droplets
the fluid. Experiments are conducted on the C. Motion of fluid at high velocity
same sphere at the same flow velocity using D. Motion of fluid through a pipe
two different fluids. The density of the second [GATE-2020: XE]
fluid is tow times that of the first fluid. The 26. A hydroelectric power plant takes in 30 /
dynamic viscosity of the second fluid is times of water through its turbine and discharges it to
that of the first fluid. If the non-dimensional the atmosphere with =2 / . The total
force /( ) remains the same in both the head loss in the turbine and penstock system is

0
experiments, the value of n is _____ 20 m (Assume turbulent flow with kinetic
I1
[GATE-2019-XE]
24. Terminal rise velocity of a spherical shaped
solid in a liquid obeys the following functional
energy correction factor as 1.1. Density of
water is 1000
gravity, g is 10
/
/ ).
and acceleration due to
EG
relationship: The net head available to the turbine for power
= ( , , , ) generation is _______m.
Where, is the terminal rise velocity, is the (rounded off to one decimal place)
diameter of the solid, W is the apparent weight
N

of the solid, is the viscosity of liquid and is

the density of liquid.
According to Buckingham Π theorem, the
number of independent dimensionless variables
needed to describe the phenomenon is
_________
[GATE-2020: XE]
A. 1 B. 2
PREVIOUS ESE (ME) QUESTIONS
1. A 1/25 model of a ship is to be tested for A. 0.04 m/s B. 0.2 m/s
estimating the wave drag. If the speed of the C. 5.0 m/s D. 25.0 m/s
prototype is 1.0 m/s, then the speed at which the [ESE-ME-92]
model must be tested is

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Fluid Mechanics

2. Which of the following is not a dimensionless [ESE-ME-93]

group? 5. Match List- I with List – II and select the
∆ correct answer using the codes given below the
A. B.
lists:
∆
C. D. List – I (Forces) List – II
[ESE-ME-92] (Dimensionless groups)
3. In turbo – machinery, the relevant parameters A. Viscous force 1.Reynolds number
are volume flow rate, density, viscosity, bulk B. Elastic force 2.Froude number
modulus, pressure difference, power C. Surface tension 3.Webernumber
consumption, rotational speed and a D. Gravity 4. Mach number
characteristic dimension. According to Codes:
Buckingham pi (π) theorem, the number of A B C D
independent non – dimensional groups for this A. 1 4 2 3
case is B. 1 2 4 3

0
A. 3 B. 4 C. 3 4 1 2
C. 5 D. 6
I1 D. 1 4 3 2
[ESE-ME-93] [ESE-ME-94]
4. List – I gives 4 dimensionless number and List 6. A dimensionless group formed with the
EG
– II gives the types of forces, which are one of variables p (density), ω (angular velocity),
the constituents describing the numbers. Match μ(dynamic viscosity) and D (characteristic
List- I with List – II and select the correct diameter) is
answer using the codes given below the lists:
A. B.
List – I List – II
N

C. D.
A. Euler Number 1.Pressure force
[ESE-ME-95]
B. Froude Number 2. Gravity force
7. The model of a propeller, 3m in diameter,
C. Mach Number 3. Viscous force
cursing at 10 m/s in air, is tested in wind tunnel
D. Webber Number 4. Surface tension
on a 1: 10 scale model. If a thrust of 50 N is
5. Elastic force
measured on the model at 5 m/s wind speed,
Codes:
then the thrust on the prototype will be
A B C D
A. 20000 N B. 2000 N
A. 2 3 4 5
C. 500 N D. 200N
B. 3 2 4 5
[ESE-ME-95]
C. 2 1 3 4
8. Kinematic similarity between model and
D. 1 2 5 4
prototype is the similarity of
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Fluid Mechanics

A. shape B. discharge C. = f(Re, We)

C. steam D. forces
D. = f(Re, Fr)
[ESE-ME-96]
9. Match List- I with List – II and select the [ESE-ME-97]

correct answer using the codes given below the 11. Euler number is defined as the ratio of inertia

lists: force to

List – I (predominant force) A. viscous force B. elastic force

A. Compressibility force C. pressure force D. gravity force

B. Gravity force [ESE-ME-97]

12. If ‘n’ variables in a physical phenomenon
C. Surface tension force
contained ‘m’ fundamental dimensions, then
D. Viscous force
the variables can be arranged into
List – II (Dimensionless numbers)
A. n dimensionless terms
1. Euler number
B. m dimensionless terms
2. Froude Number

0
C. (n - m) dimensionless terms
3. Mach number
I1 D. (n + m) dimensionless terms
4. Reynolds number
[ESE-ME-98]
5. Weber number
13. Given power ‘P’ of a pump, the head ‘H’ and
Codes:
EG
the discharge ‘Q’ and the specific weight ‘w’ of
A B C D
the liquid, dimensionless analysis would lead to
A. 1 2 3 4
the result that ‘P’ is proportional to
B. 3 2 5 4
/ /
A. B.
C. 3 1 4 2
/
D. 2 3 5 1 C. D. HQw
N

[ESE-ME-98]
[ESE-ME-96]
10. The variable controlling the motion of a 14. A 1 : 256 scale model of a reservoir is drained

floating vessel through water are the drag force in 4 minutes by operating the sluice gate. The

, the speed , the length L, the density ρ, time required to empty the prototype will be
A. 128 min B. 64 min
dynamic viscosity μ of water and gravitational
C. 32 min D. 25.4 min
constant g. IF the non – dimensional groups are
[ESE-ME-99]
Reynolds number (Re), Weber number (We),
15. A sphere is moving in water with a velocity of
Prandtl number (Pr) and Froude number (Fr),
0.6 m/s. Another sphere of twice the diameter
the expression for F is given by
is placed in a wind tunnel and tested with air
A. = f(Re)
which is 750 times less dense and 60 times less
B. = f(Re, Pr)

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Fluid Mechanics

viscous than water. The velocity of air that will D. Mach Number
give dynamically similar conditions is List – II
A. 5 m/s B. 10 m/s (Definition as the ratio of)
C. 20 m/s D. 40 m/s 1. Inertial force and elastic force’
[ESE-ME-99] 2. Inertial force and surface tension force
16. A ship model 1/60 scale with negligible friction 3. Inertia force and gravity force
is tested in a towing tank at a speed of 0.6 m/s. 4. Inertia force and viscous force
IF a force of 0.5 kg is required to tow the model, Codes:
the propulsive force required to flow prototype A B C D
ship will be A. 1 2 3 4
A. 5 MN B. 3 MN B. 4 3 2 1
C. 1 MN D. 0.5 MN C. 1 3 2 4
[ESE-ME-99] D. 4 2 3 1
17. The dimensionless group formed by 20. Volumetric flow rate Q, acceleration due to

0
wavelength λ density of fluid ρ, acceleration gravity g and head H form a dimensionless
due to gravity g and surface tension σ, is
I1 group, which is given by
A. σ / g ρ B. σ / ρ
A. B.
C. σg / ρ D. ρ / g σ
EG
[ESE-ME-00] C. D.
18. A ship with hull length of 100 m is to run with
[ESE-ME-02]
a speed of 10 m/s. For dynamic similarly, the
21. A model test is to be conducted in a water
velocity for a 1:25 model of the ship in a towing
tunnel using a 1:20 model of a submarine,
tank should be
N

which is to travel at a speed of 12 km/h deep

A. 2 m/s B. 10 m/s
under sea surface. The water temperature in the
C. 20 m/s D. 25 m/s
tunnel is maintained, so that its kinematic
[ESE-ME-01]
viscosity is half that of sea water. At what speed
19. Match List- I with List – II and select the
is the model test to be conducted to produce
correct answer using the codes given below the
useful data for the prototype?
lists:
A. 12 km/h B. 240 km/h
List – I
C. 24 km/h D. 120 km/h
(Dimensionless numbers)
[ESE-ME-02]
A. Reynolds Number
22. A model test is to be conducted for an
B. Froude Number
underwater structure, which is likely to be
C. Weber Number
exposed to strong water currents. The
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Fluid Mechanics

significant forces are known to be dependent on D. 3 5 2 1

structure geometry, fluid velocity, fluid [ESE-ME-03]
density, fluid viscosity, fluid depth and 24. Consider the following statements:
acceleration due to gravity. Which of the 1. Dimensional analysis is used to determine
following numbers must match for the model the number of variables involved in a
with that of the prototype? certain phenomenon.
1. Mach number 2. The group of repeating variables in
2. Weber number dimensional analysis should include all the
3. Froude number fundamental units.
4. Reynolds number 3. Buckingham’s π theorem stipulates the
Select the correct answer using the codes given number of dimensionless groups for a given
below: phenomenon.
A. 3 only B. 1, 2, 3 and 4 4. The coefficient in Chezy’s equation has no
C. 1 and 2 D. 3 and 4 dimension.

0
[ESE-ME-02] Which of these statements are correct?
I1
23. Match List - I with List –II and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the
lists:
A1,2,3 and 4
C. 1 and 4
B. 2,3 and 4
D. 2 and 3
[ESE-ME-03]
EG
List – I 25. In a flow condition where both viscous and
A. Capillary waves in channel gravity forces dominate and both the Froude
B. Testing of airfoil’s number and the Reynolds number are the same
C. Flow around bridge piers in model and prototype; and the ratio of
D. Turbulent flow through pipes kinematic viscosity of model to that of the
N

List – II prototype is 0.0894. What is the model scale?

1. Reynolds number A. 1:3.3 B. 3.3:1
2. Froude number C. 5:1 D. 1:5
3. Weber number [ESE-ME-04]

4. Euler number 26. Consider the following statements:

5. Mach number 1. Complete similarity between model and

Codes: prototype envisages geometric and

A B C D dynamic similarities only.

A. 5 4 3 2 2. Distorted models are necessary where

B. 3 5 4 1 geometric similarity is not possible due to

C. 5 4 2 1 practical reasons

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Fluid Mechanics

3. In testing of model of a ship, the surface C. 25 m/s D. 250 m/s

tension forces are generally neglected. [ESE-ME-04]
4. The scale effect takes care of the effect of 29. Consider the following statements?
dissimilarity between model and prototype. 1. For achieving dynamic similarity in model
Which of these statements are correct? studies on ships, Froude numbers are
A. 1 and 3 B. 1, 2 and 4 equated.
C. 2 and 3 D. 2 and 4 2. Reynolds numbers should be equated for
[ESE-ME-03] studies on aero foil for dynamic similarity.
27. Match List - I with List – II and select the 3. In model studies on a spillway, the ratio of
correct answer using the codes given below the width to height is equated for kinematic
lists: similarity
List – I Which of these statements are correct?
A. Reynolds model A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 2
B. Froude model C. 2 and 3 D. 1 and 3

0
C. Weber model [ESE-ME-05]
D. Mach model I1 30. Which one of the dimensionless numbers
List – II identifies the compressibility effect of a fluid?

1. A. Euler number
EG
B. Froude number
2.
C. Mach number
3. ( ) D. Weber number

4. [ESE-ME-05]
31. It is observed in a flow problem that pressure,
N

Codes:
inertia and gravity force are important. Then,
A B C D
similarity requires that
A. 3 1 2 4
A. Reynolds and Weber numbers be equal
B. 3 4 2 1
B. Mach and Froude numbers be equal
C. 2 1 3 4
C. Euler and Froude numbers be equal
D. 2 4 3 1
[ESE-ME-04] D. Reynolds and Mach numbers be equal

28. A ship whose full length is 100 m is to travel at [ESE-ME-06]

32. A ship’s model scale 1 : 100, has a wave
10 m/s. For dynamic similarity, with what
resistance of 10 N at its design speed. What is
velocity should a 1:25 model of the ship be
the corresponding prototype wave resistance in
towed?
kN?
A. 2 m/s B. 10 m/s
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Fluid Mechanics

A. 100 acceleration due to gravity g. What is the

B. 1000 number of dimensionless parameter involved?
C. 1000 A. Two B. One
D. Data is insufficient to determine C. Three D. Zero
[ESE-ME-07] [ESE-ME-09]
33. In a fluid machine, the relevant parameters are 36. What is the correct dimensionless group
volume flow rate, density, viscosity, bulk formed with the variable ρ –density, N –
modulus, pressure difference, power rotational speed, d-diameter and μ – coefficient
consumption, rotational speed and of viscosity?
characteristic dimension. Using the A. B.
Buckingham pi theorem, what would be the
number of independent non – dimensional C. D.

groups? [ESE-ME-09]
A. 3 B. 4 37. In similitude with gravity force, where equality

0
C. 5 D. none of these of Froude number exists, the velocity ratio
I1 [ESE-ME-07] becomes
/
34. Match List – I (Dimensionless number) with A. 1.0 B. ( )
list – II (Nature of forces involved. and select /
C. 1/ D. ( )
EG
the correct answer using the codes given below [ESE-ME-10]
the lists: 38. Assertion (A): In fluid system model studies,
List – I List - II a simple scaling-up of measurements made on
a. Euler number 1. Surface tension the model may not yield results accurately
b. Weber number 2. Gravity corresponding to the prototype.
N

c. Mach number 3. Pressure Reason (R): Surface tension forces may be

d. Froude number 4. Elastic relatively much more signification in the model
Codes: than in the prototype.
a b c d [ESE-ME-11]
A. 3 1 4 2 39. Weber number is ratio of square root of inertia
B. 3 4 1 2 force to
C. 4 1 2 3 A. Surface tension force
D. 4 2 1 3 B. Gravity force
[ESE-ME-08] C. Pressure force
35. The time period of a simple pendulum depends D. Viscous force
on its effective length L and the local [ESE-ME-11]
40. Principles of similitude form the basis of

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Fluid Mechanics

A. performing acceptance tests. [ESE-ME-17]

B. Comparing two identical equipment’s 42. A crude oil having a specific gravity of 0-9
C. Comparing similarity between design and flows through a pipe of diameter 0.15 m at the
actual equipment rate of 8 lps. If the value of is 0.3 / , the
D. design and testing models of prototype Reynolds number will be nearly
based on results of model A. 295 B. 235
[ESE-ME-12] C. 205 D. 165
41. A spherical water drop of 1 mm in diameter [ESE-ME-20]
splits up in air into 64 smaller drops of equal
size. The surface tension coefficient of water in
air is 0.073 N/m. The work required in splitting
up the drop is
A. 0.96 × 10 J B. 0.69 × 10
C. 0.32 × 10 J D. 0.23 × 10 J

0
PREVIOUS ESE (CE) QUESTIONS
I1
1. Match List-I (Non-dimensional numbers) with D.
Application) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists:
2 1 3 4
[ESE-CE-95]
2. A model of a weir made to a horizontal scale of
EG
List – I 1/40 and vertical scale of 1/9 discharges 1 lps.
a. Mach Number Then the discharge in the prototype is estimated
b. Thomas Number as
c. Reynolds Number A. 1 lps B. 108 lps
d. Weber Number C. 1080 lps D. 10800 lps
N

List-II [ESE-CE-96]

1. Waves in an ocean 3. There are four variables, namely, E (volume

2. Launching of rockets modulus of elasticity), ρ (pressure per unit
3. Cavitation phenomenon area), g (acceleration due to gravity) and μ
4. Capillary flow in soil (viscosity of water). They are associated with
5. Motion of a submarine Mach, Euler, Froude and Reynolds numbers,
Codes: respectively, in the order
a b c d A. E, ρ, μ, g B. ρ, E, μ, g
A. 1 3 5 2 C. ρ, E, g, μ D. E, ρ, g, μ
B. 3 2 4 1 [ESE-CE-97]

C. 2 3 5 4
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Fluid Mechanics

4. Assertion (A): In Rayleigh’s method of ∆ ∆

A. B.
dimensional analysis, the dependent variable is
∆ ∆
written as the function of exponential terms of C. /
D.
independent variables. [ESE-CE-00]
Reason (R): In Rayleigh's method, when the 8. A spillway of an irrigation project is to be
number of independent variables exceeds three, studied by means of a model constructed to a
the exponents of non-repeating variables are scale of 1 :9. The prototype discharge is 1000
expressed as the exponents of repeating m3/s. Neglecting the viscous and surface
variables. tension effects, the required flow rate for the
A. both A and R are true and R is the correct model is
explanation of A A. 12.35 m3/s B. 111.11 m3/s
B. both A and R are true but R is not a correct C. 4.11 m3/s D. 1.37 m3/s
explanation of A [ESE-CE-02]
C. A is true but R is false 9. The distorted models, used in the hydraulic

0
D. A is false but R is true studies, are those which
I1 [ESE-CE-98]
5. Water having kinematic viscosity of 0.01
stokes flows at a velocity of 2 m/sec in a pipe
A. have exaggeration of the vertical scale and
horizontal scale
B. are not geometrically similar to the
EG
of 15 cm diameter. For dynamic similarity, the prototypes
velocity of oil of kinematic viscosity 0.03 stoke C. have same vertical and horizontal scale as
in a pipe of same diameter will be that of the prototypes
A. 0.33 m/sec B. 0.66 m/sec D. have same Froude number as that for the
C. 2 m/sec D. 6 m/sec
N

prototypes
[ESE-CE-98] [ESE-CE-03]
6. In the model of a highway bridge constructed 10. A 1: 30 scale model of a submarine is to be
to a scale of 1:25, the force of water on the pipe tested in a wind tunnel for its drag when it is
was measured to be 0.5 kg. The force on the operating at 15 km/h in ocean. The kinematic
prototype pier will be viscosity of air is 1.51 × 10-5m2/s and for water
A. 7501.5 kg B. 7622.5 kg 1.02 × 10-6m2/s. What is the velocity of air in
C. 7812.5 kg D. 7916.5 kg wind tunnel that should be maintained for
[ESE-CE-98] kinematic similarity?
7. Euler number or pressure coefficient may be A. 1500 m/s B. 2000 m/s
represented as (notations have their usual C. 1850.5 m/s D. 2500.5 m/s
meanings) [ESE-CE-04]

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Fluid Mechanics

11. Which one of the following statements is not 13. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
correct? answer using the codes given below the lists:
A. Models are always smaller than the List-I
prototypes. a. Froude number
B. Dynamic similarity between a model and a b. Euler number
prototype can be verified by equating c. Reynolds number
Reynolds number in a viscous flow. d. Mach number
C. Mach number achieves significance when List-II
the velocity of fluid approaches or exceeds 1. Related to inertia force and elastic force
the sonic velocity. 2. Related to inertia force and viscous force
D. Distorted models are always exaggerated on 3. Related to inertia force and pressure force
a vertical scale. 4. Related to inertia force and gravity force
[ESE-CE-05] Codes:
12. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct a b c d

0
answer using the codes given below the lists: A. 4 1 3 2
List-I
a. Reynolds number
b. Froude number
I1 B. 2
C. 4
D. 2
3
3
1
4
2
4
1
1
3
EG
c. Mach number [ESE-CE-06]
d. Weber number 14. In the model of a highway bridge constructed
List-II to a scale of 1: 25, the force of water on the pipe
1. Formation of liquid droplet was measured as 5 N. What is the force
2. High speed flow of a gas (approximate) on the prototype pier?
N

3. Flow in closed conduits A. 15.6 kN B. 25.3kN

4. Sloping interface exists between fluids of C. 78 kN D. 90 kN
different densities [ESE-CE-07]
Codes: 15. A river model is constructed to a horizontal
a b c d scale of 1:1000 and a vertical scale of 1:100. A
A. 3 4 2 1 model discharge of 0.1m3/s would correspond
B. 2 1 3 4 to a discharge in the prototype, of what
C. 3 2 2 4 magnitude?
D. 2 4 3 1 A. 102 m3/s B. 103 m3/s
[ESE-CE-06] C. 104 m3/s D. 105 m3/s
[ESE-CE-07]

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Fluid Mechanics

16. In model similarity, if gravitational and inertial A. 50hr B. 12.5 hr

forces are the only important forces, then what C. 10 hr D. 0.4 hr
is the discharge ratio? [ESE-CE-13]
/ / 21. A 1 : 25 model of a naval ship is towed at a
A. L B. L
/ / velocity of 1.2 m/s to determine each of the two
C. L D. L
components of the total drag that may be
where L = ratio of length dimension.
experienced by the prototype. The wave-
[ESE-CE-08]
making drag of the model is duly estimated to
17. For a homologous model of a pump built to a
be 0.37 kgf. What would be the wave making
scale ratio of 1:2, fluid and speed being the
drag on the prototype ship?
same in model and prototype, the ratio of model
A. 1250 kgf B. 1875 kgf
power to prototype power is
C. 3750 kgf D. 4625 kgf
A. 1/2.82 B. 1/4
[ESE-CE-13]
C. 1/8 D. 1/32
22. A river whose discharge is 105 cumecs is to be

0
[ESE-CE-10]
studied by a 1:100 scale model in a laboratory.
18. In a 1 in 50 model of a spillway, discharge is 3
I1 The discharge required in the model is:
m3/sec. Find the corresponding discharge in the
A. 0.5 m3/s B. 10 m3/s
prototype in m3/sec.
C. 1 m3/s D. 5 m3/s
A. 1061 B. 7500
EG
[ESE-CE-13]
C. 53033 D. 375000
23. In order to estimate the energy loss in a pipeline
[ESE-CE-13]
of 1 m diameter through which kerosene of
19. A model of a boat is built to a scale of 1/100. It
specific gravity 0.80 and dynamic viscosity
experiences a resistance of 0.10 N when
0.02 poise is to be transported at the rate of 2
N

simulating a speed of 5 m/s of the prototype.

m3/s, model tests were conducted on a 0.1 m
Water is the fluid in both the cases. Neglecting
diameter pipe using water at 20°C. If the
frictional forces, corresponding resistance in
absolute viscosity of water at 20°C is
the prototype is:
1.00 × 10-2 poise, then the discharge required
A. 1000 kN B. 100 kN
for the model pipe would be
C. 10 kN D. 1 kN
[ESE-CE-13]
A. 60 l/s B. 80 l/s

20. The performance of a hydraulic structure C. 120 l/s D. 160 l/s

[ESE-CE-14]
during a flood has been investigated in a 1/25
24. A sphere is moving in water with a velocity of
model based on Froude law of similarity. A
1.6 m/s. Another sphere of twice the diameter
flood wave passing through the model in 2 hrs.
is placed in a wind tunnel and tested with air
corresponds to a prototype period of:
which is 750 times less dense and 60 times less

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Fluid Mechanics

viscous (dynamically) than water. The velocity A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
of air that will model dynamically similar individually true and Statement (II) is the
conditions is correct explanation of Statement (I)
A. 5 m/s B. 20 m/s B. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are
C. 10 m/s D. 40 m/s individually true but Statement (II) is not
[ESE-CE-15] the correct explanation of Statement (I)
25. The flow in a river is 1500 cumecs. A distorted C. Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is
model is built with horizontal scale of 1/150 false
and vertical scale of 1/25. The flow rate in the D. Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is
model should be true
A. 0.04 m3s-1 B. 0.06 m3s-1 [ESE-CE-16]
C. 0.08 m3s-1 D. 0.10 m3s-1 28. Which of the following statements are correct?
[ESE-CE-15] 1. Depression of mercury in a capillary tube is
26. An airfoil of surface area 0.1 m2 is tested for lift dependent on density and surface tension.

0
L in a wind tunnel. (Conditions can be 2. Modelling of flow-induced drag on a ship is
considered as incompressible flow). At an
I1 done invoking both of Froude number and
angle of attack of 5°, with standard air of Reynolds number.
density 1.22 kg/m3, at a speed of 30 m/sec, the 3. Flow of a fluid in a narrow pipe is relatable
EG
lift is measured to be 3.2 kg f. What is the lift to both Reynolds number and Cauchy
coefficient? For a prototype wing of area 10 m2, number.
what is the approximate lift at an air speed of 4. Formation and collapse of a soap bubble is
160 kmph at the same angle of attack of 5°? analyzed through employing surface
A. 0.572 and 700 kgf 5. tension and external pressure.
N

B. 0.603 and 700 kgf 6. Flow over the downstream slope of an ogee
C. 0.572 and 570 kgf spillway can be affected by surface tension.
D. 0.603 and 570 kgf Select the correct answer using the codes given
[ESE-CE-16] below:
27. Statement (I): Reynolds number must be the A. 1, 2 and 4 B. 1, 3 and 5
same for model and the prototype when both C. 2, 3 and 4 D. 3, 4 and 5
are tested as immersed in a subsonic flow. [ESE-CE-17]
Statement (II): A model should be 29. Which of the following factors are non-
geometrically similar to the prototype. dimensional?
1. C in Chezy’s equation
2. 11.6 as a measure of the sub-layer
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Fluid Mechanics

3. employed in comparing performance D. It runs at low speed

[ESE-CE-20]
of pumps
33. A Hydraulic press has a ram of 300 mm
4. employed in computations in pipe
diameter and a plunger of 45 mm diameter.
networks When the force applied at the plunger is 50 N,
5. used in estimating wave-making drag the weight lifted by the hydraulic press will be

Select the correct answer using the codes given nearly

below: A. 2133 N B. 2223 N

A. 2 and 5 B. 2, 4 and 5 C. 2316 N D. 2406 N

C. 1 and 5 D. 1, 3 and 4 [ESE-CE-20]

[ESE-CE-17] 34. Hydraulic efficiency of Francis turbine is

30. A 2 m wide rectangular channel carries a A. Directly proportional to velocity of whirl at
discharge of 10 m3/s. What would be the depth inlet and inversely proportional to net head on
turbine

0
of flow if the Froude number of the flow is2.0?
A. 1.72 m B. 1.36 B. Directly proportional to velocity of whirl at
C. 0.86 m I1
D. 0.68 m
[ESE-CE-18]
inlet and net head on turbine
C. Inversely proportional to velocity of whirl at
inlet and net head on turbine
31. When speed changes in case of centrifugal
EG
D. Inversely proportional to velocity of whirl at
pump, which of the following points are correct
inlet and directly proportional to net head on
1. The shape of the velocity triangle will
turbine
remain same
[ESE-CE-20]
2. Various angles will remain same
N

35. A turbine develops 7225 kW power under a

3. Magnitude of velocity will change
head of 25 m at 135 rpm. The specific speed of
proportionately
the turbine will be nearly
A. 1 and 2 only B. 1 and 3 only A. 245 rpm B. 225 rpm

C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 C. 205 rpm D. 185 rpm

[ESE-CE-20]
[ESE-CE-20]
36. Which one of the following is an example of
32. Which one of the following statement is correct
bodies where both drag and life forces are
regarding centrifugal pumps?
produced?
A. The discharge is fluctuating and pulsating
A. Hydro files
B. It is used for large discharge through smaller
B. A tall chimney exposed to wind
heads
C. Flow of water past a bridge pier
C. The efficiency is low

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Fluid Mechanics

D. Motion of aeroplane, submarines, torpedoes. [ESE-CE-20]

PREVIOUS CSE (ME) QUESTIONS

1. The drag force D on a certain object in a certain A. Reynolds number
flow is a function of the coefficient of viscosity B. Froude number
μ, the flow speed V and the body dimension L C. Mach number
(for geometrically similar objects); then D is D. Euler number
proportional to [CSE-ME-03]
4. Which one of the following statements is
A. Lμ V B.
correct?
C. μ V L D. μL/V
In a fully developed flow through a pipe
[CSE-ME-01]
A. The velocity profile is parabolic
2. A 25 model of a ship is to be tested for B. The shear stress is constant over the
estimating the wave drag. If the speed of the section

0
ship is 1 m/s, then the speed at which the model C. The pressure changes linearly with
must be tested is distance
A. 0.04m/s
C. 5.0 m/s
I1
B. 0.2 m/s
D. 25.0 m/s
D. The momentum correction factor is zero
[CSE-ME-08]
[CSE-ME-02]
EG
3. The square root of the ratio of inertia force to
gravity forceis called
PREVIOUS CSE (CE) QUESTIONS
N

1. Match List-I (Flow problem under study) with C. Mach number

List-II (Model law) and select the correct D. Reynold’s number
answer using the codes given below the lists: E. Weber’s number
List-I Codes:
1. Rise of gas bubbles in liquid 1 2 3 4
2. Flow of gas in a pipe A. c e d a
3. Flow of gas in a pipe B. d c b a
4. Flight of supersonic jet C. e b d c
List-II D. e d b c
A. Euler number [CSE–CE–94]
B. Froude number
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Fluid Mechanics

2. Assuming that the thrust T of a propeller 2. Flow through a B. Froude Number

depends on the diameter D, speed of advance butterfly valve
V, angular velocity ω, dynamic viscosity μ and
3. Rise of moisture C. Mach Number the
mass density ρ, which of the following non-
in stem of a plant.
dimensional analysis?
4. Water hammer in D. Reynolds Number
1. 2. a penstock

3. 4. E. Weber number
Codes:
Select the correct answer using the codes given
1 2 3 4
below:
A. B D E C
Codes:
B. D B C A
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 2, 3 and 4
C. B C A D
C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 1, 2 and 4
D. E A D B

0
[CSE–CE–94]
[CSE–CE–95]
3. A geometrically similar spillway model is
I1
constructed to a scale of 1 : 16. Corresponding
to a discharge of 1024 cumecs in the prototype,
6. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists:
List – I List – II
the discharge in the model (in cumecs) will be:
EG
1. Specific weight A. L/T2
A. 1 B. 12
2. Density B. F/L2
C. 16 D. 64
3. Elasticity C. F/L2
[CSE–CE–94]
4. Viscosity D. FT/L2
4. A river model is constructed to a horizontal
E. FT2/L4
N

scale of 1: 1000 and vertical scale of 1: 100. If

Codes:
the model discharge were 0.1 m3/s, then the
1 2 3 4
discharge in the river (in m3/s, would be:
A. a b c d
A. 103 B. 104
B. a b c e
C. 105 D. 106
C. b e c d
[CSE–CE–94]
D. b d c e
5. Match List-I (Fluid problems) with List-II
[CSE–CE–96]
(Model laws) and select the correct answer
7. With ‘n’ variables and ‘m’ fundamental
using the codes given below the lists:
dimensions in a system, which one of the
List-I List-II
following statements relating to the application
1. Flow over a A. Euler Number
of the Buckingham’s Pi theorem is incorrect?
spillway dam

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Fluid Mechanics

A. With experience, pi terms can be written C. Relative roughness, friction factor, sublayer
simply by inspection of variables in a flow thickness
system. D. Rate of angular deformation, velocity
B. Buckingham’s pi theorem is not directly gradient, speed in rpm.
applicable in compressible flow problem. [CSE–CE–97]
C. Buckingham’s pi theorem yields 11. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct
dimensionless pi terms given by the answer using the codes given below the lists:
difference between the number of variables List-I List-II
and the number of fundamental dimensions. a. Reynolds number 1. Gravity force
D. Buckingham’s pi theorem reduces the b. Froude number 2. Surface energy force
number of variables by the number of c. Weber number 3. Viscous force
fundamental dimensions involved. d. Mach flow 4. Shear force
[CSE–CE–96] Codes:

0
8. A hydraulic model of a spillway is constructed a b c d
with a scale 1 : 16. If the prototype discharge is A. 1 2 3 4
I1
2048 cumec, then the corresponding discharge
for which the model should be tested is:
B.
C.
1
3
2
1
4
2
3
4
EG
A. 1 cumec B. 2 cumec D. 2 1 3 4
C. 4 cumec D. 8 cumec [CSE–CE–98]
[CSE–CE–96] 12. Assertion (A): In pipe flow, the upper critical
9. Assertion (A): In distorted models the scale Reynolds number is not well defined.
ratios for the vertical and horizontal scales Reason (R): Flow changes from transition to
N

differ. full turbulence depending upon the external

Reason (R): The scale effect is noticed in the disturbance.
distorted models which may be estimated by [CSE–CE–98]
constructing models of different sizes. 13. Match List-I (Phenomenon) with List – II (Tool
[CSE–CE–96] for dynamic similarity) and select the correct
10. Which one of the following groups constitutes answer using the codes given below the lists:
a set of parameters of identical dimensions? List – I
A. Velocity potential, stream function, a. Flow in open channel
vorticity b. Flow in pipes
B. Power, torque, bending moment c. Movement of a bullet
d. Capillary flow

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Fluid Mechanics

List – II 2. Weber number is significant in a flow

1. Froude number system where viscous force dominates.
2. Reynolds number 3. Reynolds number is significant where both
3. Weber number in air gravity force and viscous force are
4. Mach number predominant.
5. Cavitation number Of these statements:
Codes: A. Only 1 is correct
a b c d B. 1 and 2 are correct
A. 1 2 3 4 C. 2 and 3 are correct
B. 1 2 3 5 D. 1, 2 and 3 are correct
C. 2 3 4 5 [CSE–CE–99]
D. 1 2 4 3 16. Assertion (A): In dimensional analysis,
[CSE–CE–98] dimensionless numbers can be expressed as

0
14. Which one of the following statements on ratios of forces acting on a system.
similitude is correct? Reason (R): In dimensional analysis, Mach
I1
A. To achieve dynamic similarity between the
model and the prototype, there need not be
number is the ratio of inertia force to elastic
force and may be expressed as
/
with
EG
any geometric similarity
usual notations.
B. For kinematic similarity between the model
[CSE–CE–99]
and the prototype, the ratios of forces
17. Assertion(A): The lower critical Reynolds
between the model and the prototype
number for pipe flow is well defined at about
should be same
2,000 while the upper Reynolds number has
N

C. For dynamic similarity between model and

been found to exceed even 40,000.
prototype in a compressible flow system,
Reason(R): When the Reynolds number
the Weber numbers must be the same
increases above that of the lower critical value,
D. For dynamic similarity between the model
the transition tends to depend on external
and the prototype, the ratio of forces must
disturbance.
be the same.
[CSE–CE–00]
[CSE–CE–99]
18. While defining Froude number applicable to
15. Consider the following statements in relation to
channels of any shape, the length parameter
dimensionless numbers:
used is the:
1. Inertia force is always involved in the
A. hydraulic radius
expression of any dimensionless number.
B. wetted perimeter

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Fluid Mechanics

C. ratio of area to top width force

D. depth of flow C. Euler number Inertial to gravity Force
[CSE–CE–00] D. Reynolds number Inertial to pressure force
19. During a flow of 1.4 m3/s of water per 0.30 m [CSE–CE–02]
length of the spillway, a low spillway changes 23. A spillway model constructed to a scale of
the velocity of flow from 1.40 m/s on the 1:4 gives a discharge of 5 m3/s. The discharge
upstream side to 7.0 m/s on the downstream from the prototype would be:
side. The force exerted on the spillway per 0.30 A. 160 m3/s B. 640 m3/s
m length of the spillway is, nearly: C. 10 m3/s D. 20 m3/s
A. 600 N B. 2940 N [CSE–CE–02]
C. 5880 N D. 11760 N 24. A river model is made to a length scale ratio of
[CSE–CE–01] 1/100 and depth scale ratio of 1/16. A peak
20. A spillway flood discharge of 22,100 m3/s is discharge of 25,600 m3/s in the river will be

0
simulated with a model in a laboratory simulated in the model with a discharge of
provided with a pump of discharging capacity A. 10 cumec B. 4 cumec
I1
1.25 m3/s. A flood event lasting 12 hours
simulated in the laboratory model will take:
C. 1.6 cumec D. 0.64 cumec

[CSE–CE–02]
EG
A. 0.24 hours B. 1.7 hours
C. 4.5 hours D. 84.85 hours 25. μ, p and K are the dynamic viscosity, density
[CSE–CE–01] and bulk modulus of elasticity and suffix r
21. Which one of the following is the model scale represents the ratio of model to prototype; and
for a situation where both viscous and gravity model testing is to be done for the design of a
N

forces are predominant, if kinematic viscosity supersonic aircraft. The length scale ratio, Lr
of model and prototype fluids are 0.9 stokes and (model to prototype) for the similitude
7.2 stokes. respectively? conditions to prevail should be:

A. B. r r
√
Kr  r Kr /  r
A. B.
C. D.
[CSE–CE–01] r Kr r K r r
C. D.
r
22. Which of the following pairs is correctly
[CSE–CE–03]
matched?
26. Fan operating at n = 1800 rpm and a volume
A. Froude’s number Inertial to surface
flow rate of 4.5 m3/s develops a head of 15 cm,
tension force
measured on a U-tube manometer filled with
B. Mach number Inertial to elastic
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Fluid Mechanics

water. For a geometrically similar fan that will A. 0.132 kg/cm2 B. 0.118 kg/cm2
produce the same head at the same efficiency, C. 0.084 kg/cm2 D. 0.064 kg/cm2
but at a speed of n = 1200 rpm, the flow rate [CSE–CE–09]
will be: 29. Which one of the following is a dimensionally
A. 10.12 m3/s B. 6.75 m3/s homogenous equation with no additional
C. 15.18 m3/s D. 8.27 m3/s attributes called for?
[CSE–CE–04] ⁄ ⁄
A. ∨ = .R S B. ∨ = C√RS
27. In a tidal model, the horizontal ratio adopted is √
C. ρ = D. N = ⁄
1 in 4800. A 12-hour tide is intended to be
[CSE–CE–09]
reproduced in the model in 3 minutes. What
30. A geometrically similar hydraulic model of a
should be the depth scale?
spillway has been constructed on a scale of
A. 1/200 B. 1/300
1 : 16 if the prototype discharge is 2,048 m3/s,
C. 1/400 D. 1/600

0
[CSE–CE–06]
what would be the discharge in the model?

28. The pressure at the nose of a 1/5 scale model A. 1 m3/s B. 2 m3/s
I1
torpedo tested in freshwater at 12.3 m/s is 1.64
kg/cm2 greater than the free stream pressure
C. 4 m3/s D. 8 m3/s

[CSE–CE–10]
EG
upstream of the torpedo nose. What would be
the pressure on the nose of the prototype
torpedo operated in seawater above the local
free stream pressure upstream of its nose?
(Specific gravity of seawater is 1.025, with its
N

dynamic viscosity being the same as of

freshwater.) (Reynolds’ condition prevails.)

11. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS - ANSWERS

::: PREVIOUS GATE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. C 3. * 4. * 5. * 6. A

3. 22.00 to 22.50 4. 19.9 to 20.1 5. 21.90 to 22.20

::: PREVIOUS GATE (CE) ANSWERS :::

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Fluid Mechanics

1. A 2. * 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. D

11. B 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. A 16. C 17. * 18. * 19. * 20. *

2. 1.5 17. 0.06045 18. 0.8925 m /s, 8.4 m/s 19. 0.05 to 0.06 20. 0.15 to 0.25

::: PREVIOUS XE/CH/PI/AE/MT ANSWERS :::

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. C 10. D

11. * 12. * 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. D 17. * 18. * 19. C 20. *

21. A 22. D 23. * 24. B 25. B 26. *

0
11. 0.5 12. 47.89 17. 1.333 18. 4 20. 41.4
23. 2 26. 79.60 to 79.90
I1
::: PREVIOUS ESE (ME) ANSWERS :::
EG
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. D
11. C 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. B
21. D 22. D 23. D 24. D 25. D 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. B 30. C
31. C 32. C 33. C 34. A 35. B 36. A 37. B 38. A 39. A 40. D
N

41. B 42. C

::: PREVIOUS ESE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. C 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C
11. A 12. A 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. C 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. C
21. - 22. C 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. A 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. A
31. B 32. B 33. B 34. A 35. C 36. D

::: PREVIOUS CSE (ME) ANSWERS :::

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A
4. 4A

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Fluid Mechanics

::: PREVIOUS CSE (CE) ANSWERS :::

1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. D

11. C 12. D 13. D 14. D 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. B

21. B 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. B

0
I1
EG
N

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