SCIENCE

(1) GASES At the same temperature, all gases have the same kinetic
energy. Therefore, for any two gases at a given
Properties: temperature,
 Have no definite shape and volume. They will fill
any container KE1= KE2
 Gases diffuse readily, and two gases will mix m1v1 = m2v2
completely when combined
 Can be compressed readily Based on the equations, lighter gas molecules will have a
 Have much lower densities than liquids and greater velocity than heavy ones. Expressing the kinetic
solids energy equation for the gas particles, with MM as the
mass,
Kinetic Molecular Theory
1 1
- Kinetic—motion KE = mv2 = MMv2
2 2
- A molecule will collide with any object in its path.
When it collides, it bounces away in another Two different gases at the same temperature must have
direction. the same kinetic energy. Therefore,
Principal Assumptions:
 Gases consist of very tiny particles. The distance MM1v12 = MM2v22
between these molecules is larger than the size
of the molecules themselves. Therefore, the GAS LAWS
volume occupied by a gas is assumed to be
mostly empty space. (A) Graham’s Law of Effusion
 No force of attraction between and among gas
molecules. - Thomas Graham—best known for his studies on
 Gas molecules are in constant, random, and diffusion of gases
straight line motion. They collide frequently with - States that “the rates of effusion (v) of two gases
one another and with the walls of the container. at the same temperature and pressure are
No energy is lost during collisions. inversely proportional to the square of their
 The average kinetic energy for molecules is the densities (ρ) or molar mass (MM).”
same for all gases at the same temperature, and Formula:
its value is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature. 𝑣1 𝑀𝑀2 𝜌2
𝑣2
= √𝑀𝑀1 = √𝜌1
 Diffusion – ability of two or more gases to mix
spontaneously until they form a uniform mixture Ex: How fast is the rate of effusion of H2 compared to that
 Effusion – gas molecules pass through a very of O2?
small opening from a container at a very high Sol’n:
pressure to one at a lower pressure. 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 32𝑔
=√ = √16 = 4
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2 2𝑔
Formula:
1
KE = 2mv2 Therefore, hydrogen effuses four times faster than
Where: oxygen.
KE = Kinetic Energy
m = mass Pressure
v = velocity - Defined as force per unit area
- Gases in atmosphere exert atmospheric pressure
- Torr—introduced to represent each millimeter
of mercury (Evangelista Torricelli)
(B) Boyle’s Law (D) Gay-Lussac’s Law

- Robert Boyle—first observed the relationship - Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac—proposed the

between the pressure and volume of a gas relationship between temperature and pressure
- States that “there is an inverse relationship - States that “the pressure is directly proportional
between the pressure exerted on a quantity of to the Kelvin temperature at constant volume”
gas and its volume if the temperature is held Formula:
constant” 𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

Formula: Ex: A sample of gas at 21oC has a pressure of 1.4atm.

P1V1 = P2V2 Calculate the final pressure (in atm) if the temperature is
changed to 54oC at constant volume.
When the volume of the gas decreases, the rate at which Given:
gas molecules collide increases, and the pressure shoots P1 = 1.4atm P2 = ?
up. T1 = 21 C + 273 = 294K T2 = 54oC + 273 = 327K
o

Sol’n:
𝑃1𝑇2 (1.4𝑎𝑡𝑚)(327𝐾)
Ex: A sample of gas occupies a volume of 145ml at P2 = 𝑇1
= 294𝐾
= 1.6atm
560torr and 20oC. Calculate the new pressure if its
volume is increased to 290ml at constant temperature.
Given:
V1 = 145ml P1 = 560torr (E) Combined Gas Law
V2 = 290ml P2 = ?
Sol’n: Formula:
𝑃1𝑉1 (560𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟)(145𝑚𝑙) 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
P2 = = = 280torr 𝑇1
= 𝑇2
𝑉2 290𝑚𝑙

(C) Charles’s Law Ex: A sample gas occupies a volume of 2.40L at 685mm
Hg and 130oC. What would the pressure be (in mm Hg) if
- Jacques Charles—observed the effect of the volume and temperature were increased to 5.00L
temperature on the volume and gas and 210oC, respectively?
- States that “at constant pressure, the volume of Given:
a gas is directly proportional to its absolute V1 = 2.40L
temperature” V2 = 5.00L
Formula: T1 = 130oC + 273 = 403K
𝑉1 𝑉2
= T2 = 210oC + 273 = 483K
𝑇1 𝑇2 P1 = 685mm Hg
P2 = ?
NOTE: Temperature should be expressed in Kelvin Sol’n:
(+273) 𝑃1𝑉1𝑇1
P2 =
𝑉2𝑇1
(685𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔)(2.40𝐿)(483𝐾)
Ex: Three liters of hydrogen at -20oC is allowed to warm = (5.00𝐿)(403𝐾)
up to 27oC. What is the volume at this temperature if the = 394 mm Hg
pressure remains constant?
Given: (E) Avogadro’s Law
T1 = -20oC + 273 = 253K - Amedeo Avogrado
T2 = 27oC + 273 = 300K - “At constant temperature and pressure, the
V1 = 3L volume of a gas is directly proportional to the
V2 = ? number of moles of the gas present”
Sol’n: Formula:
𝑉1𝑇2 (3𝐿)(300𝐾)
V2 = = = 3.56L 𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑇1 253𝐾
𝑛1
= 𝑛2