DECEMBER 13, 2018

PROJECT REPORT
ANALOG ELETRONICS-I

AIR UNIVERSITY
BEET-3B
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A third semester project report presented to

AIR UNIVERSITY

Project title:

RAIN DETECTOR
ALARM CIRCUIT

SUBMITTED BY:

MANNAHEL IFTIKHAR (170860)

SYEDA AYESHA (170848)

RIMSHA NOREEN (1700857)

SUBMITTED TO:

INSTRUCTOR MA’AM ANUM ZARHA

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………..1

1.1. Rain detector block diagram

1.2. Block description
1.3 table of components

2. Literature review………………………………………………2

2.1 Water is a basic need in every one’s life…

2.2 With the help of saving…
2.3 Rain water detector will detect…
2.4 Applications

3. Design procedure………………………………………………3

3.1. schematics
3.2. PCB layout

4. Design details…………………………………………………….4

4.1 working

5. Conclusion/summary…………………………………………..5
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WORK DIVISION

Mannahel Iftikhar: First half of the report. (participated in making the project)

Rimsha Noreen: second half of the report. (participated in making the project)

Syeda Ayesha: PCB, figure ,table and components. Summary (participated in

making the project)

PROJECT COST

• BJTS………………………… 200/-
• Capacitors………………..50/-
• PCB board………………..150/-
• Resistors…………………..50/-
• Battery……………………..30/-
• Buzzer……………………….50/-
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1. INTRODUCTION
This is a simple project to detect rain instantly,accurately and quickly
This circuit is very useful to close your window doors and can manage
your outside setting before heavy rain. This low cost circuit consumes only
less power. Initially it consumes no current when the sensor is dry. Same
circuit can be used for different applications such as tank overflow
indicator and water level indicator circuit. This DIY electronic project rain
alarm circuit will give you an indication of rain with the help of a buzzer.
Detect rain and save some water or use it for different applications in
different fields such as home automation, automobiles and irrigation field.

1.1.Rain Detector Block Diagram:

1.2. Block Description:

Rain Detecting Window: Place the rain sensor according to your application. Rain
sensor will detect the rain and complete the circuit.

Rain Sensing Circuit: This simple low cost circuit contains only one BC 547 transistor
and resistor R1 (10kohm) and two capacitors (1.1 uF).
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Connector: Output (Vcc, Out, Gnd) from the circuit can be taken through the
connector.

1.3 Table of components:

Component Value Quantity

Bipolar junction transistor NPN BC547 2

Resistor 10k ohm 1

capacitor 1.1uF 2

Battery 9V 1

Probe Copper 1

Buzzer - 1
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Rain Alarm Project is a simple but very useful project that detects Rain (Rain Water)
and automatically triggers an alarm or buzzer.

2.1 Water is a basic need in every one’s life. Saving water and proper usage of
water is very important. Here is an easy project which will give the alarm when there
is rain, so that we can make some actions for rain water harvesting and also save
the rain water for using it later.

2.2 With the help of saving this rain water through rain water harvesting, we can
increase the levels of underground water by using underwater recharge technique.

2.3 Rain water detector will detect the rain and make an alert; rain water detector
is used in the irrigation field, home automation, communication, automobiles etc.
Here is the simple and reliable circuit of rain water detector which can be constructed
at low cost.

2.4 Applications of Rain Alarm Project:

1. In the irrigation, it will detect the rain and immediately alert the farmer.

2. In automobiles, when the rain detector detects the rain it will immediately active
the wipers and inform to the driver.

3. In communications, it will boost the power of the antenna and increase the signal
strength to send or receive the

signals.

4. In normal house hold, with the help of rain water detector we can automatically
save the rain water. (This can be done

only when home automation is done and equipment to save the rain water. In this,
rain water detector will detect the

rain and helps to switch ON the equipment which will automatically save rain water
for different purposes).

5. This can also be used if there is a chemical rain also. This is very common in
industrial areas.
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3. Design procedure
3.1 schematics of the circuit:

3.2 PCB layout of the circuit:

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4.Design details
4.1.WORKING:
CASE 1:

When rain falls on the probe, the circuit which was open before now become
closed. This is due to the formation of conduction path caused by water. As
soon as this happens:

1. Current starts flowing at the base of the transistor 1 which causes it to turn
on.

2. Now since transistor 1 is on, it acts as a close switch between collector and
emitter. And current starts flowing through the collector and then emitter of
transistor 1 to the base of transistor 2.

3. This flow of current to the base of transistor 2 turns it on.

4. Now since transistor 2 is also on, it acts as a close switch between it’s
collector and emitter terminal. And current starts flowing through the Battery to
the Buzzer and then from Collector terminal to emitter terminal to Ground
finally. Since current flows through the Buzzer, it produces sound thus
indicating the presence of water droplets or rain.

CASE 2:

In the absence of rain or water droplets on probe , circuit remains open between
resistor and positive terminal of the battery. This is due to the absence of
conduction path . As soon as this happens:

1. No Current flows to the base of the transistor 1 and it remains off.

2. Now since transistor 1 is off, it acts as an open switch between collector and
emitter. And current does not flow through the collector and then emitter of
transistor 1 to the base of transistor 2.

3. As no current flows to the base of transistor 2, it remains off.

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4. Now since transistor 2 is also off, it acts as an open switch between it’s
collector and emitter terminal. And no current flows from the Battery to the
Buzzer. Since current does not flows through the Buzzer, it produces no sound
thus indicating the absence of water droplets or rain.

5. SUMMARY
Water is a conductor of electricity. When water is in contact with the probe
then there is a flow of current toward the base of NPN transistor (BC547),
which conducts. With the conduction of NPN transistor, electron reaches
to Q2, which is a NPN transistor (BC547) also conducts and current flows
through the buzzer. In a buzzer there is inductive coil which causes motion
in one direction and after that produces induce current, which is in
opposite direction to the flow of current this induced current in the form of
pulse, flows through a capacitor, resistance and makes 1st transistor
BC547 off for an inter-well and after-that it relaxes to previous state. This
process repeats again and again till probe is in contact with water and an
oscillation is created in the circuit. Buzzer diaphragm vibrates and gives a
tone. Frequency of the circuit depends on the value of Coil impendence,
Capacitor and Resistance Value.