INDEX

GRAMMAR

Present Simple and Continuous 3

Past Simple and Continuous 4-5

Past Continuous Connectors 6-7

Quantifiers (Much-many-some-any/a few/ a little/ a lot) 8-9

Articles (Definite and Indefinite) 11-13

Verb Patterns (Verb + Inf/ Verb + ing) 14-16

Future Forms (Going to-Will-Present Continuous) 17-18

What…like? Vs How…? 19-20

Comparatives and Superlatives (As…as) 21-22

Modal Verbs 23-27

Past Perfect 28-29

Present Perfect Continuous 30-31

Conjunctions 32-33

Passive Voice 34-37

Conditionals Type 1 and 2 38-39

VOCABULARY

Verbs of similar meaning 40-43

Prepositions 44-47

1
Collocations 48-50

Adverbs 51-54

Word Endings (Jobs) 55-57

Word Building 58-59

Adjectives to express feelings 60-61

Expressions with Such/So 62-63

Synonyms and Antonyms 64-65

Question Tags 66-68

Adjective + Preposition 69

Verb + Preposition 70

Preposition + Noun 71

Phrasal Verbs (Literal) 72

Phrasal Verbs (Idiomatic) 73

Semantics, Syntax and Pragmatics 74-76

Brainstorming (Writing Technique) 77-79

APPENDIX

Irregular Verbs List 80-83

[Una idea original de: Roxana Anahí Areán]

Profesora y Traductora Técnico Científica Literaria en inglés

Directora Académica y Coordinadora del Instituto de inglés Dream On- English Learning Centre.

© 2017 Titular de derechos de la imagen de portada

© 2017 Titular de los derechos de autor, de edición y distribución: Dream On- English Learning
Centre.

Queda prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de este documento sin la autorización expresa
de su autora. Toda forma de utilización no autorizada será perseguida con lo establecido en la
ley federal del derecho de autor. Derechos Reservados Conforme a la ley ©

2
There are occasions in which we need the use of both
in a single sentence, for example in cases in which we
want to compare what we usually do and what we are
doing at the moment of speaking.

Examples:

o I sometimes drive to school but today I’m taking

the bus because the car is in the garage.

o We usually work at home. However, we’re

working in a café with our notebooks today.

o Sheila’s drinking a coffee at the moment although

she hardly ever drinks coffee.

3
As we said in the previous course, the use of past
simple is to talk about a finished action, activity or
event. The past continuous tense is very similar to the
Present Continuous tense but it is used to talk about
activities that were happening or taking place in the
past.

o The past continuous expresses activities in

progress.
o When combined with the simple past it gives the
idea of something in progress interrupted by a
simple past action.

I was getting dressed when you called me.

We were playing tennis when it started to rain.

o In stories, the past continuous is also used to

describe the scene while the past only tells the
action.

4
It was a beautiful night. The moon was shining and
the people were talking…

How do we form the tense?

Affirmative and negative sentences begin with the
subject followed by was/ were + a gerund (infinitive
+ ing).

The rules for gerunds in simple present are the same

for the past tense.

He was watching a film…

We were trying to sleep…

5
When combining these two tenses, we usually use
connectors to indicate contrast. The most common
ones are: when, while and and.

It is often used to introduce a

simple past action. It can be at the beginning of the
sentence or in the middle. The rest of the sentence is
expected to be in Past Continuous.

Examples:

When I got into the class, the students were shouting.

I was cooking dinner when my friends arrived home.

It is often used to introduce an

action in progress. It can be at the beginning or in the
middle of the sentence. The rest of the sentence is
expected to be in Simple Past.

Examples:

6
While I was studying, I fell asleep.

I lost my watch while I was running in the park.

The use of and is generally used to

indicate that both actions happen at the same time.

Examples:

I went to the cinema and bought and popcorn.

She was doing her homework and talking to her son.

7
To understand how much and many work, it is
important to know the difference between countable
and uncountable nouns.

o Countable nouns can be singular or plural. We

can count, for example, cups, trees, books,
children, apples, glasses, etc.

o We cannot count or say musics, moneys, waters,

sugars, salts, breads, etc. because they are
uncountable. They are used only in singular:
music, money, water, sugar, salt, bread. (There
are exceptions as usually in English)

So…

We use much with uncountable nouns in

questions and negatives.

o How much money do you need?

o There isn’t much bread for dinner.

8
 Notice that uncountable nouns when are used with the
verb there be is used with the singular form There
is/isn’t . They are never used with the plural form because
we cannot count them! There are some milk. There’s
some milk.

Many is used with plural countable nouns in

questions and negatives.

o How many people came to the party?

o There aren’t many tomatoes left for the salad.

Some is used in affirmative sentences with

uncountable nouns and with plural countable nouns:

o There are some new books on the shelf to read

tonight. (books: countable plural noun)
o I’d like some green tea. Could I please have one?
(tea: uncountable noun)

9
Any is used in negative and interrogative sentences

with uncountable nouns and with countable plural

nouns:

o Is there any sugar in this coffee?

o Are there any places we can visit this weekend?

Some drinks are considered both, countable and

uncountable. For example: coffee, tea, ice cream, beer, etc. It
will depend on the context and on how it is used.

We use a few with countable nouns:

o There are a few onions in the fridge.

We use a little with uncountable nouns:

o What do you need? I have a little time.

We use a lot of/ lots of with both countable

and uncountable nouns:

o There’s a lot of cheese here.

o There are a lot of oranges and pears.

10
The indefinite article a/an is used with singular,

countable nouns to refer or an idea for the first time.

o I have a dog. His name is Fred.

o She’s got a boyfriend. His name is Frank.

It can be used…

o With professions:

She’s an artist. She paints pictures.

o With some expressions of quantity:

A little A pair of A couple of A few

o With some expressions of frequency:

once a week twice a month

o In exclamations with what + a count noun:

What a beautiful girl!

11
 What a lovely day!

The definite article the is used with singular and

plural, countable and uncountable nouns when both

the writer and the reader know the thing or the idea
mentioned.

o We have to see the film! It’s beautiful!

(They both know which film is)

o Did you read the book I lent you the other day?
(It’s not any book, it’s a particular book)

It is used…

o Before seas, rivers, hotels, museums, theatres,

pubs and newspapers:

The British Museum

The Times

The Pacific Ocean

12
 o If there’s only one of something:

The sun

The Queen

The President

o With superlative adjectives:

She’s the youngest person in the meeting.

We’re the most intelligent students in the class.

NO ARTICLE is used…
o Before plural nouns when talking about things in
general:
Love is the most important thing in a family.
People are very moody, sometimes.

o Before countries, cities, streets, languages,

airports, stations, magazines and mountains:
I learnt French when I was young.
I arrived at Victoria Station at 9 a.m.

13
 Verb +infinitive
Decide to: We’ve have decided to marry next year.
Forget to: I forgot to lock the door.
Learn to: She learned to drive last year.
Need to: I need to go to the toilet, please.
Hope to: I hope to earn more next year!
Plan to: We’re planning to travel to Europe soon.
Promise to: Do you promise me to call me?
Pretend to: Tom pretended to be ill but he wasn’t.
*Remember to: Will you remember to feed the
dogs?

Start to: I started to learn Italian last year.

Offer to: She offered to take me home.
Want to: We want to buy a new car.
*Try to: She tried to learn English but she couldn’t.

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Would like to/ love to: I would like to travel
the world.

Choose to: He chose to buy a new suit.

Manage to: We finally managed to solve the
problem.

Verb + -ing
Enjoy: He enjoys playing the guitar.
Finish: He will finish correcting his essay in an
hour.

Hate: I hate being so stupid!

Like: We like going shopping.
Love: Sarah loves learning languages.
Spend (time): He spends hours listening to
music.

*Start: He started learning piano this year.

Stop: I can’t stop smoking!

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 *Start can be used with both the infinitive and
verb + -ing with no difference in meaning. But start + -
ing is more common when we talk about habits or
longer activities.
I started learning English 6 years ago.
It started to rain/ It started raining.
*Try and remember can also be used with –ing but
the meaning changes.
- Why don’t you try going abroad? (experiment, do
Sth to see if you like it)
- She remembers having long conversations with
him (have a memory of it)

16
 Going to
It is used:
o To express a future decision, intention or plan
made before the moment of speaking.
We’re going to Madrid next year!

o When we can see or feel that something is about

to happen in the future.
Be careful! You’re going to fall off your bike!

Subject + Verb To be + Going to + Infinitive verb

Will
It is used:
o To express a future intention made at the
moment of speaking.
Today it’s John’s birthday. I’ll buy him a present!

o To express an offer:

17
 I’ll take those bags for you.
o To express a future fact or a prediction. (The
speaker thinks it is sure to happen)
Weǯll have a wonderful time tomorrow.

Will is used with ALL pronouns.

Subject + Will/Won’t+ infinitive verb

Present continuous
The present continuous for the future is used:
o To express a planned future arrangement.
I’m having a party tonight!

o With the verbs go and come.

She’s coming for dinner.
We’re going on holiday.

She’s going to come/ We’re going to go.

Also common with verbs meet, see, leave and arrive

The present continuous form is very common with

the expressions tomorrow, this weekend, tonight.
Sometimes there is little or no difference between
going to and the present continuous to express a
future arrangement.

18
What like means Describe somebody
or something. Tell me about it
Examples:
o What’s your sister like? She’s very kind,
responsible and hard worker.

o What’s Rio de Janeiro like? It’s wonderful. The

beaches are great and the people are amazing
too!

o What’s the restaurant like? It’s great. The food is

delicious and the waiters are very kind.

Form: what + to be + subject + like?

Like in the question is a preposition NOT a verb.

19
How means Tell me about the person’s
health, his/her life . It does not ask for a description.
Examples:
o How’s your mother? She’s very well, thanks.

o How’s your brother? He’s very busy with his job.

o How are your parents? They’re very happy with

their new home!

Form: How + to be + subject?

20
This topic was explained in the Elementary level.
In this section, we will do a short revision and will add
the form: As….as .
o We use comparative adjectives to compare one
thing or person to another.

Italy is smaller than France.

Tom is taller than Fred.
Tina is more intelligent than me.

o We use superlative adjectives to compare a

thing or a person with their entire group.

She’s the most beautiful in the class.

Marta is the oldest person in the family.
London is the most amazing city I’ve ever been.

o As… as shows that something is the same or

equal.

Tom is as intelligent as my son!

Rome is as fantastic as Paris.
The new teacher is as good as the old one.

21
 o You can also use the negative form Not as….as
to show that something is not equal or the same.

This film by Tarantino is not as good as the

others.

Mark is not as smart as his brother.

My daughter is not as tall as me.

Start including this new form of comparison in

your writings and they will be more interesting! 

22
 Characteristics
o They are auxiliary verbs and go with another verb
to add meaning.
I must study hard for the exam!

o All verbs after modals go in their infinitive form

without to . There is no s in 3rd person
singular.
He should go to school today.

o Most modal verbs refer to the present and future.

Only can has the past form could .

o Must expresses strong obligation. This generally

comes from inside the speaker.

I must study hard for the test (I think it is

necessary)

23
o Must also expresses a strong suggestion.
You must see a doctor!

o The negative form does not mean the opposite.

Mustn’t is used to express prohibition or strong
advice when something is wrong.

You mustnǯt smoke in here. (It’s prohibited/

forbidden)

Shh! You mustnǯt speak here. It’s a hospital.

(You should be silent)

o Should expresses weak obligation or advice. It is

used to express what the speaker thinks is best.

24
 I should do more exercise (my opinion)
You should work less hours (my advice)

o Shouldn’t expresses negative advice.

You shouldnǯt smoke so much! It’s bad for your

health.

o Should can also express the opinion of the

speaker when introduced by I think… or I don’t
think…

I think you should give up your job,

I donǯt think you should go out tonight.

o Can and Could are also considered modal verbs.

They are used to express possibility.

I can help you with the task, if you want.

25
 o Could is used as the past form of can or to show
that something is possible in the future.

You could play football two or three times a week

when you were young. (A past habit)

If we study hard for the final test, then we could

celebrate with our friends. (Future action)

o Can’t (=cannot) and Couldn’t are used to show

that something is impossible.

That canǯt be true. You’re lying!

This couldnǯt be more difficult!

Remember that Can and Could are also used

for ability and permission. (Elementary level)

o Have to is considered a Semi modal because it

can also function as a main verb and is the only

26
 one followed by to before the infinitive. Besides,
it has two forms: Has to and have to.

o It expresses strong obligation coming from the

outside : a law, a rule at school or work, any
authority, etc.

You have to wear your uniform every day for

school.

He has to pass his driving test if he wants to drive

a car.

o The negative form expresses an absence of

obligation (it isn’t necessary to do something).
= don’t/ doesn’t need to

You donǯt have to buy more food. I have enough for

us.

She doesnǯt have to work tomorrow. It’s Sunday!

27
When do we use Past Perfect?
o We use past perfect to talk about an action in
the past that happened before another action in
the past.

Example:

When Peter arrived home, his wife had already

started to cook.

PAST PRESENT

His wife started to cook Peter arrived

8 p.m 9 p.m

o The past perfect is usually used in combination

with the Past Simple. The past simple is used to
indicate the last action.

28
Another example:
It had finished raining when Tom arrived at school.

PAST PRESENT

It finished raining Tom arrived at school

07 a.m 07.30 a.m

o You can also use the adverbs used in Present

Perfect tense such as already , just , yet .

How do we form the past perfect tense?

Subject + had/ had not + participle (3rd column)

My sister had not recognized me. (= hadn’t)

They had bought a lot of food for the weekend. (=’d)

29
 When do we use the Present
Perfect Continuous?
o It is used to express an activity that started in the
past and continues to the present (in this case it
is similar to present perfect).

Sheǯs been working in the bank for 5 years.

o To refer to an activity with a result in the present.

I’m angry because Iǯve been arguing with my boss.

Sometimes there is very little difference between the

present perfect simple and continuous but there are cases in
which we cannot use the present perfect continuous.

o Some verbs give the idea of a long time such as:

wait, work, learn, travel, play. This means that
they are often found in present simple
continuous (but also in present perfect simple)

30
 We’ve been swimming for hours.
They’ve been playing tennis for more than an
hour.
I’ve been learning Italian for 3 years.

o Other verbs don’t give the idea of a long time

and they are rarely used in present perfect
continuous. Verbs such as find, start, buy, die,
lose, break, stop.

I’ve lost my keys. Not: I’ve been losing my keys.

My cat has died recently. Not: My cat has been

dying recently.

My brother has found a wallet on the street.

Not: My brother has been finding a wallet on the
street.

How do we form the present

continuous tense?

Subject + have/ has + been+ verb (+ing)

31
In the Elementary level we have seen an introduction
of conjunctions and their functions. Now, we will see
different kinds of conjunctions with examples and
explanation of their use:

o SO is a conjunction of result.

It was a very hot and sunny day, so we decided to go

to the beach.

o BUT and ALTHOUGH are conjunctions

that join contrasting ideas.

Although my sister and I are very different, we get on

very well together.

I love living in the city but sometimes miss the

countryside where I grew up.

o BECAUSE indicates reason.

32
I love Indian food because it reminds me of my
grandmother. She used to cook Indian food on
Sundays.

o WHEN, WHILE, AS SOON AS,

AFTER, BEFORE, AS and UNTIL
are conjunctions of time.

-When I arrived home, my dog was waiting for me.

-My mother was cooking while I was listening to 00

-As soon as I finished my homework, I went out for a

walk.

-We couldn’t sleep until our son arrived home.

-As we running in the park, he lost his watch. (=while)

-He started to eat before I finished my job.

-She started feeling sick after eating too much in the

party.

33
 What do we call Passive
Voice?
We generally use Active Voice, which is when the
subject does the action. Example: Tom repairs cars.
Tom (the subject) goes at the beginning, followed by
the verb (repairs) and the direct object (cars). This is
the order we are used to.

Passive voice is when the object takes the role of the

subject and the subject takes the role of the object.
Example: Cars are repaired (by Tom). The subject can
sometimes be omitted (if it is not important) or
replaced by an object pronoun (by him) if the person
has already been introduced.

Of course some changes in grammar need to be made

to form the passive voice.

34
 When do we use it?

We use Passive Voice when we want to emphasize

the action (verb) instead of the subject (person). This
is because it is more important what the action or
event is rather than who the doer or subject is. It is
also used when we don’t know the subject.

How do we form the Passive Voice?

It is formed with the verb to be in the same tense of
the active sentence and the past participle verb (3rd
column or –ed).

Examples:

Present Simple
Active Passive
Robert paints pictures. Pictures are painted by
Robert (by him).
Carol sends emails every day. Emails are sent by Carol (by
her) every day.
We read a book every day. A book is read by us every
day.

35
 Notice that when the verb in the active voice is in simple
present (paints, sends, read), the verb to be is in simple
present in the passive voice too. (is-are-am)

Past Simple
Active Passive
They found a dog on the A dog was found (by them)
street. on the street.
Erica wrote a letter A letter was written (by
yesterday. Erica) yesterday.
I made a big birthday cake A big birthday cake was
for John. made (by me) for John.

Notice that when the verb in the active voice is in simple

past (found, wrote, made), the verb to be is in simple past in
the passive voice too. (was-were)

Present Perfect
Active Passive
My husband has painted the The house has been painted
house recently. by my husband (by him)
recently.
We’ve already done our Our homework has already
homework. been done.
I’ve just prepared dinner. Dinner has just been
prepared.

36
 Notice that when the verb in the active voice is in past
participle (painted, done, prepared), the verb to be is in past
participle in the passive voice too (been).

Future Will
Active Passive
We’ll tidy the house The house will be tidied
tomorrow. tomorrow (by us).
Michael will accept the new The new job will be accepted
job. by Michael (by him)
I’ll send you a present for A present for your birthday
your birthday. will be sent to you.

Notice that when the verb in the active voice is in

infinitive (tidy, accept, send), the verb to be is in infinitive in
the passive voice too (be).

Summary
Am/is/are

Was/were + -ed (or irregular participle

Has/have been 3rd column)

Will be

37
Conditionals are used to express that the action in the
main clause (without if) can take place if a certain
condition is fulfilled.

There are three types of conditional sentences, but

we’re going to see only the 1st and 2nd case in this
instance.

It is used when the situation is real and very likely to

happen.

It is formed with
If in the conditional clause + present simple tense
and will + infinitive in the main clause (without If)

Examples:

If I pass the exam, I’ll celebrate with my family.

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

I’ll get fat, If I eat too much.

38
Main clause (result) If clause (condition)

It is possible but not very likely to happen. It is a

desire, an imaginary or hypothetical situation rather
than a real one.

It is formed with
If in the conditional clause + past simple tense and
would (Ǯd) + infinitive in the main clause (without If)

Examples:

If I found money on the street, I would give it back.

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

We would travel the world if we had more money.

Main clause (result) If clause (condition)

For 2nd conditional sentences, when you use verb To

be with pronouns I, she, he, it, it is more common to use
were instead of was. Example: If I were millionaire…. Not:
If I was…

39
1. Speak and talk

To speak is:
o To say something in more serious or formal
situations and lectures: Mrs Clinton is going to
speak to us about climate change today.
o To refer to someone’s ability to speak a language:
She can speak English and German.
o To say something on the phone: Can I speak to Mr
González, please?

To talk is:
o To say something in an informal lecture: I will talk
about the difference between English accents.
o To communicate in an informal situation: I want
to talk to you.

40
2. Say and tell
To say is:

o To report someone’s words: What did she say?

o To ask about how to use a language: How do you
say árbol in English?

To tell is:

o To instruct: Tell her to stop talking.

o To narrate: He’s telling the truth.

3. Do and make

To do is:

o To carry out activities or tasks: He is doing his

homework.

To make is:

o To cause to happen: You’re making me angry.

o To create or build something: Don’t forget to make
the cake for my birthday.

41
4. Meet and know

To meet is:

o To come into contact with someone: He met her

boyfriend at school.
o To be introduced to someone: Let’s meet my
parents.
o To arrange to see someone: Why don’t we meet at
the bus stop?

To know is:

o To be familiar with someone: I’ve known Susie

since we were children.
o To understand a fact, truth or places: I know a lot
about history.

5. Lend and borrow

To lend is:

o To give a loan: I can lend you $50, not $100.

To borrow is:

o To take a loan: Can I borrow your car, please?

42
6. Spend and waste

To spend is:

o To pay out: I spent a lot of money in the shop.

o To pass the time: I love spending time with my
family at weekends.

To waste is:

o To use something in an unproductive or useless

way: Don’t waste time with that kind of people!
They only make you feel sick.

43
Preposition
Explanations Example
of time
 Many shops don't
 days
open on Sundays.
 weekend (American
on  What did you do on the
English)
weekend?

 I visited
Italy in July, in spring, in 1
 months / seasons / year
994
 morning / evening /
 In the evenings, I like to
in afternoon
relax.
 period of time
 This is the first cigarette
I've had in three years.

 It gets cold at night.

 night  What did you do at the
 weekend (British English) weekend?
at  used to show an exact or a  There's a meeting at 2.30
particular time: this afternoon / at lunch
time.

 from a particular time in  England have not won the

the past until a later time, World Cup in
since
or until now football since 1966

 used to show an amount  I'm just going to

for of time. bed for an hour or so.

 back in the past; back in  The dinosaurs died out 65

ago time from the present: million years ago.

 at or during a time earlier  She's always

before than up before dawn.

 used when saying the

time, to mean before the  It's twenty to six.
to
stated hour

44
  telling the time  five past ten
past

 until a particular time,

 It's only two weeks to
marking end of a period
to Christmas.
of time

 The museum is
 used to show the time
open from 9.30 to 6.00
from when something starts
Tuesday to Sunday.

 We waited till / until half

 up to (the time that)
till / until past six for you.

 not later than; at or  She had promised to be

by before back by five o'clock.

English Usage Example

 in  room, building, street, town, country  in the kitchen, in

 book, paper etc. London
 car, taxi  in the book
 picture, world  in the car, in a taxi
 in the picture, in the
world

 at  meaning next to, by an object  at the door, at the

 for table station
 for events  at the table
 place where you are to do something  at a concert, at the
typical (watch a film, study, work) party
 at the cinema, at
school, at work

 on  attached  the picture on the wall

 for a place with a river  London lies on the
 being on a surface Thames.
 for a certain side (left, right)  on the table
 for a floor in a house  on the left

45
 English Usage Example

 for public transport  on the first floor

 for television, radio  on the bus, on a plane
 on TV, on the radio

 by, next to,  left or right of somebody or something  Jane is standing by /

beside next to / beside the car.

 under  on the ground, lower than (or covered  the bag is under the
by) something else table

 below  lower than something else but above  the fish are below the
ground surface

 over  covered by something else  put a jacket over your

 meaning more than shirt
 getting to the other side (also across)  over 16 years of age
 overcoming an obstacle  walk over the bridge
 climb over the wall

 above  higher than something else, but not  a path above the lake
directly over it

 across  getting to the other side (also over)  walk across the bridge
 getting to the other side  swim across the lake

 through  something with limits on top, bottom  drive through the

and the sides tunnel

 to  movement to person or building  go to the cinema

 movement to a place or country  go to London / Ireland
 for bed  go to bed

 into  enter a room / a building  go into the kitchen /

the house

 towards  movement in the direction of  go 5 steps towards the

something (but not directly to it) house

 onto  movement to the top of something  jump onto the table

 from  in the sense of where from  a flower from the

garden

46
Preposition
Explanations Example
of manner
 She left the room in
 Manner or condition in
despair
in which something is done

 I will do the favour with

 Manner or condition in
pleasure
with which something is done

 Comparison to something
 He walks like a penguin
like or someone

Preposition
Explanations Example
of means
 We went to school by car
 Means of transport
by

 We see with our eyes

 Instrument or tool used
with

Preposition
Explanations Example
of support
 They all voted for the
 Expresses support of a
elected president
for plan

Preposition
of Explanations Example
opposition
 They were against the idea
 Expresses opposition of a
of working at night.
against person or idea

47
 Adjective + Noun
Important + meeting + event
Delicious + meal + coffee
High + price + standard
Long + journey + time
Heavy + rain + traffic + suitcase
Busy + day + weekend
Strong + wind + influence
Hard + day + exam + times

Verb + Noun
Play + sports + instruments
Read + books + magazines
Listen to + the radio + music
Send + e-mails + letters + messages + a present
Have + a lie- in (=stay in bed till late)

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Download + films + music + files
Have + a shower + a holiday + good time + a rest
Do + business + a favour + homework + nothing
Make + a mistake + an effort + a noise + difference
Take + a break + a look + a taxi + an exam + a photo
Get + a job + home + pregnant+ permission
Pay + attention + cash/by credit card + a visit
Save + money + time + energy + something
Keep + a secret + a promise + the change + in touch
Start + a business + a car + a family

Noun + Noun
Love + story
Heart + attack
Panic + attack
Software + program
Computer + game
Light + bulb
Weather + forecast
Sound + system
Washing + machine

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Answering + machine
Night + club
Home + theatre
Blood + test
Rain + forest
Walking + stick
Surface +area
Business + man/men/woman/women
News + agent
Web + site

Adverb + Adjective
Completely + satisfied + different + sure
Highly+ recommended + successful + unusual
Absolutely/ utterly + ridiculous + stupid+ convinced
Deeply + concerned + affected + unhappy + ashamed
Seriously + damaged + hurt
Bitterly + disappointed + cold
Widely + used + available
Well + known + done + dressed + equipped + paid
Badly+ behaved + paid

50
 Adverbs of manner
These adverbs are put behind the direct object (or
behind the verb if there’s no direct object)

He drove the car carefully.

He walked towards the door slowly.

Adverbs of place

These adverbs are put behind the direct object or the

verb.

I saw your sister there.

Don’t worry about me. I’ll stay here.

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of time are usually put at the end of the

sentence.

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I met my friends yesterday.

Will you come home tomorrow?

I was studying at university then.

You can also put the adverb of time at the beginning

of the sentence if you want to put emphasis on time.

Next week, I’ll be travelling to London.

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency are put directly before the main

verb. If be is the main verb and there is no auxiliary
verb, adverbs of frequency are put after be .

He often goes swimming on Sundays.

I am never bored at home.

52
 Viewpoint/ Evaluative Adverbs

They usually go outside the clause, often at the

beginning. They sometimes can go in mid position,
especially in formal writing.

Personally, I think it’s not a good decision.

Unfortunately, I didn’t have money to buy the

phone.

Obviously, her birthday party was the best.

Adverbs of certainty or obligation

Some go in the mid position: probably, possibly,

certainly. Others go in front position: maybe, perhaps,
or in end position after a comma.

We probably need some holidays on the coast.

Perhaps you know who Betty’s boyfriend is.

She did it on purpose, maybe.

53
 Adverbs of degree

Really, very and quite usually go in the mid position. A

lot and a bit usually go in end position.

I really like that new suit.

We travel a lot.

They can speak English a bit.

54
 -IAN

HISTORY- HISTORIAN

ELECTRIC- ELECTRICIAN

MUSIC- MUSICIAN

POLITICS- POLITICIAN

LIBRARY- LIBRARIAN

-OR

ACT- ACTOR

DECORATE- DECORATOR

TRANSLATE- TRANSLATOR

55
 SUPERVISE- SUPERVISOR

DIRECT- DIRECTOR

-IST

ART- ARTIST

SCIENCE- SCIENTIST

RECEPTION- RECEPTIONIST

CHEMISTRY- CHEMIST

-ER
PHOTOGRAPH-PHOTOGRAPHER

INTERPRET- INTERPRETER

TEACH- TEACHER

WAIT- WAITER
56
 LAW- LAWYER

BUILD- BUILDER

FARM- FARMER

MANAGE- MANAGER

-ANT

ACCOUNT- ACCOUNTANT

ASSIST- ASSISTANT

SERVE- SERVANT

ATTEND- ATTENDANT

57
 NOUN VERB
COMPETITION COMPETE
DECISION DECIDE
IMPROVEMENT IMPROVE
AGREEMENT AGREE
VISITOR VISIT
STUDENT STUDY
DISCUSSION DISCUSS
IMAGINATION IMAGINE
INHERITANCE INHERIT
COLLECTION COLLECT
ARRIVAL ARRIVE
EMPLOYMENT EMPLOY
TRAINER TRAIN
ORGANISATION (Z) ORGANISE (Z)
EXPLANATION EXPLAIN
BEHAVIOUR BEHAVE
INVITATION INVITE
ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISE

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 NOUN ADJECTIVE
SUCCESS SUCCESSFUL
HELP HELPFUL/HELPLESS
KINDNESS KIND
HEALTH HEALTHY
RESPONSIBILITY RESPONSIBLE
SENSITIVITY SENSTITIVE
FRIEND FRIENDLY
DANGER DANGEROUS
DIFFERENCE DIFFERENT
FAME FAMOUS
PATIENCE PATIENT
LUCK LUCKY
HAPPINESS HAPPY
USE USEFUL/USELESS
FAME FAMOUS
ROMANCE ROMANTIC
AMBITION AMBITIOUS
CRITIC CRITICAL
BEAUTY BEAUTIFUL

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 ANGRY JEALOUS

She’s angry because She’s jealous because her boyfriend is

her computer doesn’t work. talking to another girl.

PROUD SCARED

He’s proud of himself I’m scared because there

because he got the degree! are spiders in my bedroom.

AMAZED HOMESICK

He’s amazed at the good She feels homesick because

news! she misses her home.

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 STRESSED DELIGHTED

He’s stressed today. The boy is delighted with

He has a lot of work to do! his lollipop!

LONELY NERVOUS

He’s nervous because he

He feels lonely because
didn’t study for the exam!
his girlfriend left him.

DISAPPOINTED UPSET

He’s disappointed because She feels upset about her

his team lost again. boyfriend’s actions.

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SO AND SUCH ARE USED TO EMPHASIZE
AN ADJECTIVE OR NOUN. THEY ARE
MORE COMMON IN SPOKEN LANGUAGE.

So + Adjective / Adverb
I was so surprised when I saw your sister.
He always works so hard!
He plays tennis so well!

Such a + adjective +
singular noun
It was such a wonderful night!
Tom’s such a nice person. I like him.

It was such a disaster!

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 Such + adjective + plural
/uncountable noun
They were such friendly people!

My friends are such intelligent students!

So many + plural nouns

They have so many books in the bookshelf!

You have so many friends on Facebook!

So much + uncountable
nouns
Peter earns so much money in his job!

Don’t drink so much beer. You have to drive!

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 Synonyms
Intelligent = Clever

Rich = Wealthy

Angry = Annoyed

Small = Tiny

Happy = Pleased

Beautiful/Handsome = Good-looking

Crazy = Mad (Br E)

New = Modern

Big = Enormous

Safe = Secure

Hard = Difficult

Horrible = Awful

Sad = Miserable

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 Antonyms
Boring ≠ interesting
Easy ≠ Difficult
Noisy ≠ Quiet
Polite ≠ Rude

Naughty ≠ Well-educated
Clever ≠ Stupid

Clean ≠ Dirty
Crowded ≠ Empty
Far ≠ Near
Dangerous ≠ Safe
Old ≠ New (things, places, objects)

Old ≠ Young (people)

65
 What are question tags?
Question tags are short questions at the end of
statements. They are used mainly in speech to:

 Confirm that something is true or not.

What an expensive dress, isn’t it?

She didn’t go out last night, did she?

She gets up at 6 every day, doesn’t she?

 Encourage an answer from the audience.

I don’t think Peter should accept the job, do you?

Elena is taking the course too seriously, isn’t she?

I’m afraid I won’t be able to go to the party, will you?

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 How do we form question tags?

Question tags are formed with the auxiliary or modal

verb from the statement and the appropriate subject.

o A positive statement is followed by

a negative question tag.

Mia is from Brazil, isnǯt she?

Luigi can play chess, can't he?

o A negative statement is followed by

a positive question tag.

They donǯt seem to be interested in the lecture, do

they?

I wonǯt go on holidays this summer, will you?

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 o When the verb in the main sentence is in
the present simple we form the question tag
with do / does.

She studies law, doesn’t she?

They like chicken, don’t they?

o If the verb is in the past simple we use did.

They went to the theatre, didn't they?

You bought a new car, didn’t you?

o When the statement contains a word with

a negative meaning, the question tag needs to
be positive.

He rarely reads, does he?

They never eat in restaurants, do they?

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Good/ Bad at: Clara is quite bad at cooking!
Afraid of: I’m afraid of spiders, I hate them in fact.
Angry with: Tom is angry with his son because he
didn’t pass his English exam.

Famous for: Leonardo DiCaprio is very famous

for his role in Titanic.

Worried about: He’s worried about his son.

He’s late again!

Different from: I’m very different from my

mother.

Used to: The city seemed quite big when I first

moved, but now I’m used to it.

Married to: Gina is married to Peter, my boss’s

son.

Tired of: I’m tired of my job. I’m going to quit!

Interested in: My friends and I are very
interested in art.

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Look like: Mary looks like my mother when she
was young.

Look at: What are you looking at? Come on, it’s
too late!

Belong to: This coat belongs to Sheena.

Depend on: My son is still a little baby. He
depends on me for everything.

Talk about: What are Peter and Fiona talking

about?

Talk to: She’s talking to her husband in the office.

Believe in: I don’t believe in ghosts!
Laugh at: When my father tells jokes, I always
laugh at them. They’re very funny.

Wait for: Hurry up! The taxi is waiting for you.

Agree with: I don’t agree with you. I think you’re
wrong.

Arrive at/ in: When you arrive at the airport,

please call me. (AT for small places)
I’ll arrive in Sydney on Friday morning. (IN for cities,
countries, big places)

70
Connect to: I cannot connect to the Internet.
Something is wrong with the Wi-Fi.

On strike: Teachers are on strike this week for

better pay.

On purpose: You didn’t fall. You did it on

purpose.

For lunch/dinner/breakfast: I had chicken

and fries for lunch yesterday.

In touch: Call me next week, please. Let’s get in

touch.

By myself: Nobody helped me. I did it by myself.

On business: Charles is away on business this
week.

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 Literal
A phrasal verb used in a literal sense is easy
to understand.
Move back: I miss my old home. I want to move
back.

Take away: He took away all my hopes.

Grow up: When I grow up, I want to be a doctor.
Lie down: You seem really sick, why don’t you lie
down and rest a bit?

Pay back: I’ll pay you back next week, I promise.

Throw away: Why don’t you throw away all those
old CDs?

Pick up: Please, pick up the litter from the floor.

Turn on/off: I forgot to turn off the lights of the
car!

Look for: What are you looking for? You look

worried.

Turn around: What a nice dress! Turn round

please, so I can see it better.

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 Idiomatic
It is the figurative or idiomatic sense of a
phrasal verb that makes it so complicated
for English learners.
Give up (Stop doing Sth): I gave up spending so
much money because I want to save for a journey.

Look after (Take care of Sb): Could you please

look after my baby tonight?

Fall out with (Argue with Sb): I hate falling out

with my boyfriend. I fell miserable for several days.

Pick up (Learn bit by bit): Paul is very at picking

up languages. He already knows Italian, Spanish and a
bit of Portuguese.

Get on well (Have a good relationship with Sb):

My friends and I get on really well together. We
share the same interests.

Run out of (Lack th): I think we’re running out of

milk. Could you bring some from the supermarket?

Take off (A plane leaving the ground): Our plane

takes off at 6 a.m. I can’t wait!

73
 Semantics
Semantics studies the meaning of words, sentences
phrases, symbols and signs and the relationship
between them. Understanding the meaning of the
sentences implies both the meaning of individual
words and the context in which the words are set in.

Words can refer to different things, for example a

human can be a baby, a woman, a man, or an adult.
The word create can mean imagine, build, make,
construct or compose. The meaning will be clarified
within a specific context or set of words.

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 Syntax
Syntax studies the combinations of units and how
words are put together into meaningful sentences. It
is a set of rules that governs the structure of sentences
and word order. Here are some examples of how
syntax governs English:

o Agreement: Does you like chicken?

Correct: Do you like chicken?
o Case: She called I yesterday.
Correct: She called me yesterday.
o Reflexive pronouns: She wrote a new poem her.
Correct: She wrote a new poem herself.
o Word order: We always for lunch have pizza.
Correct: We always have pizza for lunch.

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 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of the function of the
language, that is, how language is used in context.
Following that language is a form of communication,
pragmatics studies not only the linguistic knowledge
of speaker and listener but also the pre existing
knowledge of those people involved and their
intended meanings. It is seen as an understanding
between people where the meaning of words and
phrases are usually implied and not stated.

Look at the example below:

Tom (husband): Pam, I’m afraid we’ll have to spend

the summer at home this year.

Pam (wife): Oh, no! I’ve waited so long to visit Hawaii.

Tom does not mention Hawaii, but there is an

understanding as to what Tom’s words mean. His wife knows
he means we’ll have to cancel our trip to Hawaii because
they have surely been considering the possibility to go on
holiday there. This is how pragmatics works.

76
 What is brainstorming?
It is a technique that encourages people to come up
with ideas and thoughts. During this process people
try to open their possibilities and find creative
solutions.

Why use brainstorming in writing?

When you have to write about something and you do
not know what to write or where to start from, this
technique is a great possibility to open your mind and
start developing ideas.

77
 Steps to follow

 Find your idea/topic

First of all, you have to think what you will write

about. You cannot start writing if you do not have any
ideas first. You can write about places, things, objects,
daily problems or issues, people, etc.

 Build on your idea/ topic

Now you have your idea or topic you need to connect

them with other ideas or familiar things. You will
create like a mind map in which the center will be the
main idea and then you can draw arrows to expand
the secondary or supporting ideas.

 Plan and structure

Once you have your supporting ideas developed, you

have to think how to organize them. Choose one idea
for a different paragraph, for example. You can also
discard previous ideas that may not fit with the story.
Brainstorming is a draft process in which you will not

78
use all the ideas that come up to your mind, they will
be useful but not all of them will be included in the
final text.

Example of brainstorming: Fast food restaurants is

the main topic here and the other four subtopics
could be developed in separate paragraphs.

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 INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO TRADUCCIÓN
Arise Arose Arisen Surgir, Levantarse
Awake Awoke Awoken Despertarse
Be/ am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar
Bear Bore Borne / Born Soportar, dar a luz
Beat Beat Beaten Golpear
Become Became Become Llegar a Ser
Begin Began Begun Empezar
Bend Bent Bent Doblar
Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Bind Bound Bound Atar, encuadernar
Bid Bid Bid Pujar
Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar
Blow Blew Blown Soplar
Break Broke Broken Romper
Breed Bred Bred Criar
Bring Brought Brought Traer Llevar
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Radiar
Build Built Built Edificar
Burn Burnt /Burned Burnt / Burned Quemar
Burst Burst Burst Reventar
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Cast Cast Cast Arrojar
Catch Caught Caught Coger
Come Came Come Venir
Cost Cost Cost Costar
Cut Cut Cut Cortar
Choose Chose Chosen Elegir
Cling Clung Clung Agarrarse
Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse
Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar
Dig Dug Dug Cavar
Do (Does) Did Done Hacer
Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar
Dream Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed Soñar
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Drive Drove Driven Conducir
Eat Ate Eaten Comer

80
Fall Fell Fallen Caer
Feed Fed Fed Alimentar
Feel Felt Felt Sentir
Fight Fought Fought Luchar
Find Found Found Encontrar
Flee Fled Fled Huir
Fly Flew Flown Volar
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Freeze Froze Frozen Helar
Get Got Got / Gotten Obtener
Give Gave Given Dar
Go (Goes) Went Gone Ir
Grow Grew Grown Crecer
Grind Ground Ground Moler
Hang Hung Hung Colgar
Have Had Had Haber o Tener
Hear Heard Heard Oir
Hide Hid Hidden Ocultar
Hit Hit Hit Golpear
Hold Held Held Agarrar Celebrar
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir
Keep Kept Kept Conservar
Know Knew Known Saber Conocer
Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse
Knit Knit Knit Hacer punto
Lay Laid Laid Poner
Lead Led Led Conducir
Lean Leant Leant Apoyarse
Leap Leapt Leapt Brincar
Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned Aprender
Leave Left Left Dejar
Lend Lent Lent Prestar
Let Let Let Permitir
Lie Lay Lain Echarse
Light Lit Lit Encender
Lose Lost Lost Perder
Make Made Made Hacer

81
Mean Meant Meant Significar
Meet Met Met Encontrar
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocar
Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer
Pay Paid Paid Pagar
Put Put Put Poner
Read Read Read Leer
Ride Rode Ridden Montar
Ring Rang Rung Llamar
Rise Rose Risen Levantarse
Run Ran Run Correr
Say Said Said Decir
See Saw Seen Ver
Seek Sought Sought Buscar
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Poner(se)
Sew Sewed Sewed / Sewn Coser
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir
Shear Shore Shorn Esquilar
Shine Shone Shone Brillar
Shoot Shot Shot Disparar
Show Showed Shown Mostrar
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sink Sank Sunk Hundir
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Slide Slid Slid Resbalar
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler
Sow Sowed Sowed / Sown Sembrar
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar
Speed Sped Sped Acelerar
Spell Spelt Spelt Deletrear
Spend Spent Spent Gastar
Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled Derramar
Spin Spun Spun Hilar
Spit Spat Spat Escupir

82
Split Split Split Hender / partir /
Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Spoilt / Spoiled Estropear
Spread Spread Spread Extender
Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar
Stand Stood Stood Estar en pie
Steal Stole Stolen Robar
Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar Engomar
Sting Stung Stung Picar
Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk Apestar
Stride Strode Stridden Dar zancadas
Strike Struck Struck Golpear
Swear Swore Sworn Jurar
Sweat Sweat Sweat Sudar
Sweep Swept Swept Barrer
Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar
Swim Swam Swum Nadar
Swing Swung Swung Columpiarse
Take Took Taken Tomar/Agarrar
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
Tear Tore Torn Rasgar
Tell Told Told Decir
Think Thought Thought Pensar
Throw Threw Thrown Arrojar Tirar
Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir
Tread Trod Trodden Pisar, hollar
Understand Understood Understood Entender
Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender
Wake Woke Woken Despertarse
Wear Wore Worn Llevar puesto
Weave Wove Woven Tejer
Weep Wept Wept Llorar
Wet Wet Wet Mojar
Win Won Won Ganar
Wind Wound Wound Enrollar
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirarse
Wring Wrung Wrung Torcer
Write Wrote Written Escribir

83