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Sample/practice exam 2017, questions

Fluid Mechanics 1 (Swinburne University of Technology)

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Swinburne Univesity of Technology MEE20003

Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology Fluid Mechanics 1
QUESTION 1
1+1+1+1+1+5 = 10 marks

a. Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines coincide when

i. streaklines are marked in a flow with smoke or dye
ii. the fluid of the flow is a gas
iii. the flow is steady
iv. the flow is incompressible
b. The shear stress in a Newtonian fluid is
i. related to rate of strain by the dynamic viscosity
ii. related to the pressure field by the dynamic viscosity
iii. related to the rate of strain by the density
iv. related to the strain, not the rate of strain, by the dynamic viscosity
c. Across a hydraulic jump
i. there is a significant loss of energy
ii. there is an increase in the flow depth
iii. the flow transits from supercritical to subcritical
iv. all of the above
d. For a given flow rate in a circular pipe, the losses will be minimised by
i. using a small diameter with a high flow speed
ii. using a large diameter with a low flow speed
iii. using a small diameter with a high flow speed, but bending the pipe
iv. using two small pipes of the same total cross section area as a larger pipe
e. A flow is most likely to separate when
i. there is a pressure gradient where pressure increases in the direction of the flow
ii. there is a pressure gradient where pressure decreases in the direction of the flow
iii. there is no pressure gradient
iv. there is no pressure gradient and the pressure is approaching the vapour pressure
f. A “diving bell” is an apparatus that was used before the invention of SCUBA to inspect underwater
structures. It consists of a platform inside a chamber or bell. The entire apparatus can be lowered,
trapping air in the chamber so a person can breath as shown in the figure below.
When the platform is at the free surface (h = 0) the air in the chamber is at atmospheric pressure
and a temperature of 15◦ C. Assuming the initial volume of air in the chamber is 10m3 , and the
temperature of the air does not vary, find
• The pressure in the air chamber when the platform has been lowered to a depth of h = 5m
• The volume of the air at this same depth.

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QUESTION 2
a. (5 marks) Water at 15 C flows downward along a pipe that is inclined at 30◦ below the horizontal as
◦

shown in the figure below. If the distance L = 2m, and h = 15cm, what is the pressure difference
between the points A and B (pA − pB )?

b. (10 marks) A rectangular gate of width w = 2m, and length L = 3m, and of uniform thickness so
that the centre of mass is located at the centroid, holds back a depth of water at 15◦ C as shown.
The water surface is at the same height as the gate hinge. Find the minimum weight of the gate
so that the gate remains closed.

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QUESTION 3
a. (9 marks) Water at 15 C flows from a pressurized tank, through a 15cm pipe, exits from a 5cm
◦

nozzle, and then rises 7m above the nozzle as shown in the figure below. If the flow can be
considered steady, incompressible, and inviscid (no viscous losses), what is the pressure in the
top of the tank?

b. (6 marks) Air at 20◦ C flows through a variable area pipe as shown in the figure below. A piezometer
is connected to the larger section and connected to one leg of a water manometer. A Pitot tube is
inserted into the smaller section and connected to the other leg of the manometer. If the flow can
be considered steady, incompressible and inviscid (no viscous losses), what is the flowrate of air?

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QUESTION 4
a. (6 marks) A circular cylinder is immersed in a stream of fluid. Upstream of the cylinder, the flow
velocity is a constant U . Downstream of the cylinder, a wake forms, and a velocity profile that does
not vary with time forms as shown in the figure below. The flow does not vary along the span of
the cylinder. Is this flow

• one-, two-, or three-dimensional?

• uniform or non-uniform?
• steady or unsteady?

Does this flow have any

• convective (Lagrangian) accelerations?

• local (Eulerian) accelerations?

Define a suitable control volume that could be used to assess the forces on the cylinder. Pay
particular attention to placing boundaries in locations where the mass flux is known.

b. (9 marks) A 30◦ reducing elbow pipe bend contains a flow of water at 15◦ C as shown in the figure
below. The bend is in the vertical plane, such that gravity acts down the page. Evaluate the
components of force that must be provided on the flanges to hold the pipe in place.

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QUESTION 5
a. (15 marks) Water at 15 C is discharged from a narrow slot of thickness t = 15mm in a diameter
◦

150mm pipe. The resulting two-dimensional jet is 1m long, and the velocity along the jet (which
is normal to the pipe) varies from 7.5ms−1 at its beginning, to 11.3ms−1 at its end as shown in the
figure below. The pressure at the inlet section to the pipe is 30kPa (gage). Find

i. the volumetric flow rate Q

ii. the forces required at the coupling to hold the pipe in place (neglect the mass of the pipe and
the water it contains)

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QUESTION 6
a. (7 marks) A pipe of total length 40m, with a diameter of 12mm is used to siphon water at 15◦ C from
a reservoir up to a tank as shown in the figure below. The friction factor of the pipe is f = 0.020.
All minor losses can be neglected. The 10m section of pipe between the bend and the tank is
fixed so that the location of the bend doesn’t move. However, the 30m straight section of pipe
from the reservoir up to the bend can have its angle varied, so that the height h can vary. It can
be assumed that the pressure is atmospheric at the pipe entry. What is the maximum value of h
allowed if cavitation is to be avoided?

b. (8 marks) A large reservoir is used to provide water at 15◦ C to a holding tank as shown in the
figure below. A flow rate of 1.31m3 s−1 is required. The pipe system consists of a sharp entry from
the reservoir, two 90◦ elbows, a pump, and a sharp exit to the holding tank. There is a total of
1500m of cast iron pipe with a diameter 508mm. The pump has an efficiency η = 80%. What
power is required to be supplied to the pump?

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QUESTION 7
a. (9 marks) The flow rate in a clay-lined channel with Manning coefficient n = 0.025 is to be 3m3 s−1 .
The geometry of the channel cross section is shown in the figure below. The depth of the flow in
the channel should be maintained at 0.6m, and to prevent erosion of the sides, the maximum flow
speed should be limited to 1.6ms−1 . For this maximum velocity, determine the width of the bottom,
b, and the slope of the channel So .

b. (6 marks) A 15m long aluminium gutter, with a Manning coefficient n = 0.011 is attached to a
section of roof. The cross section of the gutter is shown in the figure below. The gutter needs to
be able to accommodate a flow rate of 0.0015m3 s−1 without water spilling over the edge. If uniform
flow with a uniform depth is assumed, determine the slope So required.

END OF EXAM

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q 
y1 2
Hydraulic jump depth ratio equation y2 = 1 + 8F r1 − 1
2
(y2 − y1 )3
Hydraulic jump head loss equation hL =
4y1 y2
dy S0 − Sf
Gradually varied flow equation =
dx 1 − F r2
1.0 2/3 1/2
Manning’s equation Q= ARh S0
n

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