•

ARDUINO (HTTPS://CIRCUITDIGEST.COM/ARDUINO-PROJECTS)

AC Fan Speed Control using Arduino

and TRIAC (/microcontroller-
projects/ac-fan-speed-control-using- CR01005 Series Thick-Film
Chip Resistor

arduino-and-triac) (https://bit.ly/34JX0QT )
The CR01005 chip resistor
By (page_author.html)Debasis Parida (/users/debasis-parida) Feb 05, 2020 8 features a three-layer termination
(https://bit.ly/34JX0QT
process with a nickel barrier
)
SRP0310 /
SRP0315/SRP0410 /
SRP0510 / SRP0610 Series
Shielded Power Inductors
(https://bit.ly/31ZvmxA )
(https://bit.ly/31ZvmxA
SRP0310/0315/0410/0510/0610
) shielded power inductors have a
metal alloy powder core and flat wire

TBU-RS Dual Channel TBU®

High-Speed Protector Series
(https://bit.ly/3mIptNl )
The TBU-RS055-300-WH is an
integrated dual-channel TBU
(https://bit.ly/3mIptNl
overcurrent and TVS overvoltage
) protector

AEC-Q200 Compliant Thick

Film Chip Resistors - Model
AC Fan Speed Control using Arduino and TRIAC CRxxxxA Series
(https://bit.ly/34LdiZG )
The model CRxxxxA AEC-Q200
WARNING!! The circuit diagram discussed in this project is only for educational purposes. (https://bit.ly/34LdiZG
compliant chip resistor series is
) available in eight different
Be advised that working with 220V AC mains voltage requires extreme precaution and
footprints
safety procedures should be followed. Do not touch any of the components or wires when
AVHT Series High-
the circuit is in operation.  Temperature Varistors
(https://bit.ly/3gFrqb5 )
AVHT high-temperature varistors
offer great circuit-board layout
(https://bit.ly/3gFrqb5
flexibility for designers
)
Model SF-0603HIA-M/SF-
1206HIA-M Series SMD Fuse
Families
(https://bit.ly/3jGGdCJ )
The Model SF-0603HIA-M/SF-
(https://bit.ly/3jGGdCJ
1206HIA-M series utilize Bourns'
) popular multilayer ceramic design

SRP4018FA Series Power

Inductors
It is easy to turn on or off any home appliance by using a switch or by using some control (https://bit.ly/3jMmLEm )
SRP4018FA shielded power
mechanism as we did in many Arduino based Home Automation projects inductors are designed to meet
(https://circuitdigest.com/arduino-home-automation-projects). But there are a lot of high current density requirements
applications where we need to control the AC power partially, for example, to control the
speed of the Fan or the intensity of a Lamp. In this case, the PWM technique
(https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/what-is-pwm-pulse-width-modulation) is used, so here
we will learn how to use Arduino generated PWM to control AC fan speed with Arduino. (https://bit.ly/3jMmLEm
)
In this project, we will demonstrate Arduino AC fan speed control using TRIAC. Here
Chip LAN Transformer
phase controlling method of the AC signal is used to control the AC fan speed, using Module - Model SM41126EL
PWM signals generated by Arduino. In previous tutorial, we controlled the DC fan speed Series
(https://bit.ly/3kJw7lG )
using PWM (https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/dc-motor-speed-control-
The SM41126EL Chip LAN
(https://bit.ly/3kJw7lG
using-arduino-and-potentiometer). 10/100 Base-T transformer
) module is ideal for use in LAN
interfaces
Components Required

1. Arduino UNO
2. 4N25 (Zero crossing detector)
3. 10k Potentiometer
4. MOC3021 0pto-coupler
5. (0-9)V, 500 mA Stepdown Transformer
6. BT136 TRIAC
7. 230 VAC Axial AC fan
8. Connecting wires
9. Resistors

(https://bit.ly/2QkLGCH)
Working of AC fan control using Arduino

The working can be divided into four different parts. They are as follows

1. Zero-Crossing Detector NEWS ARTICLES PROJECTS

2. Phase Angle Controlling circuit
3. Potentiometer to control the Fan speed amount High Accuracy, 40 KHz Hall-
effect Current Sensor IC for
4. PWM signal Generation circuit
Starter Generators and
(/news/high- Traction Inverter Control
1.  Zero-Crossing Detector accuracy-40- (/news/high-accuracy-40-
khz-hall- khz-hall-effect-current-
The AC supply we get in our household is 220v AC RMS, 50 HZ. This AC signal is effect-current- sensor-ic-for-starter-
sensor-ic-for- generators-and-traction-
alternating in nature and changes its polarity periodically. In the first half of every cycle, it
starter- inverter-control)
flows in one direction reaching a peak voltage and then decreases down to zero. Then in generators-
the next half-cycle, it flows in alternate direction (negative) to a peak voltage and then and-traction-
again comes to zero. For controlling the speed of AC Fan, the peak voltage of both the inverter-
control)
half cycles needs to be chopped or controlled. For this, we must need to detect the zero
point from which the signal is to be controlled/Chopped. This point on the voltage curve Gas Sensors Market is
projected to reach USD 2
where the voltage changes the direction is called zero voltage crossing.
Billion by 2026 (/news/gas-
(/news/gas- sensors-market-is-
The circuit shown below is the zero crossing detector circuit sensors- projected-to-reach-usd-2-
(https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/zero-crossing-detector-circuit-diagram) market-is- billion-by-2026)
which is used to get the zero-crossing point. First, the 220V AC voltage is stepped down projected-to-
reach-usd-2-
to 9V AC using a step-down transformer (https://circuitdigest.com/tags/transformer) and
billion-by-
it is then fed to a 4N25 optocoupler at its pin 1 and 2. 4N25 optocoupler has an inbuilt 2026)
LED with pin 1 as anode and pin 2 as a cathode. So as per the circuit below, when the AC
Low Cost Automotive
wave goes closer to the zero-crossing point, the inbuilt LED of 4N25 will get turned off Sequential LED Lighting IC
and as a result, the output transistor of 4N25 will also get turned OFF and the output for Reducing Design
(/news/low- Complexity and
pulse pin will get pulled up to 5V. Similarly, when the signal increases gradually to the cost- Development (/news/low-
peak point, then the LED turns ON and the transistor will also turn ON with the ground pin automotive- cost-automotive-sequential-
connected to the output pin, which makes this pin 0V. Using this pulse, the zero-crossing sequential- led-lighting-ic-for-reducing-
led-lighting-ic- design-complexity-and-
point can be detected using Arduino. development)
for-reducing-
design-
complexity-
 and-
development)

RTG4 Field Programmable

Gate Array (FPGA) in a
Ceramic Quad Flat Pack
(/news/rtg4- (CQFP) for Simplified
field- System Designs in Satellite
programmable- and Space Probes
gate-array- Applications (/news/rtg4-
fpga-ceramic- field-programmable-gate-
quad-flat- array-fpga-ceramic-quad-
pack-cqfp-for- flat-pack-cqfp-for-
simplified- simplified-system-designs-
satellite-and-space-probes-
system-
applications)
designs-
satellite-and-
space-probes-
applications)

Automotive
Microcontrollers from
STMicroelectronics to
(/news/automotive-
2.  Phase Angle controlling Circuit Maximize Safety and
microcontrollers-Security in Next-Generation
stmicroelectronics-
Domain/Zone Architectures
After detecting the point of zero crossing, now we have to control the amount of timing
maximize- (/news/automotive-
for which the power will be ON and OFF. This PWM signal safety-and- microcontrollers-
security-for- stmicroelectronics-
(https://circuitdigest.com/tags/pwm) will decide the amount of voltage output to the AC
next- maximize-safety-and-
motor, which in turn controls the speed of it. Here a BT136 TRIAC is used, which controls security-for-next-
generation-
the AC voltage as it is a power electronic switch for controlling an AC voltage signal. generation-domain-zone-
domain-zone-
architectures)
architectures)
TRIAC (https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/triac-switching-circuit-and-applications) is a
three-terminal AC switch that can be triggered by a low energy signal at its gate terminal.
In SCRs, it conducts in only one direction, but in the case of TRIAC, the power can be
controlled in both directions. To learn more about TRIAC
(https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/triac-switching-circuit-and-applications) and SCR
(https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/what-is-thyristor-how-it-works), follow our previous
articles.

As shown in the figure above, the TRIAC is triggered at a firing angle of 90 degrees by
applying a small gate pulse signal to it. The time “t1” is the delay time which is given as
per the dimming requirement. For example, in this case, the firing angle is 90 percent,
hence the power output will also be halved and hence the lamp will also glow with half
intensity.
We know that the frequency of the AC signal is 50 Hz here. So the time period will be 1/f,
which is 20ms. For a half cycle, this will be 10ms or 10,000 microseconds. Hence for
controlling the power of an AC lamp, the range of “t1” can be varied from 0-10000
microseconds.

Optocoupler: 

Optocoupler (https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/opto-coupler-types-working-applications)
is also known as Optoisolator. It is used to maintain isolation between two electrical
circuits like DC and AC signals. Basically, it consists of an LED that emits infrared light
and the photosensor which detects it. Here a MOC3021 optocoupler is used to control the
AC Fan from the microcontroller signals which is a DC signal.

TRIAC and Optocoupler connection diagram: 

3.  Potentiometer to control the Fan Speed

Here a potentiometer is used to vary the speed of AC Fan. We know that a potentiometer
is a 3 terminal device that acts as a voltage divider and provides a variable voltage output.
This variable analog output voltage is given at the Arduino analog input terminal to set the
speed value of the AC fan.

4.  PWM Signal Generation Unit

In the final step, a PWM pulse (https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/what-is-pwm-pulse-

width-modulation) is given to the TRIAC as per the speed requirements, which in turn
varies the ON/OFF timing of the AC signal and provides a variable output to control the
Fan speed. Here Arduino is used to generate the PWM pulse, which takes the input from
the potentiometer and gives PWM signal output to TRIAC and optocoupler circuit which
further drives the AC fan at the desired speed. Learn more about PWM generation using
Arduino here (https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-pwm-with-led-
dimmer).

Circuit Diagram

Circuit diagram for this Arduino based 230v fan speed control circuit is given below:

(/fullimage?I=circuitdiagram_mic/Arduino-Fan-Control-using-TRIAC-Circuit-Diagram.jpg)

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Schematic Diagram

Electronic Circuit

Note: I have shown the complete circuit on a breadboard only for the purpose of
understanding.  You should not use 220V AC supply directly on your breadboard, I have
used a dotted board to make the connections as you can see in the image below 

Programming the Arduino for AC fan speed control

After the hardware connection, we need to write up the code for Arduino, which will
generate a PWM signal (https://circuitdigest.com/tutorial/what-is-pwm-pulse-width-
modulation) to control the AC signal ON/OFF timing using a potentiometer input. We
previously used PWM techniques in many projects (https://circuitdigest.com/tags/pwm).
The complete code of this Arduino AC fan speed control project is given at the bottom of
this project. The stepwise explanation of the code is given below.

In the first step, declare all the required variables, which are going to be used throughout
the code. Here the BT136 TRIAC is connected to pin 6 of Arduino. And the variable
speed_val is declared to store the value of speed step.

int TRIAC = 6;
int speed_val =0;

Next, inside setup function, declare the TRIAC pin as output as PWM output will be
generated through this pin. Then, configure an interrupt
(https://circuitdigest.com/tags/interrupts) to detect the zero-crossing. Here we have used
a function called attachInterrupt, which will configure digital Pin 3 of Arduino as external
interrupt and will call the function named zero_crossing when it detects any interrupts at
its pin.

void setup()
{
pinMode(LAMP, OUTPUT);
attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(3), zero_crossing, CHANGE);
}

Inside the infinite loop, read the analog value from potentiometer which is connected at
A0 and map it to a value range of (10-49).

To find out this range we have to do a small calculation. Earlier it is told that each half
cycle is equivalent to 10,000 microseconds. So here the dimming will be controlled in 50
steps which is an arbitrary value and can be changed. Here the minimum steps are taken
as 10, not Zero because 0-9 steps give approximately the same power output and
maximum steps are taken as 49 as it is not recommended practically to take the upper
limit (which is 50 in this case).

Then each step time can be calculated as 10000/50= 200 microseconds. This will be
used in the next part of the code.

void loop()
{
int pot=analogRead(A0);
int data1 = map(pot, 0, 1023,10,49);
speed_val=data1;
}

In the final step, configure the interrupt-driven function zero_crossing. Here the dimming
time can be calculated by multiplying the individual step time with no. of steps. Then after
this delay time, the TRIAC can be triggered using a small high pulse of 10 microseconds
which is sufficient to turn on a TRIAC.

void zero_crossing()
{
int chop_time = (200*speed_val);
delayMicroseconds(chop_time);
digitalWrite(TRIAC, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(TRIAC, LOW);
}

Complete code along with a working video for this AC fan control using Arduino and
PWM is given below.

Code
 
int TRIAC = 6;

int speed_val=0;

void setup()

  pinMode(TRIAC, OUTPUT);

  attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(3), zero_crossing, CHANGE);

void zero_crossing()

  int chop_time = (200*speed_val);

  delayMicroseconds(chop_time);   

  digitalWrite(TRIAC, HIGH);

  delayMicroseconds(10);

  digitalWrite(TRIAC, LOW);

void loop()  

    int pot=analogRead(A0);

    int data1 = map(pot, 0, 1023,10,40);  

    speed_val=data1;

}

 

Video

TAGS ARDUINO (/TAGS/ARDUINO) ARDUINO UNO (/TAGS/ARDUINO-UNO)

TRIAC (/TAGS/TRIAC) PWM (/TAGS/PWM) AC (/TAGS/AC)

TRANSFORMER (/TAGS/TRANSFORMER) OPTOCOUPLER (/TAGS/OPTOCOUPLER)

INTERRUPTS (/TAGS/INTERRUPTS)

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COMMENTS

Graham (/users/graham)
Feb 07, 2020
(/users/graham)
This is a DANGEROUS and bad design.
Log in (/user/login?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) or register
(/user/register?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) to post comments
Do not attempt to build this circuit, unless you have mains circuit
experience. 

Encouraging amateurs to play with mains devices like this is inviting

trouble. 
The TRIAC and Transformer circuits should be fused, None shown!
Exposed mains in TRIAC connector block. Dont touch!
No MAINS EARTH connected to on transformer or motor!
The crude circuit diagram does not follow safe rules, nor is the correct
TRIAC shown.. The negative (black)  wire is shown passing under the
mains wiring.
Never use a prototyping board for mains work, they are not mains voltage
rated.  

Bad circuit design

1. There is no resistor or reverse voltage protection diode on the 4N25
used as a so called zero crossing controller. Using the 4N25 as shown,
it’s surprising the internal LED has not failed. Opto coupler LEDS like
all LEDs require current limiting. Used in an AC circuit a reverse
connected diode must be connected to the opto-coupler input
LED prevent the reverse voltage, in this case >12V peak on 9V
transformer, exceeding the internal LED reverse voltage of 5V. It is
surprising the Opto LED has not gone up in smoke and that the circuit is
working at all.
 2. The 4N25 opto coupler will NOT provide zero crossing. It will turn on
until the AC +V wave voltage exceeds 1.6V and will turn off when the
voltage drops below 1.6V. Therefore is not a zero crossing detector!

3. Series resistor between the MC3021 and TRIAC are usually 100 ohm,
not 1K as shown.

4. No transient snubber circuit across the TRIAC. Transient snubber

should be used especially with an inductive load such as a motor. 

Can I ask to have this posting and circuit removed from Circuit Digest? 

tfmoe (/users/tfmoe)
Mar 10, 2020
(/users/tfmoe)
Hi @Graham,
Log in (/user/login?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) or register
(/user/register?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) to post comments

Thanks for your insightful comment. I understand your reaction, as

you look like you really know what you're talking about! However, I
think the article addresses an interesting topic which as too few
available resources over the internet. You suggest removing the post
from Circuit Digest, and I get why you'd want that to prevent
beginners from making mistakes, particularly when handling mains
current. But how about writing a better article that follows the safety
rules? Wouldn't that make this article de-facto obsolete and therefore
redirect beginners away from its unsafe design? I for one would love
to read a good article on this topic!

Have a nice day.

Jay (/users/jay-4)
Jun 06, 2020
(/users/jay-4)
Thanks for the detailed insights Graham. This helps
Log in (/user/login?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) or register
(/user/register?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) to post comments
newbies to be aware before trying out such things.

Vasileios Tzimas (/users/vasileios-tzimas)

May 27, 2020
(/users/vasileios-tzimas)
Hello!
Log in (/user/login?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) or register
(/user/register?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) to post comments
After the transformer and before the 4N25 why don't you use a rectifier?

I want to do the same but instead of a potentiometer I want to use a

temperature sensor in order to control the speed of fan.

Debasis Parida (/users/debasis-

parida)
(/users/debasis-parida) Jul 30, 2020

Hi Vasileios, Here 4N25 is only used to

Log in (/user/login?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) or register
(/user/register?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) to post comments
detect the zero crossing points that can be detected from both AC
and DC pulses. Hence there is no Mandatory needs to use 4N25 here.
And if you want to add temperature sensor instead of Potentiometer,
 you can do it very easily making a little changes in the program.i.e
you have to map the sensor output values to analog step values.
Hope this answers your question!!! Thank you

Sotiris Bellos (/users/sotiris-bellos)

Aug 26, 2020
(/users/sotiris-bellos)
it works !! Thanks!!
Log in (/user/login?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) or register
(/user/register?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) to post comments

leconghau (/users/leconghau)
Oct 02, 2020
(/users/leconghau)
the circuit you made has run already ???
Log in (/user/login?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) or register
(/user/register?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) to post comments

leconghau (/users/leconghau)
Oct 02, 2020
(/users/leconghau)
where i am living does not sell opto 4N25 ... only sell
Log in (/user/login?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) or register
(/user/register?destination=node/4818%23comment-form) to post comments
4N35, i have used that alternative .. but the circuit is not yet running

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