University of Sulaimani

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

EN 5302 COURSE BOOK

REINFORCED CONCRETE

Lecturers
Sardar R. Mohammad Ameer M Salih
MSc Structural Engineering MSc Structural Engineering

2018- 2019 ©
 Reinforced Concrete Third Stage

COURSE BOOK
1. Course Name Reinforced Concrete
2. Lecturer in
Sardar R. Mohammad, Ameer M Salih
Charge
3. Dept./ College Civil Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering
Emails: [email protected]
4. Contact
[email protected]
Details

5. Hours per 6 Credits

Week 4 hours per week
6. Office Hours

7. Course Code EN 5302

www.univsul.edu.iq
8. Teacher’s
https://sites.google.com/a/univsul.edu.iq/ameer-mohammed/home
Academic https://sites.google.com/a/univsul.edu.iq/sardar-mohammad/
Profile

9. Keywords Reinforced Concrete, beam, column, slab, reinforcement, strength, design

Designers and engineers are required to have a full-depth
understanding of the behavior of concrete as the most popular
construction material.

In this course, civil engineering students are motivated to be familiar with

properties of concrete and characteristics of reinforced concrete
members under the action of various kinds of loadings.

Any structural member, when loaded, internal forces such as axial

10.Course forces, shear forces, flexural torsional moments will emerge, which lead
to the arise of internal stresses.
Overview:
It is expected from engineers to design the buildings and the structural
components to withstand these stresses safely based on fundamental
formulae and the design equations provided by the design codes.

The course has been divided into many chapters focusing on the
analysis and design of structural members including and not limited to:
beams, slabs and columns.

1
 Reinforced Concrete Third Stage

In this course, the student is learning how to analyze and design

structural members including but not limited to slabs, beams and
columns after they have studied how to draw the shear and bending
moment diagrams in the previous years.

Structural members cannot be designed without knowing the internal

11.Course forces, so it is expected from the students to have a strong background

Objectives in strength of materials and structural analysis.

They are learning how to imagine the load path in buildings, and how to
identify the tension and compression zones in members. Knowing the
tension zones is one of the important topics as these zones are required
to be reinforced due the weakness of concrete in resisting tensile
stresses.

Students should attend all the lectures except what is allowed by

12.Student’s university regulations. They should attend quizzes, exams and do their
Obligation homework, this is in addition to the assignments which can carry
considerable credits.

Students are provided with handouts for each chapter to be available

with them during the lectures. The handout includes explanations,
examples, problems and homework.

Some examples have been left unsolved provided with blank spaces to
13.Forms of
be filled during lectures.
Teaching

Using data show may be limited, however, it is still be used for explaining
complex topics using graphs, animations and video clips.

2
 Reinforced Concrete Third Stage

Exams Duration Marks

1st Exam 90 minutes 17

14.Assessment 2nd Exam 90 minutes 17
Scheme Final Exam 180 minutes 60
Quizzes and assignments(may
include homework, coursework and 10 – 30 minutes 06
class activities)
Total 100
After successful completion of the course, students are expected to
have
 An ability to distribute dead and live loads from slabs to the
supporting beams
 How to distribute loads and moments between beams and
15.Student
columns to maintain equilibrium
Learning
 an ability to design RC beams (singly, doubly reinforced and
Outcome
T-sections) for flexure, shear and torsion.
 an ability to design RC columns (short and long)
 an ability to design slabs (one-way and two-way)
 an ability to design development length, lap splices and other
detailing requirements
[1] J. K. Wight and J. G. MacGregore, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics
and Design, 6th ed. 2012.

[2] C. V. R. Murty, R. Goswami, A. R. Vijayanarayanan, and V. V. Mehta,

Some Concepts in Earthquake Behavior of Buildings. .

[3] A. O. Aghayer and G. F. Limrunner, Reinforced Concrete Design, 8th

16.Reading List ed., vol. 1. 2015.

and [4] C. D. Buckner, Concrete Design, Second Edition. .

References [5] D. N. Y. Abboushi, Reinforced Concrete, vol. 1–2. 2014.

[6] R. H. B. Jack C. McCormac, Design of Reinforced Concrete. 2014.

[7] A. H. Nilson, D. Darwin, and C. W. Dolan, Design of Concrete

Structures, 14th ed. 2010.

[8] ACI Committee 318, Aci 318M-14. 2014

3
 Reinforced Concrete Third Stage

Topic Weeks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Concrete Structures 1
Chapter 2: Singly Reinforced Beams 4
Chapter 3: T-Beams and Flanges Sections 2
Chapter 4: Doubly Reinforced Beams 2
Chapter 5: Design of Shear Reinforcement 2
Chapter 6: Continuous Beams and One-way Sabs 2
Chapter 7: Design of Two-way Slabs 2
17.Topics
Chapter 9: Design of Short Columns 5
Chapter 10: Design of Long Columns 2
Chapter 11: Design for Torsional Resistance 2
Chapter 12: Development, anchorage and Splicing
2
of Reinforcement
Chapter 13: Serviceability 2
Chapter 14: Design of Staircases 1
Chapter 15: Selected Topics -
Chapter 16: Coursework -
Solving Problems
Such as analyze or design…

Explanations and graphing

Such as explain, why, show that, prove that…, etc.

Number of Questions: 3-8

18.Examinations
Number of Assignments: 1-4

Recommendations for Students at Exams

 Read the questions carefully and at least twice.
 Think about the answers deeply
 Answer the questions with the easiest first.
 Before submission, try to review the answers.

For the above time schedule, 30 weeks of teaching is considered,

19.Extra Notes hence, the completion of the program is dependent of the available
number of weeks. However, some changes might happen to
optimize the available time.

4
 Reinforced Concrete Third Stage

20. Prerequisites For this course, it is required from students to have the background of
and strength of materials, concrete technology, and structural analysis.
Recommendat
The recommendations for students are: listening carefully, taking and
ions writing every single note during the lectures and solving problems

21.Peer Review

5
UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EN 5302 REINFORCED CONCRETE

CHAPTER 1

Introduction to
Concrete Structures
Edited by

Amir M. Salih Sardar R. Mohammad

MSc Structural Engineering MSc Structural Engineering

2018-2019 ©
Draft Edition
02 - 10 - 2018
UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Chapter One

Introduction to Concrete
Structures

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 10

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

CHAPTER 1 INTRDUCTION TO CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Course Content

Course Content
Chapter 1 Introduction to concrete structures
Chapter 2 Singly Reinforced Beams
Chapter 3 T-beams and Flanged Sections
Chapter 4 Doubly Reinforced Beams
Chapter 5 Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beams
Chapter 6 Design for Torsion
Chapter 7 One-way Slabs and Continuous Beams
Chapter 8 Design of Two-way Slabs
Chapter 9 Design of Short Columns
Chapter 10 Design of Long Columns
Chapter 11 Bond, Development Length and Splices
Chapter 12 Serviceability
Chapter 13 Design of Staircases
Chapter 14 Selected topics

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 11

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Reinforced Concrete Structures

 Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building construction materials

in every country. In many countries, reinforced concrete is a dominant
structural material in engineered construction.
 The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide
availability of reinforcing bars and of the constituents of concrete (gravel or
crushed rock, sand, water, and cement), from the relatively simple skills
required in concrete construction, and from the economy of reinforced
concrete compared with other forms of construction.
 Plain concrete and reinforced concrete are used in buildings of all sorts
underground structures, water tanks, wind turbine foundations and towers,
offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, bridges, and even
ships. [1]

Load Transfer and Load Path [2]

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 12

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Structural Members and Components [1]

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 13

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with

most other materials.
2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-maintenance material.
5. As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life. Under
proper conditions
6. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs,
basement walls, piers, and similar applications.
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary
variety of shapes from simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches
and shells.
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials
(sand, gravel, and water)
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared with
other materials such as structural steel. [1]

Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural

Material

1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile
reinforcing.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens
sufficiently.
3. The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy members.
This becomes an increasingly important matter for long-span structures,
where concrete’s large dead weight has a great effect on bending
moments.
4. Lightweight aggregates can be used to reduce concrete weight, but the
cost of the concrete is increased.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 14

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

5. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members
will be relatively large, an important consideration for tall buildings and
long-span structures.
6. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its
proportioning and mixing.
7. Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully
controlled as is the production of other materials, such as structural steel
and laminated wood.
8. Two other characteristics that can cause problems are concrete’s
shrinkage and creep.

Shear-moment diagrams and deflected shapes - Review

1.7.1 Determinate Structures

1.7.1.1 Simply-supported – Uniformly distributed loads

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 15

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

1.7.1.2 Simply-supported – Concentrated Load

1.7.1.3 Cantilever Members – Uniformly distributed load

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 16

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

1.7.1.4 Cantilever Members – Concentrated Loads

1.7.2 Indeterminate Structures – Review (Homework)

1.7.2.1 Continuous Beams

1.7.2.2 Frames

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 17

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Deflected Shapes and Reinforcements

Extra Notes:

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 18

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Unit Conversion

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 19

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Extra Notes

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 20

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Concrete

Concrete consists primarily of a mixture of cement and fine and coarse

aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock, and/or other materials) to which water
has been added as a necessary ingredient for the chemical reaction of curing.[3]

1.11.1 Concrete Constituents

Cement + water = cement paste

Cement+ water+ sand = mortar

Cement + sand + gravel = plane concrete

Concrete +reinforcement = Reinforced Concrete (RC)

1.11.2 Compressive Strength of Concrete

Compressive Strength: uniaxial compressive strength measured by a

compression test of a standard cube or cylinder.

Other strength parameters, such as tensile or bond strength, are expressed

relative to the compressive strength.

Figure 1 Cubes and Cylinders – Concrete Samples , [4]

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 21

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Figure 2 Typical stress-strain of Concrete in Compression [3]

1.11.3 Factors affecting Strength of Concrete (Homework)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 22

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Figure 3 Stress-strain curves [5]

1.11.4 Modulus of Elasticity

Its value varies with different concrete strengths, concrete age, type of loading,
and the characteristics and proportions of the cement and aggregates.

Types of Modulus of Elasticity

 Initial Modulus
 Tangent Modulus
 Secant Modulus

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 23

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Figure 4 Various types of Modulus of Elasticity

According to ACI318M-14 (19.2.2)

Ec is defined as the slope of a line drawn from zero stress to 0.45 fc’ compressive
stress (secant modulus)

A. For values of density 𝑤 from 1440 and 2560 kg/m3

.
𝐸 = 𝑤 0.043 𝑓 𝐴𝐶𝐼318𝑀 − 14 (19.2.2)

B. For normal weight concrete

𝑬𝒄 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄 𝐴𝐶𝐼318𝑀 − 14 (19.2.2)

For high-strength concrete, ACI-equation overestimates. Based on studies, the

following expression is recommended for strength classes between 42 MPa and
83 MPa (Normal weight Concrete) (McMacormac, 2014)

𝒘𝒄 𝟏.𝟓
𝑬𝒄 (𝑴𝑷𝒂) = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐 𝒇𝒄 + 𝟔𝟖𝟗𝟓
𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟎

1.11.5 Poisson Ratio

As a concrete cylinder is subjected to compressive loads, it not only shortens in

length but also expands laterally. The ratio of this lateral expansion to the
longitudinal shortening is referred to as Poisson’s ratio. Its value varies from

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 24

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

about 0.11 for the higher-strength concretes to as high as 0.21 for the weaker-
grade concretes, with average values of about 0.16.

1.11.6 Tensile Strength of Concrete

The tensile strength of concrete varies from about 8% to 15% of its compressive
strength. A major reason for this small strength is the fact that concrete is filled
with fine cracks. The cracks have little effect when concrete is subjected to
compression loads because the loads cause the cracks to close and permit
compression transfer. Obviously, this is not the case for tensile loads.

Tests to measure the tensile strength of concrete

 Direct Tensile Test

 Modulus of Rupture
 Split-cylinder Test

𝒇𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 𝝀 𝒇𝒄 𝐴𝐶𝐼318𝑀 − 14 (19.2.3.1)

𝜆 : light-weight modification factor;

𝜆 = 1.0 for normal-weight concrete, for light-weight concrete refer to ACI318M-

14 (table 19.2.4.2).

Durability of Concrete

The compressive strength of concrete may be dictated by exposure to freeze-

thaw conditions or chemicals such as deicers or sulfates. These conditions may
require a greater compressive strength or lower water–cement ratio than those
required to carry the calculated loads.

Homework: Read more about “Durability of Concrete”

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 25

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

1.12.1 Clear Concrete Cover (ACI318M-14: 20.6.1.3)

For bundled bars, concrete cover is the maximum of

 Equivalent diameter
 50 mm
 75 mm (contact with ground)

Reinforcement

The reinforcing used for concrete structures may be in the form of bars or welded
wire fabric. Reinforcing bars are referred to as plain or deformed. The deformed
bars, which have ribbed projections rolled onto their surfaces (patterns differing
with different manufacturers) to provide better bonding between the concrete and
the steel, are used for almost all applications. [6]

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 26

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Figure 5 Idealized stress-strain curve for grade 60 (420MPa) reinforcing steel [4]

1.13.1 Designation and area (Table)

diameter Area, mm2

10 78
12 113
16 201
20 314
25 491
32 804
36 1018

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 27

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Figure 6 Reinforcing Bar Sizes

Extra Notes

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 28

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

1.13.2 Steel Grades [7]

1.13.3 Idealized Stress-strain curves for reinforcing steel

Figure 7 Stress-strain diagram for reinforcing steel, [4]

Classwork: Draw typical stress-strain curves for concrete and reinforcing steel
on one graph.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 29

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

1.13.4 Compatibility of Concrete and Steel [6]

 Concrete and steel reinforcing work together beautifully in reinforced

concrete structures. The advantages of each material seem to
compensate for the disadvantages of the other. For instance, the great
shortcoming of concrete is its lack of tensile strength, but tensile strength
is one of the great advantages of steel.
 Reinforcing bars have tensile strengths equal to approximately 100 times
that of the usual concretes used. The two materials bond together very
well so there is little chance of slippage between the two; thus, they will
act together as a unit in resisting forces.
 The excellent bond obtained is the result of the chemical adhesion
between the two materials, the natural roughness of the bars, and the
closely spaced rib-shaped deformations rolled onto the bars’ surfaces.
 Reinforcing bars are subject to corrosion, but the concrete surrounding
them provides them with excellent protection. The strength of exposed
steel subjected to the temperatures reached in fires of ordinary intensity
is nil, but enclosing the reinforcing steel in concrete produces very
satisfactory fire ratings.
 Finally, concrete and steel work well together in relation to temperature
changes because their coefficients of thermal expansion are quite close.
For steel, the coefficient is 0.0000065 per unit length per degree
Fahrenheit, while it varies for concrete from about 0.000004 to 0.000007
(average value: 0.0000055).

Other Reinforcing Material (Homework)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 30

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Objectives of Design

 Appropriateness
 Economy
 Structural Adequacy
 Maintainability

Building Codes and the ACI code

The primary design criteria for structural concrete in ACI 318 ensure

 adequate strength
 adequate ductility
 serviceability
 practical and economical constructability

a. Strength: A structural member will support the loads safely if, at every
section, the resistance (strength) of the member exceeds the effects of
the loads:

𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 ≥ 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒔

𝜙𝑅 ≥ 𝑅

b. Ductility: is the ability of a material or member to deform visibly without

fracture. Plain concrete is a brittle material, but if reinforcement is properly
placed inside, concrete members can behave in a ductile manner.

A ductile member can generally redistribute loads to less highly stressed

regions. This can protect the member in the event of an accidental

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 31

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

overload, and in the case of an extraordinary overload can warn of

impending collapse.
In the ACI code, adequate ductility is assured by placing minimum limits
on the amount of steel that must be provided in particular members and
by imposing upper limits on the amount of reinforcement that can be
considered effective in a member. [4]

c. Serviceability: is the characteristic of a structure to serve its intended

function under the service loads (that is, unfactored loads). Important
serviceability issues for structural concrete include defections, crack
widths, and durability.
d. Constructability Issues: Many of the design rules in ACI 318 exist to
alleviate the difficulties of placing and consolidating fresh concrete. These
take the form of minimum bar spacing, maximum steel percentages, or
minimum member size for various types of members.

Loadings

1.17.1 Dead Load

Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. They
include the weight of the structure under consideration as well as any fixtures
that are permanently attached to it. For a reinforced concrete building, some
dead loads are the frames, walls, floors, ceilings, stairways, roofs, and plumbing.
The approximate weights of some common materials used for floors, walls, roofs,
and the like are given in Table 1.2. [6]

1.17.2 Live Load

Live loads are loads that can change in magnitude and position. They include
occupancy loads, warehouse materials, construction loads, overhead service
cranes, equipment operating loads, and many others.

 These loads are taken from Table 4-1 in ASCE 7-10

 Roof live loads are 20 psf (pounds per square feet) maximum distributed
uniformly over the entire roof.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 32

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Figure 8 Minimum Live Load, [7]

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 33

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Design Philosophies [1]

The major design philosophies are working stress design and limit state design.

1.18.1 Working Stress Design (WSD) / Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Working stress method is used for the design of Reinforced concrete, Steel and
Timber structures. The main assumption in the WSM is that the behavior of
structural material is restricted with in linear-elastic region and the safety of it is
ensured by restricting the stresses coming on the members by working loads.

Thus, the allowable stresses will come in the linear portion of the stress-strain
curve

“Factor of safety is the ratio of strength of material to the permissible stress”

Working Stress method will lead to large FOS and over-sized sections, thus
reducing the design economy.

1.18.2 Limit State Design (LSD)

When a structure or structural element becomes unfit for its intended use, it is
said to have reached a limit state OR

“Limit state is the state of impending failure, beyond which a structure

ceases to perform its intended function satisfactorily, in terms of either
safety or serviceability.”

Ultimate limit states: These involve a structural collapse of part or all of the
structure. Such a limit state should have a very low probability of occurrence,
because it may lead to loss of life and major financial losses. The major ultimate
limit states are as follows:

ULS includes: Loss of equilibrium, rupture, progressive collapse, formation of

plastic mechanism, instability, and fatigue.

Serviceability limit states: These involve disruption of the functional use of the
structure, but not collapse per se. Because there is less danger of loss of life, a

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 34

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

higher probability of occurrence can generally be tolerated than in the case of an

ultimate limit state.

SLS includes: excessive deflection, excessive crack width and undesirable

vibrations

Special limit states: damage or collapse due to earthquakes, explosion and

other abnormal conditions.

Safety Factors

There are three main reasons why safety factors, such as load and resistance
factors, are necessary in structural design:

1. Variability in strength: The actual strengths (resistances) of beams,

columns, or other structural members will almost always differ from the
values calculated by the designer. The main reasons for this are as
follows
o variability of the strengths of concrete and reinforcement,
o differences between the as-built dimensions and those shown on
the structural drawings, and
o effects of simplifying assumptions made in deriving the equations
for member strength.
2. Variability in loadings: All loadings are variable, especially live loads
and environmental loads due to snow, wind, or earthquakes.
3. Consequences of failure: A number of subjective factors must be
considered in determining an acceptable level of safety for a particular
class of structure.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 35

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

1.19.1 Load Factors and Combinations [8]

The required strength U is expressed in terms of factored loads, or related

internal moments and forces. Factored loads are the loads specified in the
general building code multiplied by appropriate load factors.

1.19.2 Strength Reduction Factors (ACI318M-14: Table 21.2.1)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 36

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Homework

Explain briefly the differences between working stress design (WSD) and limit
state design (LSD) Methods.

Design for Economy [1]

 A major aim of structural design is economy. The overall cost of a building

project is strongly affected by both the cost of the structure and the
financing charges, which are a function of the rate of construction.
 Formwork costs can be reduced by reusing the forms from area to area
and floor to floor. Beam, slab, and column sizes should be chosen to allow
the maximum reuse of the forms. It is generally uneconomical to try to
save concrete and steel by meticulously calculating the size of every
beam and column to fit the loads exactly, because, although this could
save cents in materials, it will cost dollars in forming costs.
 Furthermore, changing section sizes often leads to increased design
complexity, which in turn leads to a greater chance of design error and a
greater chance of construction error. A simple design that achieves all the
critical requirements saves design and construction time and generally
gives an economical structure.

Read more about “Design for Economy “in the relevant

references (Homework)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 37

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Extra Notes

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 38

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

Review

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 39

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 40

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 41

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 42

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 43

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI REINFORCED CONCRETE 2018 - DRAFT

References

[1] J. K. Wight and J. G. MacGregore, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and

Design, 6th ed. 2012.

[2] C. V. R. Murty, R. Goswami, A. R. Vijayanarayanan, and V. V. Mehta,

Some Concepts in Earthquake Behavior of Buildings. .

[3] A. O. Aghayer and G. F. Limrunner, Reinforced Concrete Design, 8th ed.,

vol. 1. 2015.

[4] C. D. Buckner, Concrete Design, Second Edition. .

[5] D. N. Y. Abboushi, Reinforced Concrete, vol. 1–2. 2014.

[6] R. H. B. Jack C. McCormac, Design of Reinforced Concrete. 2014.

[7] A. H. Nilson, D. Darwin, and C. W. Dolan, Design of Concrete Structures,

14th ed. 2010.

[8] ACI Committee 318, Aci 318M-14. 2014.

[9] M. N. Hassoun and A. Al-Manaseer, Structural Concrete Theory and

Design, 6th ed. .

[10] Subramanian, Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. 2013.

[11] A. M. Ibrahim, M. S. Mahmood, and Q. W. Ahmed, Design of Reinforced

Concrete Structures, First. Baghdad, 2011.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 44