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Act B5 HEAT-SI Lab Report Heat Relationships in Physical and Chemical Processes

Parts I - III
Act B5 Online URL:
https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_chem/chem_sim/calorimetry/Calor.php

The computer will simulate a calorimetry experiment involving dissolving various ionic salts in
water. The following compounds should be available for testing: ammonium nitrate, sodium
nitrate, calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium
chloride, magnesium chloride.

Part I Measure Heat of a Physical Process

Test all eight of the compounds using the same mass value for each. Some of your compounds
may cause an increase in temperature of the solution, other compounds could cause a decrease
in the temperature of the solution.
 
Write a specific question that you can answer as a result of performing your calorimetry
experiment.

Part I A. Design and carry out an experiment to determine the change in enthalpy, H (kJ), for
the dissolving process for these ionic solids.

1. Write the chemical formulas for these ionic solids.

Ionic Solid Chemical Formula
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3
Lithium chloride LiCl
Calcium chloride CaCl2
Potassium chloride KCl
Sodium chloride NaCl

2. In your experiment, identify the independent and dependent variables.

The independent variable: ionic salts
The dependent variable: change in temp.

3. What is the magnitude and unit of the control variable in your experiment?

The magnitude and unit of the control variable is

1
4. Write equations that describe the dissolving process for each salt. Classify each process as
endothermic, exothermic, or neither after collecting the data.
Ionic Solid Chemical Equation Type Energy
Change
Lithium chloride LiCl (s) -> Li+(aq) + Cr(aq) Exothermic
Calcium chloride CaCl2 (s) -> Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) Exothermic
Potassium chloride
Sodium chloride NaCl (s) -> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Endothermic

5. List the assumptions and or information that you need to make in order to do the
calculations.

6. In your experiment, identify the system.

The system in the experiment are the reactants.
7. In your experiment identify the surroundings.
The surroundings in the experiment is water.
8. In your experiment, what gains heat energy?
The endothermic reactions gain heat energy
9. In your experiment what loses heat energy?
The exothermic reactions lose heat energy.
10. Report the heat of reaction (qRxn) for each ionic solid. Show your calculation or each salt.
Report the final value in Joules.

Ionic Solid Calculation qRxn (J)

Ammonium nitrate
Lithium chloride
Calcium chloride
Potassium chloride
Sodium chloride

11. Calculate the H, change in enthalpy per mole of salt, and report the value in units of
kJ/mol. Show your calculation for each salt. Remember that qRXN is the heat energy for the mass
of salt dissolved in the experiment.
Ionic Solid Calculation H Rxn (kJ/mol)
Ammonium nitrate (0.50g)/(80.05g)= 0.0063 mol 25 kJ/mol
-160 J/ 0.0063 mol= 25.40
Lithium chloride (0.50g)/(43.39g)= 0.0118 mol 36 kJ/mol
427J/ 0.0118 mol= 36.19
Calcium chloride (0.50g)/(110.98g)= 0.0045 mol 81 kJ/mol
364J/ 0.0118 mol= 80.89
Potassium chloride
Sodium chloride (0.50g)/(58.44g)= 0.0086 mol -4.0 kJ/mol
-34J/ 0.0086 mol = -4
12. Describe any patterns observed in H for the chloride salts. Is there a periodic trend in H
for the Group I chloride salts? Describe the trend.

Part II Relationships in Enthalpy Changes

Design and carry out a series of experiments that investigates ONE of the following questions:
1) whether the mass of an ionic solid dissolved in a given volume of water has any effect on
how much the temperature of the solution will change, OR 2) whether the mass of the water
used when dissolving a constant mass of an ionic solid has any effect on the temperature
change. You will collect at least six trials of data and make a graph that illustrates the
relationship between the variables that were chosen to study.

13. In your experiment, identify the independent, dependent and control variables.

14. Write a specific question that you can answer as a result of performing your experiment.

15. Predict the relationship between the independent and dependent variable before you
collect data. Briefly explain your prediction.

16. List the assumptions and or information that you need to make in order to do the
calculations.

17. Make a data table summarizing the magnitude and units of your independent and
dependent variables. Add additional columns and rows, if needed. Edit the variable names of
any of the columns in the table below. Show all of your calculations.
Ionic Solid Calculation T Rxn (oC)

18. Construct a graph of the data from your experiment in Excel. Don’t forget to include all of
the required parts of a scientific graph. Paste your graph below.

19. What is the relationship between the variables in your experiment based on the graph?

20. Do the results agree with your prediction? Why or why not?

Overall Analysis Questions

21. Is dissolving an ionic salt in water a chemical or physical process? Explain.
Chemical change because the reactant changes and the product is thus different from the
reactant.
22. Does doubling the amount of substance that dissolves in water correspond to a doubling of
a temperature change in the solution?
Yes because the heat capacity is dependent on the amount of substance
23. What is the difference between the heat of reaction, qrxn, and the enthalpy of reaction,
HRxn?
The heat of reaction is a change in enthalpy of a chemical reaction that happens in a certain
pressure and enthalpy of reaction contains heat.
24. Can you make a prediction about which ionic compounds will cause an increase or decrease
in the temperature of the solution when they dissolve in water?

25. What causes the changes in temperature that you observed to occur (how does it happen)?
Draw a diagram at the molecular level that illustrates what is happening. In each case, identify
the system and surrounding.

Part III Determine the Specific Heat of Metals

26. Determine the average specific heat capacity, c, of copper from the group data in
Part III. Use the equation for the total heat flow, q metal + qwater = 0. Show your work for
one of the three trials of data that you collected. Provide values for all three of the trials.
Compare the average value of the data that you collected to the published value for
copper, 0.398 J/goC.

Trial Mass of Copper (g) Specific heat

capacity (J/gºC)
1 20.0 g 0.385
2
3
Average of Three Samples
Average All Group Data Samples:

27. Determine the average specific heat capacity, c, for each unknown metal I and II,
using the equation for the total heat flow, q metal + qwater = 0. Show your work for one of the
three trials of data that you collected. Provide values for all three of the trials. Identify
each metal from the following list:

Sample Calculation:

Trial Mass of Unknown Metal I (g) Specific heat

capacity (J/gºC)
1
 2
3
Average Three Samples

Average All Group Data Samples: Unknown Metal I:

Sample Calculation:

Trial Mass of Unknown Metal YII(g) Specific heat

capacity (J/gºC)
1
2
3
Average Three Samples

Average All Group Data Samples: Unknown Metal II:

Expand Your Thinking

28. Indicate whether the average of the class data values for the specific heat of copper
is less than, equal to or less than the literature value of specific hear for copper.

Average Ccopper 0.398 J/goC

29. Consider the procedures, uncertainty of all measurements and other extenuating
circumstances in the determination of the experimental value of the specific heat of
copper. What are sources of error that lead to the relationship between the average
group data value and the literature value?

The specific heats of some metals are given in a table accessed by this link.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/sphtt.html
30. Use the average of all group data values for the specific heat of Unknown Metal I,
compare the value to the literature values given in the link above to identify it.

Specific Heat Average for Unknown Metal I J/goC

Identify Unknown Metal I:
31. Briefly explain the reasons for your identification of Unknown Metal I. Consider the
procedures, uncertainty of all measurements and other extenuating circumstances in
the determination of the experimental value of the specific heat of Metal X.

32. Use the average of all group data values for the specific heat of Unknown Metal II,
compare it to the literature values given in the link above to identify it.

Specific Heat Average for Unknown Metal II J/goC

Identify Unknown Metal II:

33. Briefly explain the reasons for your identification of Unknown Metal II. Consider the
procedures, uncertainty of all measurements and other extenuating circumstances in
the determination of the experimental value of the specific heat of Unknown Metal II.