BS ISO 12817:2013

BSI Standards Publication

Fibre-reinforced plastic
composites —
Determination of open-hole
compression strength
BS ISO 12817:2013 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 12817:2013.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to
Technical Committee PRI/42, Fibre reinforced thermosetting
plastics and prepregs.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
© The British Standards Institution 2013.
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013.
ISBN 978 0 580 66126 6
ICS 83.120
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity
from legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2013.
Amendments issued since publication
Date Text affected
 BS ISO 12817:2013

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12817

First edition
2013-03-15

Fibre-reinforced plastic composites —

Determination of open-hole
compression strength
Composites plastiques renforcés de fibres — Détermination de la
résistance à la compression avec trou nu

Reference number
ISO 12817:2013(E)

© ISO 2013
BS ISO 12817:2013
ISO 12817:2013(E)


COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [email protected]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

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Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Principle......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Apparatus...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
6 Test specimens........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
6.1 Shape and dimensions....................................................................................................................................................................... 9
6.2 Alternative specimen.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
6.3 Preparation of test plates and specimens...................................................................................................................... 11
6.4 Inspection of test specimens..................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.5 Number of test specimens........................................................................................................................................................... 11
7 Conditioning............................................................................................................................................................................................................12
8 Procedure.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
8.1 Test atmosphere.................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
8.2 Measurement of dimensions of the test specimens.............................................................................................. 12
8.3 Mounting of the test specimens............................................................................................................................................. 12
8.4 Test speed.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
8.5 Preliminary loading.......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
8.6 Recording................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
8.7 Failure mode........................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
9 Calculation................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
9.1 Open-hole compressive strength.......................................................................................................................................... 13
9.2 Expression of results........................................................................................................................................................................ 14
10 Precision.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
11 Test report................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75  % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 12817 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 13, Composites
and reinforcement fibres.

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Introduction
In preparing this (harmonized) International Standard, reference has been made to other similar open-
hole compression methods (JIS K 7093,[1] ASTM D6484/D6484M-09[2]) and related methods, i.e. open-
hole tension in ASTM D5766/D5766M6[3] and pin-bearing in ISO 12815.[4]
The scope covers all current and future fibre-reinforced plastic composites meeting the requirements of
this International Standard. This International Standard incorporates three methods that have different
suitability and do not necessarily yield identical properties. All the methods use the maximum load to
define the open-hole compressive strength.

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BS ISO 12817:2013
 BS ISO 12817:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12817:2013(E)

Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of

open-hole compression strength

1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the test method to determine the open-hole compressive strength
of laminated fibre-reinforced plastic composites. The laminate is intended to be a balanced and
symmetrical lay-up or be otherwise homogeneous through the thickness. This International Standard
applies to all textile diameter fibre types (carbon, glass, aramids, etc.) and matrices (e.g. thermoset,
thermoplastic) that meet the requirements of this International Standard.
This International Standard includes three methods:
— method 1 (short specimen with support fixture);
— method 2 (short specimen without support fixture);
— method 3 (long specimen with support fixture as in ASTM D6484/D6484M-09, methods A and B).
Method 1 employs an L-shaped base fixture and two end fixtures. These end fixtures are compressed
between the platens of the test machine.
Method 2 employs end supports similar to the fixtures given in C.1 of ISO 14126:1999. Method 2 is useful
for cyclic loading conditions test, including under fully or partly reversed loading conditions when the
specimen is clamped by hydraulic grips without support fixtures
Method 3 has two types of loading methods, i.e. 3A and 3B. In method 3A, the specimen is placed within
a stabilization fixture, which is then clamped by hydraulic grips. In method 3B, the specimen is placed
within a stabilization fixture and then end-loaded by platens. Full details of test methods 3A and 3B are
given in ASTM D6484/D6484M-09, procedure A and procedure B, respectively.
NOTE Specimen configurations and force introduction varies for the three methods covered within this
International Standard. Results obtained using methods 1, 2 and 3 might not be equivalent for all laminates in all
environments.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable to its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 472, Plastics — Vocabulary
ISO 1268 (all parts), Fibre-reinforced plastics — Methods of producing test plates
ISO 2818, Plastics — Preparation of test specimens by machining
ISO 5893, Rubber and plastics test equipment — Tensile, flexural and compression types (constant rate of
traverse) — Specification
ISO 14126:1999, Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of compressive properties in the in-
plane direction

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3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 472 and the following apply.
3.1
open-hole diameter
diameter of the open hole in the centre of the test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Open-hole diameter is expressed in millimetres (mm).

Note 2 to entry: See Figure 1.

3.2
width
w
overall width of the specimen
Note 1 to entry: Width is expressed in millimetres (mm).

3.3
coordinate axes of a test specimen
direction parallel with the plate longitudinal axis, which is the X direction and the direction perpendicular,
which is the Y direction
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 1268‑4.

3.4
open-hole compressive stress
value obtained by dividing a compressive load applied to a test specimen by the gross cross-section
based on the overall width and thickness of the test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Open-hole compressive stress is expressed in megapascals (MPa).

3.5
open-hole compressive strength
maximum open-hole compressive stress generated in the test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Open-hole compressive strength is expressed in megapascals (MPa).

4 Principle
A test specimen consisting of a strip of rectangular cross-section with a plain open hole centrally positioned,
as shown in Figure 1, is loaded in compression. The maximum load sustained by the specimen is used to
determine the open-hole (notched) compressive strength based on the gross specimen cross-section.

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Key
Y load direction
1 open hole

Figure 1 — Open-hole laminated composite test specimen and load direction

5 Apparatus

5.1 Test machine

5.1.1 General, the machine shall conform to ISO  5893, as appropriate to the requirements given in
5.1.2 and 5.1.3.

5.1.2 Speed of testing. The test machine shall be capable of maintaining the required speed of
testing (see 8.4).

5.1.3 Indication of load, the error for the indicated load not exceeding 1 %.

5.1.4 Load measurement system, comprising a mechanism to indicate continuously the compressive
load applied to the test piece. The loading mechanism shall not cause delay due to inertia at the specified
test speed and shall indicate the load value with a precision equal to or higher than ±1 % of the full scale
of load cell measurement capacity.

5.1.5 Loading platens (method 1 and method 3B), each (platen plate) being located on the movable
part (platen plate) and fixed part (base plate), respectively, of the test machine and the centre of the upper
and lower pressing faces coinciding with the centreline of the loading direction of the test machine. The
alignment of the test fixture shall enable a compressive load to be applied to the platen plate and the base
plate in the axial direction of a test specimen, and forces other than the compressive load shall be minimized.

5.1.6 Hydraulic grips (method 2 and method 3A), each located on the movable and fixed parts,
respectively, of the test machine and the centre of the upper and lower grips coinciding with the centreline
of the load gauge. The test set-up arrangement shall be such that a compressive load is applied to the
upper and lower grips in the axial direction of a test specimen, and forces other than the compressive load
shall be minimized.

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5.2 Test fixtures, for method 1 and method 3, which support the test specimen to prevent buckling
phenomenon, and which apply compressive load to the test specimen. They shall be made of low-carbon
steel or stainless steel. Figure 2 shows an outline of the out-of-plane deformation support fixture assembly
for method 1. Figures 3 to 7 show detailed dimensions of the out-of-plane deformation support fixture,
L-shaped base plate, end-loading fixtures and support fixture for method 1.

Method 3 requires out-of plane support fixtures. There are two compression-loading conditions for
method 3, shear loaded by clamped hydraulic wedge grips (method 3A) and end loaded by platen plates
(method 3B). Methods 3A and 3B require the same stabilization fixture. Details of the support fixture
for method 3 are given in ASTM D6484/D6484M-09.

2
1

Key
1 out-of-plane deformation support fixture
2 end-loading fixtures
3 L-shaped base plate

Figure 2 — Outline of the fixture

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Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 S55C, quenched, HRC 50
2 2 × M6 countersunk screw
3 relief radius R0,1 plate R0,5
4 4 × M8 × 1,25 through

Figure 3 — L-shaped base plate for method 1

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Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 2 × M8 × 1,25
2 relief radius R0,1 maximum

Figure 4 — End-loading fixture (upper) for method 1

Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 2 × M8 × 1,25
2 relief radius R0,1 maximum

Figure 5 — End-loading fixture (lower) for method 1

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Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 2 × M8 × 1,25
2 relief radius R0,1 maximum

Figure 6 — End-loading fixture plate for method 1 (quantity: 2, common for the upper and lower)

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Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 strain gauge bonding area (strain gauge shall be located on the specimen) (6,8 × 18,9 mm, machined to
grooved bottom surface)

Figure 7 — Out-of-plane support fixture for method 1 (quantity: two sets)

5.3 Micrometers and calipers

a) Vernier caliper, used to measure the length and width of the test specimen, and having a precision
of 0,05 mm or better.
b) Micrometer or equivalent, used to measure the specimen thickness and open-hole diameter of a test
specimen, and having a precision of 0,01 mm or better. The micrometer shall have faces appropriate
to the surface being measured (i.e. flat faces for flat, polished surfaces and hemispherical faces for
irregular surfaces).

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6 Test specimens

6.1 Shape and dimensions

The major dimensions of these test specimens are shown as specified in Table 1, and are shown in
Figures 8 and 9. Details of the test specimen for method 3 are given in ASTM D6484/D6484M-09.

Table 1 — Dimensions of test specimens for methods 1 and 2

Dimensions in millimetres
Item Method 1 Method 2 Method 3a
Width b 36,0 ± 0,25 36,0 ± 0,5 36
Length l 118,0 + 2,0/-0 125.0 ± 1,0 300
Thickness h 2,5 (std.) 4,0 (min.) 4
Open-hole diameter d 6,0 ± 0,08 6,0 ± 0.02 6
a Mean values only; see ASTM D6484/D6484M for tolerances.

6.2 Alternative specimen

Alternative specimens shall maintain a specimen width-to-hole diameter ratio of 6.
NOTE A 0,25“ (6,35mm) hole in a 1,5” (38,1 mm) wide specimen meets this requirement.

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Dimensions in millimetres

a Parallelism of top and bottom surfaces shall be within 0,02 mm for method 1.
b Perpendicularity of top and bottom surfaces against plane C shall be within 0,02 mm for method 1.
c Hole shall be free of ply peeling or other damage.
d Seal side.

Figure 8 — Shape and dimensions of the test specimen for method 1

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Dimensions in millimetres

a End tabs are not normally required. Guidance on tabbing materials and method, if required, is
given in ISO 527-4.

Figure 9 — Shape and dimensions of the test specimen for method 2

6.3 Preparation of test plates and specimens

In accordance with ISO  1268 (all parts) or by mutual agreement of the parties concerned, the test
specimens shall be machined to the specified dimensions from a laminated fibre-reinforced plastics
manufactured by compression moulding, autoclave moulding or other similar methods. The typical
configuration of the test specimens lamination of unidirectional material, shall be quasi-isotropic
laminates in 16 layers of (45/0/–45/90)2S. When using two-dimensionally woven material, such as plain
woven or satin woven fabric, [(45/–45), (0/90)]ns shall be employed and the integer “n” that is closest
to the thickness given in Table 1 shall be determined. The edges of test specimens shall be prepared
by machining in accordance with ISO 2818. The hole shall be made using a drill suitable for use with
fibre-reinforced plastics, followed by reamer finishing, if required. These operations shall be properly
performed to prevent the generation of burrs or interlaminar resin cracking.

6.4 Inspection of test specimens

Each test specimen shall be flat, free from any twist, and have no defect on its surface and edges.
No delamination around the open-hole edges shall be allowed. The thickness and width of each test
specimen shall be in accordance within the tolerance and parallelism given in Table 1.

6.5 Number of test specimens

At least five test specimens shall be tested. The number of measurements may be more than five if
greater precision of the mean value is required.

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7 Conditioning
Conditioning of the test specimen shall be selected in accordance with those specified in ISO 291.

8 Procedure

8.1 Test atmosphere

The specimen shall be tested as specified in ISO 291.

8.2 Measurement of dimensions of the test specimens

Prior to testing, the dimensions of test specimens shall be measured in the test conditions prescribed in
Clause 5. The length of a test specimen is measured to a precision of 0,05 mm using a sliding caliper. The
width and thickness in the middle area to a precision of 0,01 mm using a micrometer. The hole diameter
is also measured to a precision of 0,01 mm using a micrometer.

8.3 Mounting of the test specimens

8.3.1 Method 1

As shown in Figure 2, the end-loading fixtures (see Figures 4, 5, and 6) are attached at the upper and
lower ends of the test specimen by four bolts. The test specimen with the out-of-plane support fixtures
(see Figure 7) is clamped and installed on the L-shaped base plate that is tighten by torque approximately
0,10 Nm to 0,15 Nm. The assembly of test specimen and fixtures are clamped between the platen plate
and base plate of the test machine.

8.3.2 Method 2

The test specimen is clamped by hydraulic or equivalent grip at the upper and lower ends of the test specimen.

8.3.3 Method 3

Test specimen installation of method 3A and method 3B is given in ASTM  D6484/D6484M-09,

procedures A and B.

8.4 Test speed

The test speed shall be 0,5 mm/min to 1,5 mm/min for method 1 and method 2.
NOTE The test speed of method 3 is given in ASTM D6484/D6484M-09.

8.5 Preliminary loading

To stabilize the loading fixture set-up, apply a preliminary loading of 5 kN, and then, remove the load
before conducting the compression strength test for method 1 and method 3. This preliminary loading
process is not required for method 2.
Details of preliminary loading for method 3 are given in ASTM D6484/D6484M-09.

8.6 Recording
Record the load applied to the test specimen and the crosshead travel (displacement) until test
specimen failure.

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8.7 Failure mode

The failure mode of the test specimen shall be identified corresponding to the open-hole compressive
failure indicated in Figure 10. Where the fracture modes are inappropriate, the fracture modes shall be
reported in the test results.

a b a b a b

a) Appropriate failure modes A1, A2 and A3      b)  Inappropriate failure modes B and C

a Plane view.
b Side views.

Figure 10 — Typical failure modes of open-hole compressive specimen

9 Calculation

9.1 Open-hole compressive strength

Calculate the open-hole compressive strength using Formula (1).
F
σ OHC = (1)
wh
where
σOHC is the open-hole compressive strength (MPa);

F is the maximum load (N);

w is the width of test specimen (mm);

h is the thickness of test specimen (mm).

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9.2 Expression of results

Calculate the open-hole compressive strength for each test specimen and calculate the mean value to
three significant figures. When the standard deviation and coefficient of variation are required, these
values are calculated by Formulae (2) and (3).

∑( x − x )
2

s= (2)
n −1
s
C V = ×100 (3)
x
where
s is the standard deviation;

CV is the coefficient of variation (%);

x is the individual measured value;

x is the mean measured value;

n is the number of measured values.

10 Precision
The precision of method 1 obtained in an interlaboratory study is summarized below (see Table 2 and
Table 3). Four materials manufactured from prepregs using an autoclave were tested. Full details are
reported.[4]
Four materials fabricated from mid-modulus/high-strength carbon fibre/epoxy prepregs using different
reinforcement styles, thicknesses and lay-ups were tested as follows:
— material 1 UD 16ply Quasi isotropic, Autoclave, by seven laboratories;
— material 2 UD 32ply Quasi isotropic, Autoclave, by four laboratories;
— material 3 UD 16ply Quasi isotropic, Autoclave, by six laboratories;
— material 4 5HS Satin 8ply Quasi isotropic, Autoclave, by nine laboratories.

Table 2 — Repeatability, reproducibility and mean notched stress for open-hole

compressive specimens
Repeatability conditions Reproducibility conditions Open-hole compres-
Material
sive strength
code Sr r SR R MPa
1 5,48 15,20 5,48 15,20 278,9
2 5,52 15,30 6,08 16,80 317,3
3 9,00 24,90 9,00 24,90 307,7
4 9,47 26,20 10,20 28,40 286,6

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Table 3 — Repeatability and reproducibility values as a percentage of mean values for open-
hole compressive specimens
Value as percentage of mean
Material code Repeatability conditions Reproducibility conditions
Sr r SR R
1 1,96 5,45 1,96 5,45
2 1,98 5,49 2,18 6,02
3 3,23 8,93 3,23 8,93
4 3,40 9,39 3,66 10,18

The precision of method 2 obtained in an interlaboratory study is summarized below(see Table 4 and
Table 5). Four materials representing the range of fibre-reinforced plastic composites were tested in an
interlaboratory trial by six laboratories. Full details are reported.[4] The materials tested were:
— material 1 chopped strand-mat glass-fibre/ polyester (CSM) hand laid-up;
— material 2 woven glass-fibre/epoxy press moulded;
— material 3 glass-fibre/polyester mixed format pultrusion (PUL);
— material 4 unidirectional carbon-fibre/ epoxy, autoclave moulded (CFRP).

Table 4 — Repeatability, reproducibility and mean notched stress for open-hole

compressive specimens
Repeatability conditions Reproducibility conditions Open-hole com-
Material code pressive strength
Sr r SR R MPa
1 7,82 21,89 7,92 22,17 141,31
2 10,72 30,01 13,24 37,07 272,76
3 9,90 27,71 10,64 29,79 266,93
4 4,77 13,35 11,39 31,88 341,47

Table 5 — Repeatability and reproducibility values as a percentage of mean values for open-
hole compressive specimens
Value as percentage of mean
Material code Repeatability conditions Reproducibility conditions
Sr r SR R
1 5,53 15,49 5,60 15,69
2 3,93 11,00 4,85 13,59
3 3,71 10,38 3,99 11,16
4 1,40 3,91 3,34 9,34

NOTE The definitions are taken directly from ISO 5725 (all parts).

Repeatability value, r: the value below which the absolute difference between two single test results
obtained under repeatability conditions may be expected to lie with a probability of 95 %.
Reproducibility value, R: the value below which the absolute difference between two single test results
obtained under reproducibility conditions may be expected to lie with a probability of 95 %.

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Repeatability standard deviation, Sr: the standard deviation of test results obtained under
repeatability conditions.
Reproducibility standard deviation, SR: the standard deviation of test results obtained under
reproducibility conditions.

11 Test report
The test report shall include the following information for methods 1 and 2. (Report requirements for
method 3 are given in ASTM D6484/D6484M-09.)
a) a reference to this International Standard, i.e. ISO 12817, and the method used;
b) all details necessary to identify the test material (sample moulding methods, laminate configuration,
volumetric or mass content, etc.);
c) the dimensions, preparation conditions and sampling methods of test specimens;
d) the tab material (if applicable to method 2);
e) the number of test specimens tested;
f) the temperature, humidity and time of test specimen conditioning;
g) the test temperature and humidity;
h) the accuracy grading of the test machine (ISO 5893);
i) the test methods employed (method 1, 2, 3);
j) the test speed;
k) the test results for open-hole compressive strength, individual and mean values, standard deviation
and coefficient of variation, as required, typical load-displacement diagram;
l) the mode of failure for each test;
m) the date of the test;
n) a statement as to whether any test specimens were rejected and, if so, why;
o) the standard deviations and the 95 % confidence intervals of the mean values, if required;
p) any operation not specified in this International Standard, as well as any incident likely to have
affected the results.

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Bibliography

[1] JIS K 7093, Test method for open-hole compressive strength of carbon fibre reinforced plastic
[2] ASTM D6484/D6484M-09, Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Compressive Strength of Polymer
Matrix Composite Laminates
[3] ASTM D5766/D5766M-11, Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Polymer Matrix
Composite Laminates
[4] ISO 12815, Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of plain-pin bearing strength
[5] Ishikawa T., Hamaguchi Y., Shikata N., Ben G., Kageyama K. Journal of the Japan Society for
Composite Materials. 2005, 31 (5)
[6] NPL Measurement Note No. 043, Round-robin validation exercise for three structural test methods:
open-hole compression, open-hole tension and pin-bearing, 1999
[7] ISO  13003, Fibre-reinforced plastics  — Determination of fatigue properties under cyclic loading
conditions
[8] ASTM  D7615/D7615M-11, Standard Practice for Open Hole Fatigue Response of Polymer Matrix
Composite Laminates
[9] ISO 527-5, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 5: Test conditions for unidirectional
fibre-reinforced plastic composites
[10] ISO  5725-1, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results  — Part  1:
General principles and definitions
[11] ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic
method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method

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