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Math in Our World - Module 4

This module discusses solving word problems using linear equations. It covers translating words to symbols, solving real-world problems involving ratios, proportions, direct variation, the rectangular coordinate system, graphing linear equations, functions, and domain and range. Key skills covered are setting up and solving applications involving numbers, geometry, percent, money, uniform motion, ratios, proportions, direct variation, plotting points, identifying functions, and evaluating functions. The module is structured with lessons on general procedures, ratios/proportions/variation, the coordinate system, linear equations, functions, and exercises to practice the concepts.

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Gee Lysa Pascua Vilbar
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651 views10 pages

Math in Our World - Module 4

This module discusses solving word problems using linear equations. It covers translating words to symbols, solving real-world problems involving ratios, proportions, direct variation, the rectangular coordinate system, graphing linear equations, functions, and domain and range. Key skills covered are setting up and solving applications involving numbers, geometry, percent, money, uniform motion, ratios, proportions, direct variation, plotting points, identifying functions, and evaluating functions. The module is structured with lessons on general procedures, ratios/proportions/variation, the coordinate system, linear equations, functions, and exercises to practice the concepts.

Uploaded by

Gee Lysa Pascua Vilbar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 4

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Introduction

In this module we will discuss a process for solving applications in general although we will
focus only on linear equations.

Solve word problems involving relationships between numbers. Solve geometry problems
involving perimeter. Solve percent and money problems including simple interest. Set up and solve
uniform motion problems.

After the end of the module, you should be able to:


1. translate verbal expressions into mathematical symbols;
2. solve real-world problems using linear equations;
3. write ratios in fraction form;
4. solve proportions;
5. solve problems using proportions;
6. solve problems using direct variation;
7. plot points in a rectangular coordinate system;
8. graph linear equations;
9. identify functions;
10. write functions in function notation;
11. evaluate functions; and
12. find the domain and range of functions.

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS – Module 4


TIME FRAME: 6 hours

CHECK-UP TEST

Answer numbers 27 - 29 on page 303 (Sobecki, D. (2019). Math in Our


World. New York. NY: McGraw-Hill Education.)

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS – Module 4


LESSON PROPER

I. General Procedure for Solving Word Problems Using Equations


Step 1 Read the problem carefully.
Step 2 Assign a variable to an unknown quantity.
Step 3 Write an equation.
Step 4 Solve the equation.
Step 5 Make sure that you answer the question!
Step 6 Check to see if your solution makes sense.

Common Phrases That Represent Operations


Phrases that represent addition
6 more than a number 6+x
A number increased by 8 x+8
5 added to a number 5+x
The sum of a number and 17 x + 17

Phrases that represent subtraction


18 decreased by a number 18 − x
6.5 less than a number x − 6.5
3 subtracted from a number x−3
The difference between a number and 5 x−5

Phrases that represent multiplication


8 times a number 8x
Twice a number 2x
A number multiplied by 4 4x
The product of a number and 19 19x
2 2
3
of a number 3
x

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS – Module 4


Phrases that represent division
A number divided by 5 x÷5
35 divided by a number 35 ÷ x
The quotient of a number and 6 x÷6

II. Ratio, Proportion, and Variation


A ratio is a comparison of two quantities using division. For two nonzero numbers, a and b,
the ratio of a to b is written as a:b (read a to b) or ab. Ratios can be written using either a colon or
a fraction as shown in the definition, but in math we’ll typically use the fraction so that we can do
arithmetic with ratios.

Proportions
A proportion is a statement of equality of two ratios. Two ratios form a proportion if the
cross products of their numerators and denominators are equal.

a c
= d if ad = bc.
b

Direct Variation
A quantity y is said to vary directly with x if there is some nonzero constant k so that y = kx. The
constant k is called the constant of proportionality. Two quantities are often related in such a
way that if one goes up, the other does too, and if one goes down, the other goes down as well.
This would show direct variation.

III. The Rectangular Coordinate System and Linear Equations in Two Variables
Rectangular Coordinate System
The foundation of graphing in math is a system for locating data points using a pair of
perpendicular number lines. We call each one an axis. The horizontal line is called the x-axis, and
the vertical line is called the y-axis. The point where the two intersect is called the origin.

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS – Module 4


Collectively, they form what is known as a rectangular coordinate system, sometimes
called the Cartesian plane.

The two axes divide the plane into four regions called quadrants, which we number using
Roman numerals I, II, III, and IV.

The location of each point is given by a pair of numbers called the coordinates, and are written as
(x, y), where the first number describes a number on the x-axis and the second describes a number
on the y-axis. The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0).

Linear Equations in Two Variables


An equation of the form ax + by = c, where a, b, and c are real numbers, is called a linear
equation in two variables. Consider the equation y = 2x + 6. (This example can be rearranged to
look like −2x + y = 6, so it fits that definition with a = −2, b = 1, and c = 6.) If we choose a pair
of numbers to substitute into the equation for x and y, the resulting equation is either true or false.

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS – Module 4


For example, for x = 4 and y = 14, the equation is 14 = 2(4) + 6, which is a true statement. We call
the pair (4, 14) a solution to the equation, and say the pair of numbers satisfies the equation.

Graph of an Equation

The graph of an equation is a way to geometrically represent every pair of numbers that is
a solution to the equation. Each of those pairs corresponds to a point on the graph.

Intercepts

The point where a graph crosses the x-axis is called the x intercept. The point where a graph
crosses the y-axis is called the y intercept. Every point on the x-axis has y coordinate zero, and
every point on the y-axis has x coordinate zero, so we get the following rules.

Finding Intercepts:

To find the x intercept, substitute zero for y and solve the equation for x.

To find the y intercept, substitute zero for x and solve the equation for y.

Slope
The slope of a line (designated by m) is

y2 − y1 change in y coordinate
m=
x2 − x1 change in x coordinate

where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are two points on the line.

The “slope” can be defined as the “rise” (vertical height) divided by the “run” (horizontal
distance) or as the change in y with respect to the change in x. When finding slope, it doesn’t
matter which of the two points you choose to call (x1, y1) and which you call (x2, y2). But the
order of the subtraction in the numerator and denominator has to be consistent.

If the line goes “uphill” from left to right, the slope will be positive.

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS – Module 4


If a line goes “downhill” from left to right, the slope will be negativ

The slope of a horizontal line is 0.

The slope of a vertical line is undefined.

Slope-Intercept Form
The slope-intercept form for an equation in two variables is y = mx + b, where m is the
slope and (0, b) is the y intercept

Horizontal and Vertical Lines


Think about what the equation y = 3 says in words: that the y coordinate is always 3. This is a
line whose height is always 3, which is a horizontal line. Similarly, an equation like x = -6 is a
vertical line with every point having x coordinate -6.

IV. Functions
Relations
A relation is a rule matching up two sets of objects. Relations are often represented by sets
of ordered pairs.

Functions
A function is a set of ordered pairs in which no two ordered pairs have the same first
coordinate and different second coordinates.
Relation A is a function because no first coordinate is repeated.
Relation B isn't a function because the ordered pairs (3, 9) and (3, 3) have the same first
coordinate.

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS – Module 4


Function Notation
The equation y = x2 represents a function that relates variables x and y. We call x the
independent variable and y the dependent variable because its value depends on the choice of
x. Another way to write the same function is f(x) = x2. This is known as function notation, and is
read aloud as “f of x equals x squared.”

The independent variable is sometimes called the input of a function, and the dependent
variable is called the output. Functions can also be called by names other than f. Letters like f, g,
h, and k are commonly used to represent functions, but a letter that is more representative can be
used.

Domain and Range


The domain of a function is the set of all values of the independent variable x that result in
real number values for y. The range of a function is the set of all possible y values.

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS – Module 4


Exercises:
1. The number of tickets purchased for a prize varies directly with the amount of the prize. For a
prize of $1,000, 250 tickets are purchased. Find the approximate number of tickets that will
be purchased on a prize worth $5,000.
2. The strength of a particular beam varies inversely with the square of its length. If a 10-foot
beam can support 500 pounds, how many pounds can a 12-foot beam support?
3. The intensity of sound varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source. A sound
with an intensity of 300 watts/m^2 is heard from 20 feet away from a speaker. What is the
intensity of the sound 50 feet away from the same speaker?

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS – Module 4


References

A. TEXTBOOK
Sobecki, D. (2019). Math in Our World. New York. NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

B. BOOKS:
Adam, J. (2009). Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World. New
Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Aufmann, R.N., Lockwood, J. S., Nation, R.D. & Clegg, D. K. (2013). Mathematical
Excursions, Third Edition. CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage
Learning.

Axler, S. (2012). Algebra and Trigonometry (12th edition). Hoboken, New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lawsky, E. et al. (2014). CK-12 Probability and Statistics – Advanced ( Second Edition)
Flexbook.

Nachtergaele, B. (2016). Linear Algebra as an Introduction to Abstract Mathematics. New


Jersey : World Scientific.

Nocon, R. (2018). Essential Mathematics for the Modern World. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.

Sirug, W. (2014). Business Mathematics, rev. ed. Manila: Mindshapers Co.

Stewart, I. (1995). Nature’s Numbers. New York, NY: BasicBooks.

C. ELECTRONIC SOURCES:

The Language of Mathematics. Retrieved September 9, 2017 from


http://www.onemathematicalcat.org/pdf file/LANG 1.pdf .

Video: Nature of Numbers by Cristobal Vila, 2010 from


http://www.etereaestudios.com/docs html/nbyn htm/intro.htm

Video: http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/secret/secret.html

End of Module 4

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS – Module 4

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