Calculation of Transient Electromagnetic Field

around a Transmission Line Subjected to Lightning

Strokes
Babak Porkar , Siyamak Porkar and Ali Naderian Jalzromi

Abstract: In this paper, a new method for the power line, with mentioned method in lightning
calculation of electromagnetic fields around a trans- channel has been used. The propagation effects on the
mission line subjected to a lightning strike is described transient as they propagate along the line are
and discussed. The electric fields and magnetic fields considered by dividing power lines into short distance
are presented graphically as a function of spatial lines and modeling those by J.Marti model in EMTP.
coordinate, as a function of time and as a function of Also in this step and in this paper:
both. It is believed that this exact solution have not 1) It is assumed that power line conductors that are
been published before. First, a double exponential straight horizontal wires carry the lightning current.
lightning surge current is injected into a transmission For considering conductor sag, the current element
line. Once The temporal variations of current is can be divided in to a vertical dipole and a horizontal
known, then electric and magnetic fields can be dipole, and the fields from both may be superimposed
calculated by using the field expressions for electric to provide the fields produced by the arbitrarily
dipoles over infinitely conducting ground. As the oriented source [7-81.
calculation was done for each frequency, temporal and 2)It is assumed that ground is perfectly conducting .
spatial distributions of the electromagnetic fields are Sommerfeld first evaluated the electric field due to a
obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation of all dipole over finitely conducting ground and the results
these responses. were given in terms of integrals. Many researchers
have considered different approximations for these
I. INTRODUCTION integrals. Recently, Zeddom and Degauque [9]
evaluated these Sommerfeld integrals and comp-ared
In recent years, study of interference effects from AC the results with these well known approximations.
power lines in pipelines, railways, communication Their results show that the fields over finitely
lines and other such structures has resulted in conducting ground can be well represented by the
numerous research reports and papers. Not only the results of Norton [ 101 among others.
steady-state interference but also a transient
interference become significant due to increasing 11. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
usage of IC and digital circuits in these days. But the
propagation effects on the transients as they propagate A. Electric Dipoles Over a Prefect Ground
along the power line are caused that calculation The simplest case of a source located near a
electro-magnetic fields due to such as waveforms is conducting object is that of an arbitrarily orientated
complex [ 1-61. The calculation transient current element located over an infinite, prefectly
electromagnetic fields around transmission line are conducting ground plane, as illustrated in Fig. 1. In this
similar to lightning channel. In the calculation of the figure, the ground plane lies in the x-y plane at z=O.
electric fields, a lightning channel is decomposed into
numerous dipoles, and the complex amplitude of a
dipole is calculated in the frequency domain
postulating a return-stroke model. After calculating
the electric fields produced by all the dipoles, they are
synthesized to yield the solution in the time domain.
The electric field produced by a dipole having any
inclination can be calculated through those produced
by vertical and horizontal dipoles. Numerical
calculation of the complete solution of the electric
fields over lousy ground was produced of the
complete solution of time consuming due to the Ima*CkucFIP

existence of the Sommerfeld integrals [ 7 ] .In this Fig.1. Geometry for a vertical or x-directed horizontal current
element over a prefect ground plane.
Babak Porkar is a Ph.D. student at the Electrical Engineering For analysis purpose, the current element can be
Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (email: divided into a vertical dipole and a horizontal dipole,
[email protected]) and the fields from both may be superimposed to
Ali Naderian Jahromi is a Ph.D. student at the Electrical and provide the fields produced by the arbitrarily oriented
Computer Engineering Department, University of Tehran, Tehran,
Iran (e-mail: [email protected]) source. Generally, the vertical current element will
Siyamak Porkar is a MS student at the Electrical Engineering radiate more efficiently than the horizontal element in
Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

0-7803-7989-6/03/$17.0002003 IEEE 258

contributes a direct contribution to the response at P
and another contribution that is reflected from the
plate but which appears as if it arrives from the
fictitious image source. The E-field components for E , -j30k1d1sin4cos
this geometry are most suitably expressed in + (10)
cylindrical coordinates (p,@,z) and they are given in -
[ll] as :
B. Include the Effects of Propagation on the Traveling
Wave

For this propose, transmission line is divided into

4
e-Jkr~
cosy, sin y,-+ cosy, sin y2-
r2
e-j%

I
(2)
short distance lines and segments are modeled by
J.Marti model in EMTP ATPDraw[l2-141, as
illustrated in Fie.2 .

(3) 11
E, = O

Where rl and w1 are the distance and angle from the

primary source, and r2 and yr2 are the same for the F i g 2 Segmentation of a transmission line in EMTP-ATPDraw with
image source. As noted in Fig.1 the angles \v are J.Marti Model.
measured from the horizontal direction. For the
observation point at polar coordinates (po,O,zo), these A current lightning strike l.2/50p.s with IO kA peak
distance and angles are amplitude strikes in one phase of line end and was
reflected at the other end at above a lousy ground was
open-circuited. Line configuration is presented in
appendix. Fig.3 shows the dipole 3-phase current that
computed by EMTP.

in many instances, however, we are interested in the C. Calculation Electric and MagneticFields
far fields from the source and we retain only the l/r
terms in the equations. Also components of the H- As the temporal and spatial variation of the traveling
field are given in [ 1I ] as wave is calculated in section B. Then this transient
e-jb
waveform was transformed into the frequency domain
H --Id1
- 4n
Jk (
H, = H , = O
COSI~~-+COSI~,-
r, r2

(7)
in MATLAB using a fast Fourier transformer (FFT).
The relevant E-field spectrum was computed using a
sum of terms such as (8), (9) and (10) at each
frequency in the spectrum for the primary source and
The fields from the horizontal current element in its images. The transient response was then computed
figure can also be evaluated by image theory. The using an inverse FFT. Figs. 4, 5 and 6 are shown the
fields produced by this source are slightly more distribution of the transient field at l m height above
complex than for the vertical element, due to the the ground.
absence of symmetry about the z-axis. These fields Also H-field can be calculated from knowledge of the
will depend on the cylindrical angle @. For this E-field and the Maxwell equation. In Cartesian
horizontal source, the E-field components are coordinates, the individual H-field components are
conveniently expressed in Cartesian coordinates. For
the current element assumed to be directed along the
x-axis, the three components of the direct and image
radiation-zone E-fields are given as [ 111 :
(8)
sin fl cos yl -

-sin y2cos y2-

259
 (file m o n a l p M . x - v a r 1 ) c ' 3 A -JA c.38 -45 c:3C -4C

1.00

Fig4 Z-Component of Electric Field (V/km) around a trans-mission

0.56-
line subjected to a lightning strike.

034-

(fie m o n a i . p M , x - v a r l ) c:54 -6A c:5B -66 c:5C -6C

Fig.5 Y-Component of Electric Field (V/km) around a trans-mission

line subjected to a lightning strike.

1.o

0.a

0.6

04

0.2

00
. . . .
I
-02 *in-al
I
00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 16 20
(file m o n a l pl4 x - v a r l ) c 9A -104 c 9B -103 c 9C -1OC

Fig.3. Dipole 3-phase current of segments that has been computed

by EMTP.
Fig6 X-Component of Electric Field (V/km) around a trans-mission
line subjected to a lightning strike.

260
 IILCONCLUSION V. APPENDIX

A new method for exact calculation of electro- The line configuration used in the paper is shown in
magnetic fields around a transmission line subjected Fig 7.
to a lightning strike has been developed and
implemented for three-dimensional field modeling.
The method takes into account the propagation effects
on the transient as they propagate along the line. For
this, the computer program which implements the
method proposed in this paper has been prepared and 27 m
can run on a normal Personal Computer. I
IV. REFRENCES
Fig.7 Line configuration
[1] M. Ishii, K. Michishita, Y. Hongo, “Experimental
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[ 101 K. A. Norton, ‘The propagation of radio waves over the
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[11] F. M. Tesche, M. V. Ianoz, T. Karlsson, “ EMC
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[12] ATPDarw for Windows 3.1x/95/NT version 1.0 ,
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[ 131 ATP-EMTP RuleBook, Canadian-American EMTP
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