Present Simple : Facts and Routines

Time Expressions:
- Every day/week/month/year
- On Mondays/Wednesdays/Saturdays
- Once a day/week/month/year
- Twice a day/week/month/year
- Three times a day/week/month/year
- Adverbs of Frecuency: Always/Usually/Often/Sometimes/Never

(+) Subj + Verb + Compl (T.E.)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Verb + Compl

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

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Present Continuous :
1. Actions currently in progress
2. To talk about temporary situations
3. To talk about future plans and arragements - Time Trace (moment
and/or a date and/or an hour)

Time Expressions:
1. Now, right now, in this moment, at the moment, currently
2. This week/month/term/year
3. Later, tonight, tomorrow, day after tomorrow, next week/month

(+) Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl

(To-Be)(+ing)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl

(To-Be) (+ing)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (+ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (+ing)
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Present Perfect : To talk about actions in the past which have

consecuences in the present
Life Experiences

***In Present Perfect Tense we DO NOT USE Time Expressions***

Life Experiences
Ever / Never
Have you ever...? : Alguna vez has...? = Have you ever visited
Europe? / Have you ever eaten chontacuros?
I have never... : Yo nunca he... = I have never visited Europe /
I've never eaten chontacuros
I haven't visited Europe / I
haven't eaten chontacuros

Just / Already (+) : Postion is after the Aux and before the main
Verb
Just: An action that recently happened
Already: An action that happened before a certain time
Ex. I have done my revision - I've just/already done my revision

Yet (-/?) : Position is at the end of the sentence

Yet: An action that hasn't happened up to now
Ex. I haven't done my revision yet / Have you done your revision
yet?

How long...? : To talk about duration.

For : To talk about the period of time something has continued -
Introduce a number or a moment.
Since : To say when something started.
Ex. How long have you studied English?
I have studied English for 10 years / for a month / for two days
I have studied English since 2010 / since January / since last
month / since an hour ago

(+) Subj + Have/Has + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(-) Subj + Have/Has (not) + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(? Y/N) Have/Has + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past Part.)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
(Have) (Have) (P.P)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
(Have) (Have) (P.P)
(? Wh) WH + Have/Has + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?
(Past Part.)

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Present Perfect Continuous: To talk about an action that has been in

progress since a certain point in the past up to now.

(+) Subj + Have/Has + Been + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(-) Subj + Have/Has (not) + Been + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(? Y/N) Have/Has + Subj + Been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Been + Verb + Compl
(Have) (Have) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Been + Verb +
Compl
(Have) (Have) (ing)

(? Wh) WH + Have/Has + Subj + Been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

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Past Simple: To talk about completed actions and/or statements in

the past.

Time Expressions:
- Yesterday, the day before yesterday
- Last day/week/month/year
- Ago: A moment ago, a minute ago, a day ago, a week ago, a month
ago, a year ago

(+) Subj + Verb + Compl (T.E.)

(Past)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl

(Past)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Verb + Compl

(Past) (Past)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
 (Past) (Past)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past)

Who listened to the new Imagine Drangons album? / Who did(v) this
awful drawing? / Who cleaned the house yesterday?
Whose new album did you listened to?

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Past Continuous: To talk about an action in the past that lasted for
a longer period of time

Time Expressions:
- Yesterday, the day before yesterday
- Last day/week/month/year
- Ago: A moment ago, a minute ago, a day ago, a week ago, a month
ago, a year ago

(1)
(+) Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
(To-Be)(+ing)
(Past)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl

(To-Be) (+ing)
(Past)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (+ing)
(Past)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)
(Past) (Past)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)
(Past) (Past)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (+ing)
(Past)

(2) Interruption with WHEN : When a longer action is interrupted by

a shorter action
- Past Continuous + WHEN + Past Simple

- WHEN + Past Simple + (,) + Past Continuous

(3) Interruption with WHILE : When a shorter action is interrupted
by a longer action
- Past Simple + WHILE + Past Continuous

- While + Past Continuos + (,) + Past Simple

(4) Simultaneous Actions / Parallel Actions: Two actions happening

at the same time without encountering each other
- Past Continuous + WHILE + Past Continuous

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Past Perfect: To talk about an event that happened before another

past event (precedent).
It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes
it clear which one happened first.

(+) Subj + Had + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(-) Subj + Had (not) + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(? Y/N) Had + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past Part.)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
(Had) (Had) (P.P)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
(Had) (Had) (P.P)

(? Wh) WH + Had + Subj + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past Part.)

USAGES:
1. For a completed action in the past.
Expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in
the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific
time in the past.

2. Duration before something in the past.

We use the past perfect to show that something started in the past
and continued up until another action in the past.

3. Specific times with the past perfect.

- Unlike with the present perfect, it is possible to use specific
time words or phrases with the past perfect. Although this is
possible, it is usually not necessary.

- If the past perfect action did occur at a specific time, the

simple past can be used instead of the past perfect when "before" or
"after" is used in the sentence.

- The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens
first, so the past perfect is optional.

- If the past perfect is not referring to an action at a specific

time, past perfect is not optional.

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Past Perfect Continuous: To talk about an event that happened (for a

longer period of time) before another past event (precedent).

(+) Subj + Had + Been + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(-) Subj + Had (not) + Been + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(? Y/N) Had + Subj + Been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Been + Verb + Compl
(Had) (Had) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Been + Verb +
Compl
(Had) (Had)
(ing)

(? Wh) WH + Had + Subj + Been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

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Future Simple: To talk about plans and arragements in some point of

the future.

Be Going to:
- To talk about future plans and arragements in a short, medium or
long term.
- It's a certain future, which means it's 100% sure to happen.
- We can (or not) use Time Phrases of Time Expressions for this
tense.
- To predict things based on previous events or information from
before that are likely to happen.

(1) Be Going To - ///Certain Future - 100%\\\

(+) Subj + Aux + Going to + Verb + Compl I am going to

play soccer next week. / He is going to study for his test tonight
 (To-Be) (Inf.)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Going to + Verb + Compl She

isn't going to travel to New York / They aren't going to eat pizza
later
(To-Be) (Inf.)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Going to + Verb + Compl + ? Are you going to

go to Mia's house? / Is she going to come to the party?
(To-Be) (Inf.)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Going to + Verb + Compl
Yes, I am. / Yes, I'm going to go to Mia's house
(To-Be) (To-Be) (Inf.)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Going to +
Verb + Compl No, I'm not. / No, I'm not going to go to
Mia's house
(To-Be) (To-Be)
(Inf.)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Going to + Verb + Compl + ?

Where are you going to go tonight? / What is he going to read
tomorrow?
(To-Be) (Inf.)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - -

(2) Will - ///Uncertain Future - 50/50%\\\

(+) Subj + Will + Verb + Compl I will study

English tomorrow
(Inf.)

(-) Subj + Won't + Verb + Compl I won't play

video games tonight
(Inf.)

(? Y/N) Will + Subj + Verb + Compl + ? Will they read

the homework this afternoon?
(Inf.)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl
Yes, they will. / Yes, they will read the homework this
afternoon
(Will) (Will) (Inf.)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
No, they won't. / No, they won't read the homework this
afternoon
(Will) (Will) (Inf.)
(? Wh) WH + Will + Subj + Verb + Compl + ? What will the weather be
tomorrow? / What will you do later?
(Inf.)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - -

(3) Present Continuous + Time Expression

Time Expressions:
Later, tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month

(+) Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl (T.E.) I'm

traveling to London tonight
(To-Be)(+ing)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl (T.E.) You aren't

running this weekend
(To-Be) (+ing)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl (T.E.) + ? Is he

buying a new car this afternoon?
(To-Be) (+ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Verb + Compl (T.E.)
Yes, he is. / Yes, he's buying a new car this
afternoon
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Verb + Compl
(T.E.) No, he isn't. / No, he isn't buying a new car this
afternoon
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Verb + Compl (T.E.) + ? When are you

leaving the house? - I'm leaving the house tomorrow morning.
(To-Be) (+ing)

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Future Continuous: To talk about an action that WILL BE in progress

in some point in the future.
Aux. Verb: Will + be

(+) Subj + Will + be + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(-) Subj + Won't + be + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(? Y/N) Will + Subj + be + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)
(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + be + Verb + Compl
(Will) (Will) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + be + Verb +
Compl
(Will) (Will) (ing)

(? Wh) WH + Will + Subj + be + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

USES:
1. For interrupted actions in the future - Ex. When you get home, I
will be watching this movie.
2. For specific time as an interruptuion in the future - Ex. We will
be having breakfast tomorrow morning at 9 o'clock
3. For the actions already happening now and expected to continue
some time in the future
Ex. We will still be dealing with this task in an hour.
4. To ask questions politely about the future - Ex. Will you be
leaving to Mexico tonight?
5. While expressing the intentions for the future - Ex. I will be
helping my mother during the weekend
6. For parallel actions or a series of parallel actions (sometimes
to describe the atmosphere)
Ex. This time next week, they will be dancing, chatting together
and having fun.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - -

Aux. Verb: Going to + be

(+) Subj + Aux + Going to + be + Verb + Compl

(To-Be) (ing)

(-) Subj + Aux (not) + Going to + be + Verb + Compl

(To-Be) (ing)

(? Y/N) Aux + Subj + Going to + be + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Aux / (L) Yes, Subj + Aux + Going to + be + Verb +
Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be) (ing)

(S) No, Subj + Aux (not) / (L) No, Subj + Aux (not) + Going to + be
+ Verb + Compl
(To-Be) (To-Be)
(ing)

(? Wh) WH + Aux + Subj + Going to + be + Verb + Compl + ?

(To-Be) (ing)
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Future Perfect: To talk about completed actions in the future.

(+) Subj + Will + have + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(-) Subj + Won't + have + Verb + Compl

(Past Part.)

(? Y/N) Will + Subj + have + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past Part.)

(S) Yes, Subj + Will / (L) Yes, Subj + Will + have + Verb + Compl
(Past Part.)

(S) No, Subj + Won't / (L) Yes, Subj + Won't + have + Verb + Compl
(Past Part.)

(? WH) Wh + Will + Subj + have + Verb + Compl + ?

(Past Part.)

Notes:
We use the future perfect with a future time word, (and often with
'by') to talk about an action that will finish before a certain time
in the future,
but we don't know exactly when.
By 10 o'clock, I will have finished my homework. (= I will finish my
homework some time before 10, but we don't know exactly when.)
By the time I'm sixty, I will have retired. (= I will retire
sometime before I'm sixty. Maybe when I'm fifty-nine, maybe when I'm
fifty-two.)

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Future Perfect Continuous: To talk about actions from the past and/
or the present which will be continuing up to a certain point in the
future.

(+) Subj + Will + have + been + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(-) Subj + Won't + have + been + Verb + Compl

(ing)

(? Y/N) Will + Subj + have + been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

(S) Yes, Subj + Will / (L) Yes, Subj + Will + have + been + Verb +
Compl
(ing)
(S) No, Subj + Won't / (L) Yes, Subj + Won't + have + been + Verb +
Compl
(ing)

(? WH) Wh + Will + Subj + have + been + Verb + Compl + ?

(ing)

Uses:
1. Duration Before Something in the Future
We use the future perfect continuous to show that something will
continue up until a particular event or time in the future.
"For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all
durations which can be used with the future perfect continuous.
Notice that this is related to the present perfect continuous and
the past perfect continuous; however, with future perfect
continuous,
the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.
Ex.
- They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas
arrives.
- She is going to have been working at that company for three years
when it finally closes.
- James will have been teaching at the university for more than a
year by the time he leaves for Asia.

2. Cause of Something in the Future

Using the future perfect continuous before another action in the
future is a good way to show cause and effect.
Ex.
- Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been
jogging for over an hour.
- Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany
because she is going to have been studying English in the United
States for over two years.