THEORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
&
PRINCIPLES OF
PLANNING
THEORY OF DESIGN
• RESEARCH OF ARCHITECTURE
Research contributes to Design Theory
THEORY OF DESIGN
NATURE OF DESIGN THEORY
- states facts
- aids design
THEORY OF DESIGN
• SCOPE OF ARCHITECTURE THEORY
- Includes all that is presented in the handbooks of architects
- Includes legislation, norms and standards, rules and methods
- Includes miscellaneous and “unscientific” elements
THEORY OF DESIGN
WHY DESIGN THEORY?
• “Skill without knowledge is nothing”
(architect Jean Mignot, 1400 AD)
• To aid the work of the architect and improve its
product
• Proven theory helps designers do work better
and more efficiently
THEORY OF DESIGN
UNDERSTANDING DESIGN THEORY
Theory does NOT necessarily PRECEDE
design
PARADIGM
= every new or established theory applied
= STYLE
• Architectural Philosophies
The architect’s
RESOLVE and / or MANIFESTO
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES
“The Ten Books of Architecture”
(Vitruvius) 1. The architect and architecture
(includes Site)
2. Building materials
3. Temples and the orders of
architecture
4. Continuation of Orders
5. Civil buildings
6. Domestic buildings
7. Pavements and decorative
plasterwork
8. Water supplies and aqueducts
9. Sciences influencing architecture
10. Use and construction of machines
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES
“The Ten Books of Architecture”
(Vitruvius)
“The architect should be equipped with
knowledge of many branches of study and
varied kinds of learning, for it is by his
judgement that all work done by the other arts
is put to test. proportion.”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES
“The Ten Books of Architecture”
(Vitruvius)
“An architect ought to be an educated man so
as to leave a more lasting remembrance in his
treatises.
Secondly, he must have a knowledge of drawing
so that he can readily make sketches to show
the appearance of the work which he
proposes.”
1
VANNA VENTURI HOUSE
ROBERT VENTURI
1
VANNA VENTURI HOUSE
ROBERT VENTURI
WHAT ARCHITECTURAL
MOVEMENT DOES THIS
STRUCTURE FALL UNDER?
a. MINIMALIST
b. ART DECO
c. MODERNIST
d. POST MODERNIST
2
Cardboard Cathedral
Christchurch, New Zealand (2013)
2
Cardboard Cathedral
Christchurch, New Zealand
(2013)
WHO IS THE ARCHITECT?
*PRITZER 2014
a. SHIGERU BAN* LAURETE
b. KENZO TANGE
c. TADAO ANDAO
d. WANG SHU
3
Main Stadium for The World Games 2009
Kaohsiung, Taiwan (2009)
4
Main Stadium for The World
Games 2009
Kaohsiung, Taiwan (2009)
WHO IS THE ARCHITECT?
a. PAPOLOUS
b. KENZO TANGE
c. WANG SHU
d. TOYO ITO* *PRITZER 2013
LAURETE
5
Ideal Theater
Manila, 1933
5
Ideal Theater
Manila, 1933
*1976
NATIONAL ARTIST FOR
WHO IS THE ARCHITECT? ARCHITECTURE
a. JUAN ARELLANO
b. LEANDRO LOCSIN
c. PABLO ANTONIO*
d. ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
“There is no doubt whatever about the
influence of architecture and structure upon human
character and action.
We make our buildings and afterwards they make us.
They regulate the course of our lives.”
-Winston Churchill,, 1924
• The way people live their lives is directly linked to the
designed environments in which they live.
Whether the explicit intention to influence behaviour
drives the design (Architectural Determinism) or
whether the behaviour consequences of design
decisions are only revealed and considered as part of a
post-occupancy evaluation or by social scientists or
psychologists studying the impact of a development,
there are links between the design of the built
environment and our behaviour, both individually and
socially.
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES
Movements in Architecture
Historic Styles of Architecture
"The particular method, the characteristics,
manner of design which prevails at a certain
place and time.“
PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT EGYPT CLASSICAL
BYZANTINE GOTHIC
ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
ROCOCO
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
REVIVALISMS & STYLES
NEO - CLASSISISM
BEAUX ARTS
ART DECO
NEO GOTHIC
ART NOUVEAU
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MODERNISM
POST - MODERNISM
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
PRE HISTORIC
• MONUMENTAL BUT PRIMITIVE
• USE OF STONES
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
PRE HISTORIC
“DAWN OF ARCHITECTURE”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ANCIENT EGYPT
• MONUMENTAL AND ENORMOUS
• FEATS OF ENGINEERING
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ANCIENT EGYPT
“EARLY MASTERS OF ENGINEERING”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL
• VITRUVIUS
• WITH PRECISE RULES
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
CLASSICAL
“BEAUTY FROM ORDER”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE
• GRACEFUL, CLASSICALLY INSPIRED
• USE OF BRICKS
• DOMED ROOFS, ELABORATE MOZAICS, CLASSICAL FORMS
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
BYZANTINE
“WHEN ROME BUILDS AN EASTERN EMPIRE”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ROMANESQUE
• TRANSITIONAL
• MEDIEVAL EUROPE
• ROUNDED ARCHES
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ROMANESQUE
“MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE + ROMAN + BYZANTINE”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
GOTHIC
• POINTED ARCHES
• RIBBED VAULT
• FLYING BUTTRESSES
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
GOTHIC
“ARCHITECTURE REACHES NEW HEIGHTS”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE
• SYMMETRY
• PROPORTION
• GEOMETRY
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE
“CLASSICAL IDEAS REBORN”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
BAROQUE
• NEW EXPLORATION OF FORMS
• LIGHT AND SHADOW
• DRAMATIC INTENSITY
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
BAROQUE
“ARCHITECTURE OF EXUBERANCE”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ROCOCO
Late Baroque
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ROCOCO
“ARCHITECTURE IN THE AGE OF MOZART”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
AWARENESS OF STYLE
Style :
• the fashion which each generation can promptly
recognize as its own;
• what ties together the aesthetic achievements of the
creative individuals of one age;
• the expression of a prevailing, dominant or
authentically contemporary view of the world by
those artists who have most successfully intuited the
quality of human experience peculiar to their day, and
who are able to phrase this experience in forms
deeply congenial to the thought or matter expressed
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
REVIVALISM
NEOCLASSISISM
“NEW APPROACHES TO CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
NEO GOTHIC
“MODERN GOTHIC”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT
Manifesto:
William Morris, “The Lesser Arts of Life” (1877)
ART NOVEAU
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ART NOVEAU
“The New Style”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ART DECO
“20th Century JAZZY ARCHITECTURE”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ART NOUVEAU vs ART DECO
ART NOUVEAU vs ART DECO
“FLOWERY”
BEFORE WORLD WAR I
(1880s)
The first style to stop looking backwards in
history for ideas, taking inspiration instead
from what is around us
Embraced Europe’s new industrial
aesthetic (rather than challenge it)
Art should become part of
everyday life
Naturalistic but stylized
forms, often combined with
more geometric shapes –
particularly arcs, parabolas,
and semicircles
ART NOUVEAU vs ART DECO
“FLOWERY” “SLEEK”
BEFORE WORLD WAR I AFTER WORLD WAR I
(1880s) The deprivations of the great war
years gave way to a whole new
opulence and extravagance
Embraced Europe’s new industrial Streamlined and geometric
aesthetic (rather than challenge it)
Utilized modern materials
like chrome, stainless steel
and inlaid wood
Naturalistic but stylized
forms, often combined with Graphic or textural
more geometric shapes – Features bold shapes like
particularly arcs, parabolas, sunbursts, zigzags and
and semicircles broad curves
ART NOUVEAU vs ART DECO
“FLOWERY” “SLEEK”
BEFORE WORLD WAR I AFTER WORLD WAR I
(1880s)
Naturalistic but stylized Graphic or textural
forms, often combined with Features bold shapes like
more geometric shapes – sunbursts, zigzags and
particularly arcs, parabolas, broad curves
and semicircles
MODERNISM
ASSOCIATED TERMS:
• Functional
• Industrial
• Innovative/ Novel
• Technology
• Revolutionary and Opposing
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MODERNISM
COMMON NOTIONS
• soulless container
• absence of relationship with the environment
• Arrogant
• Unarticulated
• Monstrous
• Speculative
• mass-produced
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
Modernism is marked by the following:
• Renunciation of the old world
• Addressed mass housing
• Explored potentials of materials and new forms
• Technological determinism and structural rationalism
• Aesthetic self-expression
• Belief in the power of form to transform the world
• Sleek machined surfaces
• Mass production and cost reduction
• Skyscrapers and capitalism
• Grand urban projects
Expressionism & Neo – Expressionism
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
Structuralism
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
Formalism
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
BAUHAUS
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
FUNCTIONALISM
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
The International Style
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
HIGH - TECH
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
BRUTALISM
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
Deconstructivism
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MINIMALISM
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ORGANIC
MODERNISM
“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
Jacques Derrida- the founding
father of Deconstruction
“Something has been constructed, a
philosophical system, a tradition, a
culture, and along comes a de-
constructor (who) destroys its
stone by stone, analyzes the
structure and dissolves it…
One looks as systems… and examines
how it was built, which keystone, which
angle… supports the building; one shifts
them and thereby frees oneself from the
authority of the system.
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
Les Corbusier:
“The frame of a building or buildings is
like the laws that govern society. Without
these laws there is anarchy and without
the frame there is visual anarchy.”
THE POSTMODERN MOVEMENT
Manifesto:
Robert Venturi,
“Complexity and
Contradiction in
Architecture” (1966)
POST - MODERNISM
“RESHAPING THE PAST”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
Architecture came with cartoon-
like trivialization and packaging
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES
“Less is More”
– Mies Van der Rohe
The simple square glass pavilion is a powerful expression of his ideas
about flexible interior space, defined by transparent walls and
supported by an external structural frame.
Farnsworth House (USA)
Vanna Venturi (Robert Venturi)
"This building recognizes complexities and
contradictions: it is both complex and simple,
open and closed, big and little; some of its
elements are good on one level and bad on
another its order accommodates the generic
elements and of the house in general, and the
circumstantial elements of a house in particular."
