THEORY OF

ARCHITECTURE
&
PRINCIPLES OF
PLANNING
 THEORY OF DESIGN

• RESEARCH OF ARCHITECTURE
Research contributes to Design Theory
 THEORY OF DESIGN

NATURE OF DESIGN THEORY

- states facts
- aids design
 THEORY OF DESIGN

• SCOPE OF ARCHITECTURE THEORY

- Includes all that is presented in the handbooks of architects
- Includes legislation, norms and standards, rules and methods
- Includes miscellaneous and “unscientific” elements
 THEORY OF DESIGN

WHY DESIGN THEORY?

• “Skill without knowledge is nothing”
(architect Jean Mignot, 1400 AD)
• To aid the work of the architect and improve its
product
• Proven theory helps designers do work better
and more efficiently
 THEORY OF DESIGN

UNDERSTANDING DESIGN THEORY

Theory does NOT necessarily PRECEDE
design

PARADIGM
= every new or established theory applied
= STYLE
• Architectural Philosophies
 The architect’s
RESOLVE and / or MANIFESTO
 ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES

“The Ten Books of Architecture”

(Vitruvius) 1. The architect and architecture
(includes Site)
2. Building materials
3. Temples and the orders of
architecture
4. Continuation of Orders
5. Civil buildings
6. Domestic buildings
7. Pavements and decorative
plasterwork
8. Water supplies and aqueducts
9. Sciences influencing architecture
10. Use and construction of machines
 ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES

“The Ten Books of Architecture”

(Vitruvius)

“The architect should be equipped with

knowledge of many branches of study and
varied kinds of learning, for it is by his
judgement that all work done by the other arts
is put to test. proportion.”
 ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES

“The Ten Books of Architecture”

(Vitruvius)

“An architect ought to be an educated man so

as to leave a more lasting remembrance in his
treatises.
Secondly, he must have a knowledge of drawing
so that he can readily make sketches to show
the appearance of the work which he
proposes.”
1

VANNA VENTURI HOUSE

ROBERT VENTURI
1
VANNA VENTURI HOUSE
ROBERT VENTURI

WHAT ARCHITECTURAL
MOVEMENT DOES THIS
STRUCTURE FALL UNDER?

a. MINIMALIST
b. ART DECO
c. MODERNIST
d. POST MODERNIST
2

Cardboard Cathedral
Christchurch, New Zealand (2013)
2
Cardboard Cathedral
Christchurch, New Zealand
(2013)

WHO IS THE ARCHITECT?

*PRITZER 2014
a. SHIGERU BAN* LAURETE
b. KENZO TANGE
c. TADAO ANDAO
d. WANG SHU
3

Main Stadium for The World Games 2009

Kaohsiung, Taiwan (2009)
4
Main Stadium for The World
Games 2009
Kaohsiung, Taiwan (2009)

WHO IS THE ARCHITECT?

a. PAPOLOUS
b. KENZO TANGE
c. WANG SHU
d. TOYO ITO* *PRITZER 2013
LAURETE
5

Ideal Theater
Manila, 1933
5
Ideal Theater
Manila, 1933
*1976
NATIONAL ARTIST FOR
WHO IS THE ARCHITECT? ARCHITECTURE
a. JUAN ARELLANO
b. LEANDRO LOCSIN
c. PABLO ANTONIO*
d. ANDRES LUNA DE SAN PEDRO
 “There is no doubt whatever about the
influence of architecture and structure upon human
character and action.
We make our buildings and afterwards they make us.
They regulate the course of our lives.”

-Winston Churchill,, 1924

• The way people live their lives is directly linked to the
designed environments in which they live.
 Whether the explicit intention to influence behaviour
drives the design (Architectural Determinism) or
whether the behaviour consequences of design
decisions are only revealed and considered as part of a
post-occupancy evaluation or by social scientists or
psychologists studying the impact of a development,
there are links between the design of the built
environment and our behaviour, both individually and
socially.
 ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES

Movements in Architecture

Historic Styles of Architecture

"The particular method, the characteristics,
manner of design which prevails at a certain
place and time.“
PRE-HISTORIC
ANCIENT EGYPT CLASSICAL

BYZANTINE GOTHIC
ROMANESQUE

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 RENAISSANCE

BAROQUE

ROCOCO

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 REVIVALISMS & STYLES

NEO - CLASSISISM

BEAUX ARTS
ART DECO

NEO GOTHIC

ART NOUVEAU
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MODERNISM

POST - MODERNISM

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 PRE HISTORIC

• MONUMENTAL BUT PRIMITIVE

• USE OF STONES
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 PRE HISTORIC

“DAWN OF ARCHITECTURE”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 ANCIENT EGYPT

• MONUMENTAL AND ENORMOUS

• FEATS OF ENGINEERING
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 ANCIENT EGYPT

“EARLY MASTERS OF ENGINEERING”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 CLASSICAL

• VITRUVIUS
• WITH PRECISE RULES
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 CLASSICAL

“BEAUTY FROM ORDER”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 BYZANTINE

• GRACEFUL, CLASSICALLY INSPIRED

• USE OF BRICKS
• DOMED ROOFS, ELABORATE MOZAICS, CLASSICAL FORMS
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 BYZANTINE

“WHEN ROME BUILDS AN EASTERN EMPIRE”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 ROMANESQUE

• TRANSITIONAL
• MEDIEVAL EUROPE
• ROUNDED ARCHES
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 ROMANESQUE

“MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE + ROMAN + BYZANTINE”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 GOTHIC

• POINTED ARCHES
• RIBBED VAULT
• FLYING BUTTRESSES
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 GOTHIC

“ARCHITECTURE REACHES NEW HEIGHTS”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 RENAISSANCE

• SYMMETRY
• PROPORTION
• GEOMETRY

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 RENAISSANCE

“CLASSICAL IDEAS REBORN”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 BAROQUE

• NEW EXPLORATION OF FORMS

• LIGHT AND SHADOW
• DRAMATIC INTENSITY
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 BAROQUE

“ARCHITECTURE OF EXUBERANCE”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 ROCOCO

Late Baroque

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 ROCOCO

“ARCHITECTURE IN THE AGE OF MOZART”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 AWARENESS OF STYLE

Style :
• the fashion which each generation can promptly
recognize as its own;
• what ties together the aesthetic achievements of the
creative individuals of one age;
• the expression of a prevailing, dominant or
authentically contemporary view of the world by
those artists who have most successfully intuited the
quality of human experience peculiar to their day, and
who are able to phrase this experience in forms
deeply congenial to the thought or matter expressed

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

REVIVALISM
 NEOCLASSISISM

“NEW APPROACHES TO CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 NEO GOTHIC

“MODERN GOTHIC”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT
Manifesto:
William Morris, “The Lesser Arts of Life” (1877)
 ART NOVEAU

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 ART NOVEAU

“The New Style”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 ART DECO

“20th Century JAZZY ARCHITECTURE”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

ART NOUVEAU vs ART DECO
 ART NOUVEAU vs ART DECO
“FLOWERY”
BEFORE WORLD WAR I
(1880s)
The first style to stop looking backwards in
history for ideas, taking inspiration instead
from what is around us
Embraced Europe’s new industrial
aesthetic (rather than challenge it)
Art should become part of
everyday life
Naturalistic but stylized
forms, often combined with
more geometric shapes –
particularly arcs, parabolas,
and semicircles
 ART NOUVEAU vs ART DECO
“FLOWERY” “SLEEK”
BEFORE WORLD WAR I AFTER WORLD WAR I
(1880s) The deprivations of the great war
years gave way to a whole new
opulence and extravagance

Embraced Europe’s new industrial Streamlined and geometric

aesthetic (rather than challenge it)
Utilized modern materials
like chrome, stainless steel
and inlaid wood
Naturalistic but stylized
forms, often combined with Graphic or textural
more geometric shapes – Features bold shapes like
particularly arcs, parabolas, sunbursts, zigzags and
and semicircles broad curves
 ART NOUVEAU vs ART DECO
“FLOWERY” “SLEEK”
BEFORE WORLD WAR I AFTER WORLD WAR I
(1880s)

Naturalistic but stylized Graphic or textural

forms, often combined with Features bold shapes like
more geometric shapes – sunbursts, zigzags and
particularly arcs, parabolas, broad curves
and semicircles
 MODERNISM

ASSOCIATED TERMS:
• Functional
• Industrial
• Innovative/ Novel
• Technology
• Revolutionary and Opposing

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 MODERNISM
COMMON NOTIONS
• soulless container
• absence of relationship with the environment
• Arrogant
• Unarticulated
• Monstrous
• Speculative
• mass-produced

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

Modernism is marked by the following:
• Renunciation of the old world
• Addressed mass housing
• Explored potentials of materials and new forms
• Technological determinism and structural rationalism
• Aesthetic self-expression
• Belief in the power of form to transform the world
• Sleek machined surfaces
• Mass production and cost reduction
• Skyscrapers and capitalism
• Grand urban projects
Expressionism & Neo – Expressionism
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

Structuralism
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 Formalism
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 BAUHAUS
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 FUNCTIONALISM
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
The International Style
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 HIGH - TECH
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
BRUTALISM
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 Deconstructivism
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 MINIMALISM
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 ORGANIC
MODERNISM

“BEAUTY IN FUNCTION”
ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
 Jacques Derrida- the founding
father of Deconstruction

“Something has been constructed, a

philosophical system, a tradition, a
culture, and along comes a de-
constructor (who) destroys its
stone by stone, analyzes the
structure and dissolves it…
One looks as systems… and examines
how it was built, which keystone, which
angle… supports the building; one shifts
them and thereby frees oneself from the
authority of the system.

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

Les Corbusier:
“The frame of a building or buildings is
like the laws that govern society. Without
these laws there is anarchy and without
the frame there is visual anarchy.”
 THE POSTMODERN MOVEMENT
Manifesto:
Robert Venturi,
“Complexity and
Contradiction in
Architecture” (1966)
 POST - MODERNISM

“RESHAPING THE PAST”

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

 Architecture came with cartoon-
like trivialization and packaging

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES: MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHIES

“Less is More”
– Mies Van der Rohe
The simple square glass pavilion is a powerful expression of his ideas
about flexible interior space, defined by transparent walls and
supported by an external structural frame.

Farnsworth House (USA)

Vanna Venturi (Robert Venturi)
"This building recognizes complexities and
contradictions: it is both complex and simple,
open and closed, big and little; some of its
elements are good on one level and bad on
another its order accommodates the generic
elements and of the house in general, and the
circumstantial elements of a house in particular."