Birth of HCI

Chapter 1
human
computer
interaction
human
computer
interaction
Stay or Leave?
STAY OR LEAVE?
• If a website is difficult to use, • If a website is hard to read of
people leave and find another doesn’t answer the questions
website. they are looking for they leave.
• If the homepage doesn’t clearly
indicate what a company offers,
or what users can do on the site,
people leave. • There is no point in developing a
website if no one stays long
• If users get lost when enough to get the information
attempting to locate on it.
information they need, they
leave
Introduction
• Interacting with technology has become an essential part of
everyday life for the majority of people.
• The average user of a computer system is now less likely to
understand the technology. Since, there are different types of
technology they have to use.
• People are busy and may spend little or no time actually learning a
new system.
• Therefore, computer systems should be easy to use, easy to learn,
and with no errors. To design and develop of such a system is a
major concern of HCI
 HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
BIRTH OF What is Next
HCI HCI tasks
Human-computer interaction looks at how people
interact with computers.
It’s a community of people studying and practicing
user experience design, user research, software
development, and more.
The close integration of research and practice makes
this field extremely unique.
The best way
to predict the
future is to
invent it.
-Alan Kay
 Notable Events HCI
• 1983: The world’s • 1983: Psychology of • 1983: Apple
leading organization
in HCI is ACM − Human Computer Macintosh
SIGCHI, which stands Interaction was announced via
for Association for
Computer Machinery published by Card, brochures Dec
− Special Interest Moran, and Newell 1983 and launch
Group on Computer–
Human Interaction. January 1984.
• SIGCHI defines
Computer Science to
be the core discipline
of HCI. In India, it
emerged as an
interaction proposal,
mostly based in the
field of Design.
Human Computer Interaction
• Human-computer interaction (HCI): “is a discipline concerned with
the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive systems
for human use and with study of major phenomena surrounding
them.” (ACM SIGCHI, 1992, p. 6)
• HCI (human-computer interaction) is the study of interaction
between people (users) and computers.
• Interaction between users and computers occurs at the user
interface
• The golden principle in HCI is that “people should come first”.
 HCI

Human: could be an Computer: could be any Interaction: any direct

individual user or a technology ranging from the or indirect
group of users. general desktop computer to a communication
large scale computer system. between a human and
computer.
HCI is Not about HCI is about
• Understanding the
• Making the interface users
look pretty • Understanding users
tasks
• Only about desktop • Understanding the
computers (and that surrounding
goes for computing as environment
well!) • GUI requirements
• Something that would gathering and analysis
be nice to do but • Design prototype
usually there’s no time • Evaluate the system
for it
let’s check out memex
Memory Extender
• The Memex was the first tablet
ever created in history.
• The Memex is a hypothetical
proto-hypertext made by
Vannevar Bush in 1945.
• He said the Memex was a device
to compress and store things like
books, records, and information.
• He said this machine was also a
way to communicate with other
people.
 MEMEX
• He stated "mechanized so
that it may be consulted
with exceeding speed and
flexibility." and "The
memex would provide an
"enlarged intimate
supplement to one's
memory".
• The Memex influenced
future developments and
lead history to the "World
Wide Web".
 • The Styalator was created in
the 1950’s.
• This was an electronic tablet
with a pen for "computer
inputs" and a real-time
The Styalator software for handwriting
recognition
The DynaBook • The DynaBook was made
to be a personal
computer for children of
all ages.
• It had "portable
education" just like a
laptop for children to
carry around.
• This device can also be
used by adults but it was
made for kids. The
DynaBook is said to have
a "near eternal battery
life".
 • The Model 3125 Pen
Computers had been made
to use a pen (stylist)
instead of a keyboard.
• This would be referred to a
wireless device and can be
used for communication.
• This device also has
Model 3125 Handwriting recognition
and has a "user-interface"
Pen Computers input.
Apple iPad
• The Apple iPad features an
Apple A4 processor and a 9.7"
touch screen display. With the
iOS update, the iPad can:

• Play music
• This device has a lot of
• Send and receive texts positive, popular publications and
• Browse the internet technology blogs.
• Download apps • During the first 80 days when it
• GPS came out, 3 million people bought
one.
• This is the first generated iPad in
the Apple Inc.
• A proto-hypertext system, designed by Vannevar Bush in 1945
• Allows individuals to compress, store info in microfilm and basically, wants to
store whatever a person sees or thinks, in a centralized computer
Memex Visual Demo - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539cK58ees
Human recall

Computer • Computers have to be designed with

Interaction an understanding that people with
specific tasks in mind will want to use
them in a way that is seamless with
respect with their everyday work

as defined
• The study of people, computer technology and the way they influence
each other
• concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of
interactive computing systems for human use
The ENIAC
One of the world’s first Turing-complete computers
Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer | J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly | 1945

• one of the world’s first general purpose

computer that could churn 5000 addition
problems in one second, far faster than
any device yet invented.

• used to calculate artillery firing tables in

the US Army

https://www.zdnet.com/article/eniac-first-computer-makes-history/
what was
the problem
with ENIAC?
Demo of Mouse - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRYnloqYKGY
A typical HCI related design tasks/elements

1. User needs analysis

• Define the analysis framework and methodology
• Define contents and concepts
• Acquire and categorize mental representations
2. Define the interface "language"
3. Prototype creation
4. Usability and cognitive ergonomics testing
What makes a system HCI-conscious?
• Has a pleasant interface
• Capable of fulfilling required tasks
• Uses latest technology
Thru HCI
we have maintained this long nose

• researchers develop HCI-conscious systems

• people’s needs have changed all throughout
Goals of HCI
• The goal of HCI “is to develop or improve the safety, utility,
effectiveness, efficiency and usability of system that include
computers.”
(Interacting with computers, 1989, p3)

• Safety
• Functionality
• Usability
• Effectiveness
• Improved Productivity
The goals of HCI
• The goals of HCI are to produce usable and safe systems, as well as
functional systems. In order to fulfill that, developers must attempt
to:
• – Understand how people use technology
• – Building suitable systems
• – Achieve efficient, effective, and safe interaction
• – Put people first
❑ People needs, capabilities and preferences should come first.
❑ People should not have to change the way that they use a system.
❑ Instead, the system should be designed to match their
requirements
What is Usability?
Usability is the science of making
technology work for people.
A usable system is:
• easy to use
• easy to learn
• easy to remember how to use
• effective to use
• efficient to use
• safe to use
• enjoyable to use
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
This is a useful umbrella.
Is it usable?
 ISO 9241-11 standard
• The ISO 9241-11 standard explains how to identify the information that
must be taken into account when specifying or evaluating usability. The
purpose is to provide a consistent and agreed framework of the key
usability parameters.
• According to it, usability consists of the following measurable elements:
effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction
Nielsen's usability definition
Nielsen divides usability into five elements, so-
called attributes, which can be measured and
used to specify usability objectives. They are
learnability, efficiency, memorability, errors
and satisfaction.

https://eu.landisgyr.com/better-tech/usability-is-a-key-element-of-user-experience
http://usability.danboyts.com/
Why is usability important
A Good user-interface can: A Bad user-interface can:
1. Earn a company billions. 1. be annoying, embarrassing,
2. Increase users loyalty. frustrating, and even deadly.
3. Increase users trust. 2. Increase mistakes in data
4. Makes users happy : ) entry and system operation.
3. Makes functions become
completely inaccessible.
4. System failure because of
user rejection.
Why HCI important in WebPage Design?

•Competition
•Comparison
•Users
It is not Simple to Make Good User Interfaces

• Basic misconceptions:
• If (the developer) can use it, everyone can use it
• If our non-technical staff can use it, everyone can
• Good user interfaces are applied common sense
• A system is usable if all style guidelines are met
motivation for HCI:

BAD
DESIGN
Because bad design costs lives, money & time
we want to solve them by having good setups
fail mouse by openoffice
nokia n-gage
Windows 8 shutdown
Design for people
According to Scott Klemmer
❑• People’s tasks, goals and values drive development.
❑• Work with users throughout the process.
❑• Make decisions from the vantage point of users, their
work and their environment.
❑• Pay attention to people’s abilities and situation.
❑• Talk to the actual experts.
Again
bad design
costs lives, money &
time
we want to solve
them by having good
setups
Design for people
According to Scott Klemmer

• People’s tasks, goals and values drive development.

• Work with users throughout the process.
• Make decisions from the vantage point of users, their work
and their environment.
• Pay attention to people’s abilities and situation.
• Talk to the actual experts.
Next tasks.
for your group project and recitation.

• Form a group composed of 3 members.

• Read the Design Brief in the course group.
• Choose a topic.
• Check out Don Norman’s book on “The Design of Everyday Things”
• Be ready for next meeting ☺