Downloaded from https://t.

me/civilsbuzz

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

TEXT FLY WITHIN

THE BOOK ONLY
Text problem Book

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

w> CD

!5<OU
>fc
~ 164860 gS
o T]

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

ANALYTICAL
DYNAMICS
A PARTICLE
AND OF RIGID BODIES

S.R. GUPTA

https://t.me/pdf4exams
Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

https://t.me/pdf4exams
Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
ELEMENTARY
ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
OF A PARTICLE
AND OF RIGID BODIES
(INCLUDING MOMENT OF INERTIA, COMPOUND PENDULUM AND
MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IN TWO DIMENSIONS UNDER
FINITE AND IMPULSIVE FORCES)

FOR
B. A. Pass & Honours Students of Indian Universities

BY
S. R. GUPTA, M.A., P.E.S. (Retd.)
Formerly Senior Lecturer in Applied Mathematics 9
Government College, LaJiore.

1963

S.
DELHI
CHAND
NEW DELHI
& CO.
BOMBAY
JULLUNDUR LUCKNOW
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
S. GHAND & GO.
Fountain DELHI
Ram Nagar NEW DELHI
Mai Hiran Gate JCJLLTJNDCJA
Hazratganj LUOKNOW
Lmninjjton Road BOMBAY

THIRTEENTH EDITION
(Revised & Enlarged)

Price : Rs. 7.00

Published by 8. Chand <k Co., Ram Nagar, New Delhi~l and Offset by
Eurasia Offset Printers, Earn Nagar 9 New Delhi- 1.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

PREFACE TO THE THIRTEENTH EDITION

The present book has given me an opportunity
edition of this
to make a number of minor corrections and to add Chapter XVI
containing suitable solved examples illustrating the motion of a
rigid body under finite end impulsive forces.

The large number of examples always a popular feature of

the book has been supplemented by some additional problems
taken from recent University Papers.

It is
present form the book will be still more
hoped that in its

useful and will continue to serve the cause of Mathematical teaching

in Indian Universities.

4, Daryaganj, Delhi-6 ; S. R. GUPTA

September, 1963

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

This book is meant to be an introduction to the study of Dyna-
mics of a Particle, and is primarily intended for the use of students
preparing for the B.A. degree examination of Indian Universities, but
may be used by students preparing for the Engineering and
also
other competitive examinations. It includes a short account of the
Cycloidal Pendulum and the Planetary Motion for the benefit of
students preparing for the Honours course.*
This work differs from others of its kind in the method of treat-
ment of the subject. Elementary \*orks already existing in the
market treat the subject geometrically, whereas I have tried to
popularize the analytical method, the employment of which has
hitherto been restricted to advanced works only. This preference in
treatment is in accordance with my
conviction (which, in turn, is the
result both ofmy personal experience of teaching the subject for the
last twelve years and the various discussions which 1 have had with
students and teachers of Indian and Foreign Universities) that no
other method but the analytical can enable the beginners to grasp
the subject clearly. Thus the present volume is designed to supply
a real need of the students.

*The Treatment of Moment of Inertia, Compound Pendulum, Linear

motion in a resisting medium, Motion of a rigid body in two dimensions under
finite and impulsive forces, centre of Percussion, Torsional vibrations and
Ballistic Pendulum have been added in subsequent editions.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
(
fr )

To afford a fuller idea of the scope of this work, I may mention

that Newton's laws of motion, motion of a particle attached to elastic
strings, motion of trains and cars on curved paths, the principle of
work and energy, the principle of relative velocity and the graphical
method of solving Dynamical problems all these are treated in
detail and profusely illustrated by carefully selected solved examples.

Besides, other examples, which are scattered throughout the book

arc also particularly designed to assist the student to understand
the principles of Dynamics. The ready made examples are taken

mostly from questions set at the Indian and Foreign Universities.

and examples which may present some difficulty to
Certain articles
a beginner are marked with an asterisk and may conveniently be
omitted by him during the first reading.

acknowledgment is generally due to modern writers on the

My
subject whose works I have freely used. But I am particularly
indebted to Professor A.T. Banerjee of the Hindu College Delhi, for
his kindness in going through the manuscript and making valuable

suggestions. I shall be thankful to others who may suggest improve-

ments for future editions, or even point out errors in this volume
which may have escaped my scrutiny.

Lahore ;
S. R. GUPTA
April 1031.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CONTENTS
CHAPTKB PAO
I.
Velocity, Acceleration .. .. I

Velocity at a Point . . . . 2
Acceleration at a Point . . . . 3
Distance-Time Graph . . . ; 7
Velocity-Time Graph .. .. 7
II* Motion In a Straight Line i . . . 8
Motion with Constant Acceleration . . . . 8
Bodies falling vertically . . . . 13
Bodies projected vertically upwards .. . . 18
Space-average and time-average of velocity * . % . 17
Graphical Methods . . . . 17
Revision Questions I .. . 22
III. Motion in * Straight Line II . . . 26
Newton's Laws of Motion . . . . 25
Motion f Connected Particles . . . . 34
Revisici .
Questions // . 42

IV. Motion in a Straight Line III .. *&

Motion with Variable Acceleration .. . . 45
Simple Harmonic Motion . .
^7
Motion of a particle attached to an elastic string 54
Further Examples of Motion with Variable
Acceleration .. ^2
Revision Questions /// . . 63

V. Composition and Resolution of Velocities,

Accelerations and Forces * .
66

Vector quantities . . . . 74
Motion on an Inclined Plane . . M
Revision Questions IV 81

VI. Motion of a Particle in k, *juuir-- 1 . .

83
84
Equations of motion of a Particle moving in a plane . .

Motion of a Projectile . .
86
101
Range on an Inclined Plane . .

Rtvifrion Questions V *
106

VII, Motion of a Particle in a Plane-II .. .. 109

10*
Angular Velocity and Acceleration . . . .

Angular Velocity of a line jbining two points moving in

a plane * H2
Expressions for Tangential and Normal Accelerations
for

motion along a circle

Conical Pendulum
Motion of a bicyclLfc on a curved path
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
vi

PAGE
Motion of a carriage on a curved level track . . . . 123
Upsetting of a carriage on a curved level track . . 123
Motion on a banked -up track . . . 125
Revision Questions-- VI . . . 127

YIII. Motion Along a Smooth Ve^ical Circle .. .. 129

Motion on the outside of a smooth vertical circle . . 130

Motion on the inside of a smooth vertical circle . . 131
Motion of a particle attached to the end of a string . . 133
Simple Pendulum . . . . J 37
Loss or Gam of Oscillations .. .. 138
Revision Questions VIJ . . . . H2
IX. Work, Energy and Impulse . . 1*5

Work done by a Variable Force . . . . HO

Power .. .. 150
Conservation of Energy . . . . 161

Impulse and Energy . . . . 166

Impulse of a Variable Force . . . 168
Motion of two bodies .. .. 170
Conservation of Linear Momentum . . . . 171
Further Examples on Impulse and Energy . . . . 173
Motion of the centre of mass of a systom of particles , . 17^
Revision Questions VIII .. .1 181

X. Collision of Elastic Bodies . . . . 1 84

Direct Impact of two Smooth Spheres . . . . 1 84

Oblique Impact of two Smooth Spheres . . . . 18S

Impact against a Fixed Piano . . . . 194
A projectile impinging on aplane .. .. 196
Kinetic energy lost by impact . . . . 200
Impulses of Compression and Restitution . . . . 201
Revision Questions IX . . . . 203

XI. Miscellaneous Problems .. - 206

Relative Velocity .. .. 20G

Revision Questions X .. .. 213
Relative Acceleration .. 214
Relative Angular Velocity of two points moving in concentric
circles. . . . . 2 1 T

Lines # Quickest and Slowest Descent , . . . 218

Hodograph ,. .. 222
Units and Dimensions . . . . %?

XII* Motion along a Straight Line -IV . . . . 2 >~

Bodies falling vertically in a Resisting Medium . . 2!J2

XIII. Motion of a Particle in a PlaneIll . . . . 2

Elliptic Harmonic Motion . . . . 240

Geometrical Properties of an Ellipse . * . , 24 1
Expressions for Tangential and Normal Accelerations . , 243
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

vn

Jil AFTER PA0S

Motion of a Hoavy Particle on a Smooth Curve in a Vertical
Piano '
.. ..246
The Cycloidal Pendulum . . . . 248
Motion under the action of a Central Force . . . . 251
Expressions for Radial and Transverse Components
of Velocity and Acceleration .. .. 253
Central Orbits . . . . 2tJO

Planetary Motion . . , , 264

Apse and Apaidal Distance . . . . 270
Revision Questions XI . , 274
XIV. Moment of Inertia. Compound Pendulum . . 276
Moment of Inertia about Perpendicular Axea . . . . 280
Moment of Inertia about Parallel Axes . . . . 281
Momental Ellipse . . . . 284
Momental Ellipsoid ... . . 288
Equimomental Bodies or Particles . . . . 288
Motion of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axia ; . . 290
The Compound Pendulum . . . . 202
XV. Motion of a rigid body in two dimensions . . 296
D'Alenibort's principle .. .. 296
Toivuonal vibrations . . . . 305
Ballistic Pendulum ... . . 305
XVI. Further Examples of motion of
a rigid body in two dimensions . . .
307
Reaction on the Axis of Rotation ... 307
314
Impulsive Forces ...

Centre of Permission .
32 2
ANSWERS

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
vw

The following approximate results may be referred to for

numerical calculations :

V2 =1-414 V3 =1-732
-V/5 -2-236 V6 =2-449
V? =2-646 V10=3'162
V13-3-606
n=3'1416 =0-31831
1C

log10e=0-4343 Tt=9'870
Weight of one gallon of water = 10 Ibs.
Weight of one cubic foot of water =62'5 Ibs.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

Elementary
Analytical Dynamics
CHAPTER I

VELOCITY, ACCELERATION
ri.
Dynamics is the science which treats of bodies in motion.
When
a body moves all parts of the body have not necessarily
the same motion hut if the body is a very small one, the differences
between the motions of its different parts are unimportant. In fact,
we may regard the body as coinciding with a geometrical point and
then consider its motion. Such a body, the position of which is defin-
ed by that of a geometrical point at each instant, is called a
particle. Our main object in this book is to deal with motion of a
particle.
i*ii. If a body moves in such a way that all its points move
through equal and parallel distances in all equal intervals of time,
however small, the body is said to have a Motion of Translation. In
such cases the body moves without rotation and between any %
two 0C
its points there is no relative motion in space. Its motion is com-
pletely determined when the motion of any one of its points is
known. The body is then taken as replaced by a material partiole
coincident with this point and having its mass equal to that of the
whole body. Jt is usual to take the centre of gravity of the body at
the point whose motion determines the motion of the whole body.
1*9. When a point changes its position relative to any object
and occupies different positions at different times, it is said to be in
motion relative to that object. The curve drawn through the succes-
sive positions occupied by the point, is called its path.

1*3. The path of a Ynoving point may be a straight line or a

curve.

In earlier chapters of this book we shall deal with the motion

a particle along a straight line and we now discuss some concept!
of!

necessary to the investigation of such a motion.

1*31. Displacement in a straight line. In order to

determine the position of a point P in a straight line, a fixed point
must be marked on the line. The position of P is then defined, by
the length OP. If at any instant the position of a moving partiole
be P, and at any subsequent instant it be Q, then PQ. is the change
in position or the
displacement of the particle in the intervening
time.
Whenever a relation betweeft-the distance QP^x ancTtime t i

known, the displacement or the distance travelled dttrirur A

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
ELEMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
If, for example, in the. relation ar=16f*, we put f=2, we get
ar^W andfor t=3 we get a:=U4; so that the displacement in tho
third second is 144-64=80 ft.

1*32. Average Velocity during an Interval. If a particle

x
jnoveu a distance x along a straight line in time t, then is said to

be the average velocity during the interval.

For example, if a train travels from Amritear to Delhi, a

distance of 300 miles in 12 hours, then $T ^=25
miles per hour is
its average velocity. It means that if the train were supposed to
have bee n ntoving with the same velocity of 25 miles per hour during
the whole interval, the train would have covered the distance of 300
miles in 12 hours. But as a matter of fact this is not so. We know
from experit nco that the train starts from rest, gathers speed and
stops at the next station and continues doing so between every two
stopping stations.
It is evident, therefore, that the average velocity is related to
the intervals as a whole and is simply a matter of calculation. It is
distinct from the actual velocity which a moving body may have at
any particular time.
With a view to understand the motion in all details, we intro-
duce the notion of velocity at a point.

1*33. Velocity at a Point. Suppose that a particle begin*

to move from a point along the straight line OX and comes in tht*
position P after descoibing a
U x f $x (I JL
Unc6 x jn time
t Further let it muvo
a littlr distance 8# in a little time $t and come in the position Q.
8#
Then is the average velocity of the particle during the interval J.

o*
As $t and -consequently $x becomes smaller and smaller, the point Q
8#
is taken nearer and nearer to the point P so that chaiu<>-
ot
terizca more and more accurately the nature of the motion at P.

Thus it is natural to take Lt ~~-T

8* dt
M as the velocity at P,

Thou the derivative of x with respect to t

expresses the rate,
change of displacement Or the velocity v at the time t,

dx
*-ar\

1*34. Speed. The velocity may be positive or negative ac

ding as the particle is moving fn one or the other direction aloirj;
straight line. The magnitude of the velocity without any contwl* m
tion of direction i usually called tpttd, A man walking north at t -^

re.tc of 4 miles per hour and another walking east at 4 miles per ! i

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
VELOCITY, ACCELERATION 3

have the same speed but different velocities because the directions of
motion are different.

1*35. Uniform Velocity. In case the velocity of a particle

moving along a straight line is the same at every instant
during an

interval, i.
*f-jr- remains constant throughout the interval, the
dt
motion is said to be uniform.
For measuring velocity one second is r usumlly taken as the
unit of time and either one foot or one centimetre as the unit of
length.
A train which travels uniformly 60 miles in one hour will travel
88 feet in one second and is said to have a velocity of 88 feet per
second or 60 miles per hour,

1*36. Relative Velocity of two bodies moving in

straight line.*
Let the velocities of two bodies A and B at any instant be u>
and ti'and let x> x' be their distances from a fixed point in the line.
The velocity of B relative to A
=rate of change of the distance AB
d
^ di (X
,
~ X) = dx^ dx __ U ~~ U ,
'

~~<tt~~
~dt

Thus the velocity of B relative to A is obtained by adding to

the velocity of JS, the reversed velocity of A.
for example, two trains
If, and are moving on parallel A B
tracks in the same direction with equal velocities, their relative
velocity is -zero, so that to a person in A, the train appears to be B
stationary. If the trains are moving with unequal velocities of 20
and 25 miles per hour respectively in the same direction, the motion
of B relative to A is 25 20, i.e., 5 miles per hour. Again, if the
a*ains are moving in opposite directions the velocity of relative to B
A is 25 (20), i.e., 45 miles per hour. In this case a person in i* B
Beparating from a person in A
at the rate of 45 miles per hour.

1*37. Acceleration at a Point. have seen that the We

rate of change of displacement at the particular instant is the velo-
city at that instant, similarly the rate of change of the velocity
with respect to time is called acceleration and is generally denoted
by/
Let
t; be the velocity at any instant, of a particle moving
yith variable velocity and S^> the^change in the velocity in a little
time gt.
*f_-

is then the average rate of change of the velocity in the short

8^
i interval *

*For relative. motion in a plane, tec Chapter XL

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
4 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

The rate of change of velocity, i.e., acceleration at any instant

/ is therefore ^-^o *r ~~dt'

- dv d . . d / dx \

' 77 =2 ~j ~j7~
~"*~"
"~j
dt dx dt dx
Thus general expressions for acceleration of a moving particle
are
dv d*x dv
-j- or -7^ or t;
-y-
eft dt 2 dx
The student should clearly bear in inind these three forms for
/, and as to which one is best to employ in a given case will become
clear from the examples given in the next article.
The word acceleration is used to denote any change in the velo-
city, whether that change be an increase, or a decrease. In other
words the acceleration may be in the direction of motion, or in the
contrary direction, i.e., the acceleration/ may have the same sign as
that of the velocity v or may have the opposite sign.
In case the sign of/ is opposite to that of v, the acceleration
is sometimes known as retardation. So that retardation implies
decrease in the magnitude of velocity.
Just like velocity acceleration may be uniform t>r variable.

1*38. As acceleration is the change of velocity per unit of time,

a point is said to be moving with n units of acceleration when a
change of n units of velocity takes place every unit of time.
Thus a point is moving with 5 foot-second units of acceleration
change of velocity of 5 ft. per second takes place every second;
it is usual to express it by saying that the point possesses an accelera-
tion of 6 feet per second per second or 5 ft./sec. 2 Similarly 5 centi-
metre-second units of acceleration are written as 5 cm./sec.* and 10
miles-hour units of acceleration as 10 mi./hr. a .

Example i A
particle moves in a straight line in such a way
that the distancd froi* a fixed point O in the line at the end of t sees., is
3
ll-f-Jj-f-l /*. Find (i) its distance from O, (ii) its speed, (Hi) its accele-
ration at the end of 4 sees.

Here *=< 3 45H~11==:95 ft. when *=4,

ds
v=-=:3t*+5=63 ft> per sec. when <=4,

and ft. per 3ec. per sec. when t=4.

/=^4a80f<&=:'24

Example ?. A body rnoves so that the distance x feet which it

travels ft given by ihe relation x*=t*+- 6f+U where t is (he time in
seconds. Find the velocity and acceleration 4 sees, after the body
begin* to move.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
VELOCITY, ACCELERATION

Here x

The acceleration is constant. The body begins to move when

v==0 or f= 3, i.e., 3 seconds before the time* was begun to be
observed.
To find the velocity 4 sees, after the body begins to move, we
put (=1 which gives v=S ft. per sec.

Example 3. // a particle is moving according to the law

v* = 2(x sin x -\-coa x),
where x is the distance described, find its acceleration.
Here v*=2(x sin #+cos a,).

Differentiating with respect to or, we get

2v =3 2 [sin x+x cos x sin x].

* dv
/=v -=- ==# cos ar.

Example 4. The speed of a particle moving along the axis of x

is given by v*~4x~x?~ Find its range of motion and if f is its accelera-
tion, show ilwt

27*=8(2-f) (4+ff.
Here t;
2
=4x x*=x(t-x*)=*x$-x) (2+ar) .
.(1)

The L.H.S. of (1) being positive, the R.H.S. must also be positive,
which requires :

(i) x^2, when x is positive, and

(ii) x^ 2, when x is negative.
Hence the particle moves within the range defined by the values
of x lying between and 2 and for values (of x less than 2.

Now differentiating (1) with respect to x, we have

or 3**=4 2/ ..(2)
And squaring (1), we get
t^a 1 ^ a*)
1
..(3)
/. from (2) and (3), we have

Examples I
I,If a body be moving in a straight line and its distance in foot from a
*5
,

given point hi the line after t seconds is given by + 2J-M8, find

(t) the apeed at the end of 2} sees,
(it) the acceleration at the end of 3} seconds,

(Hi) the average speed during the 4th second.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
** ""J&I^MENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

a- "A particle moves along a

straight line so that after t seconds its difr
tance x from a fixed point on the line is given by Find
<*(* 1) .
(t) the velocity and acceleration on each occasion when it passe*
through ;

(ii) its distance from O when its velocity is zero ;

(tit) its distance from when its acceleration is zero.

Describe the nature of motion.
3. A particle moves along a straight line, the law of motion being
8=*A cos (nt + k) t
show that the acceleration isand varies as the distance.
directed to the origin

4. The velocity of a
particle moving along a straight line is given by
the relation i>***aa* + 26* + c.
Prove that the acceleration varies as the distance from a fixed point in
the line.
5. A point moves in a straight line so that its distance a from a fixed
n If v be the
point at any time t is proportional to t velocity and/ the accelera-
.

tion at any time t, show that v 2 a=sn//(n 1).

6. A particle moves along a straight lino according to the law

Prove that the acceleration varies as -~~.

7. The x is given by the formula

spei'd of a particle along the axis of
t;2=8a; 2s3 . Find
range of motion and if /is its acceleration, show that
its

27*4=4(4 -/)(8+/)2.
8. P and Q are two inverse points with respect to a circle of radius a
and centre 0. Show that if P begins to move along the line PQ in one direction,
Q always moves in the opposite direction.
Show also that the magnitude of their velocities are always unequal
except at the point where they meet.
[Hint. OP.OQa*].
9. A man runs
100 yards in 19 seconds. What is his average speed in
miles per hour ?
'

If a velocity of 16 miles an hour be the unit of velocity and a mile,

ip.
the unit of space, find the number which represents a velocity of 32 ft. per sec.
ii. A passenger in a railway carriage observes another train moving on
a parallel line in the opposite direction to take two seconds in passing him but
if the other train have been proceeding in the same direction as the observer, it
would have appeared to pass him in 30 seconds. Compare the rates of motion
of the two trains.
ia. The law of motion of a body moving along a straight line is *}* ;

prove that its acceleration is constant.

[Hint. Show that ~~ = 0, .. -^-=const.]

J
at* at

13. Prove that a point cannot move so that its velocity shall vary as the
distance ithas travelled from rest.
[Hint. Show that the initial acceleration ia zero.]

14. A shell at a target 2200 yards away and explodes at the ins-
is fired
tant of hitting. At points 1650 yards from the gun and 440 yards from tho
target, the sounds of firing and exploding of the shell arrive simultaneously.
Taking the velocity of sound to be 1100 /t. per sec. and assuming the path of
the shell straight find its average velocity.
15. A
line of men are running along a road at 8 m. p. h. behind one
'

another at equal intervals of 20 yds. A

line of cyclists are riding in the same
direction at 15 m.p.h. at equal intervals of 30 yds. At what speed must an
observer travel along tho road in the opposite direction so that whenever he
meets a runner, he also meets a cyclist. (Roorke 1952)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
Distance-Time Graph* If a particle moves along a
1*4*
straight line, the distance moved is a function, of time.
If a graph is drawn such that v
the time is represented on some scale
by the abscissa, i.e., by a length drawn
along OX and the corresponding dis-
,

tance, by the ordinate on the same

scale, the graph is called the distance-
time graph, and the velocity which

i s is evidently given by the gradient

ctt

of the tangent to the curve at a parti- T * I <X

cular point determined by an assigned value of t.

1*5. Velocity-Time Graph. In exactly the same way, we

can draw a graph representing the velocity in terms of time. The

acceleration at a particular instant is then represented by the

gradient of the tangent at the corresponding point on the graph.

When the acceleration is uniform the velocity-tima graph will
be evidently a straight line.

Examples
For the velocity of a tram car it is given that
1.

t '0 1 3 4 5 6 7
s 2 9 14 20 27 35
Plot the space-tiraa curve and find the velocity at tha end of each.
second, honce find the acceleration at the end of the 4th, second.
(Roortee)
2. Show
that the above figures are connected by the relation
2a=ta -f3J and hence verify the results obtained in Example 1.
3. Show th&t in the velocity space curve (in which abscissae
denote spaces covered and ordinates represent velocities) the sub-
normal represents acceleration, (B.U.)

Hint. Subnormal =t>X -T-

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER II

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINEI

2*i In the preceding chapter we have shown how by
differentiation, we di'duce the velocity from a knowledge of the
relation between the distance travelled and the time taken and how
we deduce the acceleration from the relation between the velocity and
the time.
We now consider; the more important problem of deducing the
velocity from a knowledge of the acceleration, and the distance
travelled from a knowledge of the velocity. This is the inverse prob-
lem and hence can be solved by integration.
2*2, Motion with constant acceleration* particle movex A
along a straight line initial velocity u and
from a fixed point in it witfi
constant acceleration /, in its direction of motion. To find the velocity
v and the distance s travelled after any time t.
The acceleration of the particle is given constant and equal to
/, and s distance at any time t from the point at which it starts,
is its
then its equation of motion is
<Ps
""' '

dt*

Integrating with respect to t, we have

==/lt4-c, where c is a constant.

at

ds
It is given that initially when J=0,
at
-=w, i.e., w=0+c
or c=u.

--(I)

which giVes v, the velocity at any time.

Integrating again with respect to f, we get

s=ut-\-%ft*-\-k (a constant),
when t*0, *=*0, so that fc=0
..(2)
(v
v -T- being another expression for acceleration, the equa-

tion of motion can b$ written as v -r-=/.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE I

1
t?

Integrating with respect to $, we have - ~-p

2t

It is given that initially when s=0, v=v, so th.^o

p i.e., <V=~-
..(3)
The last equation can also be obtained by eliminating t from
(1) and (2) as follows :

From (1) &=

If the particle starts from rest, so that u=0, these equations

take the simpler forms
2
*=i/* and
t;=/J, r*2/j.
The three equations obtained above are of fundamental import-
ance. They are the equations of rnoi ion of a particle moving along a
straight line with constant acceleration.
Each of these equations involves four quantities and any one of
them can be obtained whenever the other throe are known.
In solving problems we select the equation* \\hich contain the
quantities that are given and the one \vhicli is required.

Example i. A partith starts with a velocity of 20 ft. per sec.

and 100 yards in 30 sees, along a straight line. Find (i) the
travels
acceleration supposed uniform (ii) the times cU which it is 166\ ft. from
%

the starting point, and (Hi) tlie time when it comes to rest.

(i) Here v =-20 ft. per sec., *=100 yds. =300 ft. and t =30 ace*.

SiiUttihitiii;! these in 8~nt-^-\JP, we get

300 == 20 X 30 + |/X 30 x 30
per see. per sec.
-

i.e., / -
ft.

f
or 600=^(50i t or (t 10)( 50)=0.
2=10 or 50 sees.
(Hi) In the formula r=w-f/f, we have v=0, i/=20and/ f
020 -It or <=30 sees.
Thus the particle moves with a retardation of ft. per sec. per
sec. and it comes to rest after 30 sees., then u returns back and is
again at a distance cf 166| ft. at t~50 sees., the second value of*
obtained above.

Example 2. A body waving with uniform acceleration in a

straight line has a velocity 12 ft. per sec. at a distance of JO ft. from a
point O and 16 ft. per #tc. at 24 ft. f/'Ofti O. Find the actdefition and '

velocity tit O.
Let t/ be the velocity at O, then using the formula
f8 = !iM-2/* f

we have
144w+2/X 10 and 2u6=w+2/x24
which give/B>4 ft. per sec. per sec. and i/=8 ft. per sec.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
10 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Example 3. 7Vo cars start off to race with velocities u and v and
trarel in a straight line with 'uniform accelerations a and j3 ; if the race
ends in a dead htat, prove that the length of the course is
2(v r) (?//? ro)
~*
(-P) 2
Let the length of the course be s units. As the race ends in
dead heat, the cars reach the destination at the tame time, i.e., each
of them describes the distance s in the same time, say t.
Then by the question, we have

which gives

or <=

rejecting the value J=0, which corresponds to the initial position.

2
Substituting the value oft in $=?/$-{- a( we now get ,

?/ r w v r , x , ,

2
-2(-t;)(^-~t;a)/(a-/3) .

2*21. Other result^* For a bod}7 moving along a st raiglit line

with uniform acceleration, we have
(1) the average velocity is the mean of the initial and final veloci-
ties and is equal to the velocity at the middle of the interval.

Lot v be the initial velocity and v, the final velocity, then

mi
The i
average velocity
-^

t
= - t

The moan velocity == 5-= --^gr-^-

^2

The velocity at the middle of the interval asti+/-o-

Thus all the three are equal.

(2) 7'Atf distance travelled m t seconds is equal to the product oft

and the mean velocity.

For, *

mean velocity x time.

If the particle starts from rest and acquires a velocity v in time
=o and *=}<.
(3) Distance travelled in the nth second
Distance described in n sees. that described in ( 1) sees.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IK A STRAIGHT LINE I 1 1

Thus the distance described in the first, second, thin!

seconds of the motion aro w /, u +
$f, u+%f + w/ f rm an
A .P. with common difference/.

Examples II

[N.B. In the following questions, bodies arc supp'wd to be moving

along a straight line and their acceleration is taken to be uniform.]
I. The speed of a train increases from 30 m.p.h. to 45 m.p.h. in 11
seconds. What is the acceleration of the train and what distance does it des-
cribe during this time ?

Find also tho velocity of the train whon it has travelled a further dis-
tance of 847 ft.

^(^ If a body, moving with Uniform acceleration passes over 300 feet
whilo its velocity increases from 50 to 70 ft. per second, find the acceleration
and tho time of motion.
3. The velocity of a particle, which is moving in a straight line with
constant retardation, decreases 10 ft./sec. while the particle travels 10 fcvst; and
15 ft./.sec. while it travels 12J ft. from the starting point. Find the distance
the particle travels from the starting point until it comes to rest.
4. A car is moving at 30 m.p.h. when passing one lamp-post, and at 15
m.p.h. when passing tho other. If tho lamp-posts are 110 yards apart, how far
will tlio car travel before it comes to rest if this retardation is maintained ?
How long after passing tho first iainp-post will tho car bo moving ?
5. A train is moving with a speed of 45 m.p.h. and the brakes produce
a retardation of 4 ft. sec.* At what distance from a station should the brakes
be applied so that the train may stop at the station ?
If the brakes aro pu on at half this distance, with what spocd will the
train pass tho station ?

6. An engine driver whos<* train is travelling at tho rato of 30 miles an

hour sees a danger signal at a distance of 220 yards and does his best to stop
the tram. Supposing that ho ean stop the train whon travelling 30 miles an
hour in 440 yards, show that hi* train will roach tho .signal with a velocity of
21y miles per hour nearly. (f-^M
7. A body start* with velocity u and rmvos in a straight line with
Constant acceleration/. When tho velocity ha^ increased to 5w the acceleration
is rovi rsed, its magnitude being unaltered. Find tho velocity with which the
body again reaehes its storting point.
8. A train moving with constant acceleration takes t sees, to pass a
certain point and th" ends of tho train pass tho point with velocities u, v res-
pect ively. Find (i) the, acceleration, () the length of tho train, (Hi) tho velo-
city with which tho centre of tho train passes tho point. (L.U)
g. A body starting with initial velocity and moving with uniform accel-
eration acquires a velocity of 20 ft. por sec. after moving through 10 ft. and a
volouKy of 30 ft. per see. after moving through a further 15 i't. When and
where will its velocity be 40 ft. per sec.
[Hint. Write down one equation for the first distance and the second
equation for the sum of the two distances.]
10. In a certain interval of 10 seconds, a point passes over 220 ft., in ,

tho next interval of 5 seconds it passes ovor 330 ft. ; if the poinf is moving
with uniform acceleration, find its velocity at tho beginning of each of the two
intervals. (/* ")
11. A particle moving in a straight lino with constant acceleration
parses in succession through throe points A, B, C, tho distances and BO AB
each being equal to 12 ft. Tho particlo takes 1 soc. to travel from A to B,
-md 2 fcocs. to travel from B to C. Dotermin" tho point at which the particle
to rest and the point at which its velocity ix 8 ft. por soo. (Born. U.)

12. A particle moving with uniform acceleration in a straight line

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
12 ELKMKNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
#
passes points P, Q t R. If PQQR**b, and if the time from P to Q is t v and Q
t
t, prove that the acceleration is

13. A body moving with uniform acceleration, moves through 530 and
770 cmH. respectively in the ninth and the thirteenth seconds of its motion. Find
its initial
velocity and the acceleration with which it moves.

14. If the distances gone over by a particle (moving with uniform accele-
ration) in the pth, qth and rth seconds are respectively x> y and z ; show that

(q-r)x + (r-p)y + (p-q)z**Q. (P.U.)

15. Two points A and B move game straight line being initially
in the
at rest and B being 60 feet in front of A t B
starts from rest with an accelera-
tion of 12 ft./sec.a and A
starts with a velocity of 23 ft./sec. and an accelera-
tion of 8 ft./soc2. Prove that A
will overtake and pass B after an interval of 4
seconds and that B
will in turn ovortalfe A
after a further interval of 3$
seconds.

16- A particle is projected in a straight line with a certain velocity and

a const nt acceleration. One second later another particle is projected after it
with half the velocity and double the acceleration when it overtakes the first
;

thejvelocities arjo 22 and 31 ft. per second respectively. Prove that the distance
traversed* is ?8 feet. (D. U.)
17. A bus is beginning to move with an acceleration of 1 ft./sec.
2 Show
that () a man who can run at D ft./sec. will catch the bus in 8 sees, if he is
40 ft. behind when it starts (U) if the man is 40 foet behind he will only just
;

catch tho bus (in) if he is oO ft. behind he will never catch the bus the short-
;

est distance between them being 9 feet.

18. A cyclist passes a car that is just starting with an acceleration of
2 ft. /sec. 2 The speed for the cyclist is 12 m. p. h., and the car maintains its
acceleration for 15 seconds and then moves uniformly. How far will tho car
have run before overtaking the cyclist ?
19. A train moving with uniform
acceleration, has a velocity of 20 m.p.h,
at A and 40 m.p.h. at B. Find tho velocity at tho middle of the interval and
also the velocity midway between A and B.
20. Two particles P, Q move along a straight lino AB, starting from
A, P moves with velocity u and acceleration/, Q ^ith velocity u' and accelera-
tion /'. If they both have the same velocity at the middle point of AB, prove

that AB~~ (L.U.)

21. A particle moves in a straight Hue with uniform acceleration. lu

motion from one point to another, show tbat the average velocity is equal to
tho velocity at the middlo of the interval of time and that it is less than the
velocity at tho point midway in distance.
If the particle moves according to the law skty, show that the average
velocity is now equal to the velocity at the point midway in distance.
22. A
train travels a distance S starting from rest and finishing at rest*
The velocity increases uniformly till it reached a maximum value V, and then
28
decreases uniformly. Show that the whole time of the motion is
-^-.

23. A
100 yards ^printer starts with a ppeed of 20 per second, ft.
accelerates uniformly to 30 ft. per sec. and finishes the race at this speed.
If his total time is lOf secs. f show that his uniform acceleration is 4^ ft. per
sec. per sec.

24. Two P and Q move in a straight lino AB towards each

particles
other. with velocity u and acceleration/, while Q starts from
P starts xrcm X
B with velocity u' and acceleration/'. They pass one another at the mid-point
of AB and arrive at the other ends of AB with equal velocities. Prove that

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINK I 13

25. A point moves with uniform acceleration and lt tj, tfa, denote the
average velocities in three successive intervals of timo $ lt f
2 , '3* ove that

2*3. Bodies falling vertically. It has been proved by

numerous simple experiments (such as Newton's guinea and feather
experiment) that all bodies let fall in a vacuum, at a particular
place on the earth (not far away from the earth), move vertically
downwards with. Constant acceleration. This acceleration is called
the acceleration due to gravity and its value is about 32*2 or 32 in
foot-second units and about 981 in centimetre-second units. It is
generally denoted by the letter g arid in solving problems on falling
bodies we make use of tha three equations obtained in Art. a*a by
changing /into g.
When bodies fall freely from rest, the equations are of the
form :

For example the velocity acquired by a particle in falling from

f

rest through a distance h is given by v= V2gh. This velocity is

usually known as a velocity due to a fall from a height h.

2*4. Bodies projected vertically upwards. When a body

is projected vertically upwards, it is under the effect of the down-
wrJl acceleration due to gravity, i.e., it moves with a retardation.
Its velocity, therefore, gradually diminishes until it is totally ex-
hausted ; the body is then for an instant at rest and immediately
begins to fall with a velocity which increases numerically
but is
negative.
The upward direction being taken positive, the acceleration is
negative and is denoted by the equations of motion are, there-
g,
fore, as follows :

v=w gt (!)

and va -=t* a 2gwr --(3)

where s, the distance measured from the starting point is positive

above that point and negative below it.
We now deduce the following facto from these ;

11 K*
(a) v=0 when from (1) J= and from (3) s ~~c>I

which give the time to reach the highest point and the maximum
height reached.
2 in
(6) 3=0 when from (2) f=0 or <=
y
2u
when the body starts and refers to
(=0 refers to the instant /^~
y
the instant when the body returns to the starting point.
time to the
This is called the time of flight, which is twice the
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
14 JELIMINTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

greatest height. Since the time of ascent is ,

therefore the tini>
*

of descent is.aho
9

(c) The equation (2) when written in the form

9 9
gives the time taken to reach a given height 8 (less than the
greatest).

This, in general, gives two values of t one giving the time to

reach the point in the upward motion and the other the whole time
to reach the same point in the descent after the body has reached the
highest point.

(d) The equation v 2 =:w a

2gs gives the two equal and opposite
values of v for a particular height *, one representing the velocity in
the upward motion and the other in the downward motion. This
shows that the motion in the downward direction is exactly the re-
verse of that in the upward direction.

Example i. A body is projected vertically upwards with a velo-

city of 80 f.p.s. Find

(i) how high it will go,

(ii) at what time it will bs 96ft. (a) above, (b) below the point of
projection.

(i) To find the total height we use vt =w 8 2gs, where t>=0,

t*=80 and 0=32.
0=,80X80 64s i.e., 5=100 ft.

(ii) (a) To find the times for a height of 96 ft., we use

s=ut~ \gt*,
where $=96, t*=80, and gr=32.
96=80* 16**
2
or t -5*+6=0 i.e., (t 3)( 2)=0.
$=2 sees, or $=3 sees.

(b) In this case we put 8 =96 and we get

~96=80-16ta
1
or t 5t 6=0, i.e., (*-6)(H-l)=0,
i.e., $=6 or t= 1.

/. the required time is 6 seconds, the second v.^ue being im-

possible,

Note i. f = 1 is the time that would be taken by the body to reach the
poip 9&/t. below the point of projection if it were projected downwards. Also
when projected vertically upwards it takes 2u/p=:160/325 seconds to return
to the point of projection. The whole time taken to reach the given point in
feu* 6 seconds, the same as obtained above.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE I 15

Note a* When a body is projected upwards and we require the time to

reach a point below the point of projection, we need not find the whole time up
and down to the point of projection and then the time taken to reach the point.
We simply give a negative sign to the distance measured below the point of
projection as we have done in the above example.

Example 2. A particle is dropped from the top of a tower 200 ft.

high and another particle is projected at the same time vertically
upwards from the foot of the tower so as to meet thejirst particle at a
height of 56 ft. Find the velocity of projection of the second particle.

Let the particles meet after t sees. The first particle falls from
rest a distance 20066--= 144 ft.

..(1),
which gives ~3 sees.
If u is the required velocity of the second particle, we have

5Q=<ut-lgt* .,(2).

Adding (1) and (2), we get

200=-?^ ..(3)
200 200
which gives t/ = = =^66f ft. per sec.
t o

Or thus The
velocity of the second particle relative to the
:

first at time (
t is ugt
gt)=u, the velocity in the beginning. Since
both the particles move with the sanip acceleration, their relative
velocity remains constant and equal to u. In order that the
particles may meet, the second particle* must move a distance of
200 ft. relative to the first, hence we have 200=wJ which is
the same as equation (3) above. But from (1) =3, consequently
tt= 2
g as before.

Examples III

1. A stone
projected upwards with a velocity of 112 ft. por sec.
is

(t) How high will How long will it take to return to the point of
it rise ? (ii)

projection ? (Hi) When will its velocity be 16 f.p.s. ? (iv) At what time will it
be 96 ft. above (v) 128 ft. below the point of projection ?
2. A ball
thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 128 ft. /sec. Find
is
where it is and the total -distance it has actually travelled in thi?
after 5 sees,
time. If it falls past the point of projection into a well of depth 120 ft. find
when it strikes the bottom.
A stone is projected vertically upwardc with a certain velocity and
3.
that when it is 384 ft. from the ground it takes 10 seconds to return
it is founti
tp the same point again. Find the velocity of projection and the whole time of
flight. ,

4. A stone drops from the roof of a house and falls past a window 6 ft.
high in i of a second, find the height of ine houbo above the window.
5* A lift moves upwards from the bottom of a mine with acceleration
of 4 ft. /sec. 2 After 12 sees, a ball is dropped from the lift. When will the ball
strike the ground and where will the lift bo at the instant ?
6. A is dropped from a balloon at a height of 300 ft. from the
bocfy
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
16 ELBMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

ground. Find ita velocity on reaching the ground t

if the balloon is (a) falling
(b) rising with a velocity of 80 ft. per sec.
What time does the body take in reaching the ground in the two cases ?

7. A
balloon has been ascending vertically at a uniform rate for 4*5
seconds and a stone let fall from it reaches the ground in 7 seconds. Find the
velocity of the balloon and its height when the stone is let fall. (P.U. 1950)
8* A stone is let fall from a height of 240 ft. pnd at the samo time
another stone is thrown upwards to meet it. With what velocity must the
second be projected in order that the stones may moot at a, height of 96 ft. ?

9. A particle is dropped from the ton of a tower h ft. high and at tho
same moment another particle is projected upwards from the bottom. They
meet when tho upper one has described 1/n of the distance. Show that tho
velocities when they jtteet are in the ratio 2 (n2) and th,at the initial velocity
:

of the lower is \jlii.g.h.

to. A stone is thrown vertically upwards with such a velocity as will just
take it to tho level of the top of a tower 100 ft. high. Two seconds later an-
other stone is thrown up from the same place with the same velocity. Find when
and whero the stones will meet.
A particle is projected vertically upwards with a velocity of u
il.
and after t seconds another particle is projected upwards from the samo
ft. /sec.

point and with the samo velocity. Prove that the particles will meet at a height
/t u \
feet, after a time I -^- + I sees.
\ & y /
18. A
particle falls freely from A and a second particle is allowed to
fall from B
at a distance a ft. vertically below A, at the instant when tho first
9

particle is half way between A and B. Find when and where they will be
together and show that their velocities at that time will bo as 3:1.

13. Tho space described by a body in the fifth second of its fall from rest
was to the space described in the last becond but three as 9 11. For how many :

seconds did the body fall ?

14. A storio is let fall from the top of the Qutab Minar and during the
second of its flight it
lost is observed to full 4 O f the whole of distance. Find
^!0
the height of tho Minar.

15. A stone dropped into a mino is heard to strike tho bottom in 7^ sees,
Find tho depth of the mine, the velocity of the sound being 1100 ft. per sec.

16. Two balls aro projected simultaneously with the samo velocity from
the top of a tower, one vertically upwards and the other vertically downwards.
If they reach the ground in times t lf t% respectively, show that is tho
i^jT/I
time which each will take to reach the ground if simply let drop from the top of
the tower.

17. A particle, projected vertically upwards, takes t seconds to reach a

height A ft. If I' sees, is the time from this point to the ground again prove
'
and that tho maximum height is H.. 8
Show also that the velocity of the particle at a height %h is
18. A B t 9O, D are points in a vertical line, the lengths AB=BC**GL
If a body falls from rest at A, prove that the times of describing AB, BC 9 CL
are as
1 : 421 4342.
:

19*. A particle takes seconds less and acquires a velocity of s ft. pe

I
sec. more at ono placo than at another in falling from rest through the same
distance. Show that gravities g l and ya at tne two places are related by

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STBAIGHT LINK I 17

*5 Space average and time- aver age of velocity.

Since dxl<U**v> therefore the distance x described by a
body during the
r't
interval of time i a to | 8 I v dt.
J'l
And the time-average of velocity during the interval
total distance I f*a V
*" "*
total time *
a t
l \
t

Similarly the space-average of velocity in an interval of space from ml to 8*

v dx.

where v is now expressed in terms of x.

In this case the space is divided into an infinite number of, equal portions
assuming the velocity to remain constant in each portion and to vary from
portion to portion.
Example i. .4 particle moves along a straight line with uniform accele-
ration. Show that the ^pace-average of velocity when its initial and final velocities
'

are u and u 2 is
}
Lot s bo the total distance described and lot v be the velocity and a the
distance described in time t measured from the initial position as origin, then,
1)2 = ^2 +2/X .. (1)
and w^su! 2 *^/* .. (2)
and the apace average of velocity

=
i r*
dx=
if* __
I v
*
I
*Jui* + 2fx dx
9
Jo ^o

Not* i. The time- average of velocity

^-l |
vtt I ("i+/0 dl^ut* i/^i(*i + w 2 )=:mean velocity,
(comparo Alt* 2-81)
Note a. The results of Art. 2-5 above are applicable even to the case
whore the acceleration is not uniform.
Ex. a. A particle moves from
rest with a uniform acceleration. Prov*
that the avorago velocity is half or two-thirds of the final velocity, according as
the tirno or thu .space is divided into an infinite nurnbor of equal portions and
the averages taken with regard to these.
Show also that in any interval the tip ace -aver age of the velocity is J of
tho timo-average.

Graphical Methods, The number of units of

the distance
a6.
described by a Article in a given lime is represented by the number of
units area under the velocity-time graph for
the same time.
of
with a continually changing
Suppose a particle is moving
v

the rate of change of velocity, i.e., acceleration being uni-

velocity,
form or variable.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
18 ELBMEETABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Let APJPfi ...... B be the velocity-time graph drawn so as to

liave the same scale for both the axes and let

and OM~t2 .

Let us divide the whole interval

12 11
represented by LI into n smallM
intervals each equal to $(. Tft^t;t ,

t'.
8 . be the velocities in the beginning
.

of these intervals, and if these velo-

cities be supposed to have remained
constant during the short intervals,
then the total distance described is
TIME
or (t>i+tyHa+....+Vfi)8 v
which is equal to the sum of the areas of rectangles L^i, L 2 K2f L^K^
etc*

Tf now we take the constant velocity during each interval to be

the velocity at the end of that interval, the total distance moved is

or ..(2)

which is equal to the sum of the areas of rectangles

Evidently the actual distance moved lies between expressions

(1) and (2).

Now whenthe short intervals of time into which t% -~ ti is divided

become indefinitely small, the expressions (1) and (2) get nearer to
eaeh other, the difference between the two sets of rectangles becom-
ing smaller and smaller, and in the limit each approaches the area
AL^B, t>.,, the area included between the graph APiP% .B, the . . .

axis of x, and the two ordinates L^A corresponding to ,

MB
times t
v t^.
Thus the number of the units of the distance travelled between the
times f a and f a i& graphically represented by the number of the units
of area AL^MB under the velocity-timfc graph and is given by
ft*
or the integral v eft.
\

**

It can be shown in exactly the same way that the number of

t/nf/s of velocity generated is represented by the number of units of the
,
pnder the acceleration-time graph.
a*6l. As a particular case let us consider <the motion of a
particle moving with constant acceleration / and initial velocity u.
The acceleration being constant, the gradient of the velocity-
time graph the same everywhere and
is its graph must, therefore, be a
straight fine.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A 8TEAIOHT LINK I 19

Let
jueii AP be
ar
-mm
ne line
the grapn
ft
graph in which
wnicu OM =**, OA*=*u, the initial velo-
''

final ^^I^^U^
* .1
city and JlfP=v, the velocity. p

ft
.'. NP-/.AN

Also

t
i.e., v-u+ft .. (I)

The number of units of the distance described

NP
*=OA.OM+IAN.NP*=*0/

(2)

Also area
OAPM=\(OA+MP}OM=\(OA+MP)AN
AN

These results are the same as obtained already in Art, 2*2-

Since the problem of finding the displacement of a point in any

interval of time is the same as that of finding the area of the
velocity-time graph, some problems in Mechanics can easily
be solved
by graphical methods.
2-7. Motion of a train between two stations. A train
starts from one station a*d reaches another station at a distance dfrom
the first, being uniformly accelerated for some time ^ and uniformly 9

retarded during the last time t2 the velocity remaining constant for the
,

rest of the journey for a given time t. To find the motion.

Let A and be the two stations and let v be the maximum
B
speed of the train.
1
> Let AC^Si be the distance and f lf
the time for which the acceleration is/i,
then v= and Si***\

Let Z>B=S, be the distance and t% the time for which the
retardation is/,, then
f\ ^^ai f f Ol* '

and \***vti J/tV

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
20 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Let <?/;$, be the distance and *, the time for which the train
moves with constant velocity v, then

Hence d=Sj-f S+S^^^t l +2t+t 2 ) U)

and tr^/jfj/!*! (2)

71. These two equations are important in all such cases and
can be very easily obtained from velocity-time graph as follows :

APQB is the velocity-time graph for the motion of the train,

The distance darea APQB A
*=s/\APM+rect. MPQN
I

The acceleration /|
JfP f?

=the slope of d*~~[]L[~'~r'

The retardation /a
= thc r of ^
slope QB~ A^> =
.* *;
-

'2

V ==/!/! ==/2 f 2 (2)

In the particular case when tf0, i.e., when the train does not
move any distance with constant tpeed, the points P and Q coincide
and the first equation becomes d^^v^+t^).

Example i. A
train travels in 3 minutes a distance of one mile
from restat one station to rtst at another station. It is uniformly
accelerated for the first 30 sees, and retarded for the laxt 15
uniformly
tecs., the speed being constant for the remaining time. Find the acceU-
ration, the retardation and the maximum velocity.

OPQA the velocity-time graph.

is The maximum velocity v is

represented by LP or MQ.
?52SO ft.

=Area OPQAO

i'.e.,fcM
or
,The acalc'rjition / is given

. LP . .
135 ^. M 15 &r*.
The ret irdalion/ 1l
=2 i .VjK ft./sec
2
,

Example 9. :7%e Vakutta mail hav^s the

Goratja station, 16
mfe$ Ludhiana with a velocity of 30 m.p.h. and maintaining &i 9
/row*
tptedfor J5J jnt7e stops at Ludhiana with uniform retardation. Another
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN STRAIGHT LINE I 21

train starts from Goraya at the instant the first passes, and being
uniformly accelerated for part of the journey and vnifttrmly retarded for
the rest, stops at Lvdhiana at the same time as the first. Find the
greatest speed.

Let the first Goraya be A, and the next Ludhiana be L.

station

PQL is the velocity-time graph fur the motion of the mail

train.
JP=tbc constant spued in the first part of the journey =30
m.p.h.
Area ^P^>Af--the distance moved with constant speed
= 15^ = ^. miles.
/. time AM
_arca^P0J/_ 31
~ AP~ ^2X30
= $1 hr.^31 min. p
Area 31QL -i.hv di.-tanee
moved under retardation
~ mile.

mile
/. time 'taken to describe N M L X
-
-^-TTTT- =177: nr.=-2 ram.
JUQ 30
Total time AL = ft + 3 ^=U hr.

Let ASJj be the graph of the mo'tion of the second train N

representing 'the max. velocity, say V.

Area ASL=ihe whole distance =9 10 miles.

Examples IV
A train travels between two stopping stations 7 'miles apart in 14
I.
minutes. Assuming that its motion ib one of uniform acceleration. for part of
thwjournoy and of uniform ret uvdat ion for tlm rest, provo tiiat thn preatost
speed on tho journey is (SO m.p.h. (P. 17. 1954)
9. A
train *lurting from re*t is uniformly aocelcratrd during the fii'st J
f

miln of its run, th'ii runs J- mile at the uniform speed occniiivcl, and is after-
wants brought to rest m
J mile under unifonn retardation. If th time for the
wholo journoy is 5 mmutvs, find tlie uniform acceleration and the uniform
retardation and show that thv latter is double of the former.
3. An electric train covers a distance of 2-76 km. between two stops in
2-J rains. Tho tram is first constantly accelerated for 4u sees, to * maximum

bpeed at which it continues to run. Finally it is brought to rtst in 30 sees, by a

constant retardation. Find tho acceleration, the retardation and tho constant
bpeed.
4. A lift ascending from a point 640 ft. deep rises during the first part
Of its ascent with uniform acceleration. On nearing the top the upward force it
<mt off and the velocity of tho lift is just sufficient to carry it to the top. IF
the wholo process occupi^one minute, find tho acceleration during the first
part of the ascent and the maximum velocity attained.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

5. A lift perform* the first part of its ascent with uniform acceleration
f and the remainder with uniform retardation 2/. Prove that if h is the depth
of the shaft, t the time of ascent, /i
6* Two stopping points of an electric tramcar are 440 yards apart. The
maximum speed of the oar is 20 miles per hour, and it covers the distance
between stops in 76 seconds. If both acceleration and retardation are uniform
and the latter is twice as great as the former, find the value of each of them,
and also calculate how far the car runs at its maximum speed. (D.U., P.U.)
j.
The greatest possible acceleration of a train is 3 /..*. and the
greatest permissible retardation is 4 /.*.*. Find the least time taken to run
between two stations 8 miles apart if the maximum speed is 45 miles per hour.
8* A
train stopping at two stations two miles apart takes 4 minutes on
the journey. If the motion is first that of uniform acceleration /, and then of
uniform retardation r, prove that

taking one mile as the unit of distance and one minute as the unit of time.
9. A body travels a distance a in t seconds. It starts from rest and ends
at rest. In the first part of the journey it moves with constant acceleration /
and in the second part with constant retardation r. Show that

io. A lift ascends with constant acceleration/,

then with constant velo-
city and under constant retardation /. If the total distance
finally stops
ascended is s and the total time occupied is t show that the time during which
t

the lift is ascending with constant velocity is

ii. A train goes from one station to another, being uniformly accelera-
ted from rest in the first quarter of the distance, and being brought to rest by
uniform retardation during the last quarter. The middle half of the journey is
performed at a uniform speed. Show that the average speed of the train is two*
thirds of the full speed.
ia> Distance between Barara and Ambala is 15 miles. A train passes
Barara without stopping at 25 miles an hour and maintaining this speed for 14
miles stops at Ambala with uniform retardation. Another train starts from
Barara at the instant the first train passes and being uniformly accelerated for
part of the journey and uniformly retarded for the rest stops at Ambala at the
same time as the first. Show that its maximum speed is 46} m.p.h.
REVISION QUESTIONS I
I. A partiple moves along a straight line starting with velocity u and
having a constant acceleration^/. Prove that the distance from the starting
point after time t is
A point moving in a straight line with uniform acceleration describes dis-
tances o, 6 feet in successive intervals < lt * 2 seconds. Prove that the accelera-
tion is

also that if the point describes successive equal distances in timos t

lt f
2 , J3 then
3

3. A bullet travelling horizontally pur*eH successively throe screens

placed at equal distances a apart. If the tuno from the first screen to the
second be t^ and from the .second to the third be J 2 prove that tho retardation
(atroraed to Inconstant) 2<j(f 2
i
'iJ/'i^'i***^) and tnafc tho velocity at the
middle screen is

(P.U.J9S3)
[Hint* Thickness of tho screens is to be neglected.]
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINK I 23

3. A particle is moving in a straight line with constant acceleration.

Show that its acceleration is

(i) (S-S')l(m n), where S and S' are the spaces described during the
mth and nth seconds respectively.

(ri/ )/(*
+
- --o
where
v

O S is tho space described daring any

seconds ar^ S' during next t' seconds. (P. 17* 1955}
4. A particle moves 'in a straight line with constant acceleration, and
its distances from an origin O on the line (not necessarily the position at time
<0) at times /* t a H are *! x*> XZ respectively. Show tjhat if | lt < 2 fg form an
,

A. P. whose common difference is d and a? lf #2 #3 are in G.P. then the accelera-

,

tion is --* T
2
~ assuming x v x 2, #3 to be positive.

5. An run in two parts, the first part is given 5 mine*

express train is
start and attains maximum
speed of 48 m.p.h. in one mile. Prove that the
its
two parts will run 4 miles apart but the first part would have gone 3 miles
before Ihe start of the second.
6. An engine driver suddenly puts on his brake and shuts off steam
when he isrunning at full speed.; in the first second afterwards the train travels
87 foot, and in the next 85 feet. Find the original speod of the train, the time
that elapses baforo it comes to rest and the distance it will travel in this
interval, assuming the brakes to cailse a constant retardation.
Find also the time the train will take, if it be 96 yards long, to passes*
spectator standing at a point 484 yards ahead of the train at the instant when
the brake was applied.
*7* If the velocity of a bullet is supposed to be a uniform horizontal
velocity equal to n times that of sound, show that the points at which sounds of
the firing and of the bullet striking the target are heard simultaneously lie on a
*
hyperbola of eccentricity n. (Pub. Ser. B*.)
*8. A stone is dropped from an aeroplane which is rising with accelera-
tion/, and t second* affcer this another stone is dropped. Prove that the dis-
tance between the stonaa at a time T after the second stone is dropped is

*9* A juggler keeps three balls going with one hand, so that at any
instant two are in the air and one in his hand. Find the time during which a
ball stays in the hand if each ball rises to a height (t) 16 ft., (it) S ft.
*KO* It is eatimated that g is increased by tho resistance of the air to
g +/) in upward motion and reduced to g (1 /) in downward motion ; find the
(1
time a stone is in the air when projected upwards with velocity u.
Find the value of /which will make the time the same as in unresisted
motion.
*n. A train travelling at 60 m.p.h. has to slow down on account of work
being done on the line. Instead of continuing at a constant spood, it, therefore,
moves with a constant retardation of 1 mile por hour per second until its speed
is roduood to 15
m.p.h. It then travoU at a constant speod for J milo, and
then accelerates at 4 milo per hour per socond until its speod is onoo more 6Q
m.p.h. Find the dolay caused. (Bom., Univ.)
12. Tho gptvid of a train increases at a constant rab3 a fnom to v, ttnn
rom.utiH constant for an interval and finally duroso.s to at a constant rate
If I be the total distance doacribod, prove that ths total time occupied is

ft

Also find tho least value of tiraj when a<=*/3* (E.A-0.)

T
13. A train takes tiiuo T to perform a journey, it travel* for tixno

T
vith uniform acceleration, then for time (n 3)-- with uniform speed *> and
it

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
24 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

finally for time -

j

n
with constant retardation. Prove that its average speed
18
(2n-3) v/2n.
14. For of the distance between two stations a train is uniformly

accelerated and for of the distance it is

imiforznly retarded ; it starts from
n
rest at one station and comes to rest at the other.
Prove that the ratio of its greatest velocity to its average velocity is

1 + J- + JL;!. (A.U..D.U.)
?ft n
*I5* A steamer ia timed to run from Bombay to Aden at an average rate
of 8 knots per hour, but owning to heavy ea loses 12 hours in the first part of
the voyage, it then* accelerates at the rate of half a knot per hour per hour
uniformly till thtt8jreed reaches 10 knots \vhich speed is maintained till the
end of the voyage. 11* tJio steamer now reaches Aden in time, prove that it
started accelerating when at a distance of 490 sea miles from Aden.
(P.U.)
16.A stone is dropped from the top of H tower into a well at its foot,
and reaches the water with a velocity of 128 ft./<u;c. The sound of the
it

Splash is h^ard 4-r* seconds alter the stone was dropped. JFind the speed of
sound.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER III

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE II

Nature and Nature's Laws hid in night

God said "Let Newton be" and all was light.

3*1, Newton's Laws of Motion. In the preceding chapters

motion of a material body has been studied without reference to its
mass, the quantity of matter in the body, and force, the cause of
motion. In the present chapter we shall consider motion under the
application of forces to a particle.
The treatment of the subject is based on experimental laws,
known as Newton's laws of motion, which we now discuss.
3*11. Law i. Every body continues in its state of rest or of
uniform motion in a straight line, except in so far as it is compelled
by impressed forces to change that state.
According to this law, force is necessary in the following
cases :

(1) To change the. state of rest of a body or to bring the body

into motion.

(2) To increase or decrease the speed of a body moving in &

straight line.
(3) To change the direction of motion ot a body without bven
changing its speed.
So that a force may be defined as follows :

Force something which cliangea or tends to change the state of

is
rest or uniform motion in a straight line, of a body.

3*12. Impressed Force* An external force is usually called

an impressed force. The mutual action and reaction between the
molecules or parts of the same body are internal forces.
The law states that the internal forces of a body do not alter
uniform motion in a straight line and that the cause of the change
in motion must be external.

3*13. The first law of motion implies what is sometimes called

the Principle of Inertia, -that is, a body has no tendency of itself to
change its state of rest or motion and if it is kept free from the action
of external forces, it will remain in its state of rest or of uniform
motion in a straight line. Thus the state of rest or of uniform
motion in a straight line is the natural state of a body. (The Greek
i
-''i'oscphers wrongly believed motion in a circle to be inherently
natural and perfect). It is only the presence of an external force
which can alter this natural state and the law asserts that a body
upon which no force acts must be either at rest or else it must be
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
26 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

moving in a straight line with a uniform velocity and that if a body is

at rest or it moves wfth uniform velocity in a straight line, the external
forces, if any, whicty act on it, balance and are in equilibrium.
Suppose, for example, a railway carriage is at rest. Obviously
some force is necessary to set it in motion. If it is pushed by an
engine, a force has acted, and the carriage begins to move and
acquires a certain velocity. Now, on separation from the engine,
unless some forces act on the carriage it must go on moving indefi-
nitely with the same constant velocity in the same straight line in
which it is now moving. But we know from experience that its
speed goes on decreasing till it stops. Hence some forces must have
acted against the motion. These forces are the resistance of air
and the force of friction. The law states that in the absence of
friction and of any other interfering agent such as the resistance of
the air, the carriage would go on for ever.

Again, if the track is curved instead of being straight, the

carriage no longer moves in a straight line, there is a change in

direction which must be due to the action of some force. The force
in this case is* the pressure of the rails on the flanges of the wheels
which tends to turn the carriage in the direction of the rails. Had
the flanges been absent, this force could not be exerted and motion
would have taken place along a straight line causing the carriage
to go off the rails.
Thus if a carriage in a railway train moves with constant
velocity in a straight line, the external forces which act on it
such as the friction of the rails, the resistance of the air acting
backwards, the weight of the carriage acting downwards, the
pressure of the rails acting upwards, the traction of the carriage in
front of it and the drag of that behind it must all exactly balance
each other.

3*2. Having studied the necessity of a force to change the

natural state of a body, we now consider the law governing the
measurement of force.

3*21. Law II. The rate of change of momentum is proportional

to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction of the straight
line in tvhich the force acts.

Momentum is the product of the mass of a body and the

velocity with which it is moving.
If m denotes the mass and v the velocity, mv is the momentum.
If P denotes the force acting on the mass m, then by the first part of
this law, we have P=k-j-(mv)*
at

In most of the problems with which we are concerned at pre-

sent, m isconstant and so the equation becomes

where k is the constant of proportionality and its value depends upon

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINK U 27

the units chosen. If the unit of force be so chosen that unit force
acting on unit mass produces unit acceleration, i.e., P=l, when
m=l ancl/==l, then t--l, and thus
P=mf.
This is the fundamental equation of Dynamics and is sometimes
written in the form
P ~ motion
Force causing
m=
A , , . -
Acceleration */== ,.. ,
Mass moved
Thus a body is
if accelerating some force must be acting on
it
and in case is not accelerating the resultant of the external
it
forces acting on it must be nil, so that the effect of a force on a
body does not in the least depend on the velocity that the body
already has.

When the impressed force P=0 then -j-(wt>)=0.

mv=a constant.
Hence a body continues to move with constant momentum
when not acted upon by an impressed force. This shows that Law I
is a particular case of Law II.

3'22. Units of Force. The unit of force as implied in the

fundamental equation P=mf can be defined as follows :

The vnit of force is that force which acting on unit mass generates
in it "unit acceleration.
In the English (Foot Poudnd-Second or F.P.S.) system the unit
of mass is one pound, the unit of acceleration is one foot per second

per second and the unit of force is the Poundal.

Hence one poundal is that force which will create in a mass of
one pound an acceleration of one foot per second per second.
In the French (Centimetre-Gramme-Second or C.G.S.) system
the unit of mass is one gramme, the unit of acceleration is one
centimetre per second per second and the unit of force is the Dyne.
Hence one fti/nr is that force which will give to a mas* of one
gramme an acceleration of one centimetre per second per second.
These units of force are called Absolute Units because their
values are the same everywhere and do not depend on the earth's
attraction.

3*23. Weight. Any body let fall in vacuum at a particular

place (near the surface of the earth) drops downwards with constant
acceleration g, showing that it is acted on by some constant force.
This force is the one with* which the earth attracts the body and is
called the ivetght of the body. Weight is thus a force and is, there-
fore, measured by the formula P=^mf.

Writing W for P and g for /, we get JK=wgr,

which gives in absolute units the weight of a body of mass m.
When m is one pound, the weight is g poundals.
Hence the weight of one pound is equal to a force of g (32)
poundals.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
28 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Similarly when m is one gramme, the weight isg dynes.

Hence the weight of one gramme is ewal to a force of g (981)
dynes.
It is often convenient to compare force with the weight of a
bod}", and to speak of the force of so many pound-weight or gramme-
weight.
One pound-weight or simply one pound and similarly one
gramme are taken as units of force in engineering practice. They
are called gravitational units as they depend on acceleration due to
gravity which is slightly different at different places of the earth's
surface and this is the reason why a given mass extends the spring
of a spring balance to slightly different extents at different places
on the earth. Here the mass, i.e., the quantity of matter in the
body, remains the same, but the weight changes.
The student must distinguish carefully between the two mean-
ings of the words pound, namely (a) mass, and (6) a force, two totally
different physical concepts. Thus a pound of lead is a certain quan-
tity of matter. Tf it is hung by a string, the tension in the string is
a pound of forte.
In working problems in Mechanics it is be?t to express force in
absolute units, i.e., units independent of gravity, viz., the poundal
and the dyne and to change them afterwards, if required in
pound-weight and gramme-weight by dividing them by 32 and 981
respectively.

Example. A body of mass 16 Ibs. is pulled along a smooth

horizontal table by a constant force. It describes 18 feet from rest in
3 sees. Find the magnitude ofthefroce.
Since s=u.t-^\Jt* (=0, 5=18, <=3),
1
18-2/9, i.e., /-4ft./sec.
Force is given by the formula
P=/= 16x4=64 poundals
= -2for 2 Ibs. \st.
Physical Independence of Forces. We have learnt
3*24.
-from the part of the second law oi motion that a force is the
tirst
cause of acceleration and is proportional to the acceleration produced
by it. The latter part states that the change of momentum produced
by a force is in the direction in which the force acts, that is, if two
or more forces act on a body at the same time each produces an
acceleration proportional to it in its own line of action independent
of the motion of the body. Hence we arrive at the following princi-
ple, usually called the principle of the Physical Independence of
Forces :

When any number of forces act on a body, the acceleration due to

each force is the same in direction and magnitude as if the other has not
been in action.

Illustration. A cricket ball thrown horizontally in air is under

the effect of two forces ft) resistance of the air, and (ii) its weight.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE II 29

The resistance of the air opposes motion and produces an acceleration

in a direction opposite to that of the motion of ball, while the
weight of the ball moves it towards the earth and produces an
acceleration vertically downwards. The two forces act independently
of each other, each producing its own acceleration in the direction of
its own line of action.

The effect of a number of forces acting on a particle along one

line in either direction is the same as the effect of one force equal
to the algebraic sum of all -the forces.
So that the effect of the two forces P and Q acting on a particle
along a line in one direction will be the same as that of a force P+Q
in the same direction and the effect of Parid Q acting along a line in
opposite directions will be that of a force P Q in the direction of
the greater force P.

Example i. A stone weighing 200 Ibs. is being dragged from

restby a man who can exert a uniform force of 100 Ibs. wt. What dis-
tance will the stone move in two sees, nhtn the resistance to motion is
20 Ibs. irf.?

P, the effective force on the stone =100 20=80 Ibs. wfc.

=80x32 poundals.
The acceleration produced = P = 80T^T--^
X S2
ft./sec
a
m 200 5 '
.

The distance moved from rest in 2 sees.

Example 2. An engine and train weigh 210 tons, and the

engine exerts a pull of 3\ tons. The resistance, to the motion of the train
is 14 Ibs. ict. per ton. Find the time the train will take to acquire a
velocity of 30 in.p.h. stnrtirhj from rest.

F, the tractive force of the engine, is 3J tons=x 22400

= 78400 poundals,
and jR, the resistance, is 210 x 140=29400 poundals.
.*. P, the resultant accelerating force ~FR
= (7840-2940)0=49000 poundals.
.
x . P 4900x32 r ,
the acceleration^--^^^ f
ft./*ec.
, 2

To find the time to acquire a velocity of 20 m.p.h.=44 ft./sec.,

we use v~
44 = J, i.e., J = 13' secs.r=r2| min.

Example 3. In the above example, it is given that the resistance

due to the brakes is 126
Ibs. wt. per ton \Jind tln> distance, which the train
'
, . -
, /' / runs when (i) the stmm is shut off, (ii) the steam is shut
off and brakes are puJ> on.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
30 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

(i) The retarding force J?= 14x2100 poundals,

* 210x14x32
=i A
.
A j L- ,
the retardation^^ "./sec*.
,

210x2240
To find the distance travelled in losing the velocity of 44 ft.

per sec., after the steam is shut off, we use

0=44 X 44-
i.e., 5=22x44x5 ft.=H mile -

(tt) The retarding force due to the brakes

= 126 x 2100 poundals.
/. the additional retardation due to brakes
210x126x32

retardation^+f = 2
f
tiie total :
ft./sec .

The distance travelled by the train in this case is given by

0=44x44-2x25, i.e., 5=484 ft.

Examples V
i. A body of 25 Ibs. mass
acted upon by a constaiit force which in 10
is
sees, gives it a velocity of 76 What is the magnitude of the force ?
ft. per sec*
a. A train weighing 110 tons is running at 15 miles per hour when
steam in shut off and a resistance of 10 Ibs. per ton acts continuously until it is
brought to rest. Find the distance it travels after steam is shut off, and the
time taken to come to rest.
3. A body whose mass is 5 pounds moving with a fpeed of 110 ft. per
gee. suddenly encounters a constant resistance equal to the weight of J pound
which lasts until the speed is reduced to 90 ft. per sec. For what time and
through what distance has the resistance acted ?
4. A railway truck weighing half a ton is pulled by a constant force
and travels 50 ft. from rest in 10 sees. Find the magnitude of the force.
(P-U.)
5. A particle of mass { Ib. moves in a straight line so that its distance
$ from the origin at the end of time t is given by the equation
= 5+4 sin 3*.

Find the maximum upon during the motion.

force it

6. A bullet weighing 81 grammes and moving at the rate of 200 cms*

per sec. is fired into a log of wood into which it penetrates 10 cms. If the bullet
moving with the same velocity were fired into a similar piece of wood 5 cms.
thick, with what velocity would it emerge ? Find also the force of resistance,
supposing it to be uniform.
7. W
A train weighing tons is moving with an acceleration /, when a
carriage of weight w tons is suddenly detached from it. Find the change in the
acceleration of the train (resistance neglected).
8. m
A mass is acted on by a constant force of Ibs. wt. under whieh in P
t sees, it moves a distance x feet, and acquires a velocity v ft. per sec. Show
that

-SHiF- <-'>
9. A bucket of water weighing being raised from a well
160 Ibs. is
100 ft. deep with a uniform force of 200 Ibs. wt. With what acceleration will it
move and what time does it take to reach the top of the well t
10. A small balloon of total mass 10 Ibs., at a height of 100 ft. above
the ground, is moving upwards with a velocity of 60 ft./sec. and acceleration
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINK U 31

4 ft. /sec 2 ., when a mass of 1 Ib. becomes detached. Find the new acceleration
of the balloon assuming that the upward force acting upon it remains unaltered.
Also find how many seconds it takes the 1 Ib. mass to reach the ground,
neglecting air resistance. (Lucknow U.)
A ball of mass 8 oz. falls freely under gravity through a distance of
n.
25 In the process of catching a man allows his hands to drop a distance of
ft.
1 ft. Find the average pressure on his hands during the catch.
12. An engine of mass 30 tons pulls after it a train of 130 tons ; suppos-
ing the friction to be ^th of the weight of tho whole train, calculate the fojce
exerted by the engine, if at the end of the first mile from the start the speed be
raised to 45 m.p.h. (P-U.)
13. An engine exerts a uniform force of 2 tons weight on a train of 100
tons when there is a resistance of 14 lbs.w$.pe r. ton. Find the time required to
get up a velocity of 30 miles per hour from rest *

14. A train of mass 160 tons starts from a station, tho engine exerting a
tractive force of 2J tons in oxcesa of the resistances until a speed of 37$ m.p.h.
is attained. This speed continues constant until tho brakes causing retardation
of 2.J ft./ sec. 2 bring tho train to rest 5 miles away. Find the time taken
(t) during acceleration ; (ii) during retardation ; (tit) altogether.

15. A train of mass 120 tons is travelling with

a uniform speed, tho
resistance due to' friction etc. being 14 If a portion of mass
Ibs. wt. per ton.
20 tons ia slipped, how much will the other portion have gained on it in 12
econd4 aum ing the pull \>f the engine and the resistance per ton to be the
sumo as before ?

3*3. Law HI. To every action there correspond* an equal and

opposite reaction.
Whenever two bodies are moving or are at rest, the one cannot
exert a force on the second, without the second exerting a force on
firat at the same time.

It is impossible for any force to exist in the universe without

the existence at the same time of another force equal and opposite
to it in tho same straight line. If two masses act on each other in
any way either by actual contact, or by connection with a string or
a rod, or by mutual attraction or repulsion, the force exerted by one
mass on the other has the same magnitude as, but is opposite in
direction to, that which the other mass exerts on the first.
The whole phenomena of the mutual action between two bodies
or between portions of a body Is called a Stress.
If we consider one portion of a material body and the effect on
it of the other portion we will Action, the opposite aspect of the
stress on the other portion is called Reaction.
The stress is measured numerically by the force exerted on
either of the two portions of the body by the other.
Illustrations. (1) A body supported on hand, presses the
hand with a force equal to the weight of the body. The hand reacts
and exerts pressure on the body equal to its weight.
In the case of water contained in a cistern, the water exerts
(2)
some pressure at every point on the wallcf the cistern and an equal
pressure is exerted at the point by the \\all of the cistern on the
water.

(3) The rarth attracts a body of mass tn with a force equal to

ing. The body of mass rn also attracts the earth with an *qua
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
32 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

amount of force, although it is not so obvious because the acceleration

created by the body in the earth (obtained by dividing mg by the
mass of the earth) is so small that it is negligible.
(4) In a tug-of-war between two parties the force exerted at
any point of the rope in one direction is exactly equal to that exerted
in the other direction.
Then $ow does one party win over the other ? This must be
due to some external cause. When members of one party pull at the
rope they push the ground backwards with their feet, and an equal
amount of the force of friction between tho feet and the ground acts
forwards. If the total amount of friction in one direction is, say F,
and if it is F' in the other direction, it is only when F and F' are
unequal that one party wins over the otlier.
(5) Horse and Carriage. In the case of a carriage driven by
a horse the ,force of tension with which the horse pulls the carriage
forward is exactly the same as that with which the carriage pulls the
horse backwards.
The force of tension, in this case, is not an external force, but a
mere internal action (mutual action and reaction) between the two
parts of the system (carriage and horse together) arid so it can no
more effect motion of the system as a whole than any of the other
forces which hold the parts together.
The system begins to move on account of the external force,
viz., the friction between the horse's feet and the ground. The horse
in trying to go forward, pushes the ground backward with the feet ;
the ground being rough, an equal amount of the force of friction, say
F, acts forwards. Friction also acts on the carriage. Due to the
presence of the wheels the total amount of the friction, say F , checking
f

the motion of the carriage is much smaller than F. It is the presence

of the external force F F' the difference between the two frictions,
9

that makes the sj'stem move.

(6) Engine and Carriage. In the case of a carriage pulled by

an engine, the tensions in the two directions cat any point of the
coupling chain are equal and opposite and hence the force with which
the engine pulls the carriage is the same as the force with which
the carriage pulls the engine. How the system begins to move may
be explained thus :

The driving wheels of the engine are made to rotate by means

of a crank attached to the axle, the crank being moved by the
mechanism. If there were no friction between
the wheels and the rails, the wheels would slip
round and rotate while tho engine would remain
stationary. The slipping of the wheels is
opposed by the force of friction, say F, between
the rails and the wheels. This frictional force
acts in the, forward direction and causes the for-
ward motion of the engine. It i* usually spoken
of as the force exerted by the engine or the propulsive force.
It is important to note that F cannot exceed the limiting amount
of friction which is p, (the co-efficient of friction) times the pressure

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINK n 33

between ike driving wheels and rails. This pressure being equal to the
weight, to avoid slipping, as much weight as possible is brought on
the driving wheels.

Again, if there were no friction between the wheels and the

rails, the other wheels of the engine and the wheels of the carriage
would move forward and slide without rotation.
The friction in this case acts in the opposite
direction to the motion of the engine and
makes the wheels rotate. The resultant
iiuigniiiHlf.' of this force, say F', is small as
compared to F, the frietional force on the
driving wheels. F~F' is the resultant effective
force which makes the system move.
The motion of a bicycle or a motor car is also similar the hind
wheels correspond to the driving wheels of the engine.
Note. The excess of the tractive force over all resistances is
the accelerating force. If there is no excess i.e.. the tractive force if
just balances the resistances, the train or the vehicle moves at a constant
speed.

Example i. An engine weighing 120 tons is coupled to a

carriage of mass 50 tons. The system starts from rest with oonstani
acceleration and acquires a velocity of 45 m.p.h. on the level in tivo
minutes. Find (i) the force exerted by the engine and (ii) the tension
in the coupling chain, neglecting resistances.
The velocity acquired=45 m.p.h. 66 ft./sec. =
The time to acquire this velocity =2 min.=120 sec.

/. the acceleration / is given by

06= 120/ or /=|J ft/sec. 1
f

J/, the total mass= 120+80=200 tons -200x2240 Ibs.

Neglecting resistances, the force exerted by the engine is given
by
P-^jaf- 200 x 2240 x }J poundals.

= 200X2210X11 OT
55
^ r
.,
-^
. .

tons wt.
32^2240x20
Now if T ptmndals be the tension in the coupling clwin, the
equation of motion for the engine is

if**P-T,i.e., 120 x 2240 x\l~P-T.

-
Y -sr==.--2 or 1 tons wt.
32x2240x20
Note. The same result is obtained by writing the equation of
f

motion for the carriage, viz. 80x2240/=2 f

. 80x2240x11

Example a. I* the above example, show that W, the part of

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
34 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

weight carried by the driving wheels of the engine cannot be less than
/5| tons, if (Jt, the co-efficient of friction is 0*22.
The maximum amount of friction available = (iTF.
In order that the wheels may roll and not slide, this frictional
force should not be le?s than the effective force

i.e., [zJT>P or F>P/fx.

.-.
*u
the i A i * tir
least value of Tf
D
^P/^-^-
/
55 22
--_
55X100

tons.

Examples VA
i. A train of 300 tons drawn by an engine weighing 100 tons starts
from rest with constant acceleration and acquires a velocity of 30 m.p.h. on the
level in ono minute. Find the acceleration and the force exerted by the
engine.
Find also the force of tension in the coupling between the engine and the
rest of the traiii^ [Ana. i *.
ft./sec.2 ; 9$ tons ; 6J tons]

a*An ongino of mass 105 tons is coupled to and pulls a carriage cf mass
30 tons the resistance to tho motion of the engine is -I- of its weight and
;

that of the carriage of its weight. Find the tension in the couplings if the
T J^
whole tractive force exerted by the engine is equal to 6,000 lb. wt.
[Ana. 115941bs.]
3. A train of 200 tons, uniformly accelerated acquires in two minutes
from rest a velocity of 30 m.p.h. Show that, if the co-efficient of friction bo
0"18, the part of the load carried by the driving wheels of the engine cannot be
leas than 12*7 tons.
Show also that if the part of weight of the engine supported by the
driving wheels is 25 tons, the velocity at the end of a minute after starting will
be less than 29 f\ miles per hour.

[Hint. Th limiting amount of friction between the driving wheels and

the rails should at least bo equal to the force exerted by the engine.]

MOTION OF CONNECTED PARTICLES

3*4. Field of Force. A region in which force exists is known
as a field of force. A field of force is said to be determined when the
acceleration imparted to a material particle at any point in the field
is known. When the acceleration is the same at every point, the
field is .said to be constant or uniform. We know that all bodies are
attracted towards the earth's centre and if we consider only a small
region on the earth's surface, the acceleration due to the attraction of
the earth may be regarded as parallel and constant at every point.
This region is then a uniform field and we call it the field of gravity.
In second chapter we considered the motion of a particle
the*

moving freely in such a field, we now consider the motion of particles

which art- not free to move but are connected with other particles or
are in contact with other bodies.

3*5* Weight carried by a lift. A body of mass m lbs. 9

is
carried by n lift moving vrith upward acceleration /, to find the pressure
on the plant of the lift.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINB U 36

The mass carried, being in contact with the lift, also moves
with acceleration/ upwards. The forces acting on the mass are
(1) the reaction R of the plane of the
lift upwards (which is equal and opposite) to mf
the pressure which the mass exerts on the t

plane, and |

(2) its weight mg acting downwards. J2Z

The total force upwards acting on the
mass is Rmg.
/. by Newton's ^econd law, the
equation of motion for the masffis

i.e., R^rng+mf .. (I)

which shows that the pressure is greater than the weight of the mass
by amount mf.
If the lift is moving with a downward acceleration /and if R'
isthe reaction of the lift on the mass, mgR'
is then the total force

acting downwards on it and its equation of motion is

mfmgR' or R'=mgmf .. (2)

In this case the pressure R' is less

than the weight of the body.
When/=gr, J?'=0, i.e., the body moves freely ; and when f>g.
R' is to be negative in order that there might be contact of the mass
with the lift, i.e., the lift should pull the mass instead of pushing it,
which is impossible. In this case the body is left behind and moves
down freely.
It is important to notioe that here we are concerned with only
the acceleration of the lift and not with its direction of motion. The
pressure will be the same when either the lift is ascending with
increasing speed and acceleration / or when it is descending, its speed
decreasing at the same rate, the acceleration in both cases being / in
the upward direction. Thus it is only the acceleration that affects
pressure and not the velocity.
When /=0, Rmg
i.e., when the lift is moving upwards or
9

downwards with constant velocity or is at rest, the pressure is equal

to the weight of the body.

Example i. A weight of 10 Ibs. is placed on a horizontal thelf

which is made to ascend with (1) a uniform acceleration 2 ft. /sec. 2 (2) a
uniform velocity of 2ft. yer sec. Find the pressure on the shelf in each
case.

(1) The pressure R=m(g+f)

=^10(32+2) poimdals
= Vr 8 wt/. = 10| Ibs. wt.
ll> -

(2) /=0, ;. /2' = m.7=the weight=-10 Ibs. wt.

Example 2. A had W is to be raised by a rope, from rest to
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
36 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

rest through a height h ; the greatest tension which the rope can bear is
nW. Show that the least time in which the accent can be made is

T 2nh -U

In all such cases the load W, in the first stage, is raised by a

certain constant tension T (>TF), so that it moves with a constant
acceleration and acquires speed. In the next stage, in order to bring
it again to rest, Hie string is made slack and the load moves up freely
under retardation g due to gravity till it stops.
Let/ be the acceleration in the first stage in this case, then
Wf=Tg-Wg, or f=(T-W)glW ..(1)
Let be the distances described in times t v and / 2 in the two
8 ly s 2
stages and let V be the maximum velocity at the end of the first
stage, then

BO that +* 1 = V(r
F=/i=lft, l
+y ) . .
(2)

Also A==s 1 +Sa==iF(*i-K 2 } or t

1 +t2 =2h/V ..(3)

.'. from (2) and (3)

+ j]-S [y^+l]. by (I)

T 2h 1

Now tin's is least when T is greatest i.e., when T=nW as given

in the question.

the required least time

_r?* ___i__ 1* r **
~L<7 1-W/nWj -L(-1)
Examples VI
i. A man weighing 110 stands on an elevator moving downwards.
Ibs.
The elevator moves at first with an acceleration of 6 ft. sec. 2 then with cons-
,

tant velocity, and finally with retardation of 6 ft. /sec. 2 Find the pressure on
.

the elevator exerted by the man in the three cases.

What happens when the acceleration of the elevator is more than the
acceleration due to gravity ?
2- A
diver jumps into a well with a life-belt of weight 10 Ibs. on his
head. What pressure does the belt exert on him before he reaches the surface
of water.
3. A mass of 12 Ibs. is weighed by an ordinary spring balance in a
lift moving unward* with an acceleration of 2 ft./sbc. 2 What is its apparent .

weight T

4. A 4 Ib. weight carried on a spring balance in a balloon has an

apparent weight of 4-8 Ibs. when the balloon is ascending. What is the accelera-
tion of that balloon? What should the body weigh if the balloon is descending
2
(?) with an acceleration of 10 ft./sec. , (ii) with uniform velocity of 20 miles per
hour, \iii) frooly ?

5. A body whose true weight

is 13 oz. appeared to weigh 12 oz. when

weighed by meant} of a spring balance in a moving lift. What was the accelera-
tion of the lift at the time of weighing ?
(D.C7.)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STBAIGHT LINE II 37

6. A
string can support a weight of 41 grammes. What is the greatest
acceleration with which it can raise a weight of 40 gms. ?

7. A being raised from rest with uniform acceleration

load of 300 Ibs. is
by a cable. allowed to become slack, and the load comes to rest
The cable is
ICO ft. above its original position. The total time from rest to rest is 5 sees.
Find the tension at the lower end of the cable when it is tight.
8. A
lift whose weight is 19 cwt. is raised from rest by a force of one
ton, tho force being removed at a time such that tho lift comes to rest again
after moving through a total height of 20 feet. Prove that the total time from
rest to rest is 5 seconds. (P.U.)
9. Prove that tho shortest time from rest to rest in which a load of P
tons can lifta weight W
tons through a vertical distance h feet is

3*6. Motion of two particles connected by a string*

Suppose a piece of string AB is acted on by forces F and If
9
at its
ends A and B. r F
Considering the string as a body j| jf* ~g
of mass rw, its equation of motion is
wf=F' F.
When / is finite an$ the weight of the string or its mass is

negligible, i.e., ?n=0, th6n ^_

F'-f^O
or JT=,F'
i.e., the forces at the two ends of the string ore equal.

Again by considering the portions AC and CB of the string, it

can be shown that the pull at C on the portion AC along OB (=F )
t

is equal to the pull on the portion BC at C along CA (=FJ* Thus 1

at any point of a string the two portions of the string on the two
sides may be regarded as pulling each other \uth a force which is the
same throughout the string. This force is called the tension of tho
string.
Hence when the weight of a string is neglected, the tension of the
string is the same throughout its length and it acts in one sense or in the
opposite depending on the portion of the string whose equilibrium or
motion we are considering.
3*7. Tico masses l and 8 (w? 1 m w
2 ) fire wspendcd by
, >w
light
incxtenxible and flexible string over a smooth, fixed, small light pulley ,

(or a pey), to find the motion of the system and the tension of the string.
Let I be the length of the whole string and at any instant let
x, y be the depth of the masses w l and ?/? 2 respectively below the top
of the pulley, which is small.
Since the string is incxterudbl*',

- L JL dy -0u ie - -^
ar+~2rr~ ' '

dt df
and
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
38 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Thus the velocity v and the acceleration / of the mass wz t

upwards must throughout the motion be the same as those of mt
downwards.
Also since the pulley is smooth, T, the tension
of the string, is the same throughout the string.

Equation of motion for m l is

nt /=ji7 T (\\

and that for m^ is

< f ^n - v*t /? ( 9\

Adding (1) and (2) we get

f
or (3)

Substituting this value of/ in (1), we get

= * V
T^WljWa /
"(
4 \
^

371. If T=Mg, then

1 ~~^ l'- e - ** teuton
y,^ 1 >

in the string is equal to a iveight which is the harmonic mean between the

given weights.

3*72. Pressure on the Pulley. The pulley is being pressed

downwards by the tension along the string on both its sides.
7?, the presssure
on the pulley

c,. / , ^ 47/7^2 (m 1 w2 )
2

Since the prewre

(^^^^-^.-g^^- g,

on the pulley is always less than the sum of the weights of

the masses.

Example i. Masses 260, 230 gms. are connected by

a string passing over a smooth peg. Find the distance they
will describe in 3 sees, and the velocity acquired in that time.

v==/fc=60x3 = 180 cms. per sec.

a=r/<a=x 60x9=270 cms.
Example 2. // the string of an Atwood'a machine can bear a
strain of only^ of the sum of the tivo weights, show that the least possible

acceleration is -~-

Let //?!,
fw t be the masses of the two weights and let
,=??*, then
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE II

the acceleration /=

so that/ is least when T has its greatest value mgr.

Hence the least acceleration is given by
_3.2
-
V3
7/1

Example 3. Two scale-pans, each of mass m, are suspended by

a light string over a light pulley and in them are placed masses m^ and
mt (m 1 >wi a )' Find the reactions of the pans during the motion.
/, the common acceleration of the system

If R is the reaction on m l
of the scale pan on which it rests,

then ni^ft^m^g R
i.e., JR=77i 1AW
((7 /)= ^ q poundals.
2?/i+^ 1 + ^ 2
/ / -,

For the mass w2 which is moving upwards, let the reaction be

R l
then
O/Wl //Wl _!_/*-
-
^ poundals

Atwood*s Machine. In Atwood's machine two equal

3*8.
weiglits each of mass, say Af are attached to the ends of a string and
,

suspended over a light pulley running^with as little friction as possible.

Over one of the weights resting on the platform A an additional ,

weight, called the rider, of mass m, is put. The platform A is dropped

instantaneously and the system begins to move with acceleration

_(m+M) M m
After it has moved a
distance say s (=*AB), it acquires a
2
v, given by v
certain velocity, say =2/$.
The weight with the rider is then made to
pass through a ring by which B
is caught off. m
Weights on the two sides become equal and the \
system moves with constant velocity v. Further,
the distance h moved with this velocity and t the
time taken, are measured. Then we have
fc vt,

or

in which all quantities except g are known. This

relation gives a rough va lue of g. This is one of tho
chief uses of Atwood's machine. r
Example. The two masses in an Atwood's /
machine are each 240 grammes and an additional
mass of 10 gms. is placed on one of them. It is found that they move
a distance of 250 cms. in 5 sees. Show that 0-*980 cm -/sec?
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
40 ELEMBNTABT ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

3*9. m
Two particles of masses l and t are connected by a light m
inextensibh string ; w
2 is placed on a smooth horizontal table, the string
passes over a light pulley at the edge of the table and m l is hanging
freely. To find the motion, and the tension of the string.
Let I be the length of the string and at any instant and let x and
ybe the distances of masses rw 8 and iw
t respectively from the edge of
the table, then

dx dy dy m dx dty d*x
~dT + ~di "m

"di *~~~dt d^^^rf?'

Thus the velocity and acceleration of w l vertieally downwards
are at all times equal to those of ma along the table towards the edge.
Let / be the common accelera-
tion. Equation of motion for MJ is

Equation of motion for w2 in the

horizontal direction is
f rt i / rt \
mJ=T ..(2)
The mass -/w t does not move in
the vertical direction, so that m^rj^R,
tho pressure on the table, i.e the f

weight is balanced by the reaction of

the table.

Solving (1) and (2) we have

In this case the pulley is being pressed by the two equal forces
T at right angles.

.". the pressure on tho pulley

3*91. If the taWo

is rough instead of smooth, the force of
friction of amount acts on the mass 9/J 2 in the direction of the
(Ji22

fctring opposite to that of the tension, so that equation (2) becomes

or w?i/=- T \

Solving this equation with (I) i.e., M ?', we have

f^-ryUSy,
^ J and .7'=
Ml + W t ^
The bod} moves only wh en
7
7n 1 >|j.>^ 2

Examples VII
[N.B. The rotational inertia nnd friction of u pulley are to bo
footed.

F Tho two m-iscos of an Atwood'.s madiin" nrr* 10 and 12 Ibs, Find

ion, tho tension of tho string and the pressure on the pulley.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A 8TBAIGHT LINEII 41

a. Two masses of 48 and 50 grammes are attached to the string of an

Atwood's machine and start from rest, the greater mass falls 10 cms. in one
eoond. Find the acceleration due to gravity.
3. Tho weight of 10 IDS. is attached to an end of a string, find the
weight which must bo attached to the other end in order that when the system
is suspended from a fixed
pulley, the acceleration may be half that of gravity.
4. Tho sum of the two weights of an Atwood's machine is 16 Jbs. Tho
heavier weight descends through 64 ft. in 4 sees. What is the value of each
weight ? (p.ry.)
5. Two scalo pans of mass 2 Ibs. each arc connected by a string passing
over a Htnooth pulley. Show how to divide a mass of 16 Ibs. between the two
scale pans so that the heavier mass
4 sees.
may descend through a distance of 40 ft. in
Find in this case, the pressure on the pans.
6. Two weights are connected by a string passing over a light friction-
less pulley. Ono is 12 Ibs. and the other is 11 Ibs. They arc released from rest
and after 2 seconds 2 Ibs. are removed from the heavier weight. How soon will
they be at rest again, and how far will they have moved between the instant of
release and that of coming to rest
again ?
7. Two particles of masses mi and 7W 2 are connected by a light ^exten-
pulley. If m 1 >m 2 and m l descends
sible string which passes over a smooth fixed ,

with an aecolnration /, show that the mass which must be taken from it so that
it can u.seend with the same acceleration is 4

8. Two heavy particles aro attached together by a string passing over a

pulley. If the* string can only support a tension equal to one
quarter of the
sum of the weights at its two ends, show that the least acceleration possible is
i<H2t and that the greater weight cannot be much less than six times the
smaller.
9. A mass of 12 Ibs. rests on a smooth horizontal platform at a distance
28 ft. from its edge. A second mass of 2 Ibs. is attached to the first
by meuns of
a cord passing over the
edge. Find
(i) the. acceleration (it) the space described in 3 secr>.
;
(m) tho time ;
in which tho 12 Ibs.
weight reaches tho edge (iv) tho tension of the string ;
;

(f) the, pressure on the pulley.

10. Obtain tho results in example 9 when the platform is rough, the
coefficient of friction (Ji being 0*15.
11. In example 0, if (JL
= 5/16, and tho mass on the tnble is 4 Ibe., find
the acceleration of the masses.
12. P
Two particles and Q are attached to the ends of a light string, the
particle P
is placed on a smooth horizontal table, while
Q hangs over the edge;
and the system moves freely under gravity. Tho mass at Q is 1 Ib. If starts P
from n\st and moves 8 ft. in the first second, determine the mass of P. (Bom.
U)
13. A mass of 20 Ibs. on a rough horizontal table is connected by a light
string passing over a smooth pulley at tho edge of the table and supporting a
mass of 4 Ibs. which hangs freely. The fractional force on the 20 Ibs. mass is 3
Ibs. wt. and tho 4 Ibs. mass is
originally li> ins. above tho floor. The system is
released and after one second the string breaks.
With what velocity will tho 4 Ibs. mass roach tho floor ? far will How
tho 20 Ibs. mass movo after tho string breaks, assuming it does not reach tho edge
of the table ?
14. If in Art. 3*9, m^ bo replaced by w?2 and m
2 be replaced by n? 3t show
that tho acceleration of tho system romtnn* unaltered provided m-i, wto, w/a * r
-
inG.P.
15. A string passing across a smooth table at right, anplr s to two opposite
edges has attached to it at tho ends two masses tn^ tw 2 which hung vertically.
,

A particlo of nviss M
is also attached to the
portion of the string \vhich ift on the
table. Show that the acceleration of the system when released is

Find the tensions of the string on cither side of M.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
42 BLBMBtf TARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

16. An Atwood's machine with masses W| and m% and string clamped, is

placed on a weighing machine. Show that when the string is undamped and the
masses are allowed to move, the apparent weight 01 the Atwood machine is
diminished by (wj a m
a ) flr/(mj"f 2 )-
Also prove that the tension of the string is equal to the weight of a mass
which is the harmonic mean between the two masses.
17. Masses P and Q in an Atwood's machine are allowed to move from
rest any distance x. If P is greater than <?, show that the mass which must
suddenly be removed from P at tho end of distance x, so that motion in the same
sense may continue a further distance nx, is

(*+!)(**-)
(n+l)P+(n-l)Q*
18. An Atwood's machine is set up in a lift accelerating upwards with
2 ft. /sec. 9 . If the masses are 3 and 5 oxs., calculate the tension and the length
of time that elapses before 9 ft. of thread passes over the pulley.
[Hint. Reduce the lift to rest and replace g by g+ 2 in results (3) and
(4), Art. 3-7.]
19. A light string passes over a light smooth pulley, fixed to tho ceiling of
a lift, and carries masses P of 6 Ibs. and Q of 7 Ibs. at its ends. The mass Q is
hold in contact with the pulley and the mass P is hanging with the string verti-
cal. If Q is now released, find the tension in tho string while motion occurs,
and the time that elapses before Q is 3 ft. below tho pulley, (i) when the lift
remains at rest, (ii) when tho lift is rising vertically with constant acceleration lg.
ao. A string passes over a smooth fixed pulloy and to one end thfcro is
attached a mass wi lf and to tho other a smooth light pulley over which passes
~
another string with masses m% and m s at tho ends. If thft system is released
from rest, show that mi will not movu if

REVISION QUESTIONS II

I. State and explain Newton's second law of motion and show that if a
particle is moving in one plane, the rate of change of its moment of momentum
about any fixed point in the plane is equal to the moment about that point of tho
forces acting on the particle.
If hi, h% are the moments of momentum of a moving particle (in) about
two fixed points A, B
in the plane of motion, prove that its velocity perpendi-
cular to AB is equal to

^4*' (?"*> Sr. Ex.)

m.AB
a. Twenty men whose total weight is 30 cwt. are being drawn up a mine
shaft in a cage by a rope whose tension is constant throughout the operation. If
the weight of the cage is 10 cwt. and its speed after rising 30 ft. is 12 ft. per
SBC., calculate the tension in the rope.

Find also in tons weight, the pressure on .the floor of the cage due to the
men. (L.U.)
3. The engine of a train weighing 400 tons is capable of exerting a trac-
tive effort of 15 tons wt. The road resistance and tho brake resistance are respec-
tively 30 Ibs. wt. j>er ton. and 160 Ibi. wt. per ton. Find the time taken to travel
between two stations l mile apart if the train starts from rest, accelerates till its
speed is 45 m.p.h., runs at this speed for a certain distance and then the steam is
shut off and the brakes applied simultaneously, so that the train comes to stand
still at the second station. (Bom.U.)
4. A chain which can safely bear a tension of 10 tons is to lift 8 tons as
as possible through.* height of 200 ft. so that the load comes to rest at
the top.
Find the time required to the nearest second (weight of the chain to bo
neglected).
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINI 43

5. A
train of 100 tons is to ba taken from rest to rest in 2J min. over a
distance of 3610 ft. by a uniform pull against a constant resistance of 20 ibs. per
ton; the brakes press the wheels with a total force of f of the weight of the train
and the coefficient of friction batween them and the wheels is 0*18; find the
magnitude of the pull and the time daring which it must be applied.
6. A train of weight W
Ib. moving with v ft. per sec* on the level is
pulled with a force F Ibs. against a train resistance of J? Ibs. Show that in accele-
rating from VQ to Vj ft. par sec. tha distance in feet described by the train is

7. Two particles, P and Q, of unknown weights are attached to tho ends

of a light string; the particle P is placed on a smooth horizontal table, while Q
hangs over the edge, and the system moves freely under gravity. The particle P
passes in succession through the points A, B, G, on the table, it passes through
B and G at instants 3 sees, and 5 sees, respectively after passing through A> the
distance AB and BG being each 3 fb. From these data determine tin accelera-
tion of the svstom and deduce that the weights P and Q are in the ratio of
159: 1. (Take 0-32 lt./sec.).
8. Two weights t W W are connected by a light string passing over a
light pulley. If the pulley moves with an upward acceleration equal to that of
gravity, show that the tension of the string is

9* A riian weighing 10 stone and a woight of 8 stone are suspended by

means of a light rope over a smooth pulley. Find the pressure on the pulley and
the acceleration of tho man.
man pulls him^lf up th rope so that his downward acceleration
Jf the
the upward acceleration of tho woight and the upward acceleration
is <7/18, find
of th* in^n relative to the rope. (P.U .) .

10. A mass ml
attached to one end of a light insensible string which
is
passes over a smooth fixed pulley and to the other end is attached a smooth pulley
of mass ra 2 over which passes another string with masses 3 and m^ at its ends. m
Find the motion.
Let T, TI bo the tensions in th3 strings parsing over the fixed pulley and
the movable pully (w 2 ).
Let the acceleration of the raxss mj be/, measured downwards, then Wj
must have an acceleration/ upwards.
If Ji bo the downward acceleration of r 3 relative to
actual acceleration will be
rw a it*
/j,/ downwards, and
that of 1/14 will be fi~\-f upwards.

Equations of motion for TOJ, m^ m^and m^ are :

i
j T
r

Any of the unknown quantities /, /x , T t TI can be r 1

obtained from these equations.

(a) Taking lb. t mj4 \ l Ib., m3 ~2 Iba.,m4 =l
lb.> show that/= *
g.

n. A string which carries at one end a particle A

of mass w
3 , passes over a fixed pulley at G and carries at
the other end B a similar pulley. A second string carries at one
particle of mass lf passes
over the pulluy at B and carries at the other end E, a
purtn-lo of mass /n a Show that wh?n the masses of the strings and pulleys are
.

negligiblo the tension in the first string is twice that in the second string.
Find aUo th3 acceleration of thi particle at A whan m< Ibs.,
.3 Iba.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
44 BLEMBKTAKY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

ia. A light string, one end of which is fixed, has slung on it a mass 3m
and then passes over a fixed pulley having a mass m attached to it at tho other
end. The portions of tho string not in contact with the pulley are vertical.
Find the acceleration of the two masses and the tension of the string when the
system is released.
13. A mass m lying on a smooth horizontal table is attached to a string
which after passing over the edge of the table hangs in a loop on which a heavy
smooth ring of mass M
is threaded and then
passes over a smooth fixed pulley
md supports a mass m'. If the free port ions of the string are vertical and tho whole
system lies in a vertical plane, determine the tension of the string and show
that the mass M
will remain at rest provided that

A=_L+JL.
M m m'
14. Two masses m^ rw 2 lie on a smooth horizontal table. They
are
joined to a string on which slides a smooth ring of mass 3 w
If the two portions .

of the string lie close together in parallel straight linos and tho ring hangs down
over the edge, prove that when released the tension in the thread is
2?

e downwards
and that the acceleration of tho ring is J(
--- ----- 1
)
times the
\wi ^2 /
tension.

15. Two pulleys each of mass m, are connected by a string hanging over
a smooth fixed pulley a string with masses 2m and 3m at its ends is hung over
;

one pulley and another with masses m and 4m over the other. If tho system is
4g
-*
free to move, show that the acceleration of either pulley is
>)
(D.C7.)

16- A mass attached to one end of a light inextensiblo string which passes
over a smooth pulley is descending with uniform velocity to the other end of ;

tho string is attached a ring without mass, through which pusses a second string
supporting at the extremities masses m
and m'. If one of these masses on arriv-
ing at the ring becomes entangled in it, show that it will afterwards move with
'
acceleration -,1^ >
and the tension in the string above the ring is

(p
v
TJ \
'

17. A train starts from rest

and covers a journey of 29-9 miles in 40 min.
as follows ; accelerates uniformly for 3 min,, reaches a speed which is un-
it first

changed for tho next 10 min., it is then aceelorated uniformly for a further 2
min., reaching a speed of 12 m.p.h. higher than previously it proceeds at this ;

new fixed speed until the last 5 mm. of journey during which it is uniformly
rctardt-d to rest. Find the two fixed speeds.
18. car is driven from the hind wheels. The centre of gravity
A motor
of the ear at a height 3 ft. above the road, and the, distances of the vertical
is

through G from the front and rear axles aro 8 ft. and 4 ft. respectively.
of
Neglecting tho rotatory inertia of the wheels, show that, if tho co-efficient
fr let ion between the wheels and the road is \ the maximum acceleration of the
t

car is 5'7 ft. /sec. 2 (I.R.S.E.)

19. If P be the tractive forec in tons on a train weighing tons, and W

be the resistance, prove that the least time of travelling a
dwtimco 8 from
R
rest to rest is

28
_JVP_|
K< p - R J
(D.U.1961)
T' >

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER IV
MOTION IN- A STRAIGHT LINE III

4*i Motion with variable acceleration* Expressions tor

acceleration of a particle moving along a straight line are -^, -^--

And v -j where 8 is the distance measured along the line from a

d-s

fixed point in it. If m

denotes the mass of the moving particle and
JF the force acting on it at any instant along the line of its motion
t

and measured in absolute units, the equation of motion of the particle

as deduced from the second law of motion is,

J ..(1)

or

or mv-^V
as
..(3)

F
When the force F orthe acceleration m is constant, any of these
equations may be used as has been done in Chapter II. Wken
F is a function of t (1) or (2) is used, when F is a function of
velocity v either (2) or (3) is used and when -F is a function of the
distance s, only (3) is used.

4*11* The following examples illustrate the last three cases :

Example I. A
particle of mass m
moves along a straight line
starting from rest from a given point in the line. If the force acting at
any instant is mk cos ty
find the motion of the particle.
Let x be the distance of the particle from the fixed point after
time then
t,

m -^
at*
=smfc cos
,
t.

Integrating we have, "^r* 8 n H" c * >

n,y fly
when f=0, 57- =0, so that c=0 /. v=fc sin t or ~jr~~k sin t.

Integrating again, we get,

a?= k cos
when J=0, x0. /. c^Ar.
Hence a?=fc(l cos /)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
46 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Example
2* A steam boat is moving with velocity V when steam
is shut Given that the retardation at'any subsequent time is equal
qff.
to the magnitude of the velocity at that time. Find the velocity and
distance travelled in time t after the ttcatn is shut off.
,T dv dv
Here -57
= v or
1
-~ = .
1.
dt v dt

Integrating we have, log v=~

When /=0, v~ F, so that c=log F.
v v
i
log -y- = *
/ or
p-=e-
t
f
.

t;=Fe~ or
^= Fe-<.

Integrating again, we have, *= Fe~*-f <V

When J=0, .9=0, so that r? F

Example 3. A
particle of unit mass begins to move from a
distance a toicards a Jixed centre which repels according to the law ux.
Jf its initial velocity is >/{i a, show that it will continually approach the
Jixed centre, but mill never reach it.
Since the particle is repelled from the centre the acceleration is
in the direction in which x increases and is, therefore, positive.
dv
Hence v ~j- =^..1:,
dx
where the distance x is measured from the fixd centre.

Integrating, we have, %v*=lyt. x*-\-c. .

Initially when x=a, x*=a 2 r= \/ pa, ^ 8 ==fxat so that c=0.

, ,

t;
2
=u.or 2 or (c

Since the particle is moving towards the centre, x decreases as t

dx
increases and hence -, is negative.

dx

Integrating we have,

i.e.. log a?=

When J0, a:*=a, so that log a

log a;= *s/(x.f+log a or log =

Nowas t increases, x decreases, i.e., the particle gradually

approaches the centre, but since 5=0 only when < >oo, the particle
does not reach the centre for any finite value of t.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE III 47

Examples VIII
I. The
distance moved by a body along a straight line is proportional
to tho square root of the time (a=c^J). Find tho acceleration in terms of the
velocity.
a. A particle moves according to the law v =; u cos ru, show that tho
space described by the time it first comes to rest is u/n.
3. A particle starts from rest and moves along a straight line with an
acceleration / varying as l n . If v be its velocity at a distance * from the start-
ing point show that
2
(n+l)t> =(n+2)/a.
4. A particle initially at rest, moves from a fixed point in a straight

lino so that at tho end of t sees., its acceleration is sin

$ . Show that
f-f-y
its distance from the fixed point at tho end of 2/c TW sees., is
log (TC+!).
5. A
particle starts with a velocity u and moves under a retardation
equal to k times tho space described. Show that the distance traversed before
'
u-
it comes to rost is .

\k
6. A particle moving in a straight line is subject to a resistance which
produces retardation kv* t show that t; and t are given in terms of s by tho
equations

where u tho initial velocity.

is

7. If tho relation between x and / for the motion of a particle is of tho

form t=--ax*+bx find tho velocity v as a function of x and prove that tho
t

retardation of tho particle is 2av3 .

8. A
particle starts from rest and its acceleration at any time t is
2,
/to whore/ and k are constants ; prove that tho maximum velocity u of tho
3 and that the space described by
particle, is J^./ /fc it before it acquires this
velocity is

9. A train starts from rost with an acceleration of 3 ft./sec.l, which

decreases uniformly to zero in 33 sees. Show that its speed is then 33*
4 m.p.h.
[Hint, Proceed with d//<fc= fc.]
10. A train starts from rest with an acceleration of 8 ft./sec.*, and tho
acceleration decreases of uniformly with the distance travelled, so that th
velocity is maximum after 80 ft., show that tho max. velocity of tho strain i*
nearly 25*3 ft. /sec.
[Hint. Proceed with dJ/Js^ - Jr.]
IK. The
velocity of a particle moving in a straight lino is 20 ft./sec.
initially and decreases uniformly with tho distance travelled, so that it stops
after going 40 ft. ind the time taken to travel the first 20 ft.
I

la. Tho resistance to tho motion of a train amounts to ^ Y lb. wt. per
ton weight of the train, when V in its speed in feet per sec. If the train is
moving on a lev*l track and steam is shut off, find tho time taken for the speed
to fall from GO m.p.h. to 30 m.p.h. and tho distance covered in this time
13. A particlo moves in a straight lino from a fixed point O with
velocit V under a foroo which produces an acceleration
fix where x is its dis-
tance from O. Find the time taken in moving a distance x and distance moved
in time I. Find also tho time taken for tho velocity to be* increased to 2F.
(P. CM

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Definition. A particle is said to execute
4.*. Simple Harmonic
Motion if moves in a straight line such that Us acceleration is
it
ahvays
directed toward* a fixed point in the line, and is pfoportinal to tic
distance of the particle from the faced point.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
48 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

The expressions for velocity and position of the particle at any

instant are obtained as follows :

A, Pf * P A

Let be the fixed point in the line A^OA and let P denote th^
particle after timet from moving with a velocity v in the positive
direction from to A. Let OP=x, then the acceleration is \LX,
where is u constant.
(Jt

Since the acceleration is in the direction opposite to that in

which x increases, the equation of motion of the particle is
dlx dv ...
or ..(1)
-jgT-- !
r-^-^-iw
where (i is a constant of proportionality.

Integrating with respect to x, we have

v* x*
-as jx ~-f-c (a constant).
Z A

As P is suppQsed to be moving in the direction OA and as the

acceleration given to be taking place in the opposite direction, the
is

particle P must come to rest at some point in OA say at A, 9

i.e., suppose t>=0 where x*a, so that

a* , n * a
2 & * <&

v=s N/fW a*-~ x2 (2)

This equation gives the value of the velocity v for any displace-
ment x.

As P is moving in the positive direction

CLX *
t 4 >
'

.e.,

or

or =a sn
where e is a constant to bo determined from the initial conditions.

If t is measured from the instant when P is at 0, i.e., if #=0

when *=0, then e=0.
or=a
sin *s/(U v . .
(4)
Note i. If t is measured from the instant when P is at A t'.e., if x~*a

when *=0, then e^sin- 1 in-i l-^~

o ^

and *=a sin 1,4^1.*-} =a cos V|A-<-

Hence the solution of equation ( 1) is

fc==a sin ^fJtJ or ar=a cos 4(i.t
according an we measure t from the instant when P is in its central position O or
in its extreme position A.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE III 49

Note a* Velocity in terms of time I can be obtained by differentiating

any of these equations involving x and t.
Note 3. When the particle is on the left hand side of O, the equation of
motion is
^ acceleration in the direction of P 1 ^l (xOP 1 = (i( 2) as (A*

Hence the same equation that holds on the right hand side of O, holds also on
the left hand side.

4*21. The nature of Motion. The equation

l
v=*^ {* *Ja>*~ x
gives the velocity of P
in terms of its distance from 0. Initially,
when x=0 at the point 0, the velocity is maximum and equal to
>/(ia. As the particle proceeds towards A, the acceleration being
towards 0, the velocity goes on decreasing as x increases. At A
where o;=a, it vanishes and the particle is, for an instant, at rest.
Then owing to the acceleration towards the particle moves in the9

negative direction with a velocity which increases numerically as x

decreases and is the greatest at O where it is (i a. Due to this ^
velocity, the particle proceeds further to the negative side of 0, the
velocity remaining negative and decreasing gradually in magnitude
tillthe particle comes to rest at A l where a. The accelera- x=
tion being towards 0, the particle then starts and moves towards O
with a positive velocity which increases gradually till it is again
maximum at O. The same motion is repeated again and again and
the particle goes on oscillating indefinitely between A and/l lf the two
positions of momentary rest.
The motion of the particle is oscillatory. All oscillatory
motions are, however, not necessarily simple harmonic. In fadt
simple harmonic motion is the simplest and most important case of
oscillatory motion which occurs in nature and it is always dominated
by the differential equation
d*x
~df
*
The distance OA or OA lt i.e., the distance of the centre from
one of the positions of rest is called the Amplitude.
4*22. The Period of Motion. The equation x=a sin
gives the time from in terms of x, the distance of the particle
measured from 0.
Since x=a sin ^/[iJ=a sin

and -TT-==ONy|i cosN/(Ji.(==a*^ti cosis/(i^ t-\ ~. Y

the particle has the same position, velocity and direction after

time H ;

S/t*
, M^ r~~ etc., as it had at the time t, i.e., the particle

has a periodic motion, its period of motion being

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

4-23. Periodic Motion, A point is said to 'have a periodic

motion when moves in such a manner that after a certain fixed interval
it

of time, it occupies the same position and motes, in the same direction
with the same Velocity.
In the case of a particle moving icith simple harmonic motion, the
periodic time, as shown above, is 2^j\l fx, which is independent of the
amplitude.

4*24* The Frequency is the number of complete oscillations

in one second, so that if n denotes the frequency and T the periodic
time,
/Pi
T=1, or
1
=_.-*--.
N7 (X

Example i. The acceleration of a point, moving with S.ILM.

is 2 f.s.s. whe. -its displacement from the mid-j.osition is 6 inches.
Find the amplitude and the time of an oscillation if the maximum
velocity is 4 f.s. Find also the velocity of the point when it is at a
distance of half the amplitude.
The acceleration =2
f.s.s.=fJLT=fiX J.

The time of an oscillation == --.

*a =7t=3'14 sees.

The maximum velocity =4 f.s.*=sy (i.a=2a.

a=amplitude=2 ft.

To find the velocity at half amplitude where #=!, we have

Example a. A particle moving with S.H.M. of period 12 sees.,

travels inches from the position of rest in 2 sees. Find the amplitude,
8
the maximum velocity and the velocity at the end of 2 sees.

Since

If a ft. be the amplitude then, x, the displacement from the

centre=a T?
8
=a ft.

t,the time from an extreme position=2 sees.

Since the time is given from the extreme position, we use
x~a cos *J [it.

a =a cos 2\y (Jta cos = .

o *

a=J ft.=16 inches,

and x at the end of 2 secs.=| |=*f ft.

.-.
^^^'==-6 /\/ nf-4 T -y1 =<>-604 ft. per aec.

and max. vel.

^.a=-^ ~^-="jr-=0*69 ft. per sec.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE III 51

Example 3. A
particle moves ivith S.H.M. in a straight line.
In the first second after starting from rest, it travels a distance a and in
the next second it travels a distance b in the same direction. Prove that
the amplitude of the motion is

Measuring time t from the starting point and the distance x of

the particle from the centre of motion and denoting the amplitude by
A, we have
x cos
Now by the question when (=1, x*=*A a
and when =-2, xA a6.
A a=/4 cos J [i (!)

and A ab=A coa2*j~iL==A (2 cos

2
*J~[i--l) ..(2).
.'. from (1) and (2), we get

A-a-b=A ^J ^-l]JL [,J*-4a,4-f2a'L

t
[2
or 2
A*-aAbA=--A*4aA-\-2a ,

or (3a &M = 2a 2
/(3a
, 6). i.e., /I
= 2a 2

Example 4. A horizontal shelf moves vertically imth S.H.M.

If the complete period is one second ; find the greatest amplitude in
centimetres that it can have so that a book, iveighing 100 f/ws. resting on ,

the shelf may always be in contact with it. Find also the greatest and
least pressures exerted on the shelf.
e\

Here -- -=1 /. - J ru=27r, ,

i.e. u.
r-

When the shelf is moving above the centre of motion, its

acceleration / is downwards which should not exceed g in order that
the book may rest on the shelf. [See (2) Art. 3*5J.
.'. if a is the greatest amplitude, then/=[ia=flr,

a q
=^-r=-=
980 245 245 oe cms
25 1
nearly - -

When the shelf is in its highest position, the acceleration g is

downwards.
/. the least pressure
Jf2'==m(gr >/)=w(gr gr)=0.
The greatest pressure R
occurs when the shelf is in its lowest
position where the acceleration, being directed towards the centre O 9
is upwards and equal to g.

S=m(g-{-f)*r=m(g+g)~2mg~2QQ grammes.
Example 5. A
particle is projected with a velocity V from a
point A along the straight line OA. Find the motion when the
acceleration is proportional to the distance of the pariicteftom and is O
directed toivards 0. Find also the amplitude of motion if\)A =a.

The equation of motion is v - = n*.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
52 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Initially v=F when#=a, /. d-

Hence 2 = P+jiJa 1

-
t>
).

The value of # when v=0 gives the amplitude, so that when

V_ -- |-a*= amplitude.

*4*3* Composition of two simple harmonic motions of

the same period, in the same straight line* By equation (3)
Art 4*2, the general displacement of a particle moving in S H.M. is
a;=a sin (x/^+e), where a is the amplitude of the motion. The
quantity ^/ y.t+e is called the phase of the motion and e the initial
g
phase in angle, (given in radians), and J-j
j
is defined to be the

phase in time.
Now let #=a sin (v/{iJ+e) and #=& sin (N/(JL t+e') be the dis-
STT
placements in the two motions having the same period j

Compounding these, we get

or=a sin (*J v.t-\~t) + b sin (\/ pt+e')
9
(a cos e-\-b cos e sin ^ yit+(a sin e+b sin e)
where
^ sinCs/fji.J+E)
)

A cos /?=a cos e-\-b cos e'

cos \/fxJ

..(1)

and -4 sin =a sin e+b sin e'

Equation (1) shows that composition of two S.H. motions of

the same period, in the same st. line, gives a similar motion of the
same period, whose amplitude and phase are known from equa-
tions (2).

"Example. Prove that if two S.H. vibrations of the same

period in the same line whose amplitudes are a and 6 and whose
phases differ by a be compounded, the amplitude of the resultant
vibration is \Ja?-\-2ab cos oc+& 2 -

If a =26, and the phases of the two motions differ by one-

quarter of the period show that the amplitude of the resultant

=<x/5.&, and its phase is in advance of the second by tan" 1 2 of

-^
the period.

Examples IX
A point moving with 8. H.M. has a period of oscillation of TC sec.
1.
and 2 Find the amplitude, and the velocity
itsgreatest acceleration is 5 ft. /sec.
when the particle is at a distance 1 ft. from the centre of oscillation.
2. A
particle describing simple harmonic motion executes 100 complete
Vibrations per minute and its speed at its mean position is 15 ft. per sec. What
is th length of its path ? What is its velocity when it is half way between its
mean position and an cxrennity of its path ?
j.
A
particle moving in S.H.M. of period 8 sees, oscillates through a dis-
tance of 4 ft. on each side of its central position. Find the maximum speed and
tho speed when the particle is 2 ft. from the centre.
What time does it take in moving from this position to the nearest
oxtromo position ?
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT UNB HI 53

4. If the displacement, velocity and acceleration at a particular instant

of a particle describing S.H.M. are respetively 3 in., 3 in./aec. and 3 in./sec*,
Find the greatest velocity of the particle and the period of motion.
5. A
point executing S.H.M. passes through two points and B, 24 A
inches apart, with the same velocity having occupied 4 sees, in
passing from to A
B. After another 4 sees, it returns to B. Find the period and amplitude.
6. A
point executing S.H.M. has velocities u and v and accelerations a
and 6 in two of its positions. Show that the distance between the two positions
ia

/ n 2-t?*
and that the period of motion is 2rc *

\/ & a*
A particle moving in a straight line OAB with S.H.M. has its velocity
7.
zero when at the points A and B and it has a velocity v when it is halfway
it is
between them. If the distances of A and B with O as origin are a and 6 respec-
tively, show that the periodic time is n(6 a)/v.
8. A particle is executing S.H.M. A and B are the two points at which
;

its velcity is zero. It passes through a certain point P at intervals of 0-5 and
1-5 seconds with a speed of 3 ft/sec. Determine the max. speed and also the
ratio AP/PB. (P. U. 1956 S.)
. A
particle moves in a straight line with S.H.M. of periodic time 2
sees. If it starts from rest at a distance of 13 cms. from the centre of its path,
show <JKat the greatest velocity and velocity acquired by it when it has just
described 8 cms. are respectively 137T and \2rc cms. per sec. (P*U*)
10. At th<3 ends of throo successive seconds, the distances of a point
moving with S.H.M., from its mean position, measured in the same direction
are 1, 5, 5. Show that the period of complete oscillation is 2n/Q seconds where

cos 6=4 (^-tfO

xi. A
part of a machine weighing 60 Ibs. describes S.H.M. making 180
comploto vibrations per minute and the length of the stroke is 2 feet. Find the
greatest velocity and the force acting on the moving part at one end of its stroke
and n,t 1 of its stroke,
12- A body moving with S.H.M. has an amplitude a and period T. Show
that the velocity v at a distance x from the mean position is given by

If the velocity is trebled when the distance from the mean position is }a,
the period being unaltered* find the new amplitude.
Show that the amplitude remains unaltered if the velocity of the body
when at th centre is suddenly reduced to half its value and the body continues
>

to execute S.H. vibrations of double the period.

13. A point P moves in a straight line with S.H.M. the centre of motion
being 0, and the extreme position being A. A point Q is taken in OA such
that 20Q*=0^2. Show that the time from A to Q is the same as that from
Q to 0.
14. A particle is performing a S.H.M., of period T about a centre 9 and
it passes through the position P (OP =6) with velocity v in the direction OP.

Prove that the time which elapses before its return to P is

T . vT
tan"* 1 -

27:6

15. Apoint moving in a straight line with S.H.M. has velocities t'i and
t2 when its distances from the centre are Xj and a?j. Show that the period of
motion is

16. Show that in a S.H.M. tho average speed and the average accelera-
tion (in magnitude) are obtained by multiplying their maximum values by
0'637.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
4 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

17. If for a particle moving in S.H.M. there is a sudden increase of one

per cent in the restoring force just as the particle is passing through the centre,
what percentage increase will bo given to the period, amplitude, and the maxi-
mum velocity ?
18. A horizontal board is made to perform simple harmonic oscillations
horizontally, moving to and fro through a distance of 30 inches and making 15
complete oscillations per minute. Find the least value of the coefficient of
friction in order that a heavy body placed on the board may not slip.

ig.
A horizontal board is made to
perform simple harmonic oscillations
vertically, to and fro through a distance of 30 inches and making 16
moving
complete oscillations per minute. Show that a book placed on the board will
not leave it. Find the greatest and least pressures exerted by the book, its
weight being one pound.
no. A
horizontal plate with a particle resting on it is made to oscillate
vertically with S.H.M. through a distance of 2 feet. What is the smallest
number of vibrations per minute that will throw the particle off the plate ?
ai. A body is attached to one end of an extensible string and the other
end moves in a vertical line with n complete oscillations per second. Show that

the string will not remain tight during the motion unless n2< y- where a
is

the amplitude of motion.

22* The speed v of a particle moving along the axis of x is given by the
relation v* = n* ( 86a>- x* - 1 262) .
Show that the motion is simple harmonic with its centre at a? =46 and
amplitude Find the time from
26. to or 66. x6b
23. If the displacement of a moving point at any time is given by an
equation of the form x = a cos kt+b sin kt, show that the point executes simple
harmonic motion.
If as 3, 6=4, fc 2, find the period, amplitude, max. velocity and max.
acceleration of the motion.

24.
A particle of mass m moves with S.H.M. under a force m[ix towards
the origin. When 1 = 4 and when * = 8 sees., its
sees., the particle is at the origin
velocity is 8^2 ft./sec. If the period of motion be 32 seconds, show that the

length of the path is ft.

TC

Motion of a particle attached to an Elastic String.

4*4.Elastic Strings. If an elastic string or wire or a spiral
spring fixed at one point and pulled within limits at the other, it
is
is found to increase in length, the extension being proportional to the
tension of the string.
If different wires of the same material
are considered, the exten-
sion isdirectly proportional to the product of the tension and the
natural length and inversely as the area A of the cross-section. Thus
if x denotes the extension, I the natural length and T the tension (in
absolute units), then,
Tl m ^Ax
*= F T
AT =*T>
where A is a constant depending on the material of the wire.

If we take A =unit area, we have T =A-rr

I

If I is the natural length of an elastic string and /' the stretched

length, then T=*

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STBAIGIIT LINE III 55

i.e., tension of an elastic string or a spring is proportional to the exten-

sion of the spring beyond its natural length. This is Hooke's law of
elastic string and A is called the Modulus of Elasticity.

When x=l, T=A, so that X for a string of unit cross-section is

equal to the amount of force which would stretch it to twice its
natural length.

Example. If an elastic string is stretched 3 ins. by a force of

2 Ibs. 8how that the tension in the string when it is stretched 8 ins. is
5| Ibs. wt.

HORIZONTAL ELASTIC STRING

4*5. Let one end of an elastic string be fixed to a point O on a
smooth horizontal table and let OA~l be its natural length.

ti A' f A*P R
If a particle of ma*s m
is attached to the other end and if the

particle is displaced along the line OA, a distance A J5=6 and be P

position of the particle at an}' subsequent time so that then APx,
the tension in the string is a; which acts in the direction PA and is

directed towards A.
The tension of the string being the only force which tends to
move the particle, its equation of motion is
<Px _7
A d?x A /1X
-3 or -' (1)
"a? ~-T*' 3? 'to*'
which shows that the motion about A is simple harmonic, the cons-

tant |A being replaced by '

. The period of oscillation is

The particle will further to a point B' at an

move through
equal distance on the other side of and then back again and so on.
The distance from A to A' (OA=OA ) and back to A is moved
f

with the velocity which the particle acquires at A. The string being
slack this velocity remains the same throughout this part.
The periodic time obtained above refers to the time which the
particle takes in moving from B to A, from A' to B and then from
9

B' to A' and from A to jB. This is the only part where motion is
simple harmonic.
4*51. To find the velocity we write equation (1) as
dv A

which on integration gives

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
56 ELEMENTALY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

the sign taken negative because the particle is moving towards 0.

is

Example. An elastic string, to the middle point of which a

particle of mass m is attached, is stretched to twice its natural length
and placed on a smooth horizontal table and its ends are then fixed.
(a) Find the period of oscillation when the particle is displaced
in the direction of the string.
(b) Find also the period of a small transverse oscillation.

A ~
O X p
Let 21 be the natural length of the string, then the extended
length is 41. Let A J5 be the fixed ends and O the middle point,
,

then
(a) Let P be any position of the particle when displaced such
that OP~x (x being small).
The extended length of the portion AP of the string
/. extension of AP~(2l~{-x) -ll+x.
The extension of the portion BP=z(2l x) 1=1 x.
I _x
T> the tension in PA=\~-r ; T', the tension in J3P=A -
v I

Equation of motion for P is

d*x 2A
OF -r^rs X
Im dr
which shows that the particle moves with S.H.M., the centre of
motion being O.

period--^!-. A /
The

(6) Suppose the particle P is displaced a small distance y,

perpendicular to the string.

A-

Let T be the tension along PA or PB, then the resultant tension

in the direction P0=2'/' cos L.OPB.
'.*. the equation of motion of the particle is

=-2T cos LOPB.

at*
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINK IH 57

Now

neglecting powers of -y- higher than the first,

OP
co8t_OPB=-jg =-|j- (appro*.).
Also T along BP or PA =X
PBl = *>*-

If

2T
.\ the equation of motion of the particle is

. -~ or v SBS I y>
I dt* Im
&TC / tfft
and the period
* of motion ==~7==- .==27* A / -r
y^jlm X V
VERTICAL ELASTIC STRING
4*6. Suppose that a particle of mass m is suspended from a
fixed point by a string (or spring) OA of a natural length /

Let OB be the length of the string when

the mass hangs in equilibrium, then AB(~e), the
extension of the string is given by

JW ^ ==A l? ==x f. _ (1)

Now if the particle is displaced vertically
from B it will oscillate in a vertical line about B
9

and it will execute S.H.M. which can be proved

as follows :

Let P
be the displaced position of the
particle during its motion and let PB=x, then
the tension, T, of the string in this position is
given by
X X B

[byd)]. X
.% the resultant force acting on the parti-
cle in the direction BP mr
A *
==mgr
rr
T=mgr
f
(mgr+-y^
i N1 = -r-.

Hence the equation of motion of the particle

d*x X d*x X
is ss ~ x or -~ (3)

which shows that the particle moves with simple harmonic motion
having B t
the position of equilibrium, as the centre of oscillation.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
58 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

The period of motion is 2rc A/ =2rc A/ . .

(4)

e being the extension of the string in the equilibrium position of the

particle. By equation (1), e being proportional to ^~,

A
the period

depends on the weight which is hung on, and on the stiffness of the
string or spring to which the particle is attached. The stiffer the
spring the shorter the period and the more massive the weight the
longer the period.
Note i. At B, the ultimate position of equilibrium of the particle, the
forces acting on it, viz. 9 its weight and the tension of the string, balance. In all
problems of this typo the position of this point must bo obtained first.
Note a. The particle moves with Simple Harmonic motion only so long
as the particle is below A, i.e., so long as the string remains stretched.
If the particle rises above A
(it will do so, for example when it is pulled
down below, B, a distance greater than AB} the string will become slack nrid the
part of the motion above A
will bo simply free vertical motion under gravity.

Example i. A
mass of 4 Ibs. suspended from a light elastic
string of natural length 3 ft. extends it a distance 2 ft. One end of the
string is fixed and a mass of 2 Ibs. is attached to the other. The mass is
held so that the string is just vnstretched and is then let go.
Find the amplitude, the period and the maximum velocity.
OA, the natural length of the string=3 ft.
Since the extension is 2 ft. when the force is 4 Ibs. wt., we have
by Hooke's law
4gr=Xf.
i.e., A-%. .. (1)
Let OB be the length of the string when the mass of 2 Ibs. is

hanging in equilibrium, (Fig. Art. 4*6) then

-AB r AB -
i 2<7=A-~=Gflr [by
i.e., AB=l ft. .. (2)
Now let P be any position of the mass during the motion and
let it be at a distance x from the equilibrium position B after time t
sees, from B, the equation of motion is

Ufc~
=20- T.
J.P
But

,01
--(3)

which shows that the, motion is simple harmonic having B, the equi-
librium position, as its centre- of oscillation and period

As given in the question the particle was initially at rest at A

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINK IH 59

amplitude ~A 5=1 ft.

and max. velocity =\/ (x a=\/ grx 1=4^2 ft. per sec.
Example a. /ft JAe Zo.sinstead of being
example, the particle,
held at A and then let go, is pulled down below its equilibrium position
B, a distance of 6 inches and then let go. What is the period of motion?
Initially the particle is at rest a.t a point \ ft. below ; | ft.,
B
being less than AB
which is 1 ft., the string is never slack and the
motion is entirely simple harmonic of amplitude i ft.
The equation of motion of the particle is the same as equation
<3) in Ex. 1.

the period of motion is ZTC/\J g.

.*.

Example 3. In Ex. 7, the particle is

(a) polled down below B, a distance of 18 inches and then let go,

(6) it is dropped from the point O.

Discuss the motion of the particle in each case, and find the periods
of motion.
0.4=^3 ft., AB^l ft., BP=x.
Equation of motion of the particle when the string is
"
stretched is, as obtained before
d*x __ dv ___
...

where x measured from B, the equilibrium position.

is ,

Integrating, we have
A
2~-~<7 ~+C ..(2).
B
(a) The particle is initially at rest at D, f ft. below B. P
In this case ft. >AB, the extension in the equilibrium
jj

position, the motion from D to A is simple harmonic of ampli-

tude | ft. At A, the string becomes slack and the particle
moves freely under gravity with a certain initial velocity at A.
At D where x~|, r 0, so that from equation (2), C=fgr.

v l9 the velocity at A where #= 1 is given by

The particle comes to the rest again at E at a height above A

/!, the time fromD to B= Jth period of S.H.M.= T-

2*s/(7
?
2, the time from B to A is gi\ en by [a:=a sin *J (x t],

1 = shW *
t ie t = sin- 1 *

3, the time from A to #=-^=^- = -1 A /

2 V
.

g 2g fir

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
60 BLBMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

/. the whole period of oscillation from D to E and back

_ 2
r\Ui "i" ,

*_ sm~
.
^
\JgL 2 2 ~r
(6)The_ particle falls freely from O acquiring a velocity
=N/ 2grZ=is/ 6g at A. The string is then taut and the particle moves
with S.H.M. given by equations (1) and (2).
At A where a;= 1, v=s/ 6g, so that from (2), (7=5^.
-

v==0 when a;=Ny 7=2*646 ft.= amplitude. So that the particle

comes to rest at (7, a point \/ 7 ft. below B and then moves back with
S.H.M. to the point A where the string again becomes slack. The
particle then moves up freely with initial velocity=>/6gr at A and is
brought to rest again at 0.

<!, the time from C to J8= J period of

S.H.M.=r~y-,
J2 , the time from B to A is given by
l=\l 7 sin N^ g. J a [v a;=a sin

i.e, =- sin- 1 --=,

J3 , the time from A to or from to J = A/ - [v a=

/. the whole period of oscillation from to C and back.

=2 r A/
A /6 7c

L V

Note. If we use a?=o cos ^[JL <=^7 cos *ig t> in which time t is measured
from the extreme position C, then by putting x =
lfor A, we get

This gives time t from G to A i.e.,

Examples X
i. An length 2Z can just support a certain
elastic string of natural
weight when it is stretched whole length is 31. One end of the string is
till its
now attached to a point on a smooth horizontal table and the same weight is
attached to the other end. Prove that if the weight is pulled to any distance
and then let go, the string will become slack again after a time 7?^ Ijg.
a. A body of mass 5 Iba. is hung on a light spring and is found to stretch
it 6 inches. The mass is then pulled down a further distance of two inches and
released. Find the period of oscillation and the maximum velocity.

3. A light elastic string whose natural length is 4 ft. is such that a force
of 12 Ibs. wt. will stretch it to twice its natural length. One end of the string i*
fixed and a mass of 4 Ibs. is attached to the other. Initially the string is vertical
and the mass is held so that the string is just unst retched. The mass is then let
go, prove that its subsequent oscillation is simple harmonic
and find the
periodic time. (-P.17.)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A SFBAIOHT LINE -III 61

4. A
vertical spring extends a distance I wh m
a given weight is attach-
ed to its lowest point. Tha weight is pal lad djwn a further distance a(<) and
let go. Find the period of th > 8.H.M. that ensues and show that the maximum
velocity of the weight is a^g/L (**&)
5. If ti and *2 be th 6 periods corresponding to two different attached
weights and c t and ca the statical extensions due to these weights, prove that
^4 c(c
7 1
). ~ca )/(t 1a - *2 (P. U.)
6. A weight is attached to
the lower end of a light spiral spring whose
upper end is fixed and is released. If it oscillates in a vertical line through a
apace of 6 inches ; what is the period of oscillation ? (P. U.)

7. In Art. 4*5, Ibs. and m3

it is projected from A in the direction of
OA with a velocity of 8 ft./sec. How far will it go and what timo will it take
before it begins to return ; given that the string stretches 6 ins. by a force of
12 Ibs. ? What is the time from rest to rest if tho length of the string is one foot ?
8. A light elastic string of modulus X is stretched
to double its length
and is tied to two fixed points distant 2a apart. m, tied toA particle of mass
its middle point, is displaced in tne line of the string through a distance equal
to half its distance from the fix 3d point and released. Find the time of a com-
plete oscillation and the maximum velocity acquired in the subsequent motion.
9. Find the extension produced in a given spring when the weight it
supports is increased by one gramme. If e be the extension and the mass m
supported ; show that the time of a small oscillation for the mass is
2n*imejg7 m
10. An elastic cord AB, 6 inches long when unstretched and which would
be stretched to twice its length by a steady pull of 5 pounds, is hung up at A ;
and a 2 Ibs. weight is attached at B. The weight is then allowed to fall from
A. Find how far it will fall, and find its maximum velocity and maximum
acceleration.
ii. An elastic string supporting a heavy particle hangs in equilibrium,
the elongation produced by tho weight of the particle being equal to e. The
particle is now pulled down below tho equilibrium position through a distance d
greater than e and then released. Show that the height to which the particle
t
o .

will rise after the string ceases to be taut is I"

^c
*ia. Ono end of an elastic string is fixed and to the other end is fastened a
to stretch tho string to double its natural
particle heavy enough length o. The
string is drawn vertically down till it is four timos its natural length and then
lot go. Show that tho particle returns to this point in the time

*i3- A
string of length 18 inches would bo elongated 6 inches by a ten-
sion of 1 Ib. weight. A weight of i Ib. is attached to it and the string is pulled
to a total length of 3 feet and released. Find the tiruo of oscillation and tho
maximum velocity.
14. A
heavy particle of mass m
ia attached to one end of an elastic

string of natural length a and modulus J mg tan 2 0. Tho other end of tho string
is fixed at O and the Show that part of tho
particle is let fall from rest at 0.
motion is simple harmonic, and that the greatest dopth of the particlo below O
is a cot 2 $ 0, and that tho
particlo attains this depth in time
2^
[l+(TC-0)cot 0],

where a positive acute angle.

is

15. One end

of an elastic string whose modulus of elasticity is X and
whose natural length is a, is tied to a fixed point on a smooth horizontal table
and tho other end tied to a mass m lying on the table. Tho particle is pulled
to a distance whoro the extension of the string is 6, and then lot
go describe ;

tho character of motion and show that tho period of one complete oscillation id

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
62 ELEMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMIC?,

4*7. Further Examples of Motion with Variable Accele-

ration.
Example, A ^article moves in a straight line, starting from rest*
from a disfance a to a centre of attraction toivards which the force per

unit mass is ?
3
. Show that the time required to reach the centre is

Let v be the velocity of the particle at a distance x from the

centro.

liquation of motion of the particle is v -r~ = -

uX X3

Integrating, we have ^~ f
8 +c.

Initially when a:=a, i>=0, so thit c= TTT*

a* i*
. V)*._*_
-
i~
2
V- ~*{^
1
- **
t*
~~
v"
j; a fir

Since the particle is moving towards the centre, its velocity i^

negative.
__
~~ ~~~~
dt ax

Whence ^j+ c '-- -

f 7^ ,
=~ f
J N/cr x* J

==^(a
a -
Initially when J=0, a:=a, so that c'=0

Now when the particle reaches the centre, x~Q arid /

Examples XI
i. A particleattracted by a force varying inversely as the Nth (w:
is

power of the distance. Find the value of n when the velocity acquired from a
infinite distance to a distance a from tho centre is equal to the velocity wlm h
would be acquired by it in falling from rest from a distance a to a distance a/4.
a* A particle leaves the origin with velocity u. If it moves with an
k
acceleration - v being the velocity at any instant, show that the distance x
-y ,
described in time t is given by

3. A particle is let fall from rest from a point outside the earth at a
distance 6 from its centre. Prove that the square of the velocity of the purtich
on reaching tho centre is ga 13 -,- 1, where a is tho radius of the earth and g

the value of gravity at its surface.

(It is assumed that for motion outside tho earth the value of gravity
varies inversely as the square of the, distance from the earth's centre and th.r.
for motion inside tho earth, it varies directly as the distance.)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINK III 63

4. A meteorite falls from rest towards tho earth from infinity ; show
that its velocity on reaching the earth is the same as it would have acquired in
falling with constant acceleration g through a distance equal to tho earth'*
radius. (f .17. 7950)
5. If the earth wore still, show that if a shot were projected vertically
upwards with a velocity exceeding 7 miles per second, it will never return.
Assume tho earth's radius to be 3,960 miles.
6. If the radius of the moon is of tho earth's radius and tho mass of
fo
'ho moon is * of the earth's mass, show that tho least velocity with which
bodies must be projected from the surface of the moon so that they may never
return to about 1-5 'miles per second.
if, is

7. partielo starts from A and moves in a straight lino A0(=*a) with

A
an acceleration which is directed towards O and varies, inversely as the square ot
ts distance from ; show that the particle arrives
at with an infinite velocity

after a time -5- ^, (JL being tho constant of variation.

8. Show that tho timo of descent to a centre of force the force varying
mwTJM'ly as the square of the distance from tho centre, through th first half of
it* initial distance is to that through the labt half as 7t-f 2 TT 2. (P.U., D.U.) :

9. A particle moves in a straight line from a distance a, to a centre of

fon o. Show that tho timo required to reach the centre is or

according as tho force of attraction is fir~ 3 or |Zr~~3*

10. A particle whose mass is m ia acted upon by a force m\L t r-| 3 J

towards tho origin. If it fit arts from rest at a distance a, show that it will
arnvt- at the origin in timo 7T/4^[i. (Agra U.)
u. A particle oscillates with simple harmonic motion of amplitude o
und periodic tune T. Find an expression for the velogity t; (I) in terms of
, T, t, whore
</, T, x ; (2) in ternrw of
.r is the distance from the centre and i is
the timo measured from an instant when x=0.

Trp '"***, '.

Prove that I t&fc= (Bm. U.)

*
^'-jr-

Prove that if a straight tunnel were bord between any two points
13.
'u th earth's surfAro, and if tho resi.stancr of tin* air is noglivtrd. n tram
runmiijr on smooth rails would trn verso th tunnel under gravity aloiu* in alwut

What will be the maximum velocity of the train if the length of the
tunnel IH nearly 3<>0 miU.
(?ivtm that th attraction of tho earth at points inside its surface v
as tlic distance from its centre and that the radius of the earth TS about 4,000

13. A
thread of natural length 30 cms. extends to a length of 50 <;ms.
when supporting D gni?. One end of the thread is fastened 3<> cms. below a small
holt* iu a table while the other end is
passed through the hole und attached to a
particle; of weight 1 am. Th* particlft is placed at rest on the tablo at a distance
of 10 ems. from th^hole and id let
go. Find the time in which it perform^ a
t'ninpletu oscillation and its velocity ad it paa^-rs ovr tho hole. (Bw. U.)
REVISION QUESTIONS III
A
Juad of mass
i. M
llw. is being pulled up with a uniform velocity u by
long ateeJ oable when tlit* upp^r end of the cable is Suddenly Gxed. Haying
given that H weight of w Ihs. would extend ths cable 1 ft., show that the ampli-
tude of oscillation of tho load is

a. A light elastic string of natural length I h&s One extremity fixed at a

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
64 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

point A and the other attached to a stone the weight of Which, in equilibrium,
would extend the string to a length ij, show that if the atone be dropped from
rest at A it will come to instantaneous rest at a depth ^li*l* below the equili-
9

brium position.
3. If u, v, w be the velocities of a particle at distances a, b, c from a
fixed point (not the centre of motion) on the straight line along which the par-
ticle is moving with S. H. M. show that the period T is given by
9

[Hint. Let 0\ (O0'**d) be the centre of motion and k the amplitude,

then 0'A*=a-d, 0'B~b-d 0'C=c-d, 9

and u*=*[>.[k*-(a-d)*]=VL(k*-a*-d*+2ad) etc.]

4. A smooth light pulley is suspended from a fixed point by a spring of

natural length / and modulus of elasticity X. If masses mi and 2 hang over w
the pulley, show that the pulley executes a simple harmonic motion about a point
whose depth below the point of suspension is

ili
(m 1 +m 2 )X
5. Two
bodies M
and M' (<M) are attached to the lower end of an
elastic stringwhoso upper end is fixed, and are hung at rest; M' falls off; show
that tho distance of M
from tho upper end of tho string at time t is

where a is the unstretched length of the string, and b and c tho distances by
which it would bo stretched whon supporting and M' respectively. M
6. A heavy particle of mass m is attached to one end of an elastic
string of natural length I ft. whoso modulus of elasticity is equal to the weight
of tho particle and whose other end is fixed at O. Tho particle is let fall from
rest at O. Show that part of tho motion is simple harmonic and that the grea-
test depth of the particle below is (2-f^3) I ft.

Show also that this depth is attained in time

A- sees. (D . V ,
}

7. A light clastic string AB

of length I is fixed at A and is such that
ifa weight W DM attached to B, tho string will be stretched to doublo its length.
If a weight \V'/4 be fastend to B
and lot fall from A prove that

(a) the subsequent motion is harmonic.

(6) the distance through which it will fall is 21

(c) the period of oscillation is A / - -~

(-H2+TC+2 sin~l J).

(d) tho amplitude is %L (P*U.)

*8 A
particle is" suspended from two fixed points in tho same horizon-
tal linn by qua! elastic threads and hangs in equilibrium with each thread of
*

length I, making an angle of 60* with tho vertical. Having given that tho
modulus of elasticity is equal to the weight of tho particle, prove, that tho
period of small oscillation is 2n ^2//30.

*g. A
particle m
attached to a light wire which is stretched tightly
is
between two fixed point:* under a t<-ns .on P. If a, 6 t bo tho distances of the
;

partick* from tho two ends, provo that tho pciiod of a transverse oscillation is

271 --- (P.U.Bon,.)

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE HI 65

*io. A particle moves in a straight line in such a manner that its velo-
city, t seconds after it is projected with velocity u from the point from which
*' a positive constant.
the distance a is measured, is we*' where at is .

-
9

Prove that the time taken to attain the velocity 2u is and

a Iog ^w~r r,

the distance travelled during this interval is

1

a
loo
e
-
2u-f 1
ti
r
+l
.

*n. Particles of masses lt m m

2 , are attached
to the onds of a light
string of modulus X and natural length /. They are attached also to the ends
of a light inextensiblo string which passes over a smooth horizontal peg. The
system is released from rest with the string unstretched, the lighter particle m^
vertically balow the peg, and the particle 914, vertically below the particle 1. m
Fro vo that the subsequent motion of each particle is simple harmonic and find
fcho period and amplitude.

*ia. A particle moves in a straight lino starting from rest from a dis-
tance o to a centre of attraction towards which the forcej>er unit mass is Ji/ai*
Show thao the time required to reach the centre is
CO
f
[Hint. In the final integral put log *=z and use I
9 J

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTFR V
COMPOSITION AND RESOLUTION OF VELOCITIES,
ACCELERATIONS AND FORCES
5*1. A particle may have several velocities and accelerations
simultaneously. In the present chapter, we discuss the methods of
finding their resultant.
As the velocity or the acceleration of a particle at any instant
will have a certain magnitude and a certain direction, they may,
therefore, be represented by a straight line of certain magnitude
drawn in a certain direction.
5*11. Co-existence of displacements* A body may receive
two or more displacements simultaneously in different directions, e.g.,
if a ball is rolled on the deck of a vessel in a direction other than that
of the vessel in a river, the ball receives simultaneously two displace-
ments one on the deck of the vessel and the other that of the vessel
on the stream. If moreover, the river is supposed to have a motion
relative to its banks, the ball will also undergo the displacement of
the stream when the earth is considered to be the reference body
relative to which w e consider the motion.
r

5*12. Composition of displacements. If a particle receives

two displacements represented by the two sides AB and AD of the faral-
}!<>'/ tin A BCD, the resultant dis-
placement will be represented by the
diagonal AC.
We may suppose that a tube
coincides with AB, in which a
particle is moving and that the tube
itself is moving parallel to itself
such that its end A undergoes the
displacement AD. Suppose that in
the same time, the displacement of
the particle relative to the tube is AB. It is clear that the position
of the particle due to the two displacements will be C. Hence the
resultant displacement is represented by AC.
5'2. Composition of velocities. As the velocity is the rate
of displacement, the co-existence of displacements* implies the co-
existence of velocities. Displacements and velocities are compounded
by the same law which, in the case of velocities, is known &&the
Parallelogram of Velocities and may be stated thus :

5*21. Parallelogram of velocities. // tiro velocities arc,

represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a >paru\\il<>-
gram drawn from a point, their resultant is represent* d in n<(i(/nit><(Jc
and direction, on thesame scale, by the diagonal of the pa^^^-j^nn
through the point.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COMPOSITION OF VELOCITIES

Suppose that a particle possesses simultaneously two v< looiurs

u, v, represented in magnitude and direction by the sides AB, and
AD respectively of the parallelo-
gram ABCD. The resultant will be
represented in magnitude and
direction by the diagonal AC.
The particle may be supposed
to move along AB with speed u,
while the line AB moves parallel to
itself such that its end A describes
AD with speed v.
In unit time the particle moves the distance AB
while the line
AB moves to the position DC, so that the particle occupies the
position C.
The displacement of the particle in the time t will be nt, say
AB ltalong AB, while the line AB
will move parallel to itself, its end
A moving a distance vt, say AD
l9 along AD.

Let AC be the iliiipun il of the parallelogram of which l and AB

AD l9 are the sides. The particle will thus be at C, at the end of the
interval t. Join CCr In the triangles AB
1 C 1 and ABC.

~ ^L^JL
~
AE ~ AB *

vt v AD 7>o
/. A, Clt C are on the same straight line.
Hence the particle moves along AC, so that AC is the direction
of the resultant velocity of the particle.
Also if V is the resultant velocity, ACi= Vt.
AC _AB
But since -V7? = AC -
l l
-I we have
-
u =J,
c
AC AB t -y-'>
=

i.e., AC represents the magnitude of the resultant velocity on the same

scale as AB
and AD
represent u and v.
Hence AC represents both in magnitude and in direction the
resultant velocity.
5*22. Now if we denote the l_BAD= [_CBL by a.
we have AC*=AB*+BC*-2AB.BC cos LABO
=AB*+BC 22 2AB.BC cos (180 a)
=AB*+AD +2AB.AD cos a.
Hence V= ^/ u*-\-v*+2uv cos a. ..(1)
Also if the angle BAG =8 and CL is drawn perpendicular to A B
we have

tan0=
'AB+BL
BC sin a
'AB+BC cos a
t? sin a
(2)
u +v cos a
A U B L.
y i s called the resultant of n
and v, and u and v are oallod Hie components of K in directions
ylB and
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
68 ELEMENTAKY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

5*23, In the particular case when the two velocities u and v

are equal, we put v=a in (1) and (2) and we get

Vu*+u*+2u* cos a=w V2(l+cos a)=2w cos &

~ . <*
2 sin -
cos -7T-
sin a
and tan = =tan
u~\-u cos a"

i.e., tAe Kne o/ action of the resultant velocity bisects the angle
between its equal components.
In case u and v are at right angles, a = 90
v
and
u

5*34. Resolution of velocities. A velocity may be resolved

into component velocities in an infinite number of ways, for the
straight line representing the velocity may be the diagonal of an
infinite number of parallelograms.

The components of the velocity V in directions making angles

a and /3 with it can be found as follows :

Let AC represent V. Draw

AB, AD making angles a and /3
with AC and complete the paral-
lelogram ABCD.
Then A B and AD
or A B and
JBC represent the required compo-
nents.

/. from the triangle ABC

we have
AB EG AC V
sin/? sin a sinB sin (a + jB)*
F sin B , - V sin a
*sin(a+/3)' sin (a-h/3)

5-25. In the particular case when the components are to be

at right angles, let a 0, then

/?=r90 and <x-f /3=90.

So that the components make angles and 90 with AC and
are known as the resolved parts of the velocity V. If we denote
them by u and v respectively, we have
= V cos B and f= V sin Q.
Since sin 0=cos (90* 0),

it follows that the resolved part of a velocity

in a certain direction is obtained by multiply-
ing the magnitude of the velocity by the cosine
of the angle between the direction t>/ velocity
and the given direction.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COMPOSITION OF VELOCITIES 69

To find the components of a velocity we must be told the two

directions into which it is to be decomposed but to find the resolved
parts, we need only know one direction as the second direction must
be at right angles to the known direction.
5*26* Example. A
wheel is rotting, without slipping, in a ver-
tical plane, along a horizontal straight line, its centre having the speed
v, to find the velocity of any point on its rim.
Let O be the centre, A
the lowest point in contact with the
ground and B, the highest point of the wheel at a particular instant.
Take P any point on the rim such that

The centre moves in a straight

linewith velocity it and the wheel turns
uniformly round the centre. Since the
wheel does not slip and since each
point of the rim, in succession, touches
the ground, it follows that the time
which any point on the rim takes to
describe the perimeter of the wheel is the same in which the centre
of the wheel moves a distance equal to the perimeter. Hence any
point P of the rim possesses two velocities, each equal to u9 one
along the tangent PT relative to the centre, and the other along the
horizontal line PQ, equal to the velocity of 0.
Since L_QPT~Q, ;. the resultant of these equal velocities

=2w cos -J- ..(!

^j

=2 cos [_PAB
AP
It takes place along P.R which biseets L.QPT, is perpendicular
to AP and passes through JB (when produced backwards).
The velocity of B where is 2w, by (7), f the highest point
e. t

of the whe&faores with double the velocity of Us centre.

The velocity of A
where 0=7* is zero, i.e., the lowest point is, for
an instant, at rest.

5*27. Triangle of velocities. In the figure of parallelogram

of velocities, Art. 5'21, since BC=AJ), AC represents in magnitude
and direction, the resultant of velocities represented in magnitude
and direction, by AB
and BO or in other words the resultant of two
velocities represented in magnitude and direction by the iwo sides of a
triangle in the same sense, is represented in magnitude and direction by
the third side of the triangle taken in the opposite sen$e.
This theorem is called the triangle of velocity.
Since the resultant of velocities represented by and BC isAB
represented by AC, therefore, the resultant of velocities represented by
AB, BC and CA will be nil and thus if a particle has three simul-
taneous velocities which can be represented in magnitude and direc-
tion by the three sides of a triangle, taken in order, in the same
sense, the particle is reduced to rest.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
70 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

5*3-.
The sum of the resolved parts of two velocities in a
given
direction is equal to the resolved
part of their resultant in the same
direction,

Let AB and AD represent the two velocities u and v. Complete

the parallelogram A BCD, then the diagonal AC represents the
f resultant velocity V
Through .4, draw paral- AX
lel to the given direction. Draw
BM , CN, DL perpendiculars to
9

AX and BKperpendicular to
CN.
AM
the resolved part of
is
u AX, AL is the
in the direction
resolved part of v while is AN
the resolved part of V in the
same direction.
It is easy to prove that

AJV^AM+MNAlf+AL
which proves the theorem.
By its repeated application the theorem can be easily extended
to the more general theorem which may be stated as :

The sum of the resolved pasts of a number of velocities in a given

direction is equal to the resolved fart of their resultant in the same
direction.

5*4. Composition of a number of velocities. The resul-

tant of a number of velocities, v lt i/
2t i/
n, can be obtained in
several ways.

(1) By the repeated application of the parallelogram law of

velocities.

Find the resulant of u l and w t let it to be vl find the resultant ;

of v l and v s let it be vs and so on. Finally find the resultant of

,

vn ~i and t/ n which gives V, the resultant sought,

(2) By means of the Polygon of Velocities.

Draw OA lt A^A^ A^A^ etc., in order to represent in magnitude!
and direction u l9 ?;
2, t(
3 etc. Then by the triangle of velocities the
resultant of u l and t/ 8 will be represented in
magnitude and direction by OA^; call it t^. The
resultant of vl and i/ 3 will be v t represented by
,

OA 3 and so on. Finally the resultant of vn _-i

,

and t/ n will be represented by OA n the line ,

which completes the polygon, and taken in the

sense opposite to that in which the other sides
of the polygon are taken.
(3) By resolution along two axes at right
angles by Art. 5'3).
(i.e.,

Take any two axes OX and OY at right angles and let the
velocities?/!, t/
t etc., make angles a, /?, etc., with OX, then the
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COMPOSITION OF VELOCITIES 71

resolved parts along OX will be u^ cos a, ^ 2 cos an d along

OY they will be u sin a, w t sin )3 and if the resultant velocity
V makes an angle with OX, it will have y " ^
components V cos 0, F sin $ along OX and
* u '

OY respectively.
F cos ^==?/ 1 cos <x+tt a cos /?+
..(1)
and F sin $=n l sin oc+w a sin /3-f ....
=t> ..(2)
From (1) and (2), we have

and tanfl =

Examples XII
i. A motor car is running at 15 milo? an hour, and a nun jumps from
itwith a velocity of 10 ft. per second m
a direction making an angle of 60
with tho direction of the car's motion. What is th3 velocity of the man relative
to the ground ?
a. A straight rod AB slides on a piano, its ends moving on perpendi-
cular lines OK and OY. Show that tho sp3ods of tha extremities of the rod aro
inversely proportional to thoir distances from 0.
3. A man rows across a river always keeping his boat at right angles to
the current. At the end of one hour it is found that tho boat has moved
distance 2^3 miles in a direction making an angle of 60 with the bank. Find
the velocities of the current and the boat.

4. With what velocity must a man swim directly across a river 14f>
yards wide, flowing at the rate of 2 miles an hour, so that he may not be carried
further down tho river than 40 yards ?

5. A boy is riding a bicycle at 12jn.p.h.; in what direction must h

throw a stone with a velocity of 22 f.p.s. so that its resultant motion may be at
right angles to his own direction ?
6. A boat is rowed at the rate of 8 m.p.h. across a stream J mile wide, th*
current flowing at the rate of 6 m.p.h. Find (a) tJie shortest time for crossing th*
stream; (b) the direction in which the boat must be rowed in order to arrive at llu
joint directly opposite.
(a) In this case the boat must be rowed directly across (at right angle
to the current.
. A A . breadth of the stream
the shortest time --hr. SB - hr. or 3J min*.
speed of boat o lo
In this case the boat will be carried down the stream for a distance BC
=timoX8poed of stream =TV x6=f mile.
(6) Let the boat be rowed in a direction AD making an angle Q with tho
upward direction of the stream, then in order that the boat may arrive at B.
the directly opposite point, its resultant spend
must be along AB and hence its resultant volo
D B city parallel to the stream must vanish.
.-. 8 cos 0-6=0, i.e., 0-cos- 1 J=4125'.
/, the time required to cross tho stream in
em ph this case is given by
=t. 8 sin =

,,,4
1
i.e. -hr. or 5*67 inins.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
72 KLEMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

7. A bird can fly in still air at 20 m.p.h. when a wind is blowing

straight from the north at 10 m.p.h. In what direction must the bird aim in
Older that it may fly from east to west, and at what speed will it travel relative
to the earth's surface ? (P. U. 1954 S.)
8* The maximum speed of an airship in still air is 39 m.p.h. What is
the shortest time in which the ship can travel a distance of 10 miles due north,
at a constant altitude, if there is a north-west wind blowing at 15^2 m.p.h.
In what direction will a flag attached to the airship fly ?
9. A man rows a boat from a point A on the bank of a rivor to a point
B on the opposite bank distant a up stream in time t. The river has a broadth
6 and a uniform current speed parallel to the banks of amount a. Find the
velocity of the man in still wate*
10. A man rows directly across a river in time t ; and rowa an equal dis-
tance down the stream in T. Prove that his speed in still water bears to the
speed of the stream the ratio

ii. A swimmer crosses a flowing stream of breadth d to and fro in time

TI, the time taken to cover the same distance up and down the stream is T$.
If TS is the time tho swimmer would take to swim a distance 2d in still water,
ehow that
7V=!r 2 .r 3 .

ia A man can row with

a speed v through still water. Ho wishes to
cross a stream of width d flowing with a speed w. Find tho condition that
he may reach the point immediately opposite him. If this is not possible, what
is the least distance that he can go down stream, and how long will ho take ?

13. A bonb whoso velocity is u when there is no stream, must cross a

stream, of breadth a, v being tho velocity of the stream. Show that the time
required for going from one point A to tho opposito point B on tho other
embankment and coming back is 2a/\/a2 t;* and that this time is tho same
as is required in order to go from A to another point C of its own embankment
and return to A, if

14. Two men A and B are at two points P and Q ono mille apart. A
runs with a uniform velocity of 5 m.p.h. in a direction making an angle of 60
with PQ. Find in what direction must B run, at tho same moment, at tho rate
of 6^3 m.p.h. so that ho may catch A Find the time that elapses before they
.

meet and the angle at which they meet.

15 PQRSTU is a regular hr-xagon, find tho resultant of velocities
represented by PQ, 2PR, 3PS, 4PT. and 5PU.
16. D is any point in the side BC of the trianglo ABC. DE represents
the resultant of velocities represented by AD, DB and BC. Show that E moves
along a straight lino parallel to BC.
17. The wheel of a
cart is of radius 2 ft. and tho cart is moving at, tho
rate of 10 ft. Find the velocities of particles of dust thrown from the
per sec.
highest point and from points at a height of 3 ft. from tho ground.
18. An engine is travelling at tho rato of 60 m.p.h. and its wheel is 4
feet in diameter. Find the velocity and direction of motion of each of tho two
points of tho wheel which arc at a height of 3 foot from tho ground. (P*U.)
19. A particle possesses simultaneously three velocities w, v and w
making angles a t ft and y with a given straight line. Show that tho resultant
velocity is

^
[ti*+t-*+ w*+2uv cos (a $)+2vw cos ( y)-f 2ww cos (a- V)] .

5*5. Parallelogram of Acceleration* // a moving point fra*

simultaneously tico accelerations represented in magnitude and direction
by the two sides of a parallelogram drawn- from a point, then the resultant
acceleration is represented in magnitude and direction, on the same scale >
I\AI 111
/I fin f r*f\A\ ft ftf lli
I M x ux.77.*7^~.u,M.M/> ^,4vnAI*11s 4 7> *>SVl s* 7i #// /nSM'llf
4> j

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES 73

In the position at time t let a particle be moving with two

simultaneous velocities u and v represented in magnitude and direc-
tion by OA and OB. Let these
velocities be variable and let
2"f 8", the small changes in
the velocities in the short in-
terval Jt, be represented by
A A' and BK respectively.
Then OA and OB' 9
, re-
present the velocities at time
*+**>

and
Theresultant velocity V at time t is represented by OC and
F+8 V the resultant at time J+8' is represented by OC\ therefore,
9

by the theorem of the triangle of velocities, 8 F, the change in the

resultant velocity in time must be represented by CC'.
Thus, if $u and gy, the small change (in the short interval g) in
the two velocities posssessed by a particle, are represented by the
two sides CD and CE of the parallelogram CDC'E, JF the resultant
change in the velocity is represented by the diagonal CC'.

Now ,
~- and are respectively proportional to gw, $v

and
-~~ are
/. if --, represented by the two sides of a parallelo-
5& 5*
gy can be represented, on the same
gram drawn through a point, ,
o*
scale, by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the
point, and this remains true, however small $t may be.

Hence in the limit when 8*-0, if %T and -rr-, the accelerations

dt at
in two directions arc represented by the two sides of a pjinllclo^F-ain
dV
drawn from a point, then f the resultant acceleration, must be
at
represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the
point.
From the parallelogram la\v of accelerations, it follows that
accelerations arc resolved and compounded in exactly the same way
as velocities.

5-6. Parallelogram of forces. If tu-o force* are represented

in nnfyHitude and direction by the two sides of a p'imll'1'rii<ifn drawn
from a point, then Me r< sultuid force is represented in magnitude*
and
direction by the diagonal of a 'iraU'^f/ntiit passing through that point.
\

Let FI and F2 be the two forces represented by OA and OB and

let /! and
/2 be the accelerations produced by them on a particle of
mass ///. Let/, and/2 be represented by Oa and Ob. Complete the
parallelograms Oacb and t)ACfi.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
74 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Then by the second law of motion, F =mf

1 1 and ,F,=)
OA F l
== wi
&D s*
L i.e*. -TT
Oa
=T"~
A

OA OB AC
OaT~Ob~~ ac
i.e., Oc produced passes through
C and triangles Oac and OA C are
(l A similar.

OC OA
Hence -=-=7/1
~~ i.e., OC=m.Oc.
Oc Oa
Now by the parallelogram law of accelerations Oc represents the
resultant acceleration, say/.

0('(=mOcwf) must represent the resultant force, say F t

Thus if F lt JPa are represented by the sides OA and OB, the

resultant force F is represented by the diagonal OC.
Cor. Momenta being proportional to velocities, iilso follow the
parallelogram law.
momenta can be resolved and compounded in exact-
Forces and
ly the same way as velocities.
5*7. Vector quantities* Velocities, accelerations, momenta
HIM! forces are examples of quantities, called vector quantities, as dis-
tinguished from those known as scalar quantities.
Vector quantities involve both magnitude and direction and
thay can, therefore, be represented by straight lines of specified
lengths drawn in specified directions. All such quantities are com-
pounded by the punilh-1' gram law.
Scalar quantities such as lengths, masses, and times are com-
pounded by the ordinary algebraic rule* Thus if a body weighs 2 Ibs.
and another 3 Ibs., the two together will weigh Ibs., 2+35 but a
velocity of 2 ft. per sec., and a velocity of 3 ft. per see. are never
equal to a velocity of 5 ft. per sec. unless, in the special case, when
they ar* tnk'.*n in the same direction along a straight line

MOTION ON AN INCLINED PLANE

5*8. Smooth inclined plane. A body move* along a smooth
inclined plane under the action qf gravity alone, to find its motion.
Let m
be the mass of the body and a the inclination of the
plane.
The only forces acting on the body are its weight mg acting
vertically and the pressure R of the plane acting perpendicular to the
plane.
The vertical force tng is equivalent to (i) a force mg ros a
per-
pendicular to the plane and (ii) a force mg sin a down the plane.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION ON AN INCLINED PLANE 75

Since there is no motion and, therefore, no acceleration perpendicular

to the plane, we have
Rmg cos a=0
or J?=7W(/cosa ..(1)
If the acceleration down the plane
is /then
mf=mg sin a
or r= V
f -

Hence the body moves down the

plane with a constant acceleration
(j
sin a and it is, therefore, evident that
the motion of a body, on a smooth
inclined plane is similar to that of a
body moving vertically under gra-
vity, except that instead of g we have to take g sin a
Acceleration.
Thus, if a body is projected up a smooth inclined plane along a
line of greatest slope with an initial velocity u, then v, the velocity,
and s, the distance described in time t are given by the equations
v^=u g sin <x..t,

s=ut"-%g sin a./-

an*! v*=u* 2g sin OL.S.

Note The
line of greatest slope through any point on an in-
i.
clined plane is the line on the plane drawn through that point per-
pendicular to the line of intersection of the inclined plane with a
horizontal plane.
Note 2. If a particle is released from rest or projected with an
initial velocity from a point on a smooth inclined plane, upordown
the plane, and moves under the action of gravity alone, the particle
moves along the line of greatest slope with a constant downward
aci c leration equal to g sin a.
Note 3. If the body is made to slide down the plane in a
direction inclined to a line of greatest slope (e.g., in a smooth groove)
the acceleration is not g sin a, but g sin a cos /J where /3 is the
inclination of the direction of motion with the line of the greatest
slope.
Example. The resistance to the motion of a train, due to friction
ftc., 14 Ibs. per ton. Jf the train moving at the rate of 30 miles an
is

hour, comes to the foot of an incline of 1 in 200, the steam being turned
ff> Ji^d how far the train will go up the inclined plane before it comes
to /v'v/..

30 m.p.h.=44 f.p.s.
The inclination a of the plane is given by sin a= 7 J^
1 32 4
Retardation due to the weighty sin a== ? x
^OO^^OO^M*
If the mass of the train is m tons, the retardation due to
friction

=
_ friction^ 14///y
mu^s
_
= 2246
14f/
= 14x32_ j5
//i.2240 ~2240~"""

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
76 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

total retardation^
419
25
-(-==:
^
5 25
The required distance s is given by the equation

5*81. A
mass m^'hanginy vertically pulls a massm^ vp a smooth
inclined plane of inclination a, by means of an inextensible string
passing over a pulley at the top of the plane (the part of the string
between m^and the pulley being parallel to a line of greatest slope), to
find the motion.
The velocity and acceleration of m 2 up the plane are equal to
the velocity and acceleration of m : vertically downwards.

n Let /be the common acceleration,

f motion for t is m
T . .
(i)

The equation of motion for m t along

the plane is

m 2 f=T m 2 g sin a . .
(n)
from (i) and (it), we have

and T=
a==0 gives the same results as obtained when ?r?
8 is placed on a
horizontal table.
And a^OO
gives results obtained when both the particles are
suspended vertically as in an Atwood's machine.

Examples XIII
t. A body moves up a smooth inclined piano starti^ with a velocity ot
48 ft. per sen. If the plane inclined at an angle of 30
is find tho velocity
;

of the body when it has moved a distance of 64 ft. Irom the starting point.
(P-U.)
2. Prove that tho velocity acquired by n heavy particle sliding
freely down a smooth inclined piano of given height, is independent of tho
inclination of the plane.
Prove also that the time of descent varies as the cosecant of the inrlijm-
tion.

3. Show that the timo of fall down an base is

inclined piano of given
least when the inclination is 45. (P.U. 1950}
4. A right -angled triangle is placed with its sides horizontal and verti-
cal. Find thoir ratio so that the time of falling down the vertical and clvs< ril-
ing the base with the velocity acquired, may be equal to the timfc of descent
down the hypotenuse. (P.U. 1952]
5. (\ Prove that the time of descent along all smooth chorda of a
vertieul circle drawn from its highest point is th<*
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION ON AN INCLINED PLANE 77

(6) From an extremity of the horizontal diameter of a circle in a verti-

cal plane, two chorda are drawn subtending angles <x and 2ot at the centre.
Show that if the time down the latter chord is n times as great as that down
the former
(n-l)cosa=:l.
6. A particle falls from inclined plane. Com-
rost down a given smooth
pare the times of descending tho first and second halves of its length.
Divide the plane in (i) two, (n) three parts so that the successive times
of descent down tht?m may be equal.

7. A motor car with a speed of 15 m.p.h. can bo stopped by its brakes ,

in 121 yards on the level. Find the inclination of a hill on which the brakes
will just hold it.
8. A body begins to slide down from the top of a smooth inclined
plane of height h and at the same instant another body is projected upwards
irom the foot of the plane with such a velocity that the bodies meet in the
middle of the plane. Find the velocity of projection and the velocity of each
body when they meet.
9. A body sliding down a smooth inclined piano is observed to pass
through equal distances, each equal to 5, in consecutive intervals ti and /j.
Prove that the inclination of the plane to the horizon is

sin-l f
L
10. Two particles P
and Q slide down a smooth inclined plane of inclina-
tion 30, P from tho highest point and Q from a point at a distance J of the
length of the plane from the bottom. Where will P be when Q reaches the
bottom of tho plane ?
If P reaches the bottom of the plane in 2^3
sec. after Q, find the
length of the inclined plane.
11. Show that the velocity with which a particle must be projected down
an inclined plane of length / and height h, so that the time of descent shall be
tho same as taken by another particle in falling freely a distance equal to the

height of the plane, is -- -- 7

. / JL.
4
2h
^y
12. A railway truck starts from rest down an incline a mile long, with a
gradient 1 in 100. Find how many yards it will travel on the level at the
foot of the incline before coming to rest, the fractional resistance throughout
the motion being 10 Ibs. per ton. Find also the greatest speed of the truck.

13. An engine which exerts a constant pull ig attached to a train of mass

120 tons (including the engine), the resistance due to friction, etc., being 14 Ibe.
per ton. It runs for a mile on a level track and gets up a velocity of 30 miles
an hour.
(t) Find the force exerted by tho engine.
(ti) How far will tho train 1 in 100, steam being
run up an incline of
shut off? (E.A.C.)
14. A truck weighing 50 Ibs. rests on an incline of 1 in 50. It is pulled
up the incline by a cord which passos over a pulloy and is stretched by a fall-
ing weight of 10 Ibs. If tho frictional forces against which tho truck moves
aggregate to 10 per cent of tho weight of tho truck, find tho speed acquired by
tho system when tho weight falls vertically through 10 ft.

15. A mass of 2 Ibs. lies up tho bottom of a smooth inclined plane 30 ft.
long and 10 ft. high placed on tho ground. It is attached by a light cord
30 ft. long which lies along the lino of greatest slope of tho plane to a mass
of 1 Ib. which hangs just over the top of tho piano. The system is allowed to
move. Assuming that the hanging mass comes to rest when it reaches the
ground find the distance that the mass of 2 Ibs. will travel before it comes to
rest. (D.U.)
16. A mass of 6 oz. slides down a smooth inclinod plane, whose hoight
is half its length, and draws unothor mass from rest through a distance of 4 ft.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
78 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

in 6 sees, along* a smooth horizontal table which is in level with the top of the*

piano over which the string passes. Find the mass on the table.
17. A Q is drawn up a smooth piano incline! at an angle of 30*
weight
to tho horizon by means of a weight P which descends vertically, the weights
bing connected by a string passing over a small pulley at the top of the plane.
Find tho ratio of P to Q if
(t) UK> acceleration is J g.
(ii)
P take?? three times the time that Q hanging vertically would take
in drawing P up the plane.

18. A mass of 5 Ibs. resting on a smooth inclined plane of inclination 30

is connected by a string passing over a pulley at the top of the plane to a mass
of 5 Ibs. hanging vertically.
(a) Find the tension in tho string when
(i) the weight
on the plane is held fixed.
is supported on hand.
(it) the hanging weight

(iti) both weights

are free to move.

(b) The string is cut off after the masses have been in motion for 5 socs.
How long will the mass on the plane continue to move and how much
distance will it describe before
coming to rest ?
19. A weight P
drawn up a smooth inclined plane of height h and
is

length / by a weight Q hanging vertically. Show that in order that P may just
reach th top of the plane, Q must bo detached after P haa moved through a
distance
P+Q_ ' JU
Q h+T
A heavy body Q is drawn up a smooth inclined plane by another
20.
body which descends vertically. If P be equal to Q find the inclination of the
P
plane so that the time of drawing up a given vertical height from rest may be
tho least possible.
ai. Masses of 6 Ibs. and 3 Ibs. rest on two smooth inclined planes each of
elevation 30 9 and are connected by a string passing over the common vortex.
After two-seconds the mass of 5 Ibs. is removed. How far up the plane will the
3 Ibs. mass continue to move.
22. Find the position of a point on the circumference of a vertical circle
such that tho time of descent from it down the radius to the centre shall bo tho
same as tho time of descent from it down the chord to the lowest point of the
circle. (P.C7.)
A point P is taken*on the circumference of a vertical circle. The dia-
23.
meter through P makes an angle with the vertical and a particle moves
a.

down a chord through P above the diameter in tho time of sliding from rest
down the diameter. Prove that tho velocity with which the particle must
leave P is

sin a sin (0 a
v "

wn'To is the inclination of the chord to tho vertical and a the radius of the
circle.

24, A particle of mass m

moves along a line of greatest slope on a smooth
plane UK-lint d at an angle a to tho horizontal. Explain how the motion is
modified when the plane is placed
(/) in a lift moving with (a) an upward acceleration/, (6) a downward
acceleration/,
(ii) in a car moving \fith a horizontal acceleration /, (a) forwards,
(b) backwards in tho vertical plane containing tho lino of greatest slope of tho
inclined plane.
Prove that in case (it) (a) the particle will move up or down tho piano
from rest according as/ in greater or less than g tan a, and in case (ii) (b) it will
remain on the plane, or leave it according as/ is less or greater than g cot a.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION ON AN INCLINED PLASE 79

5*9. Rough inclined plane. A body slides along a rough

inclined plane of inclination a and coefficient of friction jx, to find the
motion.
Let the motion be down a line of greatest slope of the plane,
then the force of friction acts up the plane.
If / is the acceleration down the
plane, the equation of motion along the
is
plane
wf=mg sin a pR . .
(i),

and since, there no motion perpendicular

is
to the plane, we have
It mg cos a=0,
i.e., Ii~mg cos a (")>
wf~mg sin a (JL mg cos a
or /=y(sina- jzcosa). .(Hi).
Tf sin a<[Ji cos a or tan <[*, then there will bo no aecelcra^
tion down the plane and as the body obviously cannot move up the
plane by itself, this means that it will remain at rest.
If the body is projected up the plane with a given velocity ?/,
the force of friction will act down the plane and the resultant retarda-
tion/' down the plane (obtained by changing the sign of (Ji) is given by
/'=</ (sin a+fi cos a) . .
(it?).

Due to this retardation, the body will come to rest after

describing a length I of the plane given by
0=* 2 -2/7,
i.e , u*~2gl (sin a-f \L cos a).
Mow if tan oc>/i, it will move down the plane with an
acceleration (Hi) and thus it will
/ given by return back to the
starting point with a velocity v, given by
v2 =2/7=2gr/ (sift ajji cos a).

Obviously v<it. This is duo to the fact that the plane is rough.
5*91. A mass v^ hanging n.r/iY'f/'y pvlls a mass m 2 U P a rough
inclined fdane of inclination a, by means of an inextensible string jess-
ing over a pulley at the top of the plane, to find the motion.
(Compare Art. 5'81, P. 76 and see the figure given there.)
Resolving forces perpendicular to the piano for tn s , we have
cos a=0

Let / be the resulting acceleration of the system, then the

equation of motion for m^ which moves vertically,
"
is

mJ=m ig -T ..(2)

Tho piano being rough and the motion of w? 2 being along the
plane upwards, the force of triclion [J.R will act down the plane, JJL

beinx the cwilit icnl of friction.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
80 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

/. the equation of motion for ma is

m%f=T ?w a g sin a \jiR
=7 7
m a g sin a jz
ma gr
cos a [by (1)]
=2 T
wa g (sin a + (z cos a) . ,(3).

Adding (2) and (3) we get

(w 1 +w a )/=m 1 gr tn a j7 (sin a-ffi cos a) .(4). .

Cor* In case the motion takes place in the opposite direction,

the force of friction will act up the plane and the corresponding
equations of motion will be

sn a |ju

=m g(sin a
2 (JL
cos a) T
and /m^sin fx cos oO

Example. Two equally rough planes, coefficient of friction jz, of

equal height and inclinations a x> a a are placed back to back, masses m lL

and m t are placedon them and are connected by a ligJit inextensible string
parsing over a pvlley at the common vertex of the two planes (the string
being parallel to the lines of greatest slopes of the planes through the
common vertex). If m^ descends, find the motion.
Let T be the tension of the string and /, the common accelera-
tion.

Equation of motion for tn t

moving down the plane of in-
clination a, is
R =m sn
= mtf (sin a x y. cos a x ) T (i)
and the equation of motion for
?n t
, moving up the second
plane is

sin aa [x/Z a

a 2 +^ cos a a )
..(ii)

Adding
b (i) and (ii), we
have
cos a 1 )~r?? 2 (sin cos a a )].

Examples XIV
I. A rough plane is 100 ft. long and is inclined to the horizon at an
1
angle sin"" f , the coefficient of friction being i,
and a body slides down it from
rest at the highest point ; find ita velocity on reaching tho bottom.
If the body were projected up the plane from the bottom so as just to
reach the top, find its initial velocity.
a. A body is projected up a rough inclined plane with tho velocity
which would be acquired in falling freely through 20 feet and just roaches tho
top of the plane. If the inclination of the plane is 30 and tho angle of friction
is 60, find the height of tho plane.

3. A body alidec down a rough incline of slope 30 to the horizon. If

the coefficient of friction between the piano and the body be V3/4, find tho
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION ON AN INCLINED PLANE 81

acceleration* and the time taken by the body to slide down the piano through
8 ft. from rest. (P. U. 7950)
4. A particle resting on a rougn plane of inclination a is on the point
motion. If the plane were inclined tt an angle to the horizon, its acceptation
would bo doubled by making the, piano smooth, prove that tan $ = 2 tan a.
5. A body of mass 10 Ibs. is placed on a rough plane of inclination 30 t
coefficient of friction - - and length 4 ft. It is connected by a mass of 15 lb.

hanging freely by moans of a string passing over the top of the piano. Find
the time that elapses before it reaches the top of the plane and its velocity
there.
6. Two weights m and m' are connected by a string. The weight m
hangs vertically arid draws m' up a rough plane of inclination a and coefficient
of friction [Z. Prove that tin- acceleration IN less than it would boif the plane
.. . . Uw' COR -x
were smooth by an amount

7. A heavy particle of mass 15 llw. resting on a rough inclined plane

of height 12 ft. and base 16 ft. is connected by a fine string which passes
((JL~ J)
over a smooth pulley at the, top of the plane, with two particles of maMRen
1 lb. and 16 Ibs. which hang vertically. If after tin system has been left free 1

to move for one second the particle of mass 1C Ibs. is taken away, how long
after would the system be momentarily at rest ? P.7.) V

8. Two
rough planes of inclinations 30 and f>0 and 6f the some height
aro placed back to back. Masses of 4 and 8 Ibs. respectively ore placed i the

fices, connected by a string passing over the top of the planes. Kind the

resulting acceleration if the coefficient of friction be - .

>M
What is the resulting acceleration if the mas.ses bo interchanged ?

9. A
car travelling at the rate of 15 m.p.h. comes to the top of a rough
incline of length 440 yd*., inclination 30 and coefficient of friction V3/4. Find
the distance the car will describe on an equally rough horizontal road at tUe
foot oi the incline before coming to rest.
10. A particle, descends nil inclined pi. me, of inclination a, the upper
portion of which is smooth and lower rough. If the mooth length is to the
rough length
of the plane
m :

if the. coefficient of friction is -

*, show that the particle will just come to rest at the foot

n
tan a.

11. A body Slides from rest a length / down a rough plane of inclination
a ami comes to rest after sliding a distance ,v along a horizontal pltfne. If it
he asMimcd that the body experiences no shock in passing from one plane to
the other, show that
iS *in X = / sin (a X),
where X is the angle of friction for both the planes.
ia. A particle projected directly up a rough plane of inclination a
i*
with velocity v and returns to its
starting point, after coining to rest, with
velocity p. Show that the coefficient of friction

tan ass - *
-!/>
.
tan

where f
lt t 2 are the times of ascent and descent.

13. In Ex. 12 if a is less than X, the angle of friction, and if the parti-
ole is projected up or down a line of greatest slope of the plane with equal
velocity xt, show that the ratio of the distances moved up and down the plane is
sin -}/ain (X }-)

REVISION QUESTIONS IV
i. A
number of smooth rod* meet in a point A and rings placed on 9

them slide down the rods, Starting simultaneously from A. Prove that, after
a time /, the
rings uro all on th* surface of a sphere with diameter $<//*.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
82 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

a. A velocity of magnitude u is changed in time t into a velocity of

magnitude v making an angle Q with the direction of the former velocity. Show
that the magnitude of acceleration is ^a*+v 2 2uv cos
0/J.
3. A particle moves along the perimeter of a regular polygon of n sides
with uniform speed v. If r bo tho oircum-radius of the polygon, prove that at
each corner of its angular points tho particle receives an additional velocity
towards the centre of the circunvcircle of magnitude - , where a is the side
of the polygon.

4. If a particle takes T seconds less and acquires a velocity V ft. per

BCQ, more when falling vortical ly from rost than another which describes the
sa&e distance in sliding from rest down a smooth inclined plane. Find tho in-
clination of the plane.

5. A mass m Ibs. slides down a smooth inclined plane of inclination a

and draws another mass from rest through a distance d ft. in / seconds along a
smooth horizontal table which is in level with tho top of the plane over which
the string passes. Prove that the mass on the table is
sn

6. Prove that a parabola (s2=4cu/), tho time of descending down

in
any chord from a point P
to the lowest point is equal to the time of descend-
ing vertically to the horizontal line which is at a distance below the vertex
equal to~tho latus-re,ctuiu.
7. If from any point on a rectangular hyperbola (*/*- x* = a 2 whose
),
axis is vertical, two lines be drawn to the extremities of this axis, show that
the times of descent down them are equal.
8. Small masses M
and tn are attached to the ends of a light inextensi-
blo string which passes over a small smooth
pulley fixed at the top of a rough
plane inclined at an angle Q to the horizonal. Initially tho system is held at
rodt with M
hanging vertically and w in contact with tho plane, tho of the part
stnng between it and the pulley being parallel to a line of greatest slope.
Prove that if the system is released will move upwards if M
M<m
(sin [A
cos 0) and |JL<tan 0.

If|i<tan 0, and the system

is released, find the condition that it
should remain at rest the coefficient of friction between
((JL
is and tho plane). m
9. In Ex. 8, if tn descends the plane from rest and at the end of t sees.
has a velocity v ft./soc. prove that the force of friction is

_
JLJ.-JI/
10. A particle
projected with speed u from the base of one face of a
is
double inclined plane, with equally rough faces of inclinations a and
/>, n being
just sufficient to carry it over the ridge. After descending the other face, it
reaches tho base with speed nu. If 0>X, tke angle of friction, show that
tan X (tan a+n 2 tan /3)
= (1 - * 2 ) tan a tan .

" Apwticleslidesonapiane inclined 'at an angle a to the horizon.

TflA
Ihe coefficient of friction not constant but is proportional to tne distance
A* is

Lr^ ap0int
^^the lane> M== * r
P The P article is Projected from O with
velocity u up the line of greatest slope. Prove that tho
'

particle will remain at

rest when it first comes to rest of
w'^3</ sin* a / (& cos a), (D U 1061)

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER VI
'
MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN A PLANE I

PROJECTILES
6 i. Position in a plane. So far \ve have been dealing with
f

motion of a point along a straight line, the position of the point bciftg
completely determined by a single measurement along the line from
a given point in it. Now we consider the motion of a jx>int in a
plane where o position of the point P is determined either by two
distances x, y measured parall 1 to Ox, Oy in the plane or by r, the
distance of the point P fiom a fixed point and the angle which
OP makes v\ith some fixed line OX in the piano.

In the case of motion cf a particle along a straight line, the

is constant and we consider
direction only the magnitude of the velo-
cities and accelerations with positive or negative signs, their resultant

bring obtained simply by their algebraic sum.

In the case of motion of a particlo in a plane. \u* find the com-
ponents of velocities and accelerations in two directions, generally
at right angles, their resultant being obtained by the parallelogram
Jaw as discussed in the previous chapter.

6*2.Expressions for velocity and acceleration of a par-

ticle moving in a plane.
Components of Velocity along OX, OY. Let the particle
hr moving along the curve APQ and let it move from the position
P at time t to the neighbouring point '

<l at thr time t + $t. y,

Let ihe co-nnlinaies of P and Q a/
bt (*'?/) *n ^ (+8*- V4 8.'/) referred
1

to rectangular axes, <JX> OY.

si"
V
The displacement PQ may be
represented by its components (g r, gy)
parallel to the axes.
The displacement of the particle
para I <! to OX rn time gJ is gr.

the resolved part of the

velocity parallel to OX
_ Lt 8* rfr
"

g/_0 $***&
Similarly the resolved part of the velocity parallel to OY

Thus if x, y arc the co-ordinaus of the point P At any instant

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
84 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

referred to axes OX, OY, the component velocities parallel to the

axes are the rates of change of x and y, i.e., --, and -:

dt dt

6*21. Resultant Velocity. The resultant velocity V is given

:
rf\ 2
"
'-*/(%) +(%)
and if be the angle which the direction of motion makes with the
axis of x, we have
du I dx dii

i.e., the direction of motion is the same as the direction of the

tangent to the path.
6*211. Another expression for the resultant velocity is obtained
as follows :

Let A bo a fixed point on the curve, s the arc AP and Ss, the
arc PQ of the curve,, then
chord PQ hord PQ arc c

Lt -
a( (? j
actual velocity at P is along the tangent at P and is cqngl
to -
which is equivalent to expression (/), a fact which is otherwise
2 2 2
obvious, [v (S*) =(S*) +($y) J.

6*23. Speed. i.e.., the rate of change of arcval distance

without any consideration of the direction of motion is known as

speed.*
So that speed is another name for magnitude of velocity. To
specify velocity we require both the speed and the direction of
motion.
6*23. Components of Acceleration along OX, OY. If ?/, v
denote Ihe resolved pnrts of the velocity of the particle parallel to
the axes at time t and " + 8'/, i +8^ denote the resolved parts at time
1

<-hS^ then the resolved parts of the acceleration are

Lt
g/-
S' f
^^^" du d
fd.r\
d*x

and Lt

The consideration of component velocities and accelerations ia

of great importance when we have to deal with cases of motion where
the path is not a straight line.

6*24. Equations of motion of a particle moving in a

plane* The
position of a point in a straight line being determined
by one co-ordinate, only one equation of motion is sufficient to de-
termine the motion completely. In the case of a particle moving in
a plane two equations of motion aro required in order to obtain the
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE 86

two co-ordinates which define the position of & point in a plane. The
two equations of motion are obtained by resolving the forces in any
two convenient directions at right angles to one another.
If the two directions are taken parallel to the co-ordinate axes
the equations of motion, as deduced from the second law of motion,
will be of the form

F
where x Fy are the sums of the resolved parts of the forces parallel
,

to the axes of x and y:

Example I. A
particle of mass 5 Ibs. is moving at any instant
in a north-east direction with a speed of 10 ft. per sec. It is then
acted on by n force of 20 pounds towards the north. Find the path it
describes and its position after one second.
Take the axis of x towards tho cast, the axis of v towards the
north and the initial position of the particle as the origin. Let (x 9 y)
be its position at any time I.
'

Equations of motion for the particle arc :

NORTH

2o!bs
Whcn*=0,
Jr 10 dy 10

d* EAST
and =5^2.
dt

and ^ar=.R
when t0, x=yQ, /. i-==J

Henco y=2gt*+5\/2.t and

Eliminating t, we got

or <7*= 25 y *)

which represents a parabola.

After 1 second 5<v/2 ft., t/=2x 32+5^2 ft.=71'07 ft.

Example a. A particle of 10 Ibs. moving towards the north with

is .

apeod of ft. por second. It is acted upon by two forces, ono of 30 poundals
acting towards the north*6BHt, the other of 10 poundals acting towards the
north. Find the position of the particle after t seconds.
Example 3. Show that the path of a particle moving under a constant
forco in necessarily a straight line or a parabola.
6*3. Equation to m parabola. Tho equation to a parabola is the
simplest when its taken as tho axis of * and the tangent at the vertex as
axis is
tho axis of y. The equation then is of tho form
y*~40,
t'.f., ( Ordinato)* latus rectum X abscissa.
tho ordinate being tho distance of any point on the curve from the axis and the
abscissa being the distance of the ordinate from the vortex.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
86 ELEMBNTAEY ANALYTICAI, DYNAMICS

Suppose now we take a parabola having its vertex upwards at a point

whose co-ordinates are (2, 1) with reference to two perpendicular axes OX and
OY and having its axis AL parallel to tho axis of y.
P is any point taken on the parabola having co-ordinates (x, y) with
reference to the same axes.
Then the ordinate MP=*x2 and
tho abscissa I y. MA
dlfe.0 If / denotes the length of the
latus-rectum, equation of the parabola
will be
or
,
= -J(y-l).
Hence it follows that any equa-
tion off the torm
form (x h)*
h)
2
l(y
- k) rcpro-
repre-
. sents a parabola l
having itH vertex u- up-
\
V wards at tho point (h> k) and having lU
lotus-rectum equal to I, tho numerical
valuo of the co-efficient of i/.

MOTION OF A PROJECTILE
We discussed in the second chapter, the motion of a particle
projected vertically upwards in the field of gravity. We now con-
sider the motion of a projectile, that is, the motion of a body which is
small enough to be regarded as a particle and which is projected in
a direction oblique to the direction ot gravity. We shall suppose the
body to be projected in vacintw near tho surface of the earth or, in
other words, we shall siipposo the resistance due to air and the slight
variation in the force of gravity to be is- uliiiil'l .

6*4. A particle of mass m

is projected into the air with velocity
u, in a direction making an angle a with the horizontal, to find its
motion and the path described.

Let 0, the point of projection,

be taken as the origin and let the
horizontal and the vertical lines
through be taken as the axes of
x and y.

Let P(xy) be the position

t

of the moving point, after time t.

During tho motion of the

projectile, the only force acting on
it is its weight acting downwards.

The equations of motion, therefore, are

or

and Y-i-sKfmi or

Integrating these equations, we get

dx .
dy . .
=c and =s
t

0j+c lf where c, c x are constants.

Tnih'nllv sit (1. whim tf - '. = 1

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE 87

dx
= w cos a, constant throughout the motion .
.(1)

and u s *n a ~~0* **( 2 )

~Jt~
Integrating these equations again and applying initial con-
ditions, viz., when f=0, aj==j/==0, we get,
x=u cos a t .
.(3)
and ?/~t/ sin a t
\gt* .
.(4)

Equations (1) and

(2) give the components of the velocity and (3)
and (4) the displacements of the particle in the horizontal and vertical
directions at any time t.
These equations could also be written down at once by regard-
ing the partide to be projected with a constant velocity u cos a in
the horizontal direction and with an initial velocity u sin a under a
retardation g in the vertical direction.

Eliminating t from (3) and (4) we get,

y = x tan a- ir;.- 2
^''
u
-
z*
cos 2 a
, . ,(5)
v ;

which can be written as

it
.
2
2fc

ti*
2
sin a cos a
-------------...... x=
y
sin a cos a\ 2
-- 2//

2?/
2

2
cos 2 a

g
rcxs
2
y

a/ 2
sin*a
f -
?/

(x
Cor. In the particular case when the particle is projected horizontally,
<x = 0, and the equation (5) of the path reduces to
2 2u2
y=-~ f7^
or
A
x*=-y
which is obviously a parabola the length of whose latus-rectum is 2u 2 /^.
If the y-axis is taken downwards this equation can be written as
y=gx*l2u* ..(t)
u being the velocity rft the highest point of the path in this case.
This result can be obtained independently.
We now deduce the following facts from the six equations just
obtained :

(a) The Path. Equation (5) is of the second degree and the
second degree term (x 1 ) is a perfect square. It follow^ therefore,
that the %ath of the particle is a parabola.

a:
Equation (5) when written in the form (6) shows that thelalus-

2
.
f .,
rectum of the parabolic path

in (5)].
,
,. ,
-
2/<

[This can be remembered as the reciprocal of the coefficient of

2
cos 2 a
&
.

Equation (6^ al*o shows that the vertex of the parabola is the
, ,
u 2 sin a cos a ?<
8
sin 2 a
point x
g
The path of a projectile is called its trajectory.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
88 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

(6) The time of flight, T, is the time which the particle takes
jn reaching the horizontal plane through the point of projection.

Putting y=0 in (4), we get either J=0 (at 0),

or t=-
ff

2n sin a
, J.

<7

(c) 06?= the range R, on the horizontal

Horizontal Range.
plane through the point of project ion the horizontal distance des- =
cribed by the particle in the time of flight T.
2
n 2u sin a sin 2a
i %Q R=u n
cos a. 7
,
~n cos a. = ?/

9 a
= twice the abscissa of the vertex.
R can also be obtained by putting ?/~0 in equation (5).

The abscissa of the focus = the abscissa of the vertex

== half the range =='/ 2 sin 2a/2y same as given
which is the in (a).

(</} Maximum Horizontal Range. The range 11 is maximum

when sin 2a=l, t.e., when or 45.
<x=-^-

the maximum range ~

j
For a given velocity of projection, the. horizontal range is the
greatest when the angle of projection is 45.
(e) Directions of projection for a given Horizontal Range,
sin 2oc
Since
?/
sin 2 (irc <x)
= ?'
-
&iii (TT 2a) = it
-
,
it follows that
(7 f/ ^
the angles TC the same range.
a and a give,
Hence with a given velocity of projection, to have a particular
range or to hit a giwn point on the horizontal plane passing through
the point of projection, there are tn-o directions of projection which are
svch that the inclination of the one irith the horizontal is the same as that
of the other with the vertical, i.e., they are equally inclined to the
direction of the maximum range.

If v is enormous, the range :

being fixed, a is small, so

that one path will be very flat and the other nearly vortical up and
down.
As 7/ is diminished the two paths \\ill approach each other till
they coalesce when reaches its minimum possible value for the
range.

(/) Greatest height J/J = 1he ordinnto of the vertex.

= 1_
from (6)

This is also obtained either by finding by differentiation, the,

maximum value of y from (4) or by the fact that at the greatest
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE 89

height the vertical component of the velocity must vanish, i.e.,

c /o\ dy-=0 u . sin a

from (2) j **V^*yvv t=
V whence v ~~

dt g
~"' 2
sn a
Substituting this in (4) and simplifying we gcty~~

(</) The height of the directrix =MX=M A + AX

=The height of the vertex+ J latus-rectum
sn 2
2n* cos 2 a
__ a _
u* +
. ,

which shows that the height of the directrix above the point of pro-
jection is the height to which the particle would rise if projected
vertically upwards or that the velocity at O is the same as acquired by
a
particle in falling freely from the level of the directrix.
It also shows that all the trajectories which have the same point
of projection and the same initial velocity have a common directrix.
(h) The focus. The height of the focus
=the height of the vertex J latus-rectum
?/* sin 2 a * 2?<
2
cos 2 a
*'

2
... W 2 COS
=- 7(
, ,
tt -sma) = ---- ^-
2<X

.^-(cos
the co-ordinates of the focus are
/ 2 sin 2 a w 2 cos 2a ?/

V 2~i'~' 2g"
Hence the focus lies above, on, or below the horizontal line OX,
according as -- '

- -**
is positive, zero, or negative, i.e., acu rdinjj;
i/

as a is greater than, e(jual to, less than -~. ,

In the case of the nuiximum range the focus lies in the range.
A
projected with a velocity of
24 ft. per
Example i.
particle is
*ec. at an angleof deration 60. Find (a) the equation to its path,

(6) the length of (lie latus-rectum of the path, (c) the greatest height
attain td, (d) the height of the directrix of the path, (e) the time for the
range, (/) the length of the range.
>J 3 1
Here ?< =---24 ft./sec M a = 60, sin
a~^-, cos a^-^-, tan a=
*

/. (a) t he equation to the path =jc tan a ^

is?/ 2 ~-^-

/= W 3- - W- 9-
^
2 2
/^ TLatus-rectum^,
.
2</ 2x2-tx24
--co^---a == ---- --- ,

(ft)
-. .
x \

/ v ^ , t,
Greatest height ~
i -
- -- -^ -~
,.

= n6j ~
(c) o s"X 2 ft.
^17 *- X t5*<

Height of the directrix

24x24

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
90 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

(e) T, the time for the range

_2ttsina _2x24
g 32

(/) The hor. range =?/ cas ft.

Example 2. Find the maximum horizontal range of cricket

ball projected with a velocity cf 48 ft. j sec.
Jf the ball is to have a range of 36\j3 ft., find the least angle of
projection and the least time taken,
TT
Hor. range ~u cos a x --
99
2u X sin a 2
u sin 2a
= ---------
Here ?<=48 and for max. hor. range a ~ 45.
*u i. 48x48 sin 90
----~~ ------ ~7z
-
.*. the max. hor. range-- it.

,f -- ft.,

.-. 2a = 60 or 120 f'.*., a=-30 or 60.

Thus the least angle of projection 30
8ina == 2x48
i .1
and the
i
least time XT
taken ----
2//
t^r- Xi~H
(j 32

Example 3. .4 ball i$ m from

the top of the Qntab Minar
thro
200 ft. high with a velocity of 80ft. per sec. at an Oration cf 30 above
the horizon \find the horizontal distance from the foot of the Minar to
the 2^oint where it hits the ground.
Wetake the top of the Minnr as the origin.
2
by the equation j/=w sin a t
%gt ,

we have 200=80 sin 30^ lgt*=--4Qt\6l*

i.e., 2^-5 25=0
or (2^+5) (< 5)=0.
Neglecting the negative value of t, we get (=."}.
,\ the horizontal distance moved in 5 sees.
^=80 cos ft.

Aliter. Putting a=30 aud u 80 in equation (>), ue get

-c'OO/f.

/\

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE 91

Example 4. A number of particles are projected simultaneously

from the same point with equal velocities in the same vertical plane, in
different directions. Find the locus of the foci of their paths.
The
co-ordinates of the focus of the path of one of tho particles
projected with a velocity u at an angle a with the horizontal, are
u* sin 2
2<x t/ cos 2<x

Eliminating a, we get : #*-f ?/

a =-

Thus all the foci lie on a circle hi^ ing the point of projection as
its centre.

If the particles are projected in different planes the foci of the y

parabolas described will lie on the surface of a sphere.

Examples XV (A)
I. Find the maximum horizontal range when tho velocity of projection
in
(t) 48 ft./sec., () 80 ft./sec., (t) 50 ft. /sec.

Find tho two directions of projection to give a range of 49 ft. in tho third
CAbO.

. A particle is projected at an angle of elevation sm" 1 --. nnd its

Otlt hf horizontal plane ia 4 miles; find the velocity of projection and tho velocity
at the highest point of its path.

3. Two ball* are projected from the some point in directions inclined at
60" nnd 30"' to the horizontal. It they attain the seme height, what is the ratio
of their velocities* of projection ?
What i* this ratio if they Save the same horizontol range ?
4. Show that a ^iven gun will shoot three times as high when elevated
at an nnglo of for as \vh n find at an angle of 30 k
but will carry the same ,

distance on a horizontal plane.

5. (a) Prove that if the time of flight of a bullet over a horizontal range
K is T sees., the inclination of tho direction of projection to the horizontal is

of 30;
(b)
find tho
A particle
_()
is projected with a velocity of 160 ft./sec. at an devotion
time of flight, the horizontal range, the greatest height and tho
height of the directrix of the path.
6. A cricket ball thrown from a height of 6 ft. at an angle of 30 with
tho horizon with a speed. of 00 ft./sec., is caught by another fieldsman at a height
of 2 ft. from the ground. How far apart were the two men ? (P-V-)
7. If r bo the horizontal range of a projectile and h its greatest height,
prove that tho initial speed is

8. If f,, f 2 "re the times of flight of two particles having the pame initial

velocity u and range R on tho horizontal, show that

2 sin 2t< cos
f- =
' a
fir g
The heights attained in the two possible path* are Aj and
/?
greatest
Provothat M^lbhfa ftn <* Aj -h/< 2 =r height ofthe directrix.

9. If t bothe timo in which a projectil'- reaches a point in its path nnd P

t' the tim<- from /' till it the horizontal piano through th^ point of proji c-
*" reaches
\, show that the height of P abovo the horizontal plane is r/M'. (D.U.)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
92 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

10* If the focua of a trajectory lies as much below the horizontal plane
through the point of projection as the vertex is above, prove that the angle of
projection is given by sin oc1/^3. (P.U. 1954)
u. If the maximum horizontal range for a projectile is R % show that the
greatest height attained is {R.
A boy can throw a cricket ball 100 yards. How long is the ball in the air
and what height does it attain ?
ia. (a) Find the velocity of projection of a particle if it does not rise
more than 3 ins. in a range of 600 ft.

(6) If a particle is projected inside a horizontal mine 36 ft, high withjt

velocity of 80 ft./sec., find the greatest possible range*
13. The wheels of a motor car running at the rate of 20 miles an hour
encounter a drop of ono inch at a certain point of the road. How far from the
point will tho wheels fall on the lower part of the road ?
14. A piece of mud flying off the top of a wheel of a motor car i observed
to have a rango of 20 ft. Find the velocity of the car if the diameter of the
wheel is one foot.

15. A particle is projected with velocity u at an elevation a. Prove that

< - --
if h -
,

2
2
__
\/M sin
2
_._. _
the particle will bo aq;ain at height h after a time

Qt2gh
after being at tho same height the first time.
(Bm. U.)
16. A body
projected vertically upwards
is from a point A with a given
velocity u show that tho direction in which another body must l>e. projected
t

simultaneously with velocity v from a point B in the same horizontal line with
A so as to strike tho first body is sin~l .
v
17. How must a ball be projected from a height of 4 ft. so as just to clear
a wall 13 ft. high, distant 15 ft. in a horizontal direction, and a ditch 5 ft. wide
on the other side of the wall.
(Assume the ground to bo at tho same level on both Rides of tho wall, and
that the ball projected in th3 vertical piano perpendicular to the wall).
is

18. A number of particles start simultaneously from tho tamo point in

all directions in a vertical piano with tho same speed u ; show that after a time
t
they will all lie on a circle of radius ut.
Show
also that tho radius increases uniformly with th time and that
tho centre of the circlo descends with acceleration g.

19. Particles aro projected simultaneously in tho 8am o vertical plane

from tho sara o point. Show that tho locus of the foci of all tho trajectories is a
parabola when
(t) tho horizontal component of tho velocity for each is the name ;

(ii) tho initial vertical component of tho velocity is the samo ;

(Hi) tho tiiu of flight of each is the Fame.

20. If particlcB arc projected from tho samo point and in the same piano
so as to describe parabolas, e-how that tho vertices of their path lio on a
equal
parabola.
Particles aro projected from a point 0, in a vortical plane, with
21.
velocity *J'2gk; prove that tho locus of the vertices of their paths is the ellipse

6*41. (a) Velocity at time t. Let V bo tho velocity in the

direction of the tangent to tho path <it any point and let tho direc- P
tion of the velocity make an angle with tho horizontal. (Fig.
Art. 6'4). Then from (1) and (2) Art. 6*4, we have
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE 93

V cos $ u cos a,
and V sin Q~u sin a gL
D j- * x . M sin a grJ
...
By
J division, we get tan 0= M cos a
.
.(1)

which gives the direction of motion.

Squaring and adding, V*~u* 2u sin a gt+g*t* .
.(2)
= tt
f
2ff(u sin a t \gt*)=u* 20. y

=2(7 (height of the directrix ordinate of P)

-*2g (height of the directrix above P).
It follows that the the velocity at any point of the path
magnitude of
is the $ame ay would be acquired in falling freely a vertical distance
from the directrix to the point.

(b)Geometrical Method of Coding the velocity.

The velocity of a particle, t sees, after it has been projected
from O with Velocity u at an angle a above the horizontal, can also
be obtained geometrically as follows * :

Draw a straight line ()A to repre- ^\ \

sent^
same
in
scale
magnitude and direction
draw A B vertically (!OVN awards
;
on the li
^r
^^]
J^jfJ
to represent yt. Then OH represents V s^&*~^*~~^^
in magnitude and direction. s\*^^
Since /Xa4=a, L X
From the triangle OAtt, we have
OB 2 -^()A 2 -{-An 2 2OA.AB cos
I.6., r 2 = i/ 2 -f-f/ 2 / 2 *2ugf sin a.
(c) Change in the direction of motion.

If the direction of motion of the* particle has turned through an

angle from the original din of ion,
/_/40B=0 and since [__()AB- 1)0 a.
From the triangle OAll^ we have
X5 <)A
sin 0-fa)'
sm^J (!H)

(jt
u u sin
"
i.e., .TTT"^ .~^~73i 80 " ia ^ I
1>

In particular the velocity is

perpendicular to its original direc-
W
which give* -
tion if 0=90, *

7 sin a
Example. ,1 body is projected at an elevation a with a velocity
of 32 ft. IMC. In what titnc will the dir*rtion of motion be Ja ?
Putting //.-=32 nndfl = i in (1) of Art, 6'41. we have
a ft! sin a at f

v>
-^ ----- ". = 1ana ...
[V ^
2 32 cos a cos a
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
94

-
,
BLBMBNTAKY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

cos a
tan a tan
a
-^-
2
---
sin a cos Aa

sin
-
cos a sin
T
cos a cos ja

cos a cos ^a
<x
4<x

<=sin ^a/cos $a=tan $&.

Examples XV (B)
i. A stone is ft./^ec. a t an angle of
projected with a speed of 64
elevation 30. Find
speed its

(a) after half a second (6) at the highest point of ita path
; ;

(c) at a height of 15 ft.

Find also the interval of tim between two points at which the stone
has the aame speed of 56 ft. /sec.
a. A particle is projected under gravity with a velocity v at an angle a
to the horizontal. Find its velocity after a time t, and the interval before it
has again that velocity.
If v=240 feot per second, and the time between the two points in the
path of the projectile at which the velocity is 208 feet per second is 6 seconds,
show that tan a = f. (P. U.)
3. At any instant a projectile is moving with a velocity u in a direc-
tion making an angle a to the horizon. After a certain interval of time i tho
direction of ita path makes an angle ft with the horizontal. Prove that

u cos a= r --
tan a
--
tan
---.
ft

Prove also that the direction of motion turns through an angle after
U - ---
-
a time -. v
and that tho direction of motion will bo at right
e angles
e to
g co3(0 a)
tho former direction after a time ufg sin a.

4. If v l DO tne velocities at the endn of a focal rhord of a projec-

and v2
tile's path and u tho horizontal component of tho velocity, show that

5. If a bo the angle between the tangents ut tho extremities of any

arc of u parabolic path, v, IN the velocities at those extremities and u thoir
horizontal component, show that the time of describing tho arc is
Wl sin a
</u

6. A
particle is projected with velocity V and elevation a (<7T/4) from
a point O situated at a height h above a horizontal plane. If the particlo is
moving at right angles to its direction of projection when it hits the plane after
time t, show that
...
(l)'
.

t~ _-
-
g
V
siii
:

a
.
,...
.

2g
^T~a
(*0"~-5 sm* -
Fco82*

7. A
ball thrown at a vertical wall 30 ft. away, strikes it perpendicu-
larly at a point 23 ft. above the point of projection. Find tho height to which
tho ball would rise if projected vertically with the same spoed.
8. Prow that if a particle is projected from O at an elevation a, and if
after tiino t tho particle is at P, then
tan
(tan a+tan 0), =i
where ft and
are respectively the inclinations to the horizontal of OP and of
the direction of motion of the particle when at P.

9. Two particles are projected simultaneously, one with velocity ti up

a smooth plane inclined at an angle of 30 to the horizon and tho other with a
certain velocity v in n direction making an angle of 30 with the plane. The
two particles are relatively at rest at a time t. Find rand v in terms of ti*
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A PROJECTILE 96

6*5. Directions of projection to hit a given point

The equation of the path viz., equation (5) of Art. 6*4 is
qx*
=s tan <x ;r-~
f
r~ ..
2?4 cos 1 a
If the projectile has to pass through the point P (a, 6), then ^
a

6=atana j (l+tan*a) ..(it)

2 71 * ^?i*/l
or tan'a- tan a+l+-^--=0 ..(1)
ga ga*
which, being a quadratic in tan a, shows that there are, in general two
directionsin which a particle projected with a given velocity from a
given poinfO may pass- through another point P.
4ii4 / 2>'*& \
The roots will be real if ~~->4
aa 8 (
\
1+-.- J )
ga*
ie., if u*

i.e., if (ti

i.e , if u*>g(b+ V
Hence the least velocity of projection V, to hit a given paint (a, 6)
is given by
V*=g(b+V*+lf ) ..(2)
Cor. Operand
If it raakas an angle a with the horizon, then
2
\/u -f&2-- r> and 6 = r Bin a
F^prU-fiina) ..(3)

6*6. Times
to pass through a given point.
If the projectile has to pass through a given point (a, 6) then
a=w cos a t

and 6=u sin oU ^ gt*.

Eliminating a, we have, (6-f jrtV+a ls=s|iV -( l )

If /
z ,
<
a, are the roots of this equation,

where r is the distance of the point hit from the point of projection

Hence tho pnxluct of the two times of transite in the two

different paths is independent of the initial velocity.

Also since r--= J gtfa it follows that the product of the two times
of transite of a projectile through a given point is equal to the square of
the time taken
by a particle in falling from rest vertically through, a
distance equal to r (the distance of the given f oint from the pointqf t

projection). [v in the latter case r j #*]

Cor, Replacing a by x and 6 by y in equation (1), *e (?t

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
96 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

This shows that particles projected simultaneously from the

same point in different directions with the same velocity in a vertical
plane will all lie on a circle after a time t.
Example I. A
particle projected with a speed of 120 ft.jsec.,
just clears a vertical wall 25 ft. high at a distance of 300 ft. Find
the possible angles of projection.

Here u=120, a=300, 6=25,

/. from (ii) Art. 6*5, we have

25=300 tan - (l+tan ),

1
or 4 tan a 12 tan <x+5=0.
(2 tan a 5)(2 tan a 1 )=0>

i.e., a=tan~ 1 (f ) or tan" 1 .

Example a. The line joining C to D is inclined at an angle a to

the horizon. that the least velocity V required to shoot from
Show C to D
is tan (Jrc+Ja) times the least velocity V' required to shoot from D to C.
From (3), Art. 6*5, we have

and replacing a by a, we have

F'*=jrr(l sina)
V . /1 + sin a COP \ a+sin \ a 1+tan \ a
~~
y /
Y 1 sin a~~cos a sin \ a~~l tan | a

Example 3* A ball is projected from a point on the ground

distant a from the foot of a vertical wall of height 6, the angle of pro-
jection being a to the horizontal. If the ball just clears the wall prove
1 2
that the greatest height reached is a tan a/4(a tan a 6),

Let u be the velocity of projection, then since the ball passes

through the top of the wall, a point (a, 6), we have
*
<7#* <1 a L
or ~-^8 ~ 1 =# tan a
. A x
6=a tan a s~ 1 ~>
o.

_
2u* cos a 2 a cos a
Now the greatest height reached by the ball
t/
2
sin

2?
1
a sins a
~~~

2g
ga
2(a tan a
_
a 1 tan1 a
6) co8 2 a*~"4(a tan a 6J*

Example 4. A
particle is projected with a velocity u so as just
to pass over the highest possible post at a horizontal distance d front the
point of projection 0. Prove that the greatest height above attained O
by the particle in its flight is

___ _ _ _
20(M
4
+ flWJ*
Taking as the angle cf projection and substituting d for x in
the equation to the path, we have

y= d tan =5d tan (1+tan*

-2ra-5 '-I? >

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A PBOJBCTILH 97

'
~ mmd sec * 6 ~ *
9s=~ d 8et>9
T~ tan 6 8CC
-g-=0,
gives tan f and .-. sin* I-
J-.
y being positive and its min. value being zero, the value of 9
given by (1) gives the max. value of y.
Now the greatest height attained by the particle
2 2 a
K6
_T/ sin ?/
w*^
~^~ ^
Example 5. Tiao particles are projected from the same point in
the same vertical plane with equal velocities. If t, t' be the times taken
to reach the other common point of their paths and T 9 T\ tJie tir/tes to
the highest point, show that t
T-{-t'T' is independent of the directions of
projection.
If a, P are the directions of projection,

and g"-
J7 9
If a; is the horizontal distance of the common point, then
xu cos a.t=u cos
-
-v cos a a
---
* sin
----
u cos X g
" ' -t-.~
I
. t'

p
'
" sn
-------
r/

_ y(tan a+tan ^) -
7
NCAV the equations of the two- paths arc
2 2
~~
f/^sec^a , nra: aec fl
and y=:z tan ^
r/=a: tan a 2 /J t
-.

Subtracting we have,

ar(tan atan &)=-- ^ (sec

2
a sec
2
/3)^-^
2
(tan a tan2/3).

i.e.,
-
(tan a+tan ^) = $- .

.' /

Hence from (1) tT+t'r^*\**lg*

which is independent of the directions of projection.
6*61. is h'omet/imes very much sim-
The*olu1ion to a problem
plified by writing the equation of the trajectory referred to the
highest point A as the origin.
If t; be the velocity of the particle at A, the horizontal lino
at A, the a:-axis, and if I he vertical line, drawn downwards, be the
y-axis, then
the co-ordinates (x, y) of any point on the path of the particle
after a time t are obviously given by
2
x^=-vt and y~l yt*< So that^g^/St; *(!)

Example 6. A particle, is to be projected so as just to pass

through three egual rings of diameter d> placed in parallel vertical planes
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
98 BLEMKHTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

at distances a apart, with their highest points in a horizontal straight

line at a height h above the point of projection. Prove that the elevation

^ibe
must .
ton"" 1
i 2V/3~
a
When projected from 0, the particle has just to pass through
the three rings. It implies that it passes
K -A y *H just below the highest point A of the
middle ring and just above the lowest
/ a a points C and D
of the other two rings ;
CK LA DH
representing the diameters
, t

of the rings.
By symmetry the point A is also
the highest point of the path of the
OAE a Af ^ /' k B particle, the equation to the path being
equation (1), given above, i.e., y=gx*l2v*.
By the question,
=CK=DH=zd, CL=LD=a, and
For the point D (a, d), from (1), we have
<7 a
or tr=-

Tbe velocity u $nd the elevation a at the point of projection

O, are given by
?t*=t; i +2<7& and u cos oc^v or u*=v* sec* a.
/. tf
t t
+2grA=tt =t; sec
1 8
a=v (l+tan a 2
a), or 2gh=v* tan
1
a.

4hd 2Vhd
=--
v ^24
j^C*
, ,.x
b y W^-TI-'
.

l *->
.

tan
C*

Note* If required we can find the range OB by substituting (a -f &,/;).

the co-ordinates of J5, in (1), and thus obtaining the value of k~FB.
Then O5=2a-f2A:.

Examples XVI
i. A body,
projected with a velocity of 120 ft. /sec. just clears a vertical
wall 72 ft. high and 360 ft. distant, find the two possible angles of projection and
the con usponding horizontal ranges.
a. A particle is projected from a point A with a speed ef 8 ft. /sec. Deter-
mine tho two directions of projection for which it will pass through a point
whose height above A is 6 inches, and whose horizontal distance from A is I foot.
3. A particle is fired from a point O with a velocity due to a fall of
100 ft. from rest and hits a mark at a depth of 50 ft. below and at a distance
of 100 ft. from tho vertical line through O. Show that the two possible direct ions
of projection are at right angles.
4. ^ bird is sitting on tho top of a tree 26 ft. high. At what angle of
elevation should a person standing at a distance of 100 ft. from tho tree project
afitono with a velocity of 80 ft. per second so as to hit the bird as soon as
?
possible
5. A particlo is thrown over a triangle from one end of a horizontal base,
and grazing the vcrtox falls on the other end of tho base. If a, ft are tho base
angles and 9 tho anglo of projection, prove that
tan 0=tan <x + tan ft. (P.U.)
6. A triangle ABC, right-angled at C is placed in a vortical plane with -47?
horizontal and C uppermost. A particle fired from A passes exactly through
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A PBOJECTILB 99

C and B. Show that the angle and the velocity of projection u are given by
tan 6= and

where <4B=c and p is the altitude of the triangle.

7. A particle
projected so as just to clear a wall of height 6 at a hori-
is
zontal distance a, and to have a range c from the point of projection, show that
the velocity of projection V is given by

g a6(c a)
8. thrown from a point P so as to pass through another point
A ball is

Q whose horizontal and upward vortical distances from P are 24 ft. and 7 ft.
respectively. Find the least possible velocity of projection and the velocity of
the ball and the time when it reaches Q. (Pub. Ser. Com.)
g. A particle
is projected from a point A, distant 4a from, and at the
same as the foot of a wall of height 3a.
level Determine the least speed of
projection which will enable the particle to clear the wall.
10. A stone is projected with velocity V and elevation from a point O
on level ground so as to hit a mark P on a wall whose distance from O is a, the
height of P above the ground being 6. Prove that
2V*(a sin 6 cos 0-6 cos* 6)~0o 2 .

Also prove that the requisite velocity of projection is least when

= i7U+ia, where a is the elevation of P as seen from O. (B.U.)
11. A
ball is projected so as just to clear two walls, the first of height a
at a distance b from the point of projection O and second of height 6 at a
distance a from O. -Show that the range on the horizontal plane is
(a+o6+6)/(a+6)
and that the angle of projection exceeds tan" 1 3.
ia. A particle is projected from the ground to pass through the three
vertices of an isosceles triangle whose plane is vertical and base horizontal.
If the base of the triangle be 12 ft. and its altitude 9 ft., and the height of the
base above the ground 16 ft,, find the range of the particle on the ground.

13. A gun from a point

is fired on a oar, which is moving horizontally
with uniform speed U directly away from O. At the instant when the gun is
fired, the distance of the car from O is 6. Prove that, if the car is to be hit, tho
horizontal component u of the velocity of projection of the shell, and tho
vertical component v, must satisfy tho relation
v(u U) = $bg.
14. Tho co-ordinates of a point P referred to horizontal and vertical axes
Ox and Oy are (h k). A particle is projected from O with speed V. Prove
t

that if V*>g(k+ <jk*+h* ) .

there are two directions of projection for which the particle will pass through P.
If a^ and a.% are the inclinations of these directions, prove that
k tan (oct+ocjJ +A 0.

15. A particle projected from a point on the ground so as to pass just

is
over a vertical wall of height h at a horizontal distance a from the point of pro-

jection. Show that it strikes the ground at a distance beyond the wall,
u being the horizontal component of tho velocity.
Show that in order that the particle may clear tho wall the total velocity
of projection must bo at lea&t= ^g(h+l), where Z 2 =a2 + h 2 .

16. A
ball is thrown from a height 3 ft. above the ground to clear a wall
35 ft. horizontal ly v and 15 ft. high. Show th^t tho velocity of projection
away
must not bo leas than that acquired by falling under gravity through 24 J ft.
When this is tho velocity of projection, find how far beyond tho wall
It will reach the
ground.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
100 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

17. Prove that the least speed of projection of a shot from the top of a
cliff h foet high to hit a mark d foot directly outwards from the base of the cliff is
V ft. per sec. where V*=:g[(hP + d*ft h].
If /i and t% are the two times of flight with which .a given range R on
18.
a horizontal plane can be reached by a particle projected with velocity u, prove
that j and t 2 satisfy tho equation 2 *4 4R2 =0. 4M-f
Fragments of a shell fly at all angles with a speed of 6g ft. per sec. Show-
that the difference between the two times at which fragments may fall at a point
240r ft. away is 2 sees. (D.U.)
IQ. A
shot is fired with velocity v^ft./seo. from tho top of a cliff h ft. high
and strikes the sea at a distance d ft. from tho foot of the cliff. Show that the
possible times of flight ace the roots of bho equation
J^4 _ gh+ 1,2)^4.434.^=0.
( (D.U.)
considering the roots of this epuation or otherwise find the greatest
By
value of d for given values of v and h.
shot
so. A
ftred^at
an elevation a is observed to strike the foot of a tower
which abovo a horizontal plane through the point of projection. If be
rises
the angle subtended by tho tower at this point, show that the elevation required
to make the shot strike tho top of tho tower is
1
i[Q 4-sin~ (sin Q-j-sin 2 cos 0)].

ai. A
stone is projected from a point P
on the ground over a house so aa
to cloar tho tops of tho walls and tho ridge of the roof. The broadth of the house
is 40 ft., the height of each wall 20 ft., and the height of the ridge is 30 ft. Find
the position of P
and the velocity of projection.
(Tako the highest point as origin, see Art. 6*61].
23. A particle is projected with velocity 2\J ag so that it just clears two
walls, of equal height o, which are at a distance 2a from each other. Show that
the latus-rectum of the path is 2a, and that the time of passing between tho
walls is

%3 Prove that in tho parabolic path of a projectile the direction of

1$ at any instant changing at the rate J Wo/2/' where t/
71)0 1 JOB is the horizontal

velocity, 3.nd y' denotes tho depth bolow the directrix (D.U. 1960)
[Hint, tan ty^dyfdx, find dtp/eft*]
24. A particle is projected from a point on tho level of the ground, and its
height is h when it is at horizontal distances a find '2a from its point of projec-
tion. Prove that tho velocity of projection u is given by

25. A regular hexagon stands with one side on the ground and a particle
isprojected so as to grazo its four -upper vortioos. Show that the velocity of
the particle on reaching the ground is to its least velocity as \J3l to ^3. (P. U.)
36. Tho service linos and tho back liiv\s of a tennis court are at distances
of 21 ft. f nd 39 ft. respectively from thn n<t which is 3. i'b. 3. in. high. Find the
horizontal velocity of the ball (a) which, Avlvu re burned from near the ground
from one back line, grazes tho nefc and striken the othor bark lino (b) whJch ;

when served from a height of 8 ft. grazes tho net aud strikes tho service line.
27. A jet of water con bo projected in any direction with a velocity of 32
ft.per second. Find the givatost height which can be attained on a vertical
wall distant 16 ft. from the point of projection and prove that, in this case, the
maximum height attained by tho jet is 0-0 inches higher than the maximum
height attainable on tho wall.
28* A
particle is projected from a point at a height 37* above a horizontal
plane, the direction of projection making an angle a with the horizon. Show that
if tho greatest height abovo tho point of
projection i* k, tho horizontal distance
travelled before striking the piano is Q/t cot X .

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
BANGE ON AN INCLINED PLANE 101

Also show that if the angle of projection he 45 and the greatest height
above the point of projeetion he 3/, then the horizontal distance travelled is

39. A particle is projected so as to have a range R on the horizontal

plane through the point of projection. If a, ft are the possible angles of projection
and t lt *, the corresponding times of flight, show that
<i*-<2* sin (a- ft)

6*7 Range on an inclined plane* Let a particle be project-

ed from a point O on a plane of inclination /3, in the vertical plane
through OP, the line of greatest slope of
the inclined plane.
Let the velocity of projection be
u at an elevation a to the horizontal.
The equation to the path of the
particle is
2
?* in

If the particle strikes the inclined

OP Q
plane at the point P, the distance, is
called the range on the inclined plane.
IfOP=r then the co-ordinates of P( r cos /},rsinft ) f must

satisfy equation (1). 3/onoteJ vy

r sin cos tan - Mr. N. Sreekanth
2u 8
2c"cos'a
cos 1 a
M.Sc,(Maths) OU
. . _
(cos fl tan a -
sin fi)
. .
therange
G r
g
sin (a
_ _cos a
ff)

r[sin (2a-/8)-sin .-(3).

The range down the. piano may be obtained by putting /? for

j3, for in this case the slope of the inclined plane is downwards.
(b) Maximum range. ?' and
/3 being known, the range varies
with oc, and it will be max. when sin (2a /?) is max.
*-^ % j a
\vhen2oc /3=-y- or
-
]S==-7 a.
Arf ^*

Hence /or maximum range, the direction of projection must bisect

the angle between the vertical and the inclined plane.

the direction of projection, then OT is tangent to tlw

IfOT be
path at 0, and the
vertical through is perpendicular to the direc-

trix. OT being equally inclined to OP and the vertical, the focus to

the paid mur, therefore, lie on the line OP of the inclined plane,
i.e., in- the case of maximum range the focus lies in the range.

The calue of the maximum range is

sin

grcos
a
/3
" U
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
102 EfcBMBNTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

(c) Directions of projection for a given range. Fora given

velocity of projection when the value of the range, other than the
maximum, is given, sin (2<x /3) in equation (3) becomes known and
thus we get two values for 2oc /3, each less than 180.
If ocj
and a 2 be the corresponding values of a, we have

being the direction for the maximum range, it follows

that for a given range, there are two directions of projection which are
equally inclined to 1he direction for maximum range.

(d) Time of flight. If the particle strikes the plane after a

time T 9 then
OL~u cos a. T where OL~r cos /5.

.. [From (2)]
u cos a g cos p
(6) Velocity at P. If v is the velocity at P,
8 2
v =?i"--2^?/=^'W -2gr sin /?,

and if is the angle which the direction at P makes with the hori-
zontal, then
u sin a~ gT g ^ 2u sin v
,

tan ^ = ------ -
.

tan a - X ----------(a j8)

n_
w cos a w cos a </
cos p
Wan a 2 (tan a tan j8)=2 tan /3 tan a.

*(/) The condition that the particle may strike the

plane at right angles.
We put #=--(75 /?), for in this case the direction of motion
of the particle at P is downwards making an angle T:
/? with the
horizontal.
Hence the required condition becomes
tan (j8 |7c)
=2 tan j3 tan a
or cot /J=tan a 2 tan /:?.
.
.(5),

By adding tan a to both sides and simplifying it may be put in

the following form :

cot /J
= 2 tan (a~-/3). ..(6).
(For another and direct proof see the next article.)

Note. In the above article the direction of projection is expressed in

terms of the angle with the hoiizontal. It can also be expressed in terms of
the angle with the inclined plane. In working problem care must be taken to
see which of these angles is given.

6*8. Another Method. When

a particle is projected from a
point O (Fig. Art. 6*7) on an inclined plane, in the vertical plane
through OP, (the line of greatest slope through O), its range on the
plane and the lime of flight can also be obtained by resolving its
velocity u and the acceleration g alone: and perpendicular to OP (the
perpendicular being drawn upwards in the vertical plane through OP).
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
RANGE ON AN INCLINED PLANE 103

The direction of projection of the particle makes an angle a ft

with the inclined plane, so that the resolved parts of its initial velocity
u and of acceleration g due to gravity along OP and perpendicular
to it are :

Along OP Perpendicular to OP
Velocity u cos (a ft)
u sin (a /3).

Acceleration g sin & g cos ft.

Now to find the time of flight, we consider motion perpendi-
cular to OP.
At the instant when the particle strikes the plane, its distance
perpendicular to the plane is zero.

t.C.,'
The time of flight
0=w sin
J =s --
T

2u
is,

(a
sin (q

# cos
therefore, given by
ft)

Further, if at the instant when the particle strikes the plane, its
7;
ft
cos ft T 2 ,
T\g
J8)
. m
{*;
x

direction of motion be perpendicular to the plane, its velocity at that

instant parallel to OP is zero.
0=1* cos (<x/3) grsin ft T ..(2).

Hence rfrom (l)and

TT /i\ i /rtx
(2),
--
tt cos (*
sin
. ^=T= --
)

cos
2w sin (a
v
Q
r
/5)

/3 g /3

i.e., cot /32 tan (a /?),

which the same as equation (6), Art. 6*7.

is

To find the range on the inclined plane, we find the distance

described along OP in time T. The range r is, therefore, given by
r=u cos (a T\g sin /37 1
*

-
ft)

=w cos (a
.

^
ft).
.
--
2usin(a
-
gr cos ^
/?) .

\ g sin
.

ft
4w f sinf (a /J)
1 ,-g^
g cos* ft
1

(a-/?) cos 0-sin (-) n ffl

2 sin cos a
2t/ (a ft)

gr
cos 2 ^
Other problems of this type can be* similarly solved by the
method indicated in this article.

Example A bullet is projected with velocity v at an acute

i.
l
angle greater than the least positive value of sec~ 3. Show that its path
will cnt two planes through the point of projection perpendicularly.
Show also that if ft and y are the inclinations of the two planes to the
horizon, /3+y=a.
Equation (5), Art. 6.7, giving the condition for a projectile to
strike an inclined plane at right angles, can be written in the form
2 tan8 ft
tan a tan /3-f-l =0 . .(1),
So that for a given angle of projection a, there are two real
values of tan ft, provided
tan 2 a>8 or sec 2 a> 9, or a> sec*"
1
3.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
104 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

When this condition is satisfied, suppose tan /3 and tan y are

the two roots of (1), then
=
tan /3+tan ? $ tan a, and tan ft tan V $. =
/. tan ( +
7)= (tan /3-ftan ?)/(!- tan ft tan y)
=4 tan a/(l )=tan a.
Hence /3+y=a.
Example 2* -4 particle is projected with velocity n from a point
on an inclined pla? Jfv l
t. be its velocity on striking the plane when
the ran\je up the plane is maximum and v t the velocity on striking the
plane when the range down the plane is maximum, prove that

If R be the max. range up the plane and a, the inclination of

the plane, then

* Sm a
v l 2_ w -~^si
'
9 .
2
-

a.^ ^j^ s n a j~ l+sin a

Similarly, by changing the sign of a, we have
v2s^^s
""
l+ 8in
1 sin a*
2 t
=t/ 4 , 3 =i?
Hence t;
1
t;
2 or ?i
1
t;
a.

Examples XVII
i. A particle in projected with a velocity of 120 ft. per sec. at an angle
of 60 with the horizontal from the foot of an inclined plane of inclination 30*.
Find tho time of flight and the rango on tho inclined plane.
9. Find tho maximum range on an inclined plane of inclination 30 when
a particle is projected () up (n) down tho plane from a point on the piano with
a velocity of 96 f.p.s.

3. If tho greatest rango down an inclined piano be throe times tho

greatest range up, show that tho piano
is inclined at 30 to the horizon.

Tho rifle -bullet on level ground is 6000 foot.

4. greatest range of a
Find its maximum range up an incline of 30, neglecting the resistance of tho
air.

5. A boy can throw a cricket ball 90 yards on level ground. What

distance can ho throw tho samo ball from tho top of a hill whose slopo is 16 d ?
What will bo the best angle at which to throw tho ball ?
6. A particle is projected from a point on a -plane of inclination ft with
velocity u. Show that tho maximum rango down tho plane is

sec ft (sec ft-'r tt\n ft).

j.
Show that for a given velocity of projection tho maximum rango
down a plane of inclination a is greater than up tho piano in tho ratio
(l-fsin,a)/(l-8in a).

8. greatest rango up an inclined plane through the point

Show that tho
of projection is equal to tho distance through which a particle could fall freely
during the time of flight.
9. A hill has inclination of 30, A ball is thrown with a given voloeity

so as to have a maximum range up the hill. Provo that tho angle at which it
strikes the hill is 60.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
RANGE ON AN INCLINED PLANE 105

to. A
particle is projected with a velocity of 100 ft. per sec. from the
foot of a plane in a direction makine an angle of 46 with the plane. Find the
inclination of the plane if the particle strikes it at right angles. (P.U. 1954 S.)
ii. Two bodies are projected from the same point with equal velocities
and in such directions that they both strike the same point on a plane whose
inclination is ft. If a be the angle of projection of the first, show that the ratio
of times of flight is sin (a ft) : cos a.
12* A particle projected with a velocity u from a point on an inclined
plane whose inclination to the horizon is a, strikes it at right angles. Show that
the range of the particle on the inclined plane is
2u2 sin a
sin 2 a

13. particle A projected with a velocity V towards, and in a plane

is

perp. to the side of a hill, which is a plane inclined at an angle to the horizon-
tal, and meets it at right angles. If the direction of projection also makes an
angle with the horizontal and the horizontal distance of the point of projec-
tion from the hill is a, show that T> 2 =2afir sin2 tan 0. (Bom. U.)
14. A
particle is projected with velocity u from a point whose perpendi-
cular distance from an inclined plane, of inclination 60, is h. Prove that it
cannot strike the plane at right angles if u*<$gh(*J 13 1).

15. From the foot of an inclined plane inclined at an angle 2oc with the
vertical a shot is fired with a velocity V cos a in a direction making an angle a
with the vertical. Show that the time of flight is V\g and that the range on
the plane is

Also show that the shot strikes the p)ano with a velocity V sin a and that
its direction of motion has then been turned through a right angle.
16. A shot is fired at an angle a to the horizontal up a hill of inclination
ft to the horizontal. Show that it strikes the hill

(a) horizontally if tan a=2 tan ft ;

normally if tan a~2 tan ft -fcot ft.

(b)

17. Prove that during tho flight of a particle, projected at an elevation

a on a line through the point of projection of inclination ft, the direction of
motion turns through an angle whoso cotangent is
J cos ft sec a cosec (a )
tan a
[Hint. Use (c) Art. 6-41]
18. Tho angular elevation of an enemy's position on a hill J> ft. high is
ft ; show that in order to shell it, tho initial velocity of the projectile must not
be le than
iS/07i(H-oosec ft). (A. U.)

ig. Show that

the range on an inclined plane of inclination ft of a shot
firod at an elevation a relative to tho plane is
R sec ft (1 tan a tan /3),

where R
the range on a horizontal plane, tho relative elevation a ond the
is

velocity of projection being tho same.

If the ahot hits the piano horizontally , show that
ain ft cos ft
__

ao. A stono is thrown at an angle a with the horizontal from a point on

a plan^, whose inclination to the' horizon is ft, (the trajectory lying in the vertical
pi an ^ containing tho line of greatest slope through the point). Show that, if
th * elivation above the horizon of the point of the path most distant from the
inclined plane is Q, then
2 tan = tan a + tan ft.
[Hint. The tangont at the most distant point is parallel to the plane.]
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
106 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DXJNAJIU

REVISION QJJESTIONS-V
I. A projectile
has initially a velocity whose horizontal and vertical
components are u and v respectively. If R is the range and h, the greatest
height attained, show that
h v . *h
~_ and
R u g (4)'
Also prove that the maximum horizontal range is

9. Obtain the equation of the path of a projectile and show that it may
be written in the form :

yR/x tan a, (#)=

where R the horizontal range, and a the angle of projection.
is

Deduce that the greatest height attained by the 'projectile is J R tan <x
and that this occurs half-way. (P. U. 1953 S)
3. Prove that the time of describing any portion PQ of the parabolic
path of a projectile is proportional to the difference of the tangents of the
angles which the linear tangents at P and Q make with the horizon.
4. A particle is projected at an elevation a and after t seconds it
appears to have an elevation ft as seen from the point of projection. Prove that
tho initial velocity was
gt cos ft

2 sin (a
^3)'
5. Prove that if lines are drawn from a point reprnsenting
in magnitude
and direction the velocity of a projectile at successive points of its path, their
extremities lie upon a vertical straight line.
6. A particle is projected under gravity in a vertical plane at an incli-
nation a to the Vertical. Show that it appears to tho observer standing at the
point of projection to fall past a vertical plane with constant velocity.
(P. U.)
7. Two particles are simultaneously projected in tho same vortical plane
from tho some point with velocities u and v at angles a and ft to the horizontal,
show that
(i) the line joining them moves always parallel to itself;
(ii) the time that elapses when their velocities are parallel IB

v sin (a uft)

g(v cos ft u cos a)*

(Hi) The time that elapses between their transits through the other
common point is

2u v sin (a ft)

g(u cos a-}-t; cos ft)

8. Three particles are projected simultaneously in tho garao vertical
plane from the samo point one vertically, another at an elevation of 60 and
;

tho third horizontally. If their velocities of projection are in the ratio <V3 : 1 :
1,
show that they always lie in a straight line.
9. Two inclined planes of equal altitude h and equal inclination a, are
placed back to back on level ground. A ball is projected from the foot of one
plane, along a line of greatest slope, which after flying over tho ridge, falls at
the foot of the other plane. Show that the velocity of projection is

a).
10. A gun from a moving platform and the ranges of the shot
is fired
are observed to be 12 and S when the platform is moving forwards and backwards
respectively with velocity V. Prove that the elevation of tho gun is

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
REVISION QUESTIONS V 107

n.
Shots fired simultaneously from the top and bottom of a vertical cliff
-with elevations a and ft respectively strike an object simultaneously at the same
point. Show that if a is the horizontal distance of the object from the cliff the
height of the cliff is
a (tan $ tan a).
The range of a rifle bullet is 1200 yards when a is the elevation of
ia.
projection. Show that if the rifle is fired with the same elevation from a car
travelling at 10 miles per hour towards the target, the range will be increased by
T feet.

13. A shot fired with

a velocity F at an elevation strikes a point P on
a horizontal plane through the point of projection. If the point P is
receding
from the gun with a velocity v, show that the elevation must be changed to
t|>
where

sin2^=sin294-~sin^. (L. U.)

14. If an angle of projection a gives a range 7* a feet instead of R,

where a/R is small, prove that the necessary correction in the angle of
projection
in minutes is
1719a rt
~ tan 2a
XV
approximately.
15. From
the ground, a stone is rightly aimed and thrown at a crow
sitting on a wall 31 J
ft. high. Just before being hit by the stone, the crow
flies away horizontally with.a
velocity of 24 ft. per sec. Notwithstanding this
the stone, after rising 16 ft. higher, does hit him in its downward motion. Find
the initial velocity of the stone. (Ans. 60 ft./sec.) (P. U. 1950 S.)
16. An aeroplane is flying with constant velocity v and at a constant
height h. Show that if a gun is fired point blank at the aeroplane after it has
passed directly over the gun and when its angle of elevation as seen from the
gun is a, the shell will hit tho aeroplane provided
2 (u eos a v)v tan* a=j//;,
where n is tho initial velocity of the shot.

17. A yholl fired with velocity F at- elevation 0, hits an airship at a

height H which is moving horizontally away from the gun with velocity v, ehow
that if

(2V cos 0-t;) (F* sinae-20H) = t> V sin 6.

the shell must have hit the airship if the latter had remained stationary in the
position it occupied when the gun was actually fired. (P.U. Hon*.)
18. A gun is tired from the sea level. It is then talc en to a height h ft.
above the sea level and fired making the same angle a with the horizon;
show that its range is increased by the fraction

of itself, F being the velocity of projection. (D.U. 1925)

19. The difference between the radii of the front and hind wheels of a
carriage ia d, and c is the distance batween the axle-trees a particle of mud,
;

driven from the highest point of tho hind wheel, is observed to ali'ght on tho
*highost point of the front wheel. Show that the velocity of the carriage is
Tc~+d)(c-d)g
4d
ao. A
spock of mud is thrown off the rim of a wheel of radius a which
is
rolling in a straight line on horizontal ground with a speed oft; ft. per sec.
and just alights on the wheel at a point on a level with its centre. When the
spock ef mud is thrown off its angular distance from the top of the wheel is
measured in the sense in which t^e wheel is travelling. Show that
2v2 cos Q~ag (1 sin 0),
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
108 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

*i. Show that there are two directions in which a particle may be pro-
jected with a given velocity u ao as to have a given horizontal range.
If t
lt fa
be the times of flight for the two paths, show that

Show also that, if the velocity of projection be increased the range being
left unaltered, the shorter time of flight decreases and the longer time of flight
increases.

g. If fragments of a shell which burst on contact with the ground fly in

all directions with all velocities upto 80 ft. /sec., show that a man 100 feet away
is in danger for ^2 seconds.
23. Show that in general there are two directions in which a particle may
be projected with a given velocity from a given point A so as to pass through
another given point B.
If t and *},
be the times of flight from A to B and a the inclination of
AB to the horizontal, prove that *8 +2Mt sin oc+Ji 1 is independent of a.
(P. U. Eon*.)

34. Two points A and B are at a distance a apart, their heights above
the ground being hi and Jzj. Prove that the least speed wiih which a stone can
be thrown from the ground-level so as to pass through both the points is

35. A projected under gravity with velocity \J 2ga from

particle is
_ a,

point at a height h above a level plane. Show that the angle of projection ft

maximum range on given by tan 9 = ~^rr> and

for the the plarr is 2 the maxi.

mum range is 2*J a(a+h), (P>U*)

36. A fort and a ship are both armed with guns which fire their shells
with a muzzle velocity *J f2ga, and the guns in the fort are at a height h above
the gun in tho ship. If R^, R^ arc the greatest horizontal ranges at which the
fort and ship, respectively, can engage, show that

a "*+
j?i / ~"

A
1? 2
V :A

27. ship underdfire from tho guns of a fort a ft. above sea level.
is

Assuming that the guns of the ship and the fort fire with a velocity F, whore
V*~2gh, prove that the width of tho zone under the fire from tho fort which the
ship has to cross before being able to reply is

28. A cricketer in the long field has to judge a catch which he can secure
at any height from the ground between ki and & 2 show that must estimate ;
V
his position within a length

2fl being the range on the horizontal plane and h the greatest height the bail
attains.

If a particle is projected with velocity V from a given point, S so

29.
that path lies in a given vetict*! plane, prove that all paths lit" within e.
its
2
parabola of latus r^otum 2 F /gr and focua (Bom. U.)
.

[Hint. Find the envelope of the paths.]

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER VII

MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN A PLANE-II

MOTION ALONG A CIRCLE
In the following two chapters we shall consider the motion of a
particle moving in a circle with uniform or variable speed.
7*1. Angular Velocity and Acceleration. Let OX be a
fixed line and let P be any point moving along the curve APQ.
At any time t, let the position of the
moving point P be defined by the angle
XOP.
In an additional time , let the
point move to Q, OP describing an addi-
tional L-POQ=$$.
SO
is then the average rate of change
JTT-

of the angle 0.

.\ the angular velocity of P about O= Lt

Xd
?-=
dt
~
dfi

dt
Thus if a point P moves in a plane, and if is a fixed point
in the plane and OX a fixed straight line through O, the angular
velocity of P about O (or of the line OP) is the rate of change of tJte angle
XOP.
If the angular velocity is denoted by *, the angular acceleration

Q is always measured in radians, angular velocity in radians

per second and angular acceleration in radians per second per second.
7*11. Relation between Angular Velocity and Linear
Velocity. Let the velocity of the point P be v and let the tangent
, at P make an angle <p with OP, then
^
dQ ds
'dt
da rdQ 1 v sin

i.e., the angular velocity of P about O

VeL of P resolved perp. to OP
= OP
O In particular, the curve is a
if
circle and the angular velocity is mea-
sured about the centre then being a right angle, = eo that the

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
110 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

angular velocity of a particle moving in a circle about the centre at any

instant is ^obtained by dividing its linear velocity at that instant by the
ra dins of the circle.
This can be proved independently as.
follows :

Since 8$=arc PQ~r 80

= Lt _ =r =
8* dt

V
or
r

Example I. // a point P is moving along a circle with co nstant

speed v, find its angular velocity and acceleration about any point A on
the circle.
If the chord AP makes an angle a with the
radius OA=~-r, then VCOSd
AP~2r cos a.
The point P has a velocity
v in the direction
of the tangent at P. Its component in a direction
perpendicular to is v cos a. AP
,\ the angular velocity of P about A
cos a v eos a =
^ v AP ~ tr cos a
v_
2r
=half the angular velocity about the
centre.
This being constant, the angular acceleration is zero.

Example 2. A point moves uniformly along a given straight

line ; show that its angular velocity about a fixed point varies inversely
as the square of its aitfance from the fixed point.

Let AB be the fixed straight line along which the part iele moves
and let be the fixed point. Draw OA perpendicular to AB and let
OA= a.
vt
P
be the position of the parti-
Let
cle after atime t t being measured from
t

the instant when the particle was at A.

then AP~vt.
AP vt
Now tan0=-
OA a
V v
zl *
so that Sec -r:= *

dt a
av f/v
i u *
=T-7sr which varies as
''t o* sec 2 0~~OP 2 OP 2
A -.
AJtter. _ Vel. perp. to
co-
OP v cos
_-...-= (
-

p
__ r
OP ~~OP 2
Example $* A flywheel making 180 revolutions per minvlt t"*

to a constant angular retardation of two radians per sec. per sec.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A CIRCLE 111

How many revolutions does it make before coming to rest and what is its

angular velocity after it sees. ?

180 r.p.m.=3 r.p.s.~6n rad. per sec.
/. the initial angular velocity =671 rad. per sec.

Angular acceleration = = 2. /. o>= 2t+c.

at
When *=0, <a=:C7r, /. c=6::, /. =-2*-f 6* ..(1).
When /=TT, =6TC 27c=47r rad. per sec.
When the wheel stops <D=0 and f=37c sec. [from (1)].
,/fl
From (1) -p- =6TC-2*.

but 0=0 when J=0, /. c^O /.

= 67tf t
1
.
.(2)
When J=3w f 6 = 18 7i
2
-97r 2 =97c a
which is the angle turned in STU sees.

/. the number of revolutions ^-;=

Ore
-= 2
9
TC.

Note i. Equations (1) and (2) are particular cases easily deduciblo from
tho general formulae,
G>=CO O +/* and 6=<V+i/' 2'

where tho initial angular velocity and/ the constant angular acceleration.
6)0 is
Note a. Tho abbreviations r.p.ra. and r.p.s, stand for 'revolutions per
minute* and 'revolutions per second' respectively.

Examples XVIII
i. A
flywheel making 180 revolutions per minute and after 20 socs.
is
it is turning at 140 r.p.m. How many revolutions will it make and what time
will elapse before stopping, if the retardation is uniform ? (P. 17.)
a. A wheel starting from rest receives a uniform angular acceleration of
1 J radians
per second per second. How many revolutions per second will it bo
making at the end of one minute ?
If the effort is taken off and if the frictional resistance of the bearings is
equivalent to a uniform negative acceleration of { radian per second per second,
in how many minutes will the wheel come to rest ?
3. Awheel rolls uniformly on the ground, without sliding, its centre
describing a straight lino; find the velocity of any point on its rim and ehow
that its angular velocity about tho point of contact of the wheel with tho ground
is equal to tho
angular velocity of the wheel about its centre.
4. A particle falls vertically down a straight line starting from xa
rest from tho axis of a?. Find tho angular velocity and acceleration of the lino
joining tho particle to the origin. Show that the particle has fallen a vertical
distance a/^3 when the angular acceleration is zero.
5. Two points are moving with uniform velocities u and v along per-
pendicular linos OX, OY tho motion being towards O. When *=0 they nro nt
distances a, b respectively from O. Calculate tho angular velocity of tho lino
joining them at any time t, and show that it is greatest whon
au-f bv

6. The ends of a rod which rotates with constant angular velocity move
on two perpendicular straight lines OX, OY. Provo that tho projection of any
other point on tho rod on OX or OY executes simple harmonic motion.
7. Prove that tho angular velocity of a projectile P about tho focus 8
of its path varies inversely as its distance from tho focus.
[Hint. Tangont at P makes equal angles with &P and the vertical.]
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
112 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

8. crank A OP
rotates about a fixed contra O while the end A (the
piston) of tho connecting rod PA
is constrained to niovo
along OA. If angles
and are POA PAO
and 9, prove that when
the Angular velocity of la o>, the linear velo- P
city of A IB

coa <p

[Hint. x**OA=OV+NA=>OP coa Q+PA cos 9

also OP sin Q=*PN*PA sin 9]
9* In Q.
8, if the perp. through O to the line OA meets AP produced
in R; ahow th the velocity of A varies as OR.
,t

[Hint. Show that O^/GPc^sin (0 + 0)/cos 0.]

10. A
circular disc of radius a is free to turn round its centre in its own
plane and a string whose thickneas may be neglected, is wound round the rim
of the disc. If the free end of the string is withdrawn along a radius with
speed t>, find the angular velocity of the disc when the distance of this end
from the centre is x.

Angular Velocity of a line joining two points

7*13.
moving in a plane* The angular velocity about a fixed point Q of
the point P moving with a velocity u at an angle <x with PQ
Vel. of P perp. to PQ
**
u sin a
~= '
PQ PQ
the component velocity of jP along PQ having no effect on the direc-
tion PQ.
But when P and Q both are moving
in a plane with velocities u and v, then
either possesses an angular velocity
relative to the other. Let the directions
of motion make angles a and j8 with
PQ, the Jine joining the moving points
at any instant, then the angular velocity
of P relative to Q, i.e., the angular
velocity of the line PQ

_
^ The component of velocity of P relative to Q perp. to PQ
Diff. of Vel. components perp. to PQ
t/ sin a v sin /3

PQ
the component velocities of P and Q along PQ having no effect on the
direction of PQ.
Whenever u sin a=t; sin j8, the point P has no angular velocity
relative to Q, the line PQ moves parallel to itself and the linear
i,e, t

velocity of P relative to Q is in the direction of the line PQ.

If, ho waver,PQ remains constant, P must have the same velocity

as Q in the direction of PQ i.e., u cos a=*v cos /3.
9

_ i. The line joining two points P

and Q 9 is of constant length a
I the velocities of P and Q are in directions which make angl&a a and /5

respectively with Prove that tho angular velocity of

PQ. PQ is "^i^I,i
. a COS p
wh*re u is the velocity of P.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A CIRCLE 113

E*. a. If two particles describe the circle of radius r in the same sense
and with tho same speed v, show that the relative angular velocity of each with
respect to the other is r/r.

Ex* 3. Show how to measure the angular velocity

(i) of a point about another point, and

(n) of tho straight line joining two points moving in a given manner in
a plane.
ABCD is a square of side 100 ft., a person P starts from A and walks
towards B with a speed of 4/.j>.#, at the same instant a second person Q starts
from B and walks towards C with a ppecd of 3 /*/>.*., show that tho
angular velocity of tho straight line PQ after i seconds from the instant of
12
starting is
^ ^ j^r-
radians per sec.; and that it is the greatest when
is 60 ft.

7*2* Expressions for tangential and normal accelerations

for motion along a circle. Suppose that a particle moves along a
circle of radius r. Let P be the posi-
tion and v the velocity of the particle V oV *

at any instant and Q its position and

v +8'; its velocity after a short inter-
val of time g. Let the are PQ be $<?
and the angle POQ be 0, so that

Now the change in velocity in

time $t along the tangent at P is
cos g0 v.

/. the l.'ingcnlial acceleration at P

cos

8t

, .

and smce r =- T therefore

ds
,
dv
-7-= d?s
TT 2
or = dv .
ds
r ,
. dv
t-e.-f-r-.
dt dt dt ds dt ds

Again, the change in the velocity parallel to PO, the normal at

P is (tf+8 y ) sin 80 0>
the normal acceleration at P
Lt !

8->o

And since vt=Va>, w being the angular velocity of the particle,

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
114 ELBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Thus, if a particle moves along a circle of radius r and has the

speed v at any instant, the resolved part of its acceleration respec-
tively along the tangent and normal (towards the centre) are
dv d*s\ , va -
a
(or r<o ).
dt
dv
In particular, if the speed t; is constant, -ir^O, i e., the accele-

ration has no resolved part along the tangent and the resultant
acceleration is, therefore, completely directed towards the centre and is
v*
of a constant magnitude

Note i* Whenever a particle moves along a circular path, the tangential

component of the acceleration changes the velocity in magnitude while the
normal component causes change in the direction of the velocity. If the former
is zero, the particle moves with a constant speed but if the latter is zero, the
motion must take place along a straight line only.
Note 2. So far as the expression for the tangential acceleration is
concerned," the proof given above does not depend upon any property peculiar to
the circle and is, therefore, applicable to the motion of a particle along any
d?s dv dv _ _

-r^ or -
i A , . ,
curve and so the expressions
r or v-r- can be used whenever motion
dt* dt ds
along a curve is to be dealt with.

Example. A particle is moving along a circle of radius a such

that the arcnal distance of the, particle at any time t from a fixed point of
the circle is s. Show that the magnitude of the acceleration of the particle
at time t is

7*21. We
give below another method of proving the particular
case of the previous particle viz., if a particle moves along a circle of
v2
radius r with uniform speed v, its acceleration is towards the centre

of the circle.

(One other proof based on hodograph will be given in Chap. XI.)

As the particle moves along the circle with uniform speed, its
Y angular velocity about the centre must
also be uniform.
Let o> be the angular velocity and
A OP be the angle described by the parti-
cle in time t, then

If (#, y) are the co-ordinates of the

particle with reference to the centre as
origin, we have
x r cos <at, ~r sin
dx dii
= rta sn -yl=rw
-y cos
dt at

-_ sin ^.
at
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A CIRCLE 115

the resultant acceleration

Also since -j-~ / Ta'tan wj, and since both components of the
car I at*
acceleration are negative, it follows that the acceleration acts
along PO.
7*22. When a particle describes a circle with uniform speed, its
projection on a diameter of the circle moves with simple harmonic
motion.
As shown above, for the point M , we have
x~r cos ft>J, and -j-^
air
= wV cos (= &*x.

It shows that the acceleration of the point is proportional to M

OH and is directed towards 0, i.e., the point moves with S.H.M. M
This isa very important property of simple harmonic motion
and is frequently used as its definition.
7^23. Whenever a particle of mass m describes a circle of radius

ry with uniform speed v, the acceleration towards the centre must

be supplied by some force. If F is the required force, then

If the particle makes n revolutions per second, then , the angle

described in one second, is

The force given by - or mrw 1 is always in absolute units and

may be produced in various ways.

In the case of a particle attached to one end of a string and
whirled round, the other end of the string being held in the hand, the
required force is supplied by the tension of the string. The action
and reaction being equal and opposite an equal amount of force is
exerted through tlxe string by the particle at the hand in the opposite
direction. As the .string is in a stato of tension it is sometime^
wrongly believed that there is a tendency for the particle to move
away from the centre along the radius of the circle. In fact, if the
string breaks the particle continues to move in its direction of motion
along the tangent of the circle.
In the case of a railway carriage moving on a curved track, the
force necessary to compel the carriage to follow the curved path is
supplied by the pressure of the outer rails on the flanges of the wheels,
the wheels exerting an equal amou&t of pressure on the rails which, if
not fixed, will leave their place causing derailment.
In the case of motor car the force is provided by the force of
friction between the wheels and the ground.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
116 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

In case of the earth moving round the sun, the required force
which makes the earth follow a curved path, is supplied by the
attraction of the sun.

Example. A mass of 12 oz. revolves horizontally at the end of the

cord 3 ft. long. If the string makes 20 revolutions <pe,r minute, find
the tension in the string.

Here m=12 ozsrf lb., r=3 ft.,

and tt=20 r.p.m.^ r.p.s. = radians per sec.

uu 5
4-3
r =w/-
s 2
=|.3. - ===7i*=9-87poundals.

Examples XIX
i. A particle of mass 10 Ibs. is attached to a fixed point on a smooth
tabloby moans of an inelastic string 20 ft. long. The particle is sot in circular
motion on the table with a velocity of 12 f.p.s., find the tension of the string.
(P.C7.)
a. A mass of 20 gms. tied by a thread to a point on a smooth table is
describing a circle of 60 cms. radius in every 4 seconds. Find the tension of the
thread.'

3. Four masses, each of 10 Ibs., arc fastened together with four strings
each 3 ft. long so as to form a square. This square rotates in a horizontal
plane on a smooth table at a speed of one revolution per second find in pounds ;

weight the tension in the strings.

4. A cyclist travels on a level track of radius 220 ft., and the coefficient
of friction between the tyres and the ground is 0*32. Find the greatest speed at
which he may travel .
(P.U.)
5. An engine of mass 20 tons is travelling round a level curved traek
at the rate of 30 m.p.h. If the curve is an arc of a circle of radius 1200 ft., find
the horizontal thrust exerted by the rails on the engine.
6. A motor car weighing one ton is travelling on a curved level road of
radius one quarter of a mile at tho rate of 45 m.p.h. Find t ho necessary force
of friction between tho wheels arid tho ground.
7. A string can just boar a weight of 18 Ibs. without breaking. If a
weight lb. bo attached to it and whirled round in a horizontal circle of radius
3 ft. find the number of revolutions that tho string must make in a second in
order that the string may just escape breaking.
8* Two particles each of tho ends of a light
mass m, are attached to
string of length a and placed on a horizontal turn-table at distances a, 2a
from tho centre of rotation. Prove that when tho tablo rotates with angular
velocity to tlve particles can remain upon it without slipping provided that tho
coefficient of friction is not less than 3aco 2 /20.

9. A heavy particle of mass m is connected by a string passing through

a hole in a smooth table with a particle of mass 4m which hangs vertically.
Find tho number of revolutions per minute which the particle on the tablo
must perform in a circle of radius 6 inches in order to keep the other particle
at rest.
10. A
parbiclo of mass m on a smooth tablo is fastened to ono end of a
fine string whirh passes through a small hole in tho tablo and supports at its
other ond a particle of mass 2/n, the first particle being hold at a distance c
from tho hole. Find the velocity with which m must be projected so that it
may describe a circle of radius c.
11. A mass of
10 Ibs. is constrained to movo in a circular path and makos
one revolution ono second. It is attached to the centre of a circle by a light
in
elastic string whoso imstrotchcd length is 1 ft. and which extends 1/12 foot
under a pull of 4 pounds weight. Find the radius of tho circle and tho tension
of tho string.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A CIRCLE 117

7*3* Conical Pendulum. When a particle is tied to one end

of a light string, the other end of which is fixed at a point 0, and
the particle describes a circle in a horizontal
plane, so that the string describes a cone whose
axis is the vertical line through 0, the system is
called a Conical pendulum.
Let N
be the centre and r the radius of the
horizontal circle described by P a particle of 9

mass w, with uniform angular velocity o> and let

I be the length of the string and the angle
which it makes with the vertical.

The forces acting on the particle are its

weight mg downwards and T, the tension of the
string.
As there is no motion of the particle in the vertical direction,
the vertical component of T must balance the weight.

TcosO=mg ..(1)

The central force=-- or mrw 2 along PN which is necessary

to keep the particle moving in the circle, is supplied by the component
of the tension in the horizontal direction.

.'. T sin 0= =mrcu 2 =tnl sin o>

2
..(2)
r

If Q is zero, the string 'hangs vertically and from (1) T-

which is otherwise obvious.
When is not zero, we have from (2)
T=ml<* 2 poundals ..(3)
and from (1)

^wgr^jrcf/ ff_
..(4)

Thus, in order that the particle may move in a conical pendu-

lum, (cos being <1) l<

or

7*31. Now =*l cos JLa ..(5)

o>

i.e., the vertical depth of P belowvaries inversely as the square,

of the angular velocity and is independent of the length of the string.

Also from (5), ^^IT'

2 it / L
and the time of one revolution= ==27c A/ .
t,
01
V g
If n is the number of revolutions made per second, a)=27cn and
from (3)
T*=*4n*n*ml poundals.

7*32. When a particle moving in a conical pendulum is also

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
118 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

constrained to move on a smooth horizontal table, equation (1)

becomes
T cos
or jR==rwgr T cos 0=mgr 4Tc
8
n swA [V cos =/
which gives R, the pressure on the table. In order that the particle
may not leave the table, mg>4n*n*mh
or

Example i. A mass of 2 Ibs. suspended by a string 1 ft. lor<g t>

revolving in a conical pendulum. Find the greatest number of complete
revolutions per second of the pendulum when the greatest tension that the
string can bear is 10 Ibs. weight.
Let n be the required number of revolutions per sec., then

T sin 0=mr <*=zml sin 0.4Tc

2
n2
i.e.,

But the greatest value of T=10 Ib. wt.=320 poundals.

40
320=87i 2 tt 2 or n2 -=4
2 approximately.

Hence the greatest number of revolutions per sec. is 2.

Examples* A
string of length I has its ends fastened to two
fdnts A and B same vertical line at a distance a apart. If a
in the
smooth bead P
on the string rotates uniformly about so that is B BP
always horizontal, prove that the angular velocity is

-j__1*.

Show also that P is nearer to B than A by -y-

Let the required angular velocity be <*, and let JBP=r, so that

The bead being smooth, the tension

along the string is the same throughout its
length, so that tension along PB
tension along = say PAT,
for motion of the bead, we have
vertically, T cos 0=mg,
or T = wg st-c

and horizontally,
in0==?N278ccl (1-fsin 0)

ar
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A CIECLB 119

But from the triangle ABP, (I r)

a
=(a8 +ra ), or r-J^^-

Also AP-BP=l-r~r=;l-2r=l- ~ =j.

I I

Example 3. A particle of mass m is attacked to an elastic

string of natural length a and modulus equal to the weight of the
particle. Find the least angular velocity with which it can move in a
conical pendulum.

If I is the extended length of the string, \ve have

T cosff^mg ..(1)
and T sin 0=rn<**r*=m*>*lsin i.e., T==?w7o) 2 .
.(2)

Also by Hooke's law, T=mg^^ . . (3)

From (2) and (3), rnfll^mg a i.e.,

g a<u 2

From (1) and (2), cos 9 J=.^=1*.

Hence as cos 0<1, g (n 2 <a*> 2 , i.e., *>JL
<uCt

/. the least angular velocity is A / -

Examples XX
I.If in Fig. Art. 7-3, m = 6oz., /jJ in.,
1*=1S in., find T.
a.A light chain 10 ft. long is attached at one end to a fixed point and
at the other end to a email ball of mass 20 oz. If the hall revolves in a conical
pendulum with an angular velocity of 176 radians per minute, find the tension
in tho chain to the nearest ounce.

3. A masa of 5 Ibs. rotates as a conical pendulum at the end of a string

5 feet long which can just sustain a weight, of 20 Ibs. Determine the
greatest
number of complete revolutions that can be made by the string in one minute
without breaking.
If the velocity of the bob of a conical pendulum is v and the
4. length
I, prove that the inclination of tho string to the vertical it*
given by
mn2
cos 9
^ v^_ '

gl

5. A conical pendulum consists of a small particle of mass 0-1 pound

attached at the end of a light inextensible string 2 ft. long rotating about a
vertical axis. Show that the relation between the angular velocity of revolu-
tion n and the inclination of the vertical is 2n 2 cos Q =0.
When the inclination is 30 find the angular velocity in revolutions per
minute, and the tension in the string in pound-weight. (**/)
6. A heavy particle fastened by a light inextensible string to a fixed
points, is moving in a horizontal circle at the rate of n revolutions per sec.
Prove that tho point A is at a distance g/4n*n* vertically abovo the centre of
the circle. (Roorkte 1953)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
120 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

7. Show that the time of revolution of the particle in a conical- pendu-

lum varies as the square root of the depth of the particle below the fixed point.
(P.V.)
8. the cord holding the bob of a conical
The length of pendulum is
15 cms. and the mass of the bob is 40 gms.

(1) Find the least height of tho pendulum and the greatest velocity
of the bob when the string can bear a tension of 50 gms. in free
motion.

(2) Find the pressure on a horizontal plane at a depth of 5 cms.

below the fixed point when the bob makes one revolution each
second.

(3) Find the greatest number of complete revolutions per second

so
that the bob may not leave the pTane.
9. A particle of mass m is attached by a light rod of length I to a fixed
I above a smooth horizontal table on which the particle is
point at a height
describing a circle with velocity v. Show that there will be a pressure on the
table if v 2 <| gl and find this pressure.
9

10. Two small weights of 2 oz. and 1 oz. respectively, are connected by
a light inextensible string a foot long, which passes through a smooth ring.
The 2 oz. weight hangs at a distance of 9 inches below the ring while the 1 oz.
weight de3cribes a horizontal circle. Show that the plane of tho circle is 1J
inches below the ring, and show also that the one ounce weight makes very
nearly 153 r.p.m.
n. A horizontal bar AB of length 6 is made to rotate with a constant
angular velocity co about a vertical axis through tho end B. If the particle 13
attached to A by a string of length /, and the string makes an angle with the
vertical when the motion is steady, prove that
6)2
tan = (6-ffsin 0).
/

12. An string of natural length I is extended by an amount x

elastic
when it supports a mass m
at rest, and is extended by an amount y when it
is rotating as a conical pendulum carrying a
particle of tho same mass. Show
that /

13. A particle is attached to an clastic string of natural length I and

modulus equal to five times the weight of tho particle. Tho particle is whirled
so as to move in a conical pendulum of height 1. Show that wl>en the motion
issteady, the velocity of the particle must be J ^ gl .

14. A conical pendulum consists of a light elastic string of natural

length I and modulus X attached to a bob of mnss m. Show that when the
pendulum rotates with an angular velocity CO, tho inclination to the vertical is
given by

I5 (*) One end of a string 21 ft. long is fastened to a point A on a fixed

smooth vertical rod tho other to a small ring P of mass m Ibs. which slides on
;

the rod another mass Q of m' Ibs. is fastened to the middle point of tho string
;

and revolves with velocity v in a horizontal circle go that the angle AQP is a
right anglo. Prove that

(it) If w=m' and Q moves with uniform angular velocity c> about the
rod, show that tho inclination of both portions of tho string to tho vertical is

16. A particle is tied by two equal strings each of length a to two

points in the same vortical lino, about which tho particle revolves with cons*
tant angular velocity to. If the strings are both taut and inclined at an
angle
to the horizontal, provo that the ratio of their tensions ia

(aw 2 sin 0+0) (ato* siu :

y).
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A CIBCLH 121

^17, The Governor <tf a steam engine, making 180 revolutions per minute,
takes up the position shown in the sketch, the rods AC, BD, CE and being in- DF
clined at the same angle of 30 with the vertical. It is required to find W, the
weight of the loaded sleeve, the mass of each ball being given.
The piece AB
is fixed to the vertical spindle and the rods AC, RD, OS
*nd DF are freely hinged at both ends, so that when the spindle rotates the
sloeve EF can slide up and down, the balls G and D
moving in a horizontal circle.
Take AB=JS?JF=2* AC=BD=CE=*DF=Q', m, the
;

mass of each ball =2 lbs. and the mass of the rods

negligible.
Now, r the radius of the circle described by each
ball=*0<7=OL+LC=i AB+AC sin 30l + 6xi=4*
=i ft.

<o, the angular velocity of each ball=180 r.p.m.

ISO
67c rad./sec.

Let P be the pull in each of the rods AC and BD

and Q ,, ,, CE and DF
For motion of one of the balls, say C, wo have :

vertically, P cos 30= Q cos 30+ 2g, i.e., P~ Q -g ..(I)

horizontally, (P+Q) sin 30=mrw*=2x Jx36xir 8,

i.e., (2).

7l2 _
. lbs wt . .

Now resolving vertically for the sleeve EF we have t

cos lbs.

18. In Ex. 17, find W when '

(i) AB, AC etc., are as before, lb., (0 = 210 r.p.m.

(it) AB = 3", XC=10*, m=3 lbs., )20 r.p.m.

7*4. Rotating Sphere, A hollow smooth sphere is rotating

with uniform angular velocity <o about a vertical diameter, to find the

position of relative rest of a particle placed in it.

Let P be the position of the particle and let
~a the radius of the sphere,
y

~r, the radius of the horizontal circle

described by P,

and R, the pressure of the sphere on the particle,

then

me and R sin Q-=m<* z rmu"a, sin . .

(2).
.'. from (1) and (2), we get

tan -
sin (3).

or cos 0=:- sin 0.

Either sin 0=0 i.e., 0=0 and from (1) R~mg, which gives the
lowest position as the position of
rest,
or 9
cos 0=-

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
122 BLBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Since, cos

Thus if the angular velocity fall short of A/ ,

the particle
will rest only at the lowest point.

Examples
i. A particle moving on the inside of a smooth sphere of radius r r
describes a horizontal circle at a distance Jr below the centre of the sphere.
Show that its spead is ^\/g r.
3. A smooth cup in the form of a paraboloid is set whirling with
angular velocity eo about its axis which is vortical, Show that a particle will
remain in equilibrium on any part of its surface if co=VV/2a t where 4a is the
latus-rectum of parabolic section of the cup.
3. A body is moving in a circle making n revolutions per sec. on
the surface of a smooth hollow cone of vertical angle 2. Show that the
distance of the body from the axis of the cone is

~~
g cot

4- A cyclist's circular racing track is part of a cone with axis vertical ,

vertex downwards, semi-vertical angle 60, and radius 120 ft. If the co
efficient of friction is 0*3, find the maximum and minimum speeds possible
on the track. (Punjab Public Service Commission)
[Ans* 64 ; 30 ft. per sec. approx.]

7*5. Motion of a bicyclist on a curved path. When a

man runs or rides a bicycle on a curved path (supposed to be nearly
circular), he always leans towards the centre
of the path. By this the reaction of the
ground becomes inclined to the vertical.
1

Let the machine and the rider be repre-

sented by the line AB inclined at an angle
to the vertical. The forces acting on the
machine are :

(i) the total weight mg acting

at the 9

centre of gravity of the machine and the

rider, and (ii) reaction S, passing through J?,
the point of contact with the ground.
Now for motion in a horizontal circle, there must be a force
wv*/r acting towards the centre of motion. In this case this necessary
force which has to act at G is the resultant of S and mg.
Since mg acts at G, therefore, S must also pass through <?.

Resolving vertically and horizontally, we have

and ,S sin 0- ..(2)

--, ..(3)

which gives the inclination of the machine to the vertical in terms of

the velocity and the radius of the path described.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A CARRIAGE 123

The shows that whenever v is large and r is small, $ is

result
large, the
i.e., cycle is in danger of falling to the ground if the
cyclist either takes a sharp turn or takes a turn while moving at
great speed.

F, the horizontal component of S, is the force of friction and

mt;2
= o sin fi=
*
Sf
r
,

R, the vertical component of S~S cos Q=mg.

Note. It is important to note that is not an external force but is

really tho resultant effect of the forces mg and S.

7*6. Motion of a railway carriage or a motor car on a

curved level track. When a railway carriage moves along a curved
horizontal path (supposed to be f n
circular), the force towards the

centre of the path is supplied by the

horizontal component of the pressure
of the rails on the flanges of the
wheels.
Let A BCD be the section of a
r
mg
railway carriage by the vertical plane r .^
perpendicular to the direction of ^ B fj A
motion through G, its centre of gravity
(supposed to lie midway between A and B), A and B being the points
where the wheels touch the lines.
Let AB t
the lateral distance between the wheels be 2a, and h
the height of G above AB.
Let Ps be the resultant vertical components and JFlf t
P l9 F ,

(F^FiF) the resultant horizontal components of the pressures of

the rails on the wheels on the two sides.
Also, let r be the radius of the curved path described, and v the
velocity of the train.
'

The effective force acting at G is the resultant effect of all

r
the forces (J?\,
F 2 Pl% P2 mg)
, , acting on the carriage.
Resolving in the horizontal and vertical directions, we have

2
1 l
and J? ==f 1 -fjPg= ..(2).

The last equation shows that the force is equivalent to a

force acting along the line AB, not passing through G, the centre of
mass of the carriage.
7*6 1. Upsetting of a carriage on a carved level track.
mv*
As all the forces on the carriage are equivalent to acting
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
124 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

-at G, therefore the sum of the moments of the forces about any point
is the same as the moment of
r

Taking moments about A, we have

mt2 i z> o
A=rwgr.a P^ 2a .

from (1) i.e., P^P^nig and (3), we have

..(4).

This shows that Pl is always positive and increases with v,

while Pt decreases as v increases and vanishes when v 2 =-~- so that

h
the wheels on the inside of the curve are no longer in contact with
the ground and the carriage begins to tilt about A towards the outside
of the curve if

It shows that v is large when a is large and h is small so that

the danger of upsetting is minimized by keeping the centre of gravity
of the carriage as low as possible and distance between the wheels as
large as possible.
These being fixed for any particular carriage, the danger is
further reduced by keeping v small and r large, i.e., by reducing the
velocity of the carriage and avoiding a sharp turn.
Equations (3) and (4) give the vertical pressures on the inner
outer wheels.

The motion of a motor car is exactly similar to the motion of

a railway carriage. The forces F19 F^ are, in this case the forces of ,

friction between the tyres of the wheels and the ground.

7-62. The result (5) given above can also be arrived at, and
the phenomenon of upsetting can be explained as follows :

The central force - necessary to cause the circular motion,

should really act at G, the centre of gravity of the carriage but, actu-
alty, being produced by Fl and F2 or their resultant, JP, it can act
only at the points of contact with the rails or ground. Now the force
F acting along AB is equivalent to an equal horizontal force F acting
at G together with a couple which tends to make the carriage rotate
in direction BCD A, i.e.. to lift the inner wheels off the ground and to
tilt the carriage about A .

This fact is responsible for the upsetting of a carriage rounding

a curve at high speed. The weight nig acting vertically at G is the
only force which prevents this rotation.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A CARRIAGE 125

The moment of the couple tending to upset the carriage is

F.h= h while the moment of the weight about A is mg. a,

/. the carriage will upset,

>mga or if v> A / ~-r-~.

7*63. Wehave seen that in the case of a railway carriage the

force F acts on the wheels in the horizontal direction and action and
reaction being equal and opposite the wheels also exert an equal
amount of pressure on the rails in the opposite direction. These
lateral pressures wear
away the rails and are undesirable. In the case
of the motion of a motor car or a carriage moving on a curved road,
the force F appears as the force of friction between the wheels and
the ground.

We have also seen that the force -F== acting along the line
AB and not acting at G, the centre of mass, tends to upset the
carriage.
In order to avoid these objectionable lateral pressures and the
danger of upsetting, the plane of the track is banked up, i.e., it ia
made inclined to the horizontal. In a railway track this is done by
raising the outer rail, so that the floor of a railway carriage moving
on a curved track is not horizontal.

7*7. Motion on a banked up track. How the banking up

of the track prevents the lateral
pressure and upsetting of a carriage
can be shown as follows : r\

Let $ be the inclination of the floor

to the horizontal and R jR the normal
l9 t
reactions perpendicular to the floor.
In order that there may be no lateral

thrust, the necessary force towards the

centre of the horizontal path must be the
resultant of the external forces l9
Rt9 and R
mg acting at G.
Equating the sum of the resolved parts of the forces, and their
resultant in the horizontal and vertical directions, we have

mt> f _ _ _
* and (^*i"i--Bt) cos $=mg.
f*

" (l)
~~^
which gives the required inclination of the track.
Thus, when the plane of the track is made inclined to the
horizontal, at an angle given by this equation, there is no side thrust
on the track.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
126 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Also as the resultant of the weight and the normal reactions

is acting at 9 there will be DO tendency to upset.

Note. Equation (1) can also be obtained at once by equating the

-
reaolred part of the resultant and the forces in the direction AB.

Thus we have cos Q=mg sin or tan 0*=-

7*71. When banking up the road, the engineers adjust the angle
Q with reference to some moderate velocity with which the trains (or
cars on roads) are generally expected to move. If the actual velocity,
say V, of a train is different from v, which the engineers have taken
into account in banking up the road, some lateral thrust, (friction in
the case of a car) say F comes into play. 9

Suppose that the force

the carriage

down
is F, then
- .
F acts
cos $, the
along AB when the
component of the central
velocity of
force

the slope is supplied by F, and mg sin the component of the

weight.

Hence -mF*
cos 0= F+mgsin

.., ^ .
,
F=-
v
r
cos mg sm
Wonated by 2
Mr. N. Sreekanth =mcos0(~
M.Sc.(Maths) U. /v>_\
m cos $( -
J
[by (1) Art. 7*7.].

Thus, if V
(the actual velocity of the train) is greater than v
(Ihe velocity for which there is no side thrust for the inclination fl),
F is positive, i.e., it acts in the direction and is caused by the AB
pressure of the outer rail at A while if V is less than v, is negatu e, F
it acts in the direction BA and is caused by the inner rail at JB.

Exactly the same results apply to a banked up motor track.

Examples XXI
I.A bicyclist ia revolving round a circular garden at the rate of 5 1

tn.p.h. the diameter of the garden being 100 yards. Find at what angle to the
vertical he should keep himself inclined in order to maintain the speed.
3. Find the horizontal thrust exerted on tho rails by an engiuo of rmisa
25 tons going round a curve of radius 440 yards at 36 miles per hour.
If there is to be no horizontal thrust on the rails, show that the track
must be banked at tan- 1 0-066.
3. An aeroplane moves at 90 m. p. h. in a curve of 110 yards radius.
Show that the piano must be banked at nearly 59 to the horizontal.
4.
A mass of one pound is suspended by a string 2 ft. long in a railway
carriage. Show that when the train is moving round a curve whose radius ia
1.452 ft. at the rate of 30 m.n.h* the tension of the string is increased by about
T , of an ounce and the horizontal displacement of the mass is nearly one inch.
l

5. If a particle of weight W
is suspended from the roof of a railway

carriage which is moving with a constant speed v, in a curve, prove that, in the
position in which the particle is at rest relatively to the carriage, the tension of
the cord ia Iff 1 H |-y
1 , where p is the radius of curvature of the path.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A CARRIAGE 127

6. A merry. go- round is revolving in a horizontal circle of radius, 3 ft.

at the rate of 7 revolutions in 22 sees, A child of weight 20 Ibs. rides a wooden
horse suspended by a string ^5 ft. long.
Find the tension in the string and show that its inclination to the
vertical is tan"" 1 J.

At what point will the child fall on the ground if he loses hold of the
horse whose height above the ground is 4 ft.
7. If on a railway curve of radius 400 yards the distance between the
rails is 5 ft. and the super- elevation of the outer rail is 3 inches, and if there is
to be no lateral thrust on the rails, show that the velocity of a train must be
about 30 miles per hour.
What is the lateral thrust on the track produced by an engine of weight
10 tons (1) at rest, (2) moving at a speed of 25 m.p.h., (3) at a speed of 35
m.p.h. ?
8* Find the velocity with which a train can travel without side pres-
sure , on a curved portion of 'the Kalka- Simla railway track of gauge 30* : it is
given that
=lj*and J?=*261 ft.
where stands for the super-elevation and Jf? for the radius of the track.
Also find the same when S=2i*, and <R140 ft.
9. A railway of gauge 5 ft. is taken round a curve of $ mile radius.
What super-elevation must be given to the outer rail in order that a train
travelling round that curve at 30 and 60 m.p.h. may impose the same side pres-
sure on the inner and outer rail respectively ?
10. A motor racing track of radius a is banked at an anglo oc. Obtain
an equation which will give the spe-d for which the track is designed. Show
that if the speed of a car is one-half this speed, there will be a total transverse
f fictional force of $W
sin a between the cor and the ground, W
being the weight
of the car.
An engine of weight
i. W is at rest on a railway curve of radius r,
which banked up to suit a speed
is t>, show that there is an internal lateral
thrust on the rail of magnitude.

ia. The axles of a motor car are 4 ft. 6 in. in length and the centre of
gravity of the car is 2 ft. above the ground. Prove that the car will overturn
if it is driven round an arc of radius 30 ft. at a speed
greater than 22*5 m.p.h.
It is assumed that the car does not skid.

13. The velocity of a motor-car ia t>, the distance between its wheels is a
and the height of its centre of gravity above the ground is h> show that the
radius of the smallest circle which the centre of gravity can describe, without
f\ rt i

the inner wheels leaving the ground is -

ag
14. A tram with wheels 5 ft. apart weighs 2 tons and has its C .O. 5 ft.
above the ground. Find the pressure on the sides of the track and the vertical
reactions on the wheels when it moves round a curve of 100 yards radius at 24
ft. per second.
What is the smallest radius of the curve in which the tram can move at
this speed without overturning ?

REVISION QUESTIONS VI
1. that the angular velocity of a moving point P about a fixed
Show
origin O is vp/r*, where v is the velocity of P and p is tho perpendicular
OPrJ
from O on the direction of motion. (Roorkee)
2. If * particle describes a circle of radius a uniformly making one
revolution in n seconds, prove that its acceleration is directed to wards the
centre and is

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
128 ELEMENT AKY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Show that the effect of the rotation of the earth is to lessen the apparent

weight of a body at the equator by about T of itself.

[Take the circumference of the earth as 40,000 kms. and g as 980 C.G.S.
units.}
3. m
A bolt, the mass of which is Ibs. per foot length, passes round half
the circumference of a pulley wheel, the speed of belt being v ft., per eoc. If TI
and Tj be the tensions in the two sides of the belt, show that, neglecting the-
weight of the pulley, the total pull on the pulley is equal to

4. A
particle of mass m
is attached to a point O by an inoxtensible

tring of length I. Prove that it can describe a horizontal circle about a point
vertically below with uniform angular velocity co, provided 2<o 2 >(/.
Prove that if the string is elastic this condition is replaced by

where ^ is the modulus of elasticity and J the natural length of the string.

5. A string of length I has its ends fastened to two points A and B in

the same vertical Ime, A being above B. A bead (7 on the string rotates about
AB with uniform a/igular velocity 6). Show that
(i)7 if the string is not vertical, cos A cos # = -~~5.
2 a6<o

(it) BC is horizontal, if <o 2 = -7;--o ~""~ x

-

C\t C i

6. The point A is vertically above B and L The ends of a string AB

ABC of length 2J are fixed at A and B. A bead of mass m, which can slide
freely on the string describes a horizontal circle with angular velocity to about
. The plane in which C moves is at depth y below A. Show that

7. A railway carriage is travelling on a curve of radius r with velocity

v ; if h bo tho height of the centre of inertia of the carriage above the- rails and
2a the distance between them, show that the weight of tho train is divided
between tho inner and the outer rails in the ratio of gra v 2 h to gra+v* k ard
hence show that the carriage will upset if

v> */ ~- (P. V. ; D.U. Rons. 1927)

8. If the maximum and minimum speeds of trains on a certain eurve

of radius r are v and ti respectively, show that, if tho track is banked up 80
that the sleepers are inclined at an angle ft to the horizontal such that

tan /J--.
then the outer lateral thrust of the fastest train is equal to tho inner lateral
thrust of the slowest train, assuming their weights to bo equal.
9. A train starts from rest and moves on a level uniform curve with
acceleration/. The outer rail is raised so that tho floor of tho carriage is in-
clined at an angle a to the horizontal. Show that a body cannot rest on tho
floor of the carriage unless tho co-efficient of friction between tho body and tho

floor i* greater than N + gsn .

g cos
10, A with velocity v on a circular track of radius a on
cyclist rides
level ground. Determine the angle of friction, X, between tho wheels nnd the
ground necessary to prevent slipping outwards. (Ana. tan"" 1 u 2 /
If tho track were banked up to an elevation /3, prove that the necessary
angle of friction would bo X ft, where X is the angle determined in tho first
part of the question. (JBw. U.)

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER VIII

MOTION ALONG A SMOOTH VERTICAL CIRCLE

SIMPLE PENDULUM
8" i.' When a particle is constrained to move along a circle we
generally find its motion by i- 1 ii-j the forces in the tangential and
*

normal directions and writing the equations of motion in the form

dv rwtr
mv~- -
F t and
ds
In the particular case bf a particle moving along a horizontal
circle, if F t is zero, the first equation shows that v is constant. This
case was discussed in the previous chapter.

Now we consider another particular case, namely, the motion of

a particle on a smooth circle in a vertical plane when the force acting
on it is the force of gravity only.
(We may conceive of a smooth curve by the concave or convex
side of a circular strip of smooth metal.)
In this case, the first equation, gives rise to a simple relation
between the velocities at any two points of the circle and the vertical
distance between them. This relation is obtained in the next article
and will be frequently used in late r discussions of circular motion.
8*a. A particle is projected along the inside of the arc of a
smooth vertical circle, from any point in it with velocity t\. To prove
that vt the
, velocity of the particle, after it has moved through a height
A, is given by

Let O be the centre, A the lowest point and r, the radius of the
vertical circle.

Let a particle of mass m move along

the arc BPC, B bfcing its initial position
where its velocity is v 1 C and the final
position where its velocity is v2 .

Let v be the velocity of the particle

at any point P
and let Z.40P=0 and
arc AP=s.
The only external forces acting on
the particle are its weight mg, acting
vertically downwards, and tho pressure R
of the curve in the direction of tho normal.
Equation of motion of the particle
along TP. the tangent ut P, is
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
130 ELEMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

-7-=sum
as
of the components of the forces along TP
=e mgainQ. (

_ A dto rfv c?0 1 dv r . A1

But -j-=~j7r
'
T- '
^xr [since
L s=r0].
4
ds dQ ds r d&
/7

/. the equation (1) can be written as : v-t- = rg sin 0,

Integrating, we have \v*~rg cos 0+c=g.

where y is the height of P above A .

Now at B where vt**v l9 let 2/=!/i, so that

Also at C where v=t;a ,

let y=?/2> then
^2
2 =
Subtracting, we get ^^v l
2 =
or t?j =#1 -

where h is the height of the point C above the point B.

If, instead of moving upwards, the particle slides down the arc
of the circle with an initial velocity u, the velocity v after moving a
vertical distance h is given by v 2 ~u*-{-2gh.
2
If the particle slides from rest, v =^2gh.
Thus the tangential equation of motion of a particle, moving
along a circular arc, gives us its velocity at any point on the arc.
The normal reaction on the particle, R is then obtained from
the equation of motion along the normal, viz.,

=sum of the components of the forces along the normal

=12 nig cos 0.

Similar results for the general case of motion of a particle along
any curve will be given in Chapter XIII.

Example. A heavy particle is free to movo in a vertical circle of

radius I,tho particle is projected with velocity u from tho lowest point A of
.the circle. If v bo its velocity when it has risen a vortical distance h, prove
that t'S w2 - 2yh. If it just reaches a point /?, show that

L-AB. (P.C7.)

We now consider various cases of motion of a particle

moving along a smooth vortical circle, i.e., along tho concave or
convex side of a smooth strip of metal bent into the form of a vertical
circle.

Motion on the outside of a smooth vertical circle*

A particle starts from re*t at tkt highest
point and mores down along the
outside of the arc of a smooth vertical circle, to discuss the motion.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A VBBTIOAL OIBOLB 131

A OB is the vertical diameter of the circle of radius rf P is

any position of the particle and PN is drawn -perpendicular to AB.
Let AN^h and AOP-0.
If t; is the velocity at P, then by Art. 8'2 we
have
t>*20. AN^2gh. ..(1).

Equation of motion along the normal PO, is

*
=mjr CJDS $ R
(the particle being outside the arc, the pressure
on it is outwards.)

/.
.
R=ml
t> (
g cos
*
$
&
-- \ ( rh
J^M 9 ---
%ffh \
)***vng
-
r~~ 3*
1

which gives R, the pressure of the curve on the particle.

R vanishes when A=-~-,

u
the particle no longer presses the arc

and leaves it. It afterwards moves in a free parabolic path.

8-31. To find the equation to the subsequent parabolic path.

Take the point where it loaves the curve as origin, the horizontal
line as the axis of x and the downward vertical line as the axis of y.
If v is the velocity at that point, then

r 2
V*=2gh=2y. =^gr.
The direction of motion at the point makes an fcngle ^with the
horizontal given by

--
ON IT ^ 2
or

qx*
f

The equation to the path is y~x tan fl+^- a ~i

_\
~ ,
X2 '
2 16r

This is the required equation to the parabolic path whose latus-

8-4, Motion on the inside of a smooth vertical circle.

A particle is projected from
the lowest point with velocity u and move*
along the inside of the arc of a smootfi vertical circle, to discuss the
motion.

A OB is the vertical diameter of the circle. P is any position of

the particle and PN
is drawn perpendicular to AB.

Let jB0P=0, 0P=r, and BN=h

then /fc=r r cos 0, a relation between k and 0.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
132 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

If v is the velocity at P, then by Art. 8*2, we have

A *--* ..(i)
Equation of motion along the normal PO is
mv* _
=/2 rng cos 0.

r h\
cos
T

= -
-[-M
2-
SgrA+yr] in terms of A, . .
(2)
r

or = (u
2
2gf+3gr cos 0) in terms of 0.

Equation (1) gives the velocity of the particle and equation (2)
gives R, the pressure of the curve on the particle.
w?< 2
(a) At the lowest point B, 7i=0, (0=0) and R [-mg (3)

(6) At highest point A, where A=2r (0=Tc),

W r O t
=M t
and by (1), t

In order that the particle may not leave contact with the arc of
the circle,R should not vanish till the particle reaches the highest
point, t.e., u*>&gr for which value of u, the velocity v also does not
vanish at any point ; thus the particle makes a complete revolution.
It must also go on making complete revolutions subsequently
provided the resistance of the air is altogether avoided and the arc IH

ideally smooth wfiich in practice is impossible.

When tt
2
r=5</r, then from (3) R6mg
so that if the particle is
projected with a velocity jvst sufficient to take it to the highest point,

pressure at the lowest point Qmg, six times the weight of the particle.
To consider other cases, suppose that the velocity v vanishes at
a height Aj and the pressure R
vanishes at a height h tJ then from (1)
and (2), we have

(c) h,<h 2 if

Thus if the velocity of projection, u

than the velocity is less
sufficient to take the particle to the level of the
horizontal diameter,
the velocity vanishes before the pressure vanishes. The particle,
therefore, stops and moves down, acquires some velocity at the lowest
point B, moves on the other side of through an equal height and B
goes on moving to and fro just like the bob of a clock pendulum.

(d) />,<*! if
-j< '.., "2 > V-
2 2
So that if 7/
>2(/r, and<5r/r i.e., when the velocity of pro-
i/

jection is sufficient to take the particle higher than the kvel of the
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A VBBTICAL CIBOLB 133

horizontal diameter is insufficient to allow the particle to make

and
complete revolutions, the -pressure vanishes before the velocity
vanishes. The particle, therefore, leaves the arc and on account of
the velocity it possesses, it moves freely along a parabolic path whose
equation can be obtained.
Hence we obtain the following results :
(i) When u*<2gr, the particle oscillates on each side of the lowest
point.
When u*>2gr but <5gr,the particle leaves the cur re some-
(it)

where above the level of O, and describe* a parabola.

(Hi) When u*>5gr, it makes complete revolutions.
8*41. Bead on a smooth vertical circular wire.
In the case of motion of a bead on a smooth vertical circular
wire or that of a particle moving inside a smooth vertical circular
tube, the bead or the particle necessarily keeps to the circular path
and the question of its leaving the circle does not arise.
In the case when u 2 >2gr, and <5gr, the pressure vanishes for
an instant somewhere in the upper half of the circle and then it
changes sign, so that instead of the bead pressing the wire outwards,
it begins to press it inwards above that point.

In this case the particle can reach the highest point if v f >4gr.
8*42. Motion of a particle attached to the end of a
string. If a particle is hanging from a fixed point by a light inex-
tcnsible string and is projected with a certain horizontal velocity, the
motion is exactly the same as that of a particle moving inside a
smooth vertical circle. We
have only to substitute the tension for T
the pressure 72, and the length of the string I, for the radius r of the
circle in the discussion of Art. 8*4.

In the case when u*>2gl .and <5gl, the tension vanishes some-
where above the point of suspension, the string becomes slaok, and
the particle describes a parabola freely so long as the string does not
become tight again.
In order that the particle may make complete revolutions, the
string must be strong enough to bear a tension of at least six times
the weight of the particle.
[This can be deduced from (3) Art. 8-4, by replacing jR by T, r by I and
taking the least vnluoof u given by u**=s5gl.]
Note. A heavy particle attached to a fixed point by a light &tring and
swinging in a vertical plane known as a simple pendulum.
is usually
Example. One end of a string OA, I feet long is fixed and a body of
weight w Ins. is attached to A. Tho body is projected horizontally from its
lowest position with velocity u ft./sec. Show that as long A3 the string remains
taut, the tension in the string is

cos Q)
~j- (u*-2gl+3gl
'bs.,

where 9 is the angle OA makes with tho downward vertical.

(i) If = 11 gl, show that tho maximum tension ia twice the minimum
tension. (P.C7.)
(ft) If a 2 =a(2+V3)
show that the string bocomos alack
gl, after it has
described an angle cos" 1 (1/V3), ^^ y ^
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
134 ELBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples XXII-A
i. The roadway of a bridge over a canal is in the form of a circular
arc of radius 60J ft. What is the greatest velocity with which a motor cycle
can cross the bridge without leaving the ground at the highest point.
a. A glass containing some water is suspended by a string of length r
and made to turn along a vertical circle of that radius. Show that in order to
prevent water from spilling outside, the velocity at the highest point must be
at least

3. An aeroplane describes a vertical circle of 150 yards radiug. Find

the least velocity it must have when upside down at the highest point in or cor
that no force may be necessary to keep the pilot in his seat.
What force required to keep the pilot in his seat when the aeroplano
is
is moving upside down at the lowest point of the circle with a velocity which
is just sufficient to take it to the highest point ?

4. A trick cyclist rides inside a sphere; riding head downwards paat

the highest point. If the greatest velocity with which he can reach half-way
op the sphere is 30 m.p.h. and if he does not pedal in the upper hemisphere,
what is the diameter of the largest sphere in which he can perform his feat
without leaving contact with the sphere ?
Also find the least speed the cyclist must have when upaide down at tin*
highest point of a sphere of radius 21 ft., the masa of the machine and rider
being supposed to be concentrated at a point 3 ft. from the track.
In a centrifugal railway a car runs down a long slope and then tha
5.
rails takea turn round a vertical circle of 30 feet diameter, so that the car and
passengers are upside down at the top. What is the loa*t vertical height
through which the car must descend before entering the circle in order that it
may not leave the rails.
6. A
particle attached by a light string of length 3a to a fixed point
describes a horizontal circle of radius a with uniform angular velocity o>, provu
that 2v2a6)*=0r.
If when the particle is moving in this manner, it ia suddenly stopped
and then let go, find its velocity when the string is vertical in the subsequent
motion.
7. A particle slides from rest down the rim of a smooth vertical circular
disc, startingfrom the position in which the radius through the particle make*
an angle a with the vertical. Prove that the particle leaves the disc when tho
radius through it makes an angle of cos"" 1 ($ cos a) with tho vertical.
from rest at a depth Jr below the highest point
(a) If tho particle starts
show that leaves the disc at a height Jr above the centre.
it

(6) If it starts from the highest point with an initial velocity due to a
fall from a height h above the centre, show that it will fly off tho disc at a
height \h above the centre.
8. A particle is projected horizontally with speedVi0 from ^e highest
point of the outside of a fixed smooth sphere of radius a. Show that it will
leave the sphere at the point whose vertical distance below the point of pro-
jection is Ja. Find the magnitude and direction of tho velocity of tho particlo
when it strikes the plane upon which tho sphere stands.
Tho bob of a freely hanging simple pendulum of length / is projected
9.
frcm lowest position with speed \/6gL
its Find the velocity of tho bob and
tension in the string when the string makes 120 with tho downward vertical.
Weight of tho bob is W. (P.V. 1951)
10. Find the greatest angle through which a person can oscillate on a
swing, ropes of \\hich can support twice tho person's weight when at rest.
If the ropes are strong enough and he swings through 180 and if v is his
'

speed at any point, provo that tho tension in the rope at the point is

where m is the mass of the person and / tho length of the string.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A VBETIOAL OIBCLB 135

ii. A stone of Weight w is tied to one end of a string and is describing a

a vertical plane, the other end of the string being fixed. If the max.
circle in
speed of the stone is twice the rain, speed, prove that when the string is
horizontal its tension is 10 w/3.
Also find the tension when the string makes an angle of 45 with the
downward vertical.
la. With what velocity must a particle be projected from the lowest
point of a smooth sphere of radius a in order that moving inside the sphere it
may just reach (i) the end of the horizontal diameter, (ii) the highest point ?
(a) Show that the reaction at any point is proportional to the depth
below the horizontal diameter in the ficst case and below the highest point in
the second case.

(6) If the velocity of projection=\/2<7/*> and if fa >&>a, prove that

the circular motion ceases when the particle has reached the height i(a-

13. A
heavy particle hanging from a fixed point by a light inextensible
string of length a is projected horizontally with velocity u. Show that during
circular motion the tension of the string at any time is proportional to the
depth of the particle at that moment below a certain horizontal line.
(P.U. 1954)
14. A weight of 2 whirled 'round in a vertical circle with a cons-
Ib- is
tant speed of 20 ft. per sec., at the end of an elastic cord. The natural length
of the cord is 6 ft. and it extends 1 foot for every 7 Ibs. of tension. Find the
length of the cord at the top and bottom of the path of the weight.
15. A heavy particle is suspended by a string from a fixed point and
rotates in a vertical circle. Show that the sum of the tensions of the string
when the particle is at tho opposite ends of a diameter is the same for all dia-
meters.
16. A mass of 10 Ib3. is attached to one end of a string the other end of
which is fixed at O. The mass is held such that tho string is tight and horizon-
tal and it is released so that it describes a vertical circle. Find the tension in
the string when it is vertical.

Tn this position the string presses against a peg vertically below 0, the
tension in the string is thereby trebled. Find the depth of the peg below 0.

17. A heavy particle is projected horizontally along the interior of a

smooth fixed sphere of radius a with a velocity 2\/ ag from a point at a deptli
a below the centre of tho sphere. Prove that the particle will just rise to the
level of the centre.
18. A heavy bead is constrained to move on a smooth vortical circular
wire of radius a. Show that the bead will describe the whole circle if projee-
ted from the lowest point with a velocity just greater than 2\/tig.
What happens when instead of the bead, a particle is projected from
tho lowest point with the same velocity.

19. A
particle slides outside a fixed smooth circle in a vertical plane,
starting from rest at the top, and another is projected from the lowest point,
inside the circle with just sufficient velocity to carry it to the top ; prove that
both leavo the circle at tho same point, and proceed to describe parts of the
same parabola.
ao. A small ball is tied to one end of an inelastic string, the other end
of which is attached to a fixed point 0. It is held with the string tight at a
point which is H
feet above O and then let fall. If the length of the string be
3 feet, find its velocity immediately after the string becomes tight and the
height above to which it subsequently rises. (D.U.)
at, A particle of mass m, attached to a fixed peg O by a string of
length /, ia lifted up with the string horizontal and then let go. Prove that.
when the string makes angle with the horizontal, the resultant acceleration
is

If the particle ia let fall from a point in tho horizontal through at a

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
136 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
distance I cos from 0, show that when it is
vertically below O, its velocity
is

and the tension of the string is mg(3-2 sin* 0).

Examples XXII-B
*i. Find the velocity Vith which a particle must be projected along the
interior ofa smooth vertical hoop of radius i% from the lowest point in* order
that it may leave the hoop at an angular distance of 30 from the vertical.
>

Show that it will strike the hoop again at an extremity of the horizontal
diameter.
Show also that if the velocity of projection be
\/^17**,
the particle will
leave the hoop and return to the lowest point. [An*. \/J0r(4+3v3)]
9. A simple pendulum is sotswinging in a vertical plane so as to make
complete revolutions. IfJ^bo its length, show that the velocity of projection
must not be less than \/5gl.
In the subsequent motion 6> is the angular velocity at any point of the
particle's path. If the maximum angular velocity is greater than CO by an
amount a and the minimum angular velocity is losa by the same amount, prove
that
3. A
heavy particle of mass m
makes complete revolutions in a smooth
circular tube fixed in a vertical plane. Its greatest speed is n timos its least
speed. Prove that the pressure in tho tubo when the particle is moving verti-

cally is
JJjLli
~
9 thft t its speed then is * / - timos its speed at the
highest point. (P. CM

*4- A hollow cylinder of internal radius a horizontal rotates round its

axis with constant angular velocity to. Show that a small particle inside the
cylinder will start to slide when its radius makes an angle with tho downward
vertical given by
06)2
sin (0 X)=- sin X,

X being tho angle of friction.

*5 A
wheel whose spokes arc of length a is mado to revolve about a
horizontal axis with uniform angular velocity a), on one spoke a small ring fits
loosely, and initially the ring is at rest in contact with tho lowest point of the
rim of the wheel. Prove that tho angle a through which the wheel turns
before the ring slides is given by
g cos (a -X)-|-a6> 2 cos X=0,
where X tho angle of friction between the ring and the spoke.
is

*6. A particle hangs freely from a string of length I, it is projected

horizontally with a velocity 2\/gl. Show that it will rise to a height of / be-
fore the string becomes slack.
Also show that subsequently it will pass at a height
^l directly over tho
point of suspension.
*7. A
particle at the end of a string of length I, tho^upper end which of
(a fixed, is projected horizontally with tho velocity <\/~wji If tho string be- t

comes slack before tho particle reaches tho top of tho circle, show that it docs
BO at a height J(i-fn)/3 above the lowest point. Prove also that tho vertex of
tho parabola that it afterwards describes is higher than tho point of projection
by 5 ~(l+n)(8-n).
A particle is projected along tho inner side of a smooth vertical
*8.
circle,of radius a tho velocity at the lowest point being u. Show that if
2
<5<7a (>2gn) the particle will leave the circle before arriving at the highest
point and will describe a parabola whoso latus rectum is

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE 137

SIMPLE PENDULUM
8*5. a heavy particle is tied to one end of a light in-
If
extensible string the other end of which is fixed, and oscillates
in a vertical circle, we have what is called a Simple Pendulum.
We now obtain the time of oscillation of such a pendulum
when it is allowed to oscillate through a small angle only.
Let O be the fixed point, A the lowest
position of the particle, and P any position
such that the arc AP=8 and /_AOP=Q.
The forces acting on the particle are its
weight wig i and T
the tension of the string.
The equation of motion in the direc-
tion of the tangent at P is

m l~
~~ m
9 sin ? C 1 )-
fa*
If the amplitude of oscillation is supposed to be so small that
sin $ may be replaced by # (radians), we have

If I is the length of the string,

AP-=
-1 -
s

so that *!* _, ..(2).

at* i

The equation is of the same type as the equation for a simple

harmonic motion and it shows that when a simple pendulum swings
through a small amplitude, its motion is approximately harmonic. On
integration, this equation will give the velocity and time as obtained
in Art. 4*2.

The period of a complete oscillation=27c A/ = 2rc A/

Note. If the equation of motion of a particle in a particular problem

happens to bo of the form - = f x, then on comparing it with equation

(2) we find that the period of motion of tho particle is the same as that of a
simple pendulum of lenngth k. k is, therefore, known as tho length of an cquiva-
d*x X Xfl
lent in the equation = -- Xs X f
.

-^
'
simple pendulum, e.g. ,
ain~ *~~"am'g*
'

length of the equivalent simple pendulum is -

.

^
The pendulum of a clock beats at both the extreme positions
of momentary rest.

/. time of one beat or a swing= the period =ir A/ *

A clock is correct when its pendulum beats seconds,

i.e., when A/ 1, which gives J=

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
138 SLBHBHTA&T ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Hence the length of a correct simple pendulum is,

2-2 -. 32-2x12 OA - ,

Taking 0=981 cms./sec*., J=99'4 cms.

8*6. Loss or gain of Oscillations* The time of an oscilla-
tion of a simple pendulum depends upon its length and the value of
g at a place. When owing to a change in either of them, the clock
does not beat seconds, it loses or gains a number of vibrations in a
certain interval.

If n is the number of beats in a certain interval of time T

seconds, and t, the time of one beat, then

>

or nss AV ..(1).

If now the number of beats in the same interval becomes n+dn

when I becomes l+dl and g becomes g+dg i.e., ifdn is the gain in the
number of beats due to an increase of dl in I and dg in g, then

-4 V-f
-('+f )'('+*)"* -<

dg and dl being taken so small that their second and higher poicers are
neglected.
dn da dl
Hence = , ,

i-y-
7& (/

The same result may also be obtained thus :

From (1), by taking logarithms, we have

T
log n=log h* log j/ i log L

Differentiating and noticing that log is a constant whose

differential is zero, we have

where the differentials c/rt, dgr, dZ represent the changes in n, g and I

respectively.
8*6 1 If only the length I changes to l+dl, d^=0.
,
an
^ -
^ /Q\
,.(3).
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIBCLB 139

The negative sign shows that there is a loss in the number of

vibrations, so that an increase in the length of the pendulum makes the
clock go slow.

8*6a. If only g changes to gr-f dg, eK=0*

dn=4^
A g
..(4).

The result being positive, the nubmer of vibrations is gained

t .., an increase in the value of g (acceleration due to gravity) makes the
clock go fast.

Example i. Find how many seconds a clock would lose per day
if the length of its pendulum iqere increased in the ratio 900 901. :

w
nere
l+dl
~~ 901
or
dl 1

n=the number of seconds in a day

=24x60x60=86400.
c.

Since
dn
-~~ iy
.dl
/. ^-- Tn T --55^--48BecB.
, 86400 AQ dl

Hence the number of seconds lost per day is 48.

Example a. A clock keeps correct time at a place where g=32'l

ft.jsec* how many seconds would it gain or lose per
day if taken to a
place where g=32 2 ft./sec. 2 .

g+dg 32'2 dg O'l 1

~g~ ^s^i
or
y ^m^w
Sl nce
dn
---,
,dq
.-. ^--n dq =--=
, 86400 ,04
134-6.

The result being positive the clock gains 134*6 sees, per day.

Example 3. A clock with a seconds pendulum loses 20 seconds 2

per day at the place where acceleration due to gravity is 32 ft./ sec .

Find what change (i) in length, (ii) in gravity is Hr< -;/ to make it
accurate.

(i) Suppose the length of this pendulum is Z+dJ, then

dn
~~ __
dl
*
"~~"~2 f~>
n I

where H= number of seconds in one day

=24x60x00=86400
J/i ss number of seconds gained= -
20

f= correct length of the pendulum = ^ t^ rt 8 5

-
'

'

2 *
86400 I

401 40x0. 40x32x12

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
140 ELEMRNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Thus the length of the pendulum was originally too long by

O'OIS in. and must, therefore, be shortened by 0*018 in.

(ii) Let g be the value of gravity for correct oscillations, and at

this place let it be <7+<&7=32, then
dl
Since ^=i.2 n=86400 and dn= 20.
n g
g+dg ~~n+2dn ~ 86400-2x20^~~ 86360
g n "86400 86400
32 8636 32x8640 OOA1K
'

7-8640
r
^"8636-- 32 lD

Thus, g must be increased by 0*015.

8*63. Change in g due to position, (a) At points above the

surface of the earth g varies as -y

X 0~JT.
where the distance from the earth's centre and
r is ji is a constant.
2dr
. .
. . _ _ ,
log g=log [A 2 log r and hence---
dq .
--
y
Now if h is the height above the earth's surface, then
da 2h
, ,
dr=h
,
and = ---
r
9
Hence from equation (4) of Art. 8'62, we get
n dq nh
,
" /1X
*-TT"~T ()>

So that the number of oscillations is lost and the dock become*

slow when taken to a high mountain.

(b) At points inside the surface of the earth g varies as r,

i.e., ?={".
i t Q i da dr
ag~u.drdr or 2-=
r g
If D is the depth below the earth's surface, dr isnegative= D,
, ., - g-= dr = ---
dg D
-
and, therefore,
9 r r

i n dg nD /nv

So that the number of oscillations is decreased i.e., the clock

becomes slow also when taken to a deep mine.
Example 4. A clock which keeps correct time at the surface of
the earth is carried to the top of a mountain 4 miles high ; Jind the
number of seconds it will lose in a day.
Here h =4 miles,
r=radius of the earth=4000 miles,
n24x60x60=86400.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE 141

From /ix
(1),
^
e*n=
nft
r=
86400x4 ^^ 86 4 '
S6CS '

Thus, the number of seconds lost per day is 86 4.

Examples XXIII
i. Find the length of a simple correct pendulum at a place where
gravity is (i) 32*1 in foot-second units, (u) 980 in cms. sec. unite.

a. If the time of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum is 20

sees., find the length of the pendulum.

Find also the amplitude of the swing if the velocity of the bob at its
lowest position is 2 ft. /sec.

3. Calculate the number of oscillations lost per day by a simple seconds

pendulum when the length of the string is increased by Y^-*-* of itself.
4. Show that an incorrect ecconda pendulum of a clock which losea X
seconds a day must be shortened by - ---
per cent of its length in order to keep
4o.6
correct time.
5. A clock with a seconds pendulum is gaining two minutes a day.
Prove that the length of the pendulum must bo increased by 0*28 cm. to mako
it go correctly. (P.I/. 7955)
6. If a pendulum clock loses 9 minutes per week, find in mm. what
change is required in the length of the pendulum in order that the clock may
keep correct time ?
7.. A pendulum I
feet long vibrates N times in T seconds, show that
when the pendulum is lengthened K feet, it will lose n beats in T seconds
NK.
where n=-j^
21
provided K is small compared with I.

8. A pendulum whose length is I makes m oscillations in 24 hours.

When its length is slightly altered it makes ra + n oscillations in 24 hours. Show
that the diminution of length is 2nllm nearly. (P. 17. 1953)

g. A simple pendulum 2 ft. 6 m. long is found to make 100 complete

vibrations in 2 minutes 55 seconds. Find the value of g.
10. A pendulum boats seconds accurately at a place whore the accelera-
tion due to gravity is 32 ft. /sec.* If taken to a placo where the value of this
acceleration is 32-2 ft. /sec.*, will it gain or lose, and how many seconds in 24
hours ?
n. A
pendulum oscillating seconds at one place is takfm to another
place whore it loses 2 seconds per day. Compare accelerations duo to gravity
at the two places.
ia. A
geconds pendulum which gains 10 sees, per day at one place,
loses 10 sec. per day at another. Compare accelerations due to gravity at the
two places.
13. A seconds pendulumis taken to the top of a hill 4,000 ft.
high. Find
how much willgain or lose per day (radius of the earth =4000 miles).
it

14. A pendulum which beats seconds at tho surface of the earth ia

carried to tho top of a mountain 6 miles high find tho number of seconds it ;

will lose in a day.

15. If a seconds pendulum loses 10 sees, per day at the bottom of a mine,
find tho depth of the mine and tho number of seconds that the pendulum would
lose when half way down tho mine.
16. Assuming that acceleration due to gravity varies inversely AS the
squaro of the distance from tho centre of tho earth, find approximately tho
height of a mountain at the top of which a pendulum, which beats seconds at
sea level, loses 20 sees, a day. Tho radius of tho earth may be taken as 4,000
miles. (P.C7.)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
142 BLEMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

17. A clock is taken from one place on the earth's surface to another. If
-thevalue of g is increased by one per eent. t find what increase must be mad* in
the length of the pendulum to keep the time of the clock correct.
18. A seconds pendulum was too long on a day by a quantity k, it was
then over-corrected so as to become too short by k next day. Prove that the
k*
number of minutes gained in those two days is 1080 -j^ when I is the true

length of the pendulum.

19. The bob of a simple pendulum of length I starts from rest at a
point P
below the level of the centre of the circle described by it ; prove that
when it reaches the lowest point A of the circle, its velocity is ^JP-y/fl
Show that the tensions in the thread at A and P are in the ratio

mo. A particle of mass m

lies on a smooth horizontal plane, being at-
tached to a fixed point in the plane by a string of length 6. The particle is
acted on by a force F, which is constant in magnitude and direction in the
plane. If the particle is slightly disturbed from its position of equilibrium
show that it will move like the bob of a simple pendulum, and find the period
of its oscillation.
AY. A seconds pendulum hangs dgainst a wall inclined at an angle 6 to
the horizontal. Show that the time of a complete oscillation is

39. A pendulum of length I has one end of the stripg fastened to a peg
on a smooth plane inclined to the horizon at an angle a. With the string and
the weight on the plane, its time of oscillation is t seconds. If a pendulum of
length I' oscillates in one second when suspended vertically, prove that

23. A
seconds pendulum is in a lift which is ascending with uniform
acceleration of 1 ft. /sec*. Show that it will gain at the rate of a little over 66
seconds per hour.

REVISION QUESTIONS VII

A
heavy particle of weight W, attached to a fixed point by a light
I.
inextensible string, describes a circle in a vertical plane. The tension in the
string has the values and mW nW
9 respectively, when the particle
is at the

highest and lowest points in its path. Show that 4- 6, n=m (M.T.)
a. A smooth circular cylinder of radius with its axis horizon-
r is fixed
tal and a particle which at rest in contact with it at a point on its highest
is
generator, is suddenly given a horizontal velocity u in a direction perpendicular
to the axis. Prove that if u 2 >gr the particle will at once leave the surface of
the cylinder but that if u*<gr> it will remain in contact with the cylinder until
it reaches a point at a
depth (gr u*)/3<7 below its initial position.
3. A particle slides down the surface of a smooth fixed sphere of radius
<z, being slightly displaced from rest at the highest point. Find where it will
leave the sphere, and show that it will afterwards describe a parabola of latus-
rectum *$ a, and that it will strike the horizontal piano through the lowest

point of the sphere at a 'distance - T. from the vortical diameter.

27
4. The highest point A of a circle, the piano of which is vertical, is
given ; a particle starting at the point, slides down the convex side of the
circle ; find the locus of the point P where the particle teuves the circle.

[Hint. Show that the linn AP

makf38 the samo anglo with the vortical
for all circles having A as their highest point.]

(Ana. Tho straight lino through tho highest point making an angle
with tho vortical.)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE 143

5. A particle is projected from the lowest point inside a smooth sphere

of radius a, with a velocity due to a height h above the centre* Find the point
at which the particle will leave the sphere, and show that it will afterwards
pass
^3
(t) through the centre if
^-o" '

(it) through the lowest point if A= Ja.

6. A particle is free to move on a smooth
vertical circular wire of
radius a. It is projected from the lowest point with velocity just sufficient
to carry it to the Highest point. Show that after a time

9
the reaction between the particle and the wire is zero.
7. A thin smooth tube forms an arc of a circle of radius a in a vertical
plane, its ends A, B being open and at the same level and the arc AB subtends
an angle 27E 2ot at the centre. If a particle is started at the bottom of the tube
with velocity F, prove that m
order that it may re-enter the tube at B after
leaving the tube at A,
F2a0(scc a + 2 cos a + 2).
8. Two small smooth rings, each of mass m, start together from rest in
opposite directions from the highest point of a circular hoop of mass which M
rests w th its plane vertical on a horizontal plane. Show that the hoop will
:

leave the plane when the aagle 9 that the radius to a ring makes with the
vertical is given by
1

3 cos i_ L
2m
V^^o'jLf"
g. A flywheel of radius a rotates with constant angular velocity CO about
its axis which is horizontal. If the actions of the spokes on the lower half of
the rim be neglected, show that the tension m
the rim at the ends of the hori-
zontal diameter is \Ttmag + ma*to*, m
being the mass per unit length.
Calculate the tension at the ends of the horizontal diameter when the
wheel is making 50 r.p.m. the total mass being 3 tons and radius 6 ft.
(Ans. 3-2 tons)
[Assume the total mass of the lower half of the rim to be concentrated at
its C.G. and describing a vertical circle.]
10. A particle is suspended from two fixed points at a distance 2c apart
in the same horizontal line, by equal clastic threads of natural length a. Prove
that for a small vertical displacement, the length of the equivalent simple
pendulum is
Mm- a) *
l*c*a
Ibeing the length of each string and h the depth below the horizontal line in
the equilibrium position of the particle. (P. V.)
*n. A simple pendulum is started so as to make complete revolutions in
a vertical plane. What must be the least velocity of projection ?
In the subsequent motion o>| and O) a are the greatest and least angular
velocities and TI and TI are the greatest and least tensions. Prove that, when
the pendulum makes an angle with the vertical, the angular velocity is

and that the tension is

TI cos* -+ T%
2
sin* -
2
-
(A.D.)
*i. A
car takes a banked corner of a racing track at a
speed F t the late-
ral gradient a
being designed to reduce the tendency to side-slip to zero for a
lower speed u. Show that the co-efficient of friction
necessary to prevent side-
slip, for the greater speed F must be at least

(F*u*) sin a cos at

F* sin 2 a-fu* cos* a*
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
144 ELEMEKTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

13* Aparticle liea in a thin rough tube which ia in the form of a circle
of radius a* When the tube is stationary in a vertical plane, the radius to the
highest point P, in the lower half of the tube at which the particle can remain
at rest without slipping makes an angle ft with the downward vertical.
When the tube rotates with constant angular velocity about the o
vertical through the centre, show that the particle can remain at the point P

of the tube for all values of G> if

/}^-~.

14. Two beads connected by a string are held at rest on a vertical

circular wire with the string horizontal, and above the centre. Their masses
are m, m', and the string subtends an angle 2<x at the centre. If the beads are
released, show that the tension of the string when it makes an angle with the
horizontal is

2m m'g tan a cos Q

*
m+m'
[Hint. Let radii through the rings make angles ot+6, a- 6 with the
radius through the highest point, then as in equation (1), Art. 8-5, we have

asmjf sin (*+Q)-T cos a, . .( 1)

jmd m > i ^ m g gin

,
( a _ 0) _2t c o9a. ..(2)

Now eliminate
elimin --7-- by dividing (1) by m and (2) by m' and adding
the two equations.]

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER IX
WORK, ENERGY AND IMPULSE
i. WORK AND ENERGY
9*1. Work. When a body moves due to the action of a force,
the force is said to do work In order to distinguish it from various
other kinds of work, such work is called Mechanical work.
The work done by a constant force is equal to the product of the force
and the displacement of its point of application in tfte direction of the farce.
Let P be the force, s the displacement, and W the work done.
If the displacement takes place in the direction and line of
action of'the force, then
W=Fs.
If the displacement is in the same line as the force but in the
opposite direction, the work done by the force is negative
i.e., W = -Fa.
If the displacement takes place along a line at an angle to
the line of action of the force, then

the result being negative when is an

obtuse angle.
Since F.s cos $=s.F COB 9, the
work done by the force is equal to the
product of displacement and the resol-
ved part of the force in the direction of
the displacement.
If 0=
90, ir=0, that is when the displacement takes place at
right angles to the force, the force does no work.
As an illustration let W
denote the work done by the force of
gravity on a body of mass m :

When the body drops vertically a distance, A, W~mgh.

When the body rises vertically a distance, A, 1?= rilgh.
i.e., mgh units of work is required in raising the body through the
height h.
When the body slides down a length I of an inclined plane of
inclination a, TT~ wg.l sin a or nigh,
where h is the vertical distance in the direction of the lorce.
When a=0, TF=0, i.e., if the body moves along a horizontal
plane the force of gravity does no work.
9*1 1. Units of Work. 'J he absolute vnit of work is the work
done by an absolute unit offeree in moving its point of application
through a distance of unit length in the direction of the force.
In the English (F.P.8.) system, the absolute unit of work is the
work done by u force of one poutulal in moving its point of appli*
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
146 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

cation through one foot in the direction of the force and is called a
Foot Poundal.
In the French (C.G.S.) system, the absolute unit of work is the
work done by a force of one dyne in moving its point of application
through one centimetre in the direction of the force and is called an Erg.
The gravitational or practical unit of work is the work done in
lifting the weight of a unit mass through a height x>f unit length.
Owing to the slight difference in the weight of a unit mass at differ-
ent places of the earth's surface the gravitational unit of work differs
slightly at different places.
The F.P.S. practical unit of work is the Foot- Pound ?.e., the
work done in raising a mass of one pound 'vertically through a height
of one foot.
Since weight of one ponnd=gr poundals,
.% one foot-pound=g foot poundals.
The C.G.S. practical unit of work is the gramme-centimetre, i.e.,
work "done in raising one gramme vertically through a height of one
centimetre.
Since the weight of one gramme=(/ dynes,
one gramme centimetre=</ (981) ergs.
Example. A motor car weighing 20 cwt. and travelling at 15
m.p.h* is brought to rest in 50 feet by the application of its brake. Find
the work done by the resistance.
=
Speed of 15 m.p.h.=22 f.p.s., mass w 20 cwt.=20xH2 Ib.
v* 22 x 22 121
Retardation /= -v~=
J ^ ^7: 2o <v-~*
=
2s 2x50
121
F t w/=20 X 112 x -p- poundals
the force of resist ance=

.'.
^
the 11done=.r\$=
work v 20x112x121 rn ,
--p
X50 it. poundals
. .

= 20x112x121x2,,
32
ft ' lb -

==
121x2
or
121 -
A
tons=7*oo
_ _A ft.
A
tons.
**>""" ~irt

9*8. Work done by a variable force. Suppose the force,

instead of being constant, varies and acts along the line and OX
euppos'e that the particle also
O x P g* Q X
moves along the same line. If jF
is the magnitude of the force at P
at a distance x from 0, the small amount of work dene by the$W 9

force F , when the particle moves a small distance $x from P, is

approximately equal to F.$x,

.*, the total amoufit of work done

by the variable force F when the particle
moves from the point a;=a to the point
a?=s&, is given by

tT=r Pdx
A B X
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
WOEK AND ENERGY 147

Graphically it is evidently represented by the_area ABQP

under the force-distance graph between the ordinates x=a and x=b.
In the particular case when the
force is constant the graph is a straight
and the work is
line parallel to the -Y-axis
represented by the area of the rectangle
ABQP and is equal to F(b~a).
Example. A particle is attracted
towards a Jixed point with a force which
varies inversely as the square of the distance
from the point. Find the work done by the
attraction for any displacement of the particle along the line of action of
the force.

Let the attraction be - per unit mass at a distance x from the

x .

fixed point and let the particle (mass m) move from the point x=a
to the point x =6 (a<6), then for the small displacement 3, the

work done by the attraction is 2-$x,

the sign being negative -as

the displacement takes place in the direction opposite to that of

the force.

which is negative as fc>a.

9*22. Work done in stretching an elastic string.
Let one end of the string be fixed and let it be stretched by
pulling it at the other end.
Let I be the natural length of the string and let it be stretched
to a length l+x. The extension is x and the tension T of the string
X
is
Ay- which varies as x, the extension of the string beyond its
i

natural length.
Now
as the string is being atretched the force applied by an
agent at any instant is always equal to the tension of the string at
that instant.
SIP, the small amount of work done in stretching the string
a further distance $x against the tension T~T.$x.
x
i.e.,

W, the total work done in stretching the string from a

length I to a length l+x isgiven by
*-dx=x*
* l
..(1)
o
So that the work done in stretching an elastic strijig varies as the
square of the extension.
Now the work done for an extension 3i=i-7-#ia ;

and the work done for an extension

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
148 ELEMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Hence the work done in increasing the extension from x to

-y- Xj is the initial tension and -y- ar 2 is the final tension,

* I

/. y- -^o"-
' is the mean of the initial and final tensions and

x*~~ xi *s the extension produced.

Hence the work done in stretching an elastic string is equal to the
product of the mean of the initial andjinal tensions and the extension.

- is also the tension for -^ -8 ,

Since -y- .
^ an extension
therefore, the work done is also equal to the product of the tension
*
at -~r and the extension.

The same can be easily proved graphically as follows :

* Let OA=l be the natural length of

the string and let
{=$4-^, and OC=l
Tension when the length of the
string is OP
O ^OP-OA ~ -AP
A
f A BP C =*~~OA 1*
Denoting the tension by t/, and the extension AP by #, we have

ys=s-j-%>
which shows that the force-distance graph is the straight

line AB'C', having its

slope=-y.
/. the required work is equal to the area BB'C'C

of the initial and final tensions).

Also the work done in stretching the string from the natural
length OA to a length OP =~ area APP' %APxPP = t

, A , A
X '

Example i. An elastic string of natural length 3 ft. is stretched

2 inchesby a weight of 1 Ib. hanging on it. Find the work done in
stretching it from a length of 3\ ft. to 4% ft.
Since 1 Ib. wt. stretches the string 2 inches, and Z 3 ft,

by Hooke's law 1 = -
, i.e., A=18 Ib. wt.

The tension for an extension of 3J 3 or ft.

= A
- -.
3 T=B
!
-
18
sa! OIK *
31b.wt.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
WOBK AND BNBKQY 149

The tension for an extension of 4^3 or} ft.

= * 3 = -2-=91b.
18 ftiu
.-2- T
/. the mean of the initial and final tensions

2
The extension = 4 3 J=l ft.
/. the work done=6x 1 = 6 ft. Ib.

An example of a different type is given below to illustrate how

we calculate work done by a variable force.

Example 2. A cork 3 inches long is drawn slowly from the neck

of a bottle, the force exerted at any instant being proportional to the
area of the cork in contact with the bottle. Calculate the work done in
drawing the cork, a**uminy that initially the whole cork is in the bottle
and that the pull at starting is 48 Ibs.

If a ft. is the radius of the neck of the bott!e, the area of the
cork in contact with the bottle, initially

= 27ra. =3
T 2
-
sq. ft.

/. the initial pull-fc Ibs.

^-=48
7
96
i.e., Jt= .

Ttfl ^ *

The pull when a length x of the cork has been [

drawn out I

-:r)lb. wt,
The work done in drawing out a further length gx of the cork
=2
/. the required work

'o
= 6ft.lb.
Examples XXIV
I. Find the uniform force that will move a 1 Ib Tin ass from rest through
1 foot in one second. If this force is exerted through 100 yards from rest, find
the number of ft. Ib. of work done by the force,
a. A truck weighing 400 Ibs. requires a force of 10 Ibs. to keep it moving
at a constant speed. What work must be done to move the truck 20 ft. with an
acceleration of 2 ft. per sec. pur sec. ?

3. Find the greatest uniform velocity with which an engine capable of

producing 140,000 foot-pounds of work per sec. can draw a train of 100 tons
along a horizontal piano, the resistance duo to friction etc., being ^ tne
gAgth
weight. (P.U.)
4. Show that the work done in stretching an clastic string

1 Tension X Extension.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
150 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

A spiral spring o? length 1 loot is stretched to 13 inches when supporting

a four ounce weight. Find the work done in stretching it to a length of 1&
inches.
Find also the period of a vertical oscillation of a three ounce weight sup-
ported by the same spring.
5. Prove that the work done in stretching an elastic string AB, of
natural length I and modulus X, from tension T to tension I\ is

6. A spider hangs from the ceiling by a thread of modulus of elasticity

equal to its weight. Show that it can climb to the ceiling with an expenditure
of work equal to only three quarters of what would be required if the thread
were inelastic.

7. W
A man of weight hangs at the end of a light extensible ropo whose
modulus is nW, the other end being fastened to a fixed point. He proceeds to
climb up the rope. Prove that when he reaches the fixed point he has done
2 ft -4- 1
times the work he would have to do in climbing the same distance up an
^ ,
2
mextensible rope. (Indian Audit Service)
8. A man ascends a mountain 11,000 ft. high in 7 hours and
of 12 stone
the equivalent to carrying a weight of 3 stone
difficulties in the way are one :

of Watt's horse could pull him up the same height without impediments in 66
minutes. Show that the horse can do as much work as 6 such men in the samo
time.
9. A body whose mass is m falls vertically to the earth's surface from
a height a equal to the radius of the earth, show that mga units of work is
done by the earth's attraction which varies inversely as the square of tho dis-
tance from the earth's centre.
10. A man is drawing water from a well with a light bucket which leaks
uniformly ; the pail when full weighs 60 lbs and when it arrives at the top half
of the water remains. Find the work done if the depth of the well is 100 ft.
(E.A.C.)
IK. A cylindrical cork of length I an<J radius r is slowly extracted from
the neck of a bottle. If the normal pressure per unit of area between the
bottle and the unoxtracted part at any instant be constant and equal to P,
show that tho work done in extracting it is nryiPl*, where (Ji is the co-efficient
of friction.
ia. Prove that the work done in raising a system of bodies is measured
by the product of the total weight and the vertical height through which the
centre of gravity of the system has been raised.
13. A load of 2 tons is suspended by a vertical rope 300 feet long, the
rope itself weighing 6 Ib. per foot. In winding up the load to the top, how many
foot-pounds of work are done ?
9.3. Power is the rate of doing work. It is the amount of
work that an agent is capable of performing per unit time.
The power may be measured in foot pound per second or
gramme centimetre per second.
The power of an engine is usually measured in Horse-Power
(H.P.). One Horse-power is the equivalent of 550 foot-pounds per
second or 33,000 foot-pounds per minute.
If 8 W is the small amount of work done in a small displace-
ment 8$ under the action of a force F at any time t, then

W, and

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
WOBK AND ENERGY 151

i.e., the power or the rate of doing work is equal to the product
of the force exerted and the velocity of the point of application of the
force.

Thus, if at any instant, an engine moving with a velocity of

v ft.per second, is exerting a force of F pounds in the direction of
its motion, the rate of work, i.e., tbe work done in one second is Fv
ft. Ib.

The Horse-power of the engine, H==

or
v
Ib. wt. the force F='-

If the speed is uniform then F, the pull of the engine, is equal

-
to J?, the resistance due to friction, etc., and the horse-power

H =7777-, F being the uniform speed.

If the train is accelerating, the work done per second is more

than BV as work is also being done in accelerating the train.
Note. The C.G.S. units of power is the Watt which is 10' ergs (=1 Joule
per sec.)
One horse-power
equivalent to about 746 watts.
is

Example train i. A
of 100 tons is pvlled by an engine on the
level at a constant speed of 30 m.p.h. the resistance due to friction, etc.,
is 10 Ibs. per ton. Find the minimum horse power of the engine.
The resistance R= 100 x 10 = 1000 Ib. wt.
Speed F=30 m.p.h.=44 f.p.s.
The speed being constant, the force exerted by the engine is

equal to the resistance.

the engine's rate of work =JRF= 1000x44
/.

.
.
.
*u
the v,
horse-power *___
77
RV 1000x44

In Ex. 1 find the acceleration of the train at the

ft. Ib.

QA
=80.
per sec.

Example 2. ,

instant ichen it is moving with a velocity of 10 wiles per hour, the engine
working at its minimum rate.
In this case the engine, working at its original rate, will accele-
rate the train so long as the train does not acquire its original velocity
of 30 m.p.h.
H the power of the engine =80 H.P. ;
w, the mass = 100 tons
v, the speed of the train=10 m.p.h.=-454"^-P- s '

F, the total force exerted by the engine

= 550W = *50x80 =30()01b

V ty
J?, the resistance =-1000 Ib. wt.
If the required acceleration is/, then by Newton's second law of
motion, we have
wf-(F-R) in pounduls= (3000 1000) X 32 poundals.
/-
2000X32
= 2000X32 * tt /SCC
- '

j
100x2240-
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
152 BLKMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Example Find the H.P., required far a car weighing 10 tons

3.
if it has a speed of 30 m.p.h. in 30 sees, from rest up an incline
to attain
of 1 in 100, the frictional resistance being 20 Ibs. per ton.
m, the mass of the car= 10 tons= 10x2240 Ibs.
R, the resislance= 20 X 10=200 Ib. wt.
G the component of the weight down the slope
%

=
10x2240x T = 224 Ib. wt. ^
/, the acceleration to attain a speed of 30 m.p.h. or 44 f.p.s. in 30 sees.
=i*-H ft./8ec.
the accelerating force = w/= 10 X 2240 X ff poundals or
1026-6 Ib. wt.
If F Ib. wt. be the total force exerted by the engine of the car,
then
mf=FRG or F=R+G+mf
jF=200+224+ 1026*6= 1450-6 Ib. wt.
The work per sec. required by the car
=jFt>= 1450 6x44 ft. Ib.

. ^ IT i
the required H.P. = z>
1450-6x44
^
11A
=-116 approximately.
. . .

Example 4. A
train of mass 200 tons is ascending an incline
of 1 in 100, the resistance to motion being 15 Bounds weight per ton.
WJieri its speed has reached 12 m. p.A, ivhat is its acceleration if the horse
power developed is 600 ?
m, the mass of the train = 200 X 2240 Ibs.

velocity =12 m.p.h.^

8
v, the -
ft. per sec.

F, the force exerted by the engine =

v
550x600
18750 Ib. wt.

R, the resistancc= 15 x 200=3000 Ib. wt.

O, the component of the weight along the piano
= 200 x 2240 XT^TS =4480 Ibs.
If/ is the required acceleration, then
mf(F JKG) in poundals
= (18750-3000-4480) x 32
= 11270x32.
. 11270X32 161 .. ,

Examples. An engine of mass M tons working at II horse

power draws n carriages, each of mass m tons, at the uniform rate of v
m.p.h. luijiponing the resistance to be proportional to the weight, prove that
the tension in the coupling between the engine and the nearest carriage is
75 H ----
mn
tons
.
njf
,
T7
T ivt. (Madras
x U.)'

Let the resistance be k Ib. wt. per ton, then R. the total
resistance on the train=(x total mass in tons) lbs.=fc(lf-fr?m) Ibs.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
WORK AND ENERGY 153

The motion being uniform,

the force exerted by the engine =*resisCance R=*k(M +mn),
and H, the horse power developed ==5 X ~-*
x O0\/
XO
375ff
r
15x550
Now the resistance on the train, excluding theengine=imn Ibs.
and the motion being uniform, this is overcome by the tension T in
the coupling between the engine and the nearest

,,
Ib. wt. =7-^-;
375 // rwt
:

)v
.

x
75 --carriage.

^77, or -,, 0/ a >-.-

2240 448( Af
_^
r tonswt.
+mrc)t;
Hmn
-- ,

Examples XXV A
i. Water is to be lifted 110 ft. at the rate of 10 cu. ft. per sec. What
horse-power is required ? (1 cubic ft. of water weighs 62-5
Ibs.)
a. An engine working at 500 H.P. pulls a train of 200 tons along a
lov^I track, the resistances
being 16 Ibs. per ton. When the velocity of the
train is 30 m.p.h. > find its acceleration. (P.U. 1957 S)
At what steady speed will the engine pull the train up an incline of 1 in
100 with the same expenditure of
power against the same resistances T
3. If the resistance and the friction of the rails be 1 Ib. wt. per ton,
what is the horse-power of an engine which will maintain a speed of 40 m.p.h.
in a train of 80 tons on a level ? What additional
horae-power would be required
to maintain that speed
up an incline of 1 in 200 ? (?&).

4. A new
type of electrically driven locomotive weighs 117 tons and is
capable of drawing a train of 1200 tons, on a gradient of 1 in 100 at a uniform
speed of 30 m.p.h. against a track resistance of 10 Ib. wt. per ton. Find the H.P.
of the engine.

5. An engine gets up a velocity of 30 m.p.h. in 1 min. 50 sees, from rest

in atram of 200 tons wt. on a level line. If the resistances are 14 Ib. wt. per
ton and tho is uniformly accelerated, find the greatest horse-power the
velocity
engine is developing and also the greatest velocity it can get up if this horse
power is maintained. (P. U.)
6. A lift weighing 5 cwt. rises from rest through a height of 50 feet in
5 seconds with a uniform acceleration. Find the
average horse-power exerted
during this time.
7. A car weighing 2J tons is accelerating at 2 ft. per soo. per sec. up an
incline of in 50, the resistance Find the H.P.
1
being 30 Ib. wt. per ton.
exerted when the speed is 20 m.p.h.
8. A motor mass 2 tons is, moving down an incline of 1 in
car, of
120. At a given instant the speed of the car is 50 ft. /sec., its acceleration is
3 ft./sec.2, and tho resistances to the motion amount to 200 Ib. wt. Determine
the horse-power at which the engine is working at this instant.
(Bm.U.)
9. A
train whoso mass is 1 50 tons has an engine of 230 H.P. Find the
greatest uniform speed that can be maintained while ascending an incline of 1 in
80, the resistance being equal to the weight of one ton. (E.A.C.)
10. An engine of 300 H.P. draws a train of mass 200 tons up an incline
of 1 in 112. The frictional resistance to motion is 10 Ib. wt.
per ton. Find
the maximum speed in milea
par hour, that can ba reached. (P.U. 1956 S)
A train whose total weight is 300 tons is drawn up an incline of 1 in
100. When it has reached a speed of 12 m.p.h., the horse-power exerted is
1,000. Find its acceleration at this instant.
(P-U-)
** A 20 H.P. motor lorry, weighing 5 tons including load, moves up a
hill with slope of 1 in 20. Tho frictional resistance is
'

equivalent to 13 Ib. wt.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
154 BLBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

per ton and may be supposed to bo independent of velocity. Find the maximum
steady rate at which the lorry can move up tho slope and the acceleration
capable of being developed when it is moving at 6 m.p.h (Roorkee)
13. A car is travelling at its maximum speed of 45 m.p. h. on the level,
the resistance baing 100 ib. wt. per ton assumed to be independent of the speed.
It then climbs a hill of gradient I in 20 and the speed falls until it is steady,
the engine then working at tho sama effective H.P. as before. Find its steady
speed up the hill. (D.U.)
14. A train of mass 500 tons is climbing an incline of 1 in 100 with a
2
speed of 40 ft./sec. its retardation is J ft. /see. and the total resistance amounts
:

to 20 ib. wt. per ton. Find tho pull of tho engine, and the horse-power at
which it is working.
Find also the acceleration at an instant when the train is moving on the
levelwith a speed of 30 ft/sec., on tho assumption that the resistances are the
same and that it is working at the same horse-power. (D.C7.)-

15. An engine exerting its full horse-power draws a train up a slope of

n with constant speed the frictional resistance to motion being of

1 in v,
m th
the weight of the train. Prove that tho greatest speed with which the engine
could draw the train along a revel track against the same resistance is

16. A train of mass MIb. is ascending a smooth incline of 1 in n and

when the velocity of the train is v ft./soc., its acceleration is / ft./sec. 2 , prove
that the effective horse-power of the engine is
Mv(nf+g)l5M nrj. (D.U.)
17. A
locomotive engine draws a load of m
Ibs. up an incline of inclina-
tion a to the horizon, the coefficient of friction being \L. If, starting from rest
and moving with a uniform acceleration, it acquires a velocity v m t seconds,
show that the average horse-power at winch the engine has worked is

18. P
A constant force of Ib. wt. is applied vertically upwards to a body
of mass M
Ib. for a certain time, it then eeasoa to act and tho body continues
to move upwards to reach its greatest height in a total time t sec. from the
commencement of the motion. Prove that tho greatest horse-power developed
by the force of P Ib. wt. is
(P~-M) 0//550,
19. An engine
of 300 H.P. draws a train weighing 100 tons. Assuming
that the resistance to motion is 0-009 V 2 Ib. wt. per ton when the speed is V
m.p.h. find the full speed of the train on level.
no. The air resistance to the motion of a train whose weight including
that of the engino is 200 tons, is 0*009 V* Ib. wt. per ton, where V is the speed of
the train in miles per hour. All the other resistances to motion amount to 1200
Ib. wt. If the greatest possible speed of the train is 40
m.p.h*, find the greatest
horse-power which can be developed by tho engine.
Also find the greatest possible acceleration of the train when the speed
is 20. m.p.h.

21. A train of the total mass 200 tons is travelling on the level at a
constant rate of 60 m.p.h., the engine working at 400 H.P. If tho resistances
apart from air resistance, are 2,000 Ib. wt., find in Ib. wt. tho air resistance.
If the air resistance varies as the square of the
speed and the engine is
drawing the same train up a gradient of 1 in 1 12 at a steady rate of 30 m+p.h.,
at what horse-power is it working, assuming frictional resistance to be the same
as on tho level ?
22. An engine working at the rate of 400 H.P., is
pulling a train which
with the engine weighs 150 tons, up an incline of 1 in 120 at a
steady speed of
30 m.p.h. Find the average frictiontil resistance expressed in Ib. wt.
per ton.
The brake van, weighing 20 tons, becomes detached. How far will it
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
WORK A:ND BNBUQY 155

run before stopping ? If the engine continues to work at the same horse- power,
what will be the value of the speed when it again becomes. steady ? (P. (7.)

33. Find the horse-power of an engine which can just pull

a train of mass
m tons with velocity v m.p.h., up an incline of 1 in n, the resistance to motion
being x Ib. per ton on level.
If v=40 m.p.h., n=*500 and a?=15, show that the engine will be able to
pull the train down the same incline at 74 m.p.h. approximately. (P*U*)
24. An engine of weight 60 ton% hauls a train of weight 150 tons up
an incline of 1 in 32. Starting from rest, and moving with constant acceleration
against resistances amounting to 12 Ib. wt. per ton, the train attains a speed of
30 m.p.h. in 1 mile. Find the tension in the coupling between the engine and
the train.
Find also the maximum horse-power exerted.

Examples XXV B
*i. A horse pulls a wagon of 10 tons from rest against a constant resistance
of 50 Ib. wt. The pull exerted is initially 200 Ib. wt., and decreases uniformly
with the distance covered until it falls to 50 Ib. wt. at a distance of 167 ft. from the
start. Show that the resulting velocity of the wagon is very nearly 6 ft. per. sec.
Let the pull be P Ib. wt. at a distance of x ft. from the initial position,

then P=200~fca:,
when a?=167 ft., P = 50 Ib. wt., so that 50=200 k. 167.

~
._
167 167*
The resistance R is constant and equal to 50 Ib. wt.
ami the mass of the wagon=10x 2240 Ibs.
. the equation of motion of the wagon is

0-500
10 X 2240 t-
~- =1500 ( 1 ,-^ x
dx \ Io7
15x32

--
T 167x1671 3x167
____
how whon s=:

==3x12 nearly.
Henco t>=\/36 or 6 ft. /sec. nearly.
*a. A body of mass M
with a speed u ft. /sec. The body moves
Ib. starts
under the action of a force which does work at the constant rate of horse- H
power. Prove that the equation which determines the speed v at a time t is
Mv ~- = 5500H.
Write down the initial acceleration of tho body in terms of 9 and t*
and provo that tho timo which the acceleration takes to fall to one-quarter of its
M H
initial value is

*3. In starting a train the pull of the engine on the rails is at first
constant and equals P ; after the. speed attains a certain value u the engine
works at a constant rate jR=Pa. Prove that when the engine has attained a
speed v>u, tho timo t and distance a? from the start are given by

* =* ~ <*+). *-i -" (Hltt3),

where M is tho mass of the engine and tho train, (Pub. Ser. Cow., D. U.)
/^ ^ r n <~v^
-

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
156 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

*4 Two trains of equal mass are drawn along smooth level lines by
engines one of which, X, exerts a constant pull while the other, Y, works at a
constant rate. Both start with the same initial velocity u and after a time t
both trains again have the same velocity v. Show that Y describes a greater
distance during the interval.

*5 A body moves in a straight line a total distance of a ft. from A to

B. It accelerates uniformly from rest at A until it attains a speed of F ft. per
sec. with which speed it travels a distance of 6 ft. It slows down to rest at B in
the last c ft. under the action of a retarding force which does work at a constant
rate. If the whole journey takes t sec., show that

*6. A train of mass 300 tons is originally at rest on a level track. It is

acted on by a horizontal force F which uniformly increases with the time, in
such a way that 1^=0 when /==0, F~5 when f=15 ; F being measured in tons
t

weight, t in seconds. When hi motion the train may be assumed to be acted

on by a frictional force of 3 tons, independent of the speed of the train.
Find the instant of starting, and show that at j=15, the speed of the
train is 0*64 ft. per sec., whilst the horse-power required at the instant is about
13. [Ans. 9 sec.] (M.T.)
9*4. Kinetic Energy* If a particle is moving with a velocity
v and no force acts on it, it will continue to move uniformly in a
straight line with the same velocity v. But if a force acts on the
particle in a direction opposite to that of its motion, the velocity of
the particle, according to the second law of motion, decreases so long
as the force acts, the particle being ultimately reduced to rest if the
force continues to act for a sufficiently long time. Although the
force does work upon the particle, in reducing it to rest, the particle
is said to possess the capacity to do work. particle in motion is, A
therefore, said to have the capacity to do work or to possess energy
called the Kinetic energy.
Thus, the Kinetic Energy of a particle is the capacity to do work
in virtue of its motion and is measured by the amount of ivork that the

impressed, force will do in bringing the particle to rest.

Suppose that a particle of mass m moves along the straight line

O a A PUBOAB.- Let the velocity of the particle

be V at A (OA=a) and let it be re-
duced to zero at B (OBb) by a constant
or a variable force acting in the line of motion of the particle.
Now suppose that at any point P at a distance s from 0, the
magnitude of the force is 1^ and the velocity of the particle i,s v, then
n dv
Jr= iwj-p.
ds
The work done by the force when the particle moves an addi-
tional distance 8* is F$s.
/. the whole work done by the force till the particle is reduced
to rest at JB, is
fb f* fa fO
= I
mvj~ds~ I mvdvlm
* V2 .

Ja ds jv
Note. When the force is constant and equal to P and if / is t ho cons-
tant retardation produced by it, then,
P**mf ..(I)
and 0=T2-2MB ..(*)
,\ JmF 2 =m/.2lB=sP.-4B=work done by the force.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
WOBK AND ENERGY 157

Further suppose that the forces do not act in the direction of

the original motion of the particle, so that the particle moves aloqg a
plane curve. Let a, 6, a be the lengths of the arcs measured from a
fixed point O on the curve. If F t is the sum of the components of
the forces along the tangent at P, then
dv
n j- |Ba ^ mv _.
The small amount of work done by the force F} when the
particle moves a little distance $s along the arc of the curve is JFYJ$.
/. the work done by the external forces till the particle is
reduced to rest
5
dv
= f* F
1
t ds=
f
I mv-r-
da
<&=
f
I 7wrdv=imF
*
f
.

Ja Ja }V
Thus the Kinetic Energy of a particle of maaa m moving with
velocity V at any instant, (or the amount of work done by the impressed
forces to reduce the particle to rest), ia given by the expression ^mV 1
(measured in absolute units). .
.(I)

may be noted that this result depends only on the mass and
It
the velocity of the particle and is quite independent of the nature
and direction of the impressed forces.
Note. The change in tho Kinetic energy per unit of space
d
= 4- (imV2)=mF- = the force. /
as as
9*41. If during the motion of the particle moving along a
straight line (or along a curved path), its velocity changes from U at
A to F at any other point C(OC=c), the total work done by the
impressed forces while the particle moves from A to C in the direction
of the resultant force F
fc fc dv [V
= I Fds I
mv-j-ds*** \
ds
mv dv
J. Ja JU
Change in Kinetic Energy.
Thus, in any displacement of a particle the change in the Kinetic
Energy ia equal to the Work done by the forces acting on the particle.
..(II)
This theorem expresses the important principle known as the
principle of Conservation of Work and Energy.
Note. If the particle moves along a straight lino under a constant
forco P which produces a constant acceleration /, then
P=mf and V*=U*+2f.AO
.-. JmF 2 -JwU 2 =w/./iC==P./l(7==work done by the force.
Example i. A man raises a bucket of water taeighivtg 10 Iba.
from a well. When the bucket haa ri&n 18ft. ita velocity ia 16ft. per
sec. Jlow much work has the man done up to this time ?
What IB the horse power of an agent who can do ten times as much
work every second ?
Work done against gravity wgh
10X180 ft. poumlals
= 180 ft. Ib.
Work done in imparting K.E.^^nw*
=4x 10x16x16 ft. poundal
=40 ft. Ib.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
158 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

/. the total work done =180 +40 =220 ft. Ib.

Work done by the agent= 10 X 220 ft. Ib. per second.

1 H.P.=550 ft. Ib. per sec.
T3
.P.
f .1
of the agent i.
= r
A
4.

Example 2. A train travelling at 45 m.p.h. picks up 240 cu.

Jt.of water from a trough J mile long. Find the extra power that
must be developed to maintain the speed.
(The height to which the water is raised is to be neglected).

The velocity v=45 m.p.h.=66 ft. per sec.

m- distance 1760x3- OA
Time Ato A
travel *
i i
mile=
i
: : = -
=20 sees.
velocity 4 X 66
Weight of 1 cu. ft. of water =62*5 Ibs.
.'. m, weight of water picked up every sec.
t

240x62-5
20
===7501bs -- '

K.E. imparted to picked up water

^mv'ix 750x66x66 ft. poundals.

" 750x66x66
2x32~~
tfc ' lb '

/. the extra horse power

\mv* ~" 750x66x66 "" 1485
550 2x32x550 16
=92*8 nearly.
Example 3. A bullet moving at the rate of 200 ft. per sec. is
fired into a thick target which it penetrates to the extent of 6 inches if ;

fired into a target 3 inches thick with equal velocity,

with what velocity
would it emerge, supposing the resistance to be uniform and the same in
both cases ?
Let m
be the mass of the bullet and poundals the resistance, R
then since the total Kinetic energy of the bullet is equal to the work

done by R
when the bullet moves a distance of 6 inches, we have
imX200x200=tf. ..(1)

In the second case when the target is 3* thick, let t; be the

velocity of emergence, then since the decrease in the K.E. is equal to
the work done by /?,
\m X 200 x 200- iwt =#.i=Jx wx 200x200, by (1)
a
we have
Wi,< MJI if i- 2wt?*r= 40000m

i.e,, t;
2 = 20000
v=100\/2=141 ft. per sec. nearly.

Example 4* A mass of 12 Ibs. falls 36 feet and is then brought

to rut by penetrating \ ft. into a soft bcdofmvd. Find the average
resistance of the mud.
If v w the velocity of the mass on reaching the ground, then

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
WORK AND ENERGY 159

Let J? poundals be the average resistance of the mud. Since

the weight of the mass is acting downwards, the total force upwards
acting on the mass is B mg==JS I2g poundals.
a
Hence =(U I2g)s imt/
i.e., Jxl2x64x36=(#~120)i
#=12 x 64 x 36+120 poundals
*=24x36+12or8761b. wt.
9*5. Potential Energy. Potential energy of a body is its
capacity to do work in virtue of its position and is represented by the
amount of work that the forces acting on the body will do when the body
moves from its given position to some other position , taken as the
standard position.
For example, a body of weight w Ib. placed at a height h feet
from the ground, possesses potential energy of amount wh ft Ib.
which is equal to the work that the weight of the body will do when
the body is allowed to fall to the earth's surface, the standard
position.
In winding a clock spring one has to do work. In. this case the
particles on the inner side of the spring have been forced together
arid those on the outer side drawn apart against the elastic forces of
cohesion that hold them together. The spring is said to have
potential energy, i.e., the forces acting on the spring will do some
amount of work when it is allowed to unwind itself to its natural

shape (the standard position). The motion of the hands of a clock

is thus the result of the potential energy of the compressed spring.

Compressed air is another example of potential energy, the

standard position in this case being the volume at atmospheric
pressure.

Examples XXVI-A
i. What is the potential energy of 8,000 gallons of water which has
been raised 60 ft. above the ground ?
If 8,000 ft. Ib. of work is required to drive a machine for one hour, how
long will the machine go before the whole water has flowed down to the ground?
(1 gallon of water weighs 10 Ibs.)

a. An engine is raising water from a depth of 55 feet and discharging

960 gallons a minute with a velocity of 44 ft. /sec. Find the H.P. at which the
engine is working.
3. A3 Ibs. weight extends a spiral spring 1 inch. How much work is
done on the spring when it is extended 8 inches ?
If this amount of work is done in winding tho spring of a clock and if
0-25 Ibs. of work is expended to drive the clock for one hour, for how
ft.
many
hours will the clock go ?
4. What
tho Kinetic energy of a bullet weighing 4 lup. when moving
is
with a velocity of 20 ft, per sec. ?

The bullet loses a velocity of 4 ft. per sec. in passing through a plank,
find how many such uniform planks will it pans through completely before
coming to rest, assuming tho resistance of the planks to be uniform.
5. A bullet moving horizontally with velocity ti strikes and penetrates
a fixed vertical target of thickness a and emerges with horizontal velocity v.
Trove that the same bullet would have just failed to penetrate the target hod the
thicknoss been
^ ^
, the average resistance to penetration being the same in
the two cases.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
160 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

6. A bullet fired with a velocity of 1600 ft./sec. passes through three

planks in succession. If it loses a velocity of 400 ft./sec. ih passing through
each plank, find the ratio of their thicknesses to which the resistance is supposed
to be proportional. (I.I.T. Kharagpur}

7. A mass of 10Ibs. falls 100 feet and is brought to rest by penetrating

I foot into sand. Find the resistance of the sand.
8. A
particle is projected downwards with a velocity of 80 ft./sec. and
just penetrates a uniform horizontal board of thickness 1 ft. whose upper surface
is 16ft. below the point of projection. If the same particle were projected
vertically upwards with a velocity of 80 ft./sec. from a point 16 ft. below the
lower surface of the board, find how far it would penetrate assuming that the
resistance offered by the board is constant. (L.U.)

g. Determine the horse-power which could be obtained from the Kinetic

energy of a river at a place where the width is 100 ft., the mean depth 20 ft.
and the mean velocity 4 miles per hour.
10. If work is done on a particle at a constant rate prove that the

velocity acquired in describing a space x from rest varies as x^.

11. A mass of 18 gins, moving in a straight line is brought to rest in such
a way that it loses kinetio energy at a uniform rate of one erg per. sec. If the
initial kinetic energy is 900 ergs, prov? that the distance travelled before
coming to rest is 6,000 cm.
Prove also that the velocity at any point is proportional to the cube root
of the distance from the stopping point.
ia. Prove that a train of W tons going up an incline of 1 in m will
acquire a velocity
E-\
f
\ W~m 2240/
flr

-I
7? \ 2
*
fft
(TO
~ff- -2240 /
foot tons after t seconds from reat.P being the pull of the engine in tons and R
the resistance on the level in pounds per ton.

9*6. Conservative Forces . In examples given in Art. 9*5,

the forces acting on the bodies are such that the algebraic total work
done in performing a series of displacements which bring the bodies
to their original position is ml e.g., the work done by gravity when
;

a particle of mass m ascends a height h and then comes back to the

surface of the earth is mgh+mgh or zero.
Such is not the case with all forces. If, for example, a body is
dragged through a distance s against a constant frictional force F 9

the work done is Fs. To bring the body to its former position on
the same path an equal amount of work Fs is to be done again. Thus
the total work performed to bring the body to its original position is
2Fs (or more depending on the path followed by the body) and not
zero. This is the essontial difference between the two types of forces
against which work is performed. Forces of the first type are called
Conservative forces.
A Conservative system of forces is, therefore, of such a nature
that if a particle, after describing any path in the field of the forces,
returns to its original position the total work performed during the
displacement is nil. It follows from this that in the case of such
forces, the work done in bringing a particle from one position to an-
other depends only on the initial and final positions and is indepen-
dent of the path followed by the particle.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
WORK AND ENERGY 161

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
9'6i. A particle of mass m falls from rest at a height h above the
ground. The sum of its Potential and Kinetic energies remains constant
throughout the motion.
Let us consider a particle of mass m
at a height h ft. from the
earth's surface. It possesses potential energy of amount mgh foot
poundals. When allowed to fall freely, it acquires a certain velocity.
If the velocity is v after falling a distance s/ we have v*=2gs.

The kinetic energy of the particle=Jwv 2 ==|m.2gtf==m0a, and

its potential energy in this position=my(A s).
/. the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy
= mgs+mg(h s) =mgh= original potential energy.
On reaching the ground, its potential energy is zero, the ground
being the standard position, and the velocity v is given by v*~2gh.
the kinetic energy =%mv*~=-%m.2gh=*mgh
=
original potential energy.
Thus, for all positions of the particle the sum of its kinetic and
potential energies remains always constant.
This is a very simple illustration of an important principle in
Mechanics known as the principle of Conservation of energy.
9*62. To take another example, let a particle of mass m slide
the length I of a smooth inclined plane of inclination, a, and height h.
At the top of the plane, the particle is at rest and possesses
potential energy equal to mg.l sin QLmgh>
On arriving at the base of the plane, the potential energy is zero
(the standard position being taken at the level of the base) and the
particle acquires a velocity v, given by

v*=2g sin a..l=2gh.

Thekinetic energy of the particle =$mv 2 =%mx2gh=mgh.
Thus, the sum of the energies remains the same in the two
positions, the whole of the potential energy at the top being conver-
ted into kinetic energy at the bottom.
9*63. If the plane is rough instead of smooth the co-efficient
of friction being (x, the acceleration down the plane is
gr(sin a cos a) and for the velocity t>, t> 2 =2</(sin a
(Jt
cos a)J jji

2
=w<7(sin a jx cos 3.)l~mghi*.mgb,
J/nt;
where I cos a=6 is the length of the base of the inclined plane.
It shows that there is a loss in the energy of amount \imgb which
is equal to the work done against the force of friction in moving the

particle a distance equal to the base of the plane. This loss is only
apparent, for, in reality, the energy lost has been transformed into
other kinds of energy, ife., eound energy or heat energy. If it is
possible to measure all kinds of energy, it will be found that there is
no loss of energy, in nature.
In Dynamics, we are mainly concerned with the kinetic and
potential energies and we may, therefore, state the principle of con-
servation of energy as follows :
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
162 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

// a material particle describes any path under the action of a

conservative system of forces, the sum of the kinetic and potential energies
remains always constant.
In other words, the total amount of potential and kinetic
energies in a mechanic system does not change unless some work is
done on it from outride or unless some of the energy of the system is
removed from it.

In the last case, the sum of the kinetic and potential energies
isnot constant because one of the forces acting on the particle viz.,
the force of friction is not a conservative force. The principle of
energy should, therefore, never be applied to problems where there is
any friction or any sudden jerk or impact. In such cases energy is
always converted to various other forms, e.g., heat, light and sound.
9*64. In general, when a particle moves along a straight line
(or a'ong a curve) under a force F, its velocity changing from U
at point A to V at any other point C, the work done
c
( dv [V mvdv
,
=f I Fds~ I mv
&
,
-j-<te= \
Ja Ja JU
[Art. 9-411.
'

work done by the force

Btot equal to the P.E. lost
is by the
particle PjLPa, Pl being the P.E. P
at A and a that at C.

Thus we have
i.e.,

i.e., the sum of the P.E. and K.E. remains constant during the
motion.
A more general proof is as follows :

9*65* Principle of Energy. When a particle undergoes dis-

placement under the action of a conservative system of co -planar forces >

to prove that
(i) the change in the kinetic energy is equal to the work done by
the forces.

(ii) the sum of its kinetic and potential energies remains constant.
At any point
P(.r, y) occupied by the particle at any instant,
let dsbe the displacement and F be the sum of the components of
the forces in the direction of ds, then the small work done by the
forces is F.ds.
If X, Y be the sums of tho components of the forces in the
direction of the co-ordinate axes and dx dy the displacements in these 9

directions, then the work done is also equal to Xdx+Ydy.

/. the total work done in a finite displacement when the
particle moves from a point A(x lt yj to another point JB(ora ya ) is ,

..(I).
J\*Fd8=*[*(Xdx+Xdy)
A J A

If v be the velocity of the particle in the position P and m be

its mass, then FMV -=
ds
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
WORK AND BNKEQY 163

fB fB dv I

*'*
nV 8==
JA ~\j? ~d*

where w t ,
ti
8 are the velocities of the particle at A and B respec-
tively.
Thus the left hand side of the equation (1) i.e., the work done by
the forces, 'is equivalent to the change in the kinetic energies in the two
positions.
We denote it by K B KA where K stands for the kinetic energy.
Now imagine that there is some function of x and y denoted by

V such that, X=-^ and 7=-^.

3* dy

So that the nature of the forces is such

-v,
work done by that the
<*>

them depends only on the initial and final A and B and positions
does not depend on the path followed by the particle. Such forces,
as already defined, are known as Conservative Forces and V is known
as the Potential Function.
Thus the right hand side of equation (1) i.e., the work done by
the forces is equivalent to the change in the Potential Energy of the
particle.
From (2) and (3), we have
K B -KA = F A -F B or K B + V B =K A + V A,
i.e., the sum of the kinetic and potential energies remains
constant.
The theorem can be easily extended for a system of partfcles.
In its general form, the principle of conservation of energy
states that :

The total amount of energy in the universe is constant, energy cannot

be created or destroyed although it may be converted into various forms.

9*66. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy is of

great value in simplifying a certain type of problems in Dynamics.
For example, suppose we have to find the velocity vt of a parti-
cle projected upwards with velocity 1*1 along the arc of a smooth verti-
cal circle from any point on it, when the particle has described a
vertical distance h. [A problem discussed in Art. 8*2].

Taking the horizontal level through the point of projection as

the level of zero potential energy, we have
Initial P.E.=0 and K.E.^Jwii^ 2 .

Final P.E.^m/jfA, and K.E. = Jft' 2

.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
164 ILBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

.'. by the principle of energy, we get

ImVt* + = Jro Vj* 4- mgh,
or 2
v, ^'!* 20A,
which is the same as obtained in Art. 8*2.
We give below a few more examples on the application of the
principle of energy :

Example i. Apply the principle of energy in finding the accele-

ration of two particles connected by a string placed over a pulley.
(Art. 37).
Let m, m (m>m
9 i
) be the particles and let x be the distance
moved by each.
/dx \^ fdx \^
The kinetic energy of the system= Jm (
+i m/ ( ^7 )
-?-)
Work done by gravity=myx m'gx.
The work done by the tension of the string on the two particles
being equal and opposite, its effect on the system as a whole is nil.

Differentiating both sides w. r. to t9 we have

dx d?x ,
dx

d2 x *wi m'

Example 2. Find, by the principle of energy, the velocity of a

projectile [Art. 6' 41 (a)].
Suppose that a mass is projected with a velocity
projectile of m
u and that its
velocity at a height y above the point of projection is v.
Regarding the point of projection as the level of zero potential
energy, initial P.E. is zero and initial K.E. is \ mu
2
K.E. in the .

2
second position is mt and P.E. in that position is mgy.

i.e., v*=u*-2gy.
Example 3. A
particle moves with simple harmonic motion,
its position of rest being at a distance a
from the centre. Find, by the
principle of energy, the velocity at the centre. [Ait. 42].
Let v be the velocity at the centre, then
K.E. = Jwt 2 ==: work done by the force of attraction as the particle
moves from the position of rest to the centre.
The magnitude of the force F at a distance x from the centro being equal
to m(iz and dx being measured in a direction opposito to that of the force, the
work done by the force

f
, r
J
or

Example 4. A ring of mass m

slides on a smooth vertical rod ;
to the ring is a light string passing over a smooth pcy distant a
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
WOBK AND ENERGY 165

from the and at the other endof this string is

rod, amass M (>m).
The ring held on a level with the peg and released.
is Show that it first
<omes to rest after fatting a distance
2mMa

Let B
be the peg and AC the vertical rod, A being the initial
position of the ring so that AB~a.
The move down under its weight
ring will
and subsequently come to rest in some
will
position, say at P. Let AP=x.
Now, P.E. lost by the ring=w<7#.
The distance through which M moves up
by this time

.\P.E. gained by M=
Henceas the system starts from rest and
comes to rest, by the principle of energy, we have

or
i.e., or

Examples XXVI-B
i. A heavy particle is free to move in a vertical circle of radius I, the
particle is projected with a velocity u from the lowest point A of the circle, and
just reaches the point B ; show by applying the principle of energy that

- AB.
a. Two particles of masses 3m and m
are attached to the ends, A and B
respectively of a light rod 3 ft. long which is freely hinged at a fixed point in
the rod where B0=2 ft. and the rod is constrained to rotate in a vertical plane.
Initially A is above O, show that, if the rod is just disturbed A will pass
through the lowest position with velocity ^\/29Tg".
If the mass at A
were 2m, show that the rod can rest in any position.
3. An modulus X, natural length I, hangs vertically, one
elastic cord,
end being attached to a fixed point and the other to a body of mass The M .

mass is raised till the string has its natural length and is then released from

rest. Show that its greatest fall in the subsequent moticn is

4. m
A mass is attached to ono end of an elastic string of length a, the
other end being fixed to a peg. Initially w
is held near the peg and projected
with s velocity v vertically downwards. If the particle moves all along in a
straight line, show that the depth h below the peg, of m
when it is first at rost
is given by the equation

= (A
~ 0)2>
whore X the modulus of elasticity of the string.
is (Bm. U.)
5. An elastic string of natural length 6 ft. stretches to 6 ft. 6 in. when
supporting a weight of 4 IDS. One end of the string is fixed at a point A and the
mass is held at A and allowed to fall vertically.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
166 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Find by the principle of energy or otherwise

(*) the extension of the string when the mass reaches the lowest point,
and (it) the velocity of the mass when the string is stretched I ft. beyond its-
natural length.
6. Two equal weights P and P are supported by a string passing over
o
smooth pegs A and B in ths same horizontal line, a weight Q*x ~ P is attach-
ed to the middle point of the string between A and 1?. Prove that Q will
descend until QAB forms an equilateral triangle.
7. A light string ABODE whose middle point is O passes through
smooth rings, B 9 D which are fixed in a horizontal plane at a distance 2<z apart.
To each of the points A, G, E is attached a mass m. Initially C is held at rest
at O, the middle point of BD, and is then set free. Show that C will come to
instantaneous rest when 00 = fa.
Show also that when O has fallen through Ja from O, its velocity is

/ 25agr
~
V
m
5
~' (D.U.)

8. A heavy ring of mass slides on a fixed smooth vortical rod and is

attached to a fine string which passes over a smooth peg distant a from the rod
and then after passing through a smooth ring of mass 3m, is tied to the peg.
m
Show that, if is dropped from the point in the rod at the same horizontal level
as the peg, then it will oscillate through a distance 12a/5. Find the velocity of
m when it has fallen through a distance a.
9. A uniform string, of mase M
and length 2cr, is placed symmetrically
over a smooth peg and has particles of masses m and m' attached to its ends, m
being >m'; show that the string runs off the peg when its velocity is

(D U
M+m + m' ' ' *

10. A CB is a horizontal straight line of length a-f 6. A heavy particle

at O attached by an inextensible string of length 6 to A , and by an unatretched
in
elastic string of length a to B. If, when the particle starts from rest, the string
AC just oscillates through a right angle, and the modulus of elasticity of the
elastic string is equal to twice the weight of the particle, prove that

m
n. Two equal particles each of mass are connected by a light elastic
string of natural length a and modulus \mg and placed together on tho upper
edge of a smooth fixed triangular prism. The sides of the prism are each in-
clined at an angle 30 to the horizontal, and tho particles are released from rest,
BO that they slide down opposite sides. Show that they next come to rest when
the length of the string is a (L.U.)
(2+V"3).

II-IMPULSE AND ENERGY

9*7.* Impulse of a constant force. When a force is constant
in magnitude and direction, the impulse is the product of the force and
the time during which it acts.
If a constant force P, acting on a particle of mass m, produces
an acceleration / and changes the velocity of the particle from U to
V in time t, we have
Impulse ==P=w/y==m(F-- C7)=mF
i.e.,
=
the impulse change in momentum.
If E7=0> *.., if the particle starts from rest

i.e., Impulse momentum generated in time t,

or Force P~momentum generated per unit time.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
IMPULSE AND ENERGY 167

9-71. Impulsive Forces. When a moving body strikes a

fixed object or when moving bodies impinge on one another there
is a sudden change of motion. The forces acting on the bodies are
great anjl act on them for such a short time that it is difficult to
estimate either their intensity or the time during which they act. Such
forces are known as Impulsive Force* or Blows.
In these cases instantaneous changes of velocities take place and
it comparatively easy to measure the effect of the forces by their
is

impulses or the changes of momentum produced.

important to remember that an impulse is not a force.
It is

If, for example, a hammer strikes a ball of m Ib. and sends it

off with a velocity of u ft./sec., then mu is the magnitude of the
impulse which is given to the bail and nothing can be known about
the force exerted by the hammer unless the time during which the
force acts is also known.
may be recalled that momentum is a vector quantity and so
It
care must always be taken to equip it with the proper sign.
Example. A in weight falls from a height of 36 feet,
ball 2 oz.
and rebounds to the impulse and the average force
a height of 25 ft., find
between the ball and floor, if the duration of impact is T sec. ^
Velocity of the ball just before impact
= A/2x 32x36=48 f. p. s. (downwards).
Velocity of the ball just after impact
V2~x 32x25 =40 f. p. s. (upwards)
/. impulse = change of momentum
=~ X = 11 Ib. ft. sec. units.
40( ^ X48)
P
is the upward force exerted by the floor, then since the
If
weight of the ball acts downwards, the total force acting on the ball
upwards is P~mg.
/. (P mg) <= Impulse
or
-.
P= --
Impulse
time
hwt0=
y
11
-,- +-nr
2
16
x32 Ort

= 1104 poundals=34-5 Ib. wt.

9*72. Impact of water on a surface. When a jet of water
strikes against a fixed surface in a direction normal to it and when
there is no splash, i.e., the water flows along the surface after im-

pact, the pressure exerted by the surface, continues destorying the

momentum of the water. By putting J= 1 in the equation Pt=vnV,
we find that P^the average pressure exerted by the surface is obtai-
ned by calculating the amount of momentum destroyed per unit
time.
If the water strikes Ihe surface with velocity v after passing
through a pipe, the area of whose cross-section is a and if is the m
mass of a unit volume of water then the mass of water which strikes
the wall each second is wav and the momentum destroyed each
second is nav.v or mat 8 which must be equal to P, the pressure
exerted on the wall.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
168 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

The pressure per unit area of the wall is mva in absolute units.
Note. 1 cu. ft. of water weighs 62*5 Iba.
Example. Water issuing from a nozzle, of 2 inches diameter,
uith a velocity 60ft. per sec., impinges on a vertical wall, the jet being
at right angles to the watt.
If there is no splash, find the pressure exerted
on the wall.

Since there is no splash tire water will flow along the surface of
the wall after impact and the whole momentum of the water is des-
troyed by P, the pressure exerted on the wall.

Here a=7c( T^)* and P=mat;2 X 60x60 poundals

=62'5x-T^T
-=153*4 Ibs. wt. nearly.

Examples XXV1I-A
i. A hammer of mass 4 cwt. falls through 4 ft. and comes to rest after
striking a mass
of iron, the duration of the blow being 1/50 of a second ; find
the average force exerted by the hammer on the iron.
a. A ball whose mass is 4 lb. is moving horizontally at the rate of 80 ft.
per sec. What force expressed in lb. wt. will stop it (i) in 2 sees., () in 2 feet ?

3. A mass of 4 lb. falls vertically through 100 feet from rest and is then
brought to rest by penetrating into sand. Find the mean force exerted by the
sand if it stops the mass (i) in 2 sees., (n) in 2 feet.

4. A
stream of fluid of density m, meets directly a piano obstacle with
velocity v. If the fluid be assumed to flow outward at the rim parallel to the
plane, show that the pressure on the obstacle is mv* per unit area.
Calculate the pressure in lb, wt. per square foot due to a wind of 50 miles
an hour, if a cubic foot of air
weighs l oz.
A jet of water of
1
sq. in. cross-section, impinges normally on a fixed
that the water after impact leaves the plate parallel to it. The
?.plate so
force on the plate is measured and is found to be 5*6 pounds
weight. Prove
that the velocity of the jet is 20 ft. per sec. approximately.
6. A jot of water leaves a nozzle of 1 inch diameter at a speed of 60 ft.
per sec.and impinges on a plate flxed at right angles to its direction. What
pressure is exerted on the plate ?
If the nozzle
is drawn backwards with a
velocity of 20 ft. per sec. in the
line of the jet,what pressure is then exerted on the plate ? (P*U.)
7. Find the pressure in lb. wt. per acre due to the impact of a fall of
rain three inches in 24 hours supposing the rain to have a velocity due to falling
freely through 400 feet.
8. A ball of 2 oz. in weight falls from a height of 25 ft. Find the
impulse and the average force between the ball and the floor, if the duration of
the impulse is y^
sec.

9. A bucket weighing 5 Ibs. is suspended from a tap which is delivering

6 gallons of water per min. with a downward
velocity of 16 ft./sec. Find in
lb. wt. the vertical force the bucket exerts on the
tap when the bucket contains
a gallon of water.

9*73. Impulse of a variable force. Now suppose that the

force variable and that
is P
is its valuo at a
particular instant t, then
the impulse of the force is defined as the integral
T
Pdt,

where T is the time during \vhich the force acts

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
IMPULSE AND ENERGY 169

If the velocity of the particle at the instant t is v 9 then

/. the whole impulsfe in time T during which the velocity of

the particle changes from U to V

f o Jo "*

In particular when P is constant,

dt=P.T=m(V~ U) (Art. 9-7).

o Jo
Thus, whether a force is constant or variable, its impulse is
measured by the change of momentum produced by it.
9*74. Graphically the impulse of a force is equal to the area
under the force-time graph included between the two ordinates
corresponding to the two times, i.e., if

=ti and OJ3= a the impulse *

Pd(=area ABQPA
In particular when P is constant,
the impulse=P(< 2 f 1 )=area of rectangle
ABQP.
If a constant force P A B X
9*75. acting
for time t, changes, the velocity of a
body of mass m from u to t>, in a distance
s, we have

Pt=mft=m(v u)
i.e., force X time = change of momentum,
and Ps = mfs=1tm.2fs=lm(v 2 u 2 ),
forceX space = change in Kinetic
A B X i.e.,

energy.
These equations may also be written as
^ mvmu ^ iwv 2
* S

i.e., when the force

variable, is we
of the calculate the time-average
force from the change of momentum and the space-average of the
force from the change of Kinetic energy.
I
77 f)

Also since Ps=^m(v

2
u 2 )=m(v
u)~^ ,

it shows that the ivork done by an impulsive force is equal to the product
of its impulse and the mean, of the velocities before and after the bloiv.

Example. estimated that the actual work done in accele-

It is
rating a steamer of 1,000 tons, from rest, for the first 210 seconds, is
4,000 foot-tons, and the distance travelled is 2,000 feet. Find (1) the
space-average, (2) the time-average of the accelerating force.
~ K.E. Work 4,000
Space average of force =
,,
distance distance "2,000
2 tons wt.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
170 KLEMBNTAEY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

The velocity v acquired by the steamer is given hy

Jwv =work in foot poundals.
2

i X 1000 X 2240 t>a=4000 x 2240 X 32

or
m.

Time

-- - r ,,
6 of the force
average
1000x2240x16
c
v= 16 ft. per sec.
-
= momentum =-mv
.

time
1000x16
t

= 210 p
, .
as
210x32
OI>
OQ

9*8. Motion of two bodies* .Suppose that a body of mass

m moving with a velocity t; is acted upon by a force F in the line of

motion, then by the second law of motion, we.have ~-jr(mv)* F. i.e.,

the rate of change of momentumthe impressed force.

If no external force acts on the body

~j-(wt;) =0, or,
tnv= constant,
the body continues to move with a constant momentum.
i.e.,

Similarly, if there are two bodies of masses m, m' moving in t

the same straight line with velocities u, u\ then on the a -mi p n.

1
i-

in accordance with Newton's Third Law, that the mutual action

between the bodies are equal and opposite, we have

and
-^(wV)=li ,

where Flt F% are the external forces acting on the bodies respectively
and forces -KS, R are the mutual action and reaction.
By addition, we have ^(mw+mV)=J
?T
1 +JP1 ,

which shows that the rate of change of momentum is equal to the

total external force and is unaffected by the mutual action.
If no external force acts on the system, then

V)=0 or mu+m'u'*** a constant,

i.e., the total linear momentum

of the system remains constant.
It is evident that if the bodies are not moving in the same
straight line and if no external force acts on them, the sum of the
resolved parts of their momenta in any particular direction will
remain constant.
Thus, if we consider two bodies as a single system and if no
external force acts, we may say that the two bodies together will
continue to move always with uniform momentum. If at any time
during the motion they come in contact with each other, the only
forces acting on them are the forces of action and reaction which
being equal and opposite cancel each other. Whenever two bodies
collide, the change in momentum of the one must be equal to the
change in momentum of the second, but in the opposite direction,
momentum remaining unchanged in any particular direc-
their total
tion. This is called the principle of conservation of linear momentum
and may be stated as follows :
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
IMPULSE AND ENERGY 171

9*8 1. Conservation of Linear Momentum. If the sum of

the external forces acting on any system of mutually attracting and
impinging particles resolved in any direction is always zero, the total
momentum of the system in that direction remains constant during the
motion.
Illustration* (1) When a gun is fired the powder is converted
into a gas at a very high pressure which drives the shot out. During
the shbrt time when the shot moves into the barrel of the gun, the
force exerted on the shot forwards is equal and opposite to the force
exerted by the shot on the gun backwards, i.e., the impulse of the
gun on the shot is equal and opposite to the impulse of the shot on
the gun. Hence the momentum generated in the shot is equal and
opposite to that generated in the gun. If free to move the gun will
recoil in the direction opposite to the motion of the shot.

Suppose m is the mass and u the velocity of the shot and M the
mass and V the velocity of the gun, then
JMV+ mu OBB momentum before the shot was fired =
~
the negative sign shows that the gun recoils, ft e., moves in the direc-
tion opposite to that of the shot.
(2) When a shell moving through the air, is caused to explode
by means of a time fuse, the motion of the shell cannot change
whatever may happen inside it so long as the pressure of the gas is
not sufficient to burst the shell. It is only when the shell bursts
that the fragments become independent objects themselves and are
thrown in different directions on account of the difference of pressure
of the air surrounding them.
9*8a Suppose a body of mass m, moving with velocity tr
impinges on another body of mass M
which is at rest and is free to
move in the direction of w's motion.
Now the bodies are inelastic, i.e., the bodies adhere together and
if
move forwards as a single body of mass m-\-M with some velocity,
say F, then, as there is no loss of momentum

(w+Jf)F=mt; or F= r-^ v,

which gives the common velocity of the bodies after impact.

9*83. It is important to note that although there is no loss of

momentum due to the impact, there is a loss of Kinetic energy, for,
the Kinetic energy before impact Jwv a , =
and the Kinetic energy after impact

The latter is obviously

J less than the former since ,
-,;. is less than

unity.
In problems where impulsive forces are involved energy is
always lost and the principle of energy is never used.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
172 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

9*84. The principle of conservation of momentum can be

applied only in a direction in which there is no external impulsive
force. If, for example, a shot hits a smooth target obliquely, there
is no change in its momentum
parallel to the surface of the target,
but the whole of its momentum perpendicular to the surface may be
destroyed on account of the impulsive reaction of the target.
Note. The word inelastic denotes the properties of bodies by which they
adhere at the time of impact and move forward as one mass.
The collision of elastic bodies where they separate after impact will be
dealt with in the next Chapter-

Example i. A body of mass 12 lb$. moving with a velocity of

9 ft. per meets a body of mass 8 Ibs. moving (i) in the same direc-
sec.,
tion (ii) in opposite direction, with a velocity of 4ft. per sec. If they
coalesce into one body, find the velocity of the compound body. Find
also the loss of Kinetic energy.

(i) Let F be the required velocity. Since the sum of the

momenta of the two bodies regains unaltered by the impact, we have
(8+12)7=8x4 + 12x9-140
F=7 ft per sec.
Initial #.#. = x8x(4) a +x 12x(9) 2
ft. poundals
=*ff-oT 17-19 ft. Ib.

Final #.#. = (8+12) x(7) ft. poundals

'

=4jV- or 15 31 ft lb - -

Lossof #.#.== 17'19-15'31==1'88 ft. lb.

(ii) Let V l be the required velocity. By conservation of

momentum, we have
(8+12)F 1 =12x9-8x4=:76
F^S'8 ft. per sec.
Final #jE?.=:i(8+12)F 1 a =144-4 ft. poundals
=4-51 ft. lb.

Loss of K.E =17' 19-4-51 = 12-68 ft. lb.

Observe that the loss is much greater in the second case than
in the first.

Observe also that when velocities in one direction are taken ai

positive those in the opposite direction must be considered as negative.

Example a. shot ofAmass 1 ounce, is projected with a velocity
of 800 ft. per sec. from a gun of mass 10 Ibs., find the velocity with which
the latter begins to recoil. Also compare the Kinetic energies of the shot
and the gun.
Let v be the required velocity, and let the direction of
motion of the shot be regarded as positive.
Since the total momentum of the shot and the gun in any direc-
tion must remain unaltered, we have
TV X 80010?;= initial total momentum=0
v=~) ft. per sec.
K.E. of the gun=x 10x5x5=125 ft. poundals.
K.E. of the shot=x TV X 800x800- 125 x 160 ft. poundals.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
IMPULSE AKD ENERGY 173

The Kinetic energy of the shot is thus 160 times that of the
gun, and it is to this great superiority in Kinetic energy of the snot
that its destructive power is due.

Examples XXVII B
1. A truck weighing 6 tons standing at rest on smooth rails is struck by
another truck weighing 4 tons moving at 10 ft. per sec. and both trucks move
together. What is their common velocity ?

2. A bullet of jnass 2 ounces is fired into a target with a velocity of

1280 ft. per sec. The mass of the target is 10 Ibs. and it is free to move : find
the loss of Kinetic energy by the impact in foot-pounds. (P. (7.)
3. A car weighing
2 tons and moving at 60 m.p.h. along a main road
collides with a lorry of weight 10 tons which emerges at 30 m.p.h. from a cross.
road at right angles to the main road. If the two vehicles lock, what will be
their coramon velocity after the collision ?

4. A gun of mass 5 tons discharges a shot of mass 112 Ibs. horizontally.

The recoil of the gun is opposed by a constant force of 2 tons weight which
brings it to rest in 1 J sec. Find the velocity of the shot, and also the energy of
the explosion in foot- tons.
5. A bullet weighing J oz. is fired with a velocity of 1,000 f.p.s. from a
rifle weighing 10 Ibs. The rifle kicks back through 4 inches. Find the average
pressure applied by the hand in bringing it to rest.
6. A railway truck of mass m when moving with a velocity 3r, strikes
a truck of equal mass at rest, and moves
impart with velocity v in the
after
same direction as before. Show that the velocity of the second truck after im-
pact is 2v, and that the kinetic energy lost is 2mv 2 . (P. 17.)
7. A shot leaves the barrel of a gun of mass 150 tons with a velocity of
600 ft. per sec., if the gun recoils with a velocity of 5 ft. per sec., find the mass
of the shot.
8. Two yachts stand at rest on perfectly smooth ice with their
ice
keels in the same A man jumps from the first to the second and then
direction.
immediately back again on to the first. Show that the final velocities of the
yachts are in the ratio M M
-f m, where Af is the mass of each ice yacht and m
:

the mass of the man.

FURTHER EXAMPLES ON IMPULSE AND ENERGY

9*85. When two masses connected by a string passing over
a pulley are in motion or when a moving body penetrates in or
coalesce with another which is free to move, the principle of conserva-
tion of momentum must be applied whenever any sudden jerk or
impact
takes place.

It is important to note that in writing down equations for the

instantaneous change of momentum produced by impulsive forces, all
impulses due to finite forces, such as weight, are neglected.
Example i. Two masses of 5 oz. and 3 oz. are connected by a
light inextensible string passing over a smooth fixed pulley. The system
starts from rest and after it has moved for 2 seconds, a weight of 4 oz at
rest is suddenly attached to the 3 oz. tvt. Find the time which
before the system comes to instantaneous rest.

f, the acceleration of the system '-

-- ^ <7=s]/7
=8 ft ./sec.
1

v, the velocity after 2 sees. =8x2 = 16 ft. /sec. ..(1)

The momentum of the 8ystem=(5+3)16=:128 oz. ft./sec. unite.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
174 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

When the 4 oz. mass is suddenly picked up by the 3 oz. mass,

an impulsive action takes place and the new mass also partakes of
the motion of the system.
If F is common velocity of the system after picking up the
4 oz. mass, then
(5+3+4)7=128, i.e., F=-Y- ft./sec. ..(2).
The masses are now 5 and 7 oz. and iff is the retardation,
7-5 1 16 .

the time t,taken by the system to come to instantaneous

rest after the 4 oz. wt. is attached, is given by
-s *. *- 6 -> *= 2 sec
6
()= -

Note* Equation (2) may be explained as follows

Suppose / is tho impulse due to tension of the string (compared to which
the impulses of finito weights are neglected) >tf. the instant when the 4 oz. wt.
is suddenly picked up. Since a string cannot push but can pull, / acts upwards
*>n tho weights on either sidt of the string.
Taking tho upward direction as positive and considering the 3 oz. wt.
which picks up the 4 oz. wt., we get
/ ^change of momentumNow
momentum Old momentum
= (3 + 4)F-3xl6 oz.ft. sec. .(!)

Again, considering the 5 oz., we have

/change of momentum in the upward direction,
= 5(-F)-5(-16) = 5xl6-5F ..(2).
From (1) and (2), we get
(3+4)F -3xl6=5xl6-5F
or (3+4+5) F(3 + 5)16=128.
Example a. A shot of mass m a thickness s of a
fixed plate of mass M ; prove thai if M penetrates
is
free move, to the thickness
penetrated i#

Let u be the velocity of the shot and poundals the average R

resistance to penetration.
In the first case the shot is reduced to rest after penetrating a
distance s.
/. by the principle of work and energy, we have
R8=qmu* ..(1).
Let
be the thickness penetrated in the second case and t; the
,9'

final common velocity of the shot and the plate when their relative
velocity ceases after impact, then the principle of conservation of
momentum gives
mn = (m+M)v ..(2),
and the principle of work and energy gives

[from (2)].

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
IMPULSE AND ENERGY 175

/. from (1) and (3),

Examples* Art inelastic pile, of mass pounds, m is driven

vertically into the ground a distance of a feet at each blow of a hammer
of mass M pounds, which falls vertically through h feet. Show that

(i) the weight which would have to be placed on the top of the pile
to drive it slowly into the ground would be
i
,-.- pounds
* ,

f)a
and (ii) the time during which the pile is in motion is

(m+M)a / /T
gh M V
Let u be the velocity of the hammer just before impact, then
u*=2gh ..(1).
Let v be the velocity of the hammer and pile just after impact,
then by conservation of momentum, we have
(M+m)v=Mu ..(2).
If P
poundals be the average resistance of the ground, then
the total force acting on the pile in the upward direction is
P (M+m)g and this force brings the pile and hammer to rest in
y

a bpace of a feet
/. by the principle of energy and work, we have

..(3).

[from (2)]

[from (1)]

so that a weight M +-fyT; -- ^ pl a ed on the pile would* slowly

overcome the resistance and drive the* pile into the ground.

Also the K.E. transformed by the blow

If isthe required time, then sinc'c the

(ii) t
impulse of the force
acting on the pile is equal to the momentum lost by it, we have

[P-(Jf +m)0]=(m+Af)v .
.(4)
t 2
From (3) and (4) we get, .

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
176 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

2a
or
M
t= - 2a(M+m)
-
(Jf+m)
Mu - M
v 'V gh
Note. Equation (2) may be explained as follows During the time :

that elapses between the instant the hammer comes in contact with the pile and
the instant at which they begin to move together with a common velocity (this
infinitesimally small time is of course different from the finite time taken by
the hammer and pile to penetrate the ground), an equal and opposite impulse,
say I (compared to which the finite impulses due to weights and resistance of
the ground are neglected) acts upwards on the hammer and downwards on the
pile. Taking the downward direction to be positive, we have
For the pile /= change of moment um=mv 0*=mv.
For the hammer, - 1= change of momentum =Afv 3ft*.
Hence Mv-~Mu+mv**Q

Example 4. A
bird of mass m
is flying horizontally at a height
h with velocity v struck by a bullet of mass
when it is moving verti- M
cally with a velocity V. If the bullet kills the bird and remains embed-
ded in it, prove that the bird will fall to the ground at f a distance dfrom
the point of projection of the bullet where

(LI.T. Kharagpur)
Let the velocity of the dead bird with the bullet embedded in
itbe u at an angle a to the horizontal, then by the principle of conser-
vation of momentum, we have
horizontally (m+M) u cos a=mv+J!f xo=mv
and vertically (m+Jf) u sin oc=mXo+Jkf V=M V
/. by division, tan <x= MVjmv (!),
and by squaring and adding, we get
(m+M) 2 u 2 =m2v2 +M 2 V 2 .
.(2).
Now the equation of motion for the dead bird, is

=x tan,
a 7- -
(jx
2
=x .

tan a
gx
*
2
sec f a

For a point on the ground, from where the bullet was pro-
jected y= h, so that the required distance d is given by

h=d tan a ~ (
1 +tan f
a).

Using (1) and (2) for tan a and u 2 and simplifying, we get the
quadratic equation in d in the form

which gives the required result at once.

Examples XXVIII
i. The masses of 10 and 8 oz. nro connected by a light string which
passes over a smooth fixed pulley. The system starts from rest and the 8 oz.
mas?, after it has risen 3 inches, passes through a fixed ring on which rests a bar
of ma? s 4 oz. nnd so carries the. 4 oz. mass on in its motion. Show that tho
4 oz. muss will b* carried nearly 2 inches above tho ring.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
IMPULSE AND ENERGY 177

a. Two
masses of 3 Ib. and 5 Ib. arc tied to the ends of a string 13 ft.
long. The
string passes over a smooth peg, 8 ft. above a horizontal table, the
5 Ib. mass on the table and the 3 Ib. mass lying close to the peg. If the
lying
3 Ib. mass is allowed to fall, show that it will not reach the table. Find also
the greatest height above the table reached by the 5 Ib. mass and the time it is
in motion before it reaches the table a second time,

Two particles A and B of equal mass lie close together on a horizon-

3.
tal tableand are connected by a light inextensible string of length /. A is pro-
jected vertically upwards with velocity \JlQgl prove that it reaches the table
;

again with velocity 2 \] gl .

Prove also that the sum of the Kinetic energies of the particles when
they strike the table again is less than the initial energy and state where the
loss of energy occurs.

4. A mass of 40 ounces on a rough horizontal table ([A J) is connected

with a mass of 10 ounces lying on the ground by a cord which has 5 feet of
*lack the first mass is projected along the table with a velocity of 20 ft. /sec.,
;

find

(i) the distance through which the system will move before coming to
rest for an instnnt,

(ii) the tension of the cord after the tightening of the cord,
(Hi) the time between tho tightening and the stoppage.
5. Two particles P and Q are connected by a fine inextonsiblo Rtring
which passes through a small smooth holo in a smooth horizontal table. Tho
masses of P and Q are 2tn and m respectively, and P describes a eirelo on. the
table with constant speed t, v hilo Q hanga at rest. Find the radius of tho circle
in terms of r.
If the particle on tho table is suddenly brought to rest by an impufoo
applied to it, find the magnitude of tho impulse and the speed with which tho
particle reaches the hole.
6. A hammer whose mass is 10 Ib. is used to drive a nail, whoso mass
is4 ounces, into a board. Tho surface of the hammer and nail are inelastic and
the hammer when it strikes the nail has a horizontal velocity of 10 ft. per see.
Show that in order that each blow may drive tho nail 1 inch into tho board, tho
resistance of the latter, supposed constant, must not exceed a weight of 183 Ib.

7. A ono ounce bullet fired horizontally with a velocity of 1,000 ft. per
sec. into a one pound block of wood resting on a smooth table, penetrates two
inches and remains embedded. With what velocity does the block move off V
How far would tho bullet Jiavc penetrated if the block had been fixed ?
8- If a w Ib. shot striking n fjxed motal plato with velocity u pene-
trates it

plate, free to move, of mass M Ib. and thickness 6, if 6< -

through a distance a, show that it will completely pierce through a
J\fd
^, the resistance

being supposed to bo unifoim.

9. Assuming that in a cannon the force on the ball depends onjy on the
volume of gas generated by the gun powder, show that tho ratio of the final
velocity of the ball whon the gun is free to recoil to its velocity when the gun is
fixed is

where M and m are the masses of the cannon and the ball respectively.
(Kash. U.)
TO. The weight 000 lb. and it drops vertically from a
of a pile driver is t

hoight of 5 foot on to a vertical pilo whi-h weighs 800 Ib. tho pile being driven
in 6 inches. Find the mean resistance and the energy lost at impact.
ii. An inelastic pilo of half a ton is driven 12 feet into tho ground by
30 blows of a hammer of 2 tons falling 30 feet. Prove that it would require 120
tons in addition to drivo it down very slowly.
ia. A bullot weighing 1 07. is firod horizontally into a block of wood
weighing 12 lb. t suspended by a string, so that the block and tho bullet
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
178 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

embedded in it swing without rotation. If the block rises to a vertical height

of 2J ft., find the velocity of the bullet.

13. A bullet of mass w, moving with velocity v strikes a block of mass

3f which free to move in the direction of motion of the bullet, and is embed-
,

dod in it.
is

Show that a proportion -

M
~-
of the Kinetic energy is lost.

If the block is afterwards struck by an equal bullet moving in the same

direction with the eamo velocity, show that there is a further loss of energy,

equal
4 to

14. A
hammer hrad of W
with a velocity of u ft./sec. f strikes
lb., moving
an lb. which is free to movo.
inelastic nail of in lb. fixed in a block of MProve
that if the moan resistance of the block to penetration by the nail is a force of
P lb., then the nail will penetrate with each blow a distance, in feet
MW* u*

Find the velocity acquired by a block of wood, of mass

15. lb., which M
is recoil when it is struck by a bullet of mass m lb. moving with a
free to
velocity v, in a direction pas.sin g through its centre of gravity.
If the bullet is embedded a feet, show that the resistance of the wood to

tho bullet supposed uniform is ^7 lb. wt. and that the time of penetra-
2(Af +m)ga

tion is sees., during which time the block will move ~- ft. (P*U.)

16. A
set of n equal trucks with *ST feet clear distance between them are
in*la3tic set in motion by starting the end one with velocity V towards
and are
tUr> next. Find how long it takes for the last truck to start and the value of the
final velocity. What proportion of the initial energy will have been wasted
when all the trucks are in motion ?

17. A
100 lb. shell travelling at 1,500 ft. per sec. bursts into two equal
portions which continue to travel in the same line ; if 200 ft. tons of energy
are generated by the explosion, find the subsequent velocities. (D.U.)
Two
carriages each of weight ttftona, tightly coupled together, are
18.
running on level rails at v ft./aec. When the coupling is released, the system
gains E
ft. tons of energy from the released buffers. Show that the velocity of
the front carriage is increased and that of the rear carriage is decreased by the
same amount
Eg
ft. per sec.,

2
g being the acceleration due to gravity in ft./sec . (P.U.)
19. A body of mass 1 m +w
2 is split into two parts of
masses mi and m%
by an internal explosion which generates kinetic energy E. Show that if after
explosion tho pnrts move in the same line as before their relative speed is

20. A truck weighing 15 tons and travelling at 6 ft. per second runs into
a -spring buffer which compresses half an inch per ton. Prove that the maximum
2
compression of tho spring buffer will be just under 10 inches. (0=32 ft./sec. )
(P.U. 1951)
(iV.B. The exact answer is $^5=10'06 inches).
ai. .At tho highest point of its path a shell explodes into two equal parts
of which one falls vertically from rest. Prove that the other will describe a
parabola of which the latus-rectum will be four times the latus- rectum of the
original parabola.
aa* A with a velocity V at an inclination a to the horizon.
shell is fired
Witon at its greatest height the shell explodes into two equal pieces one of
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
IMPULSE AND ENERGY 179

which is observed to rise vertically to double its height at the moment of the
explosion. Show that the other piece will fall to the ground at a distance

from the point of projection.

23. A shell lying in a straight smooth horizontal tube, suddenly explodes
and breaks into two portions of masses m and m'. If Js is the distance apart in
the tube, of tho masses after a time t show that the work done by the explosion ia
,

1 mm' a? 2

24. An inelastic ball of mass m is dropped from a height h above the

ground and at tho samo time a second ball of mass m^, is projected vertically
upwards to meet the ibrmer. Show that in order that immediately after
collision, the balls may bo at rest, the second ball must be projected with
i -i.
PW + WJ , "li
a velocity I
-gh
L ml J
\ .

25. A gun of mass M fires a shell of mass m horizontally and the

energy of the explosion is such as would be sufficient to project the shell

vertically to a height h. Show that the velocity of recoil is I I

L M(Jxi -\-m) J
9*9. Motion of the centre of mass of a system of
particles.
Let Of*, jfr), (#s> Sfe)> e ^ c -> be the co-ordinates of a number of
co-planer particles of masses, lt
rn 2 etc. m ,
Let ( x, y ) be the co-ordi-
nates of their centre of mass, then

-
and

If M denotes the sum of the masses, we have

M#
and My
Since m l9
m% etc., are constant, therefore, by differentiating
with respect to t, we have
dx

and

These equations give the velocity of the centre of mass of the

particles and they show that
The total momentum, in any direction, of the particles is the samt
as that of a particle whose mass is the whole mass and whose velocity is
equal to the velocity of the centre of gravity of the particles.
Differentiating again, we have

These equations give the acceleration of the centre of mass oi

the particles.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
180 ELEMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Let the particles be subjected to given external forces whose

components parallel to the axes are (X l9 YJ (Xt F,), etc., then since ,

the internal forces, being of the nature of action and reaction, cancel
each other, equations (2) can be written as :

and J

These equations show that the motion of the centre of gravity of

ike particles in any direction is the same as that of a mass equal to the
whole mass of the particles and acted on by the forces which actually att
on the separate particles.
In particular if no external force acts on the system of particles,
the momentum of their centre of mass remains constant.

Examples XXIX
I. Two masses of 3 and 2 Ib. move with uniform
velocities of 5 and 10
per sec. respectively. Find the velocity of their centre of inertia when they
ft.
move (t) along parallel lines in the same direction, (ii) in opposite directions,
(m) along lines at right angles to each other.

(i) The required velocity = -

o v f)

;.
o-f-~
-1-2
- x 10
=7 ft. per soc. in the direction in
which both the masses are moving.

(it) The required velocity=

oy 1
- - =1
-3 v o
- ~ -
ft. per sec. in the direction in

which the second body is moving.

(m) Let u, v be the components of the velocity of the C.O. in the two
directions, then

u=
3x5^-2x0
.-I- = 3 f
ft.
.

per sec. ; v- 3x0+2x10

-- - =4Mfft. - per sec.
/
. the resultant velocity ~y
32-jTj2~ 5 ft. per sec. in the direction
making an angle tan"" 1 *. = 53 8' with the direction of motion of the first maea.
a. Find the acceleration of the C.O. of two masses mj_ and tw 2 j
ine d y
a string passing over a smooth fixed pulley.

A~ acceleration of w, vertically downwards= ^1^- *n.

MI-HH2
/2 = acceleration of m 2
= /j
.-. tht) acceleration of tho C.O.

^1 /I + y/? 2/2 -^, m 1 m2 t / w l"" W 2\

2
__ . _
-

3. Two particles of masses 2 and 4 Ibs. move with velocities of 12 and

15 ft. per sec. respectively along two straight linos OA and OB inclined at an
anglo of 60 with one another. When tho second is at 0, the first is 6 ft. from O.
Show that tho C.O. of the masses moves with a velocity of about 12-49 ft.
per sec. along a lino which is inclined with OA at an anglo of about 43 54' and
meets it at a distance of 2 ft. from O.
4. Throe equal particles are projected each from an angular point of a
triangle, along the sides taken in order with velocities proportional to the sides
along which they move ; prove that their C.<7. remains at rest.
5. If, of three equal particles which start from tho highest point of a ver-
tical circle, one drops down a vertical diameter and the others filido down along
chords on the same bide of the diameter which make angles of 30 and CO with
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
IMPULSE AND ENERGY 181

the vortical, show that the acceleration of the centre of mass is \g\/l down a
chord which makes an angle tan*" 1 with the vertical.
-^
6. Prove that the Kinetic energy of two particles of masses m and m' ia

where V is the velocity of the C.G. of the particles and t; is the velocity of either
of them relative to the other.

REVISION QUESTIONS VIII

Explain clearly when does a force perform work ? How can you
i.
measure the work done (*) by a constant force and (ii) by a( variable force ?
;

(P.U.)
a. Provo that if a body, moving with a velocity ft. per second, is t;

exerting a force P poundals in the direction of its motion its rate of working is
Ptf/17,600 horse-power.
3. A
train can be accelerated by a force of 55 Ib. per ton weight and
when steam is shut off can be braked by a force of 440 Ib. per ton weight.
Find the least time between stopping stations 3,850 ft. apart, the greatest
velocity of tho train and tho horse-power per ton weight necessary for the
engine. (M.T.)
4. 1,000 gallons of water per minute flow through a water turbine.
The water enters at 6 m.p.h. and leaves at 3 m.p.h. Calculate the horse-power
of the turbine if the efficiency is 75 per cent.
5. Show that the amount of heat imparted per foot run to a sheet of
ice, inclined at an angle of 30, down which 20 boys of 6 stones weight each are
slipping is 291 foot-pounds of work nearly ; friction being equal to one-fifth of
the reaction. (P*U.)
*6. Explain with examples, the principle of conservation of energy.
An endless light string of length 21, on which are threaded beads of
masses M
and m passes over two smooth pegs A and B in tho same horizontal
line at a distance a apart, one bead lying in each festoon into which the string
is divided by the pegs. The lighter bead m is raised to the middle point of
AB and then let go, show that the beads will just meet if
i +
- - rr
7. A bead of mass m
free to slide on a fixed smooth vertical circular
wiro of radius a and centre O, is attached by a light elastic string of natural
length 7a/12 to a point at distance 5a/12 vertically below O, the string is
such that a force mg would extend it to a total length 7a/6. Show that when
the bead is vertically below initially, it will just rise to the level of if it
be given a horizontal velocity of amount %/ llag/1.
8. Define impulse, and prove that the impulse of a force in a given
lino is equal to tho change of momentum produced in the direction of the force,
whether the force is uniform or variable. (P.U.)
g. A pipo is bent into the shape of a semi-circular arc, cross-section of
tho pipu is ono square inch and water, forced through it, flows along it at a
constant speed of 12 ft. /sec. Show that the force that must bo applied to hold
t at rest is about 3' 9 Ib. wt.

Two particles each of mass w, are at rest side by side, when one is
10.
by an impulse P in a given direction while a constant force F begins the
* truck
instant to act upon tho other in tho same direction. If, after traversing a
s in time t, thoy are again side bv side, prove that
2P=7^ and 2p2
it. Two equal balls -4, 17, each of mass ?n, are at a distance a apart. An
impulse / acts on A in tho direction AB and a constant force jP acts on B in the
samo direction. Show that A will not overtake B if

ia. particles A, B of masses m, 2m respectively, connected by an

Two
inextensible string of length a, uro placed closo together on a rough horizontal
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
182 ELBMBNTAET ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

table. The coefficients of friction between the particles and the table are
respectively (J., JfX. The particle A is projected
along the table with a velocity
F which is greater than \/2lA0a. Find the velocity just after the string becomes
tight and show that B will overtake A if F 2 >20[/#a.
13. A mass
, M
after falling freely through a feet begins to raise a mass
m greater than itself connected with it by means of an inextensible string
passing over a smooth pulley. Show that m
will have returned to the original
2M I 2o~
position at the end of time wTAf \/ ^' ^')
'

14. State Newton's laws of motion and show that when two masses
impinge on one another, the sum of their momenta in any direction is unaltered
by the impact.
An inelastic pile weighing w tons is driven vertically by a hammer
weighing W
tons, the hammer having a free fall of h ft. Show that the energy
-
lost in each blow is -ft. tons. (P*U.)

15. If two inelastic spheres have direct impact, show that the Kinetic
energy lost by the impact 18 that of a body whose mass is half the harmonic
mean between those of the spheres, and whose velocity is equal to their relative
velocity before impact.
16. A target of mass M
is moving in a straight line with uniform

velocity F. Shots of mass m

are fired with velocity v in the opposite direction
BO as to strike the target, becoming embedded in it. Find how many shots
must be fired in order to moke the target to move back.
Find also the Kinetic energy lost when the shot strikes the target.
first

(L.U.)
Calculate the same when M =17 lb., F=3 f.p.s., r?i 4 Ib. and v=4 f.p.s.

17. Two buckets each weighing 16 oz. are connected by a cord over a
frictionless pulley, and an animal weighing 3 oz. is placed in one of the buckets.
The system is let go from rest and at the end of l sec. the animal springs
out of the bucket reaching a height of 8 inches above the starting point of jump.
Show that the velocity of the buckets while the animal is clear of them will bo
about 5-1 ft. per sec. (/ C.S.)
Two men, each of mass M, stand on. two inelastic platforms each of
18.
mass hanging over a smooth pulley. One of the men, leaping from the
tn,
ground, could raise his centre of gravity through a height h. Show that if he
leaps with the same energy from the platform, his C.G., will rise a height

19. If a bullet weighing w Ibs. is fired with velocity v at a body weighing

W lb. advancing with velocity F, prove that the body will retain the velocity
rr w
v
-w *-
,
or (

according as the bullet embedded or perforates and retains a velocity w.

is

20.
(a) A of mass M
is moving with velocity V.
shell An internal
explosion generates an amount E of energy and thereby breaks the shell into
masses whose ratio is m l to m z The fragments continue to move in the original
.

direction of motion of the shell. Show that their velocities are

^Ejm^M and V- \f2miE lm 2 M. (D.U.)
(b) Show that the velocity of one fragment relative to the other is

2E
M
-T7* (P-U. 1956 S.);

(c) If the shell breaks into equal masses and tho Kinetic energy genera
ted is equal to the Kinetic energy of the shell just before breaking, show that
one-half is brought to rest and tho other moves with velocity 27.
21. A shell is projected vertically upwards from the ground, its Kinetic
energy initially being E. Wh*n its velocity has been reduced to one-half, it
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
IMPULSE AND ENERGY 183

explodes into two parts of masses M

i and Af 2 of which Mi is the upper. The
Kinetic energy just after the explosion exceeds that just before by E and the 9

explosion acts along the line in which the shell is travelling. Show that the
upper portion reaches a height
M l

above the ground.

22. A
tholl of mass mj+tti 2 is fired with a given velocity in a given
direction. At the highest point of its path the shell explodes into two frag-
ments of masses^/ij and 2 w
The explosion produces an additional Kinetic
.

energy E
and the fragments separate in a horizontal direction. Show that the
fragments strike the ground at a distance which is equal to

where V
v_
g Vy~7T
\l 2E
the vertical component of the velocity of projection.
is

9g. The masses on an Atwood machine are M

and m. They move a ft.
from rest, and then the heavier mass M
strikes the ground and remains at rest.
Afterwards M
starts to move upwards and there is an impulsive tension in the
string, and l#ter Af strikes the ground again and so on. Show that
(i)
x
thd successive heights of M at which it comes to instantaneous rest
form a Q. P. of ratio I 1 .

\Af+m/
(ii) the who^e time during which* the system is in motion is three times
the interval from the beginning of motion to the first impact on the ground.
(A/.T.)
24. A plank, of mass Af , is initially at rest along a line of greatest slope
of a smooth plane incline^ at an angle oC to the horizon, and a man, of mass A/',

starting from the upper end walks down the plank so that it does not move.

Show that he gets to the other nd in time\ / where n is the

Y
rr*
(Af -f M
yy,
)g
on
Sin a

length of the plank. (D. IT. 1962)

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER X

COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES

io*i. Elasticity. If we drop a ball of glass on to a marble

floor, itrebounds almost to its original height but if the same ball
were dropped on to a wooden floor, the distance through which it
rebounds is much smaller. If further we allow an ivory ball and a
wooden ball to drop from the same height upon a hard floor the
heights through which they rebound are quite different. The velo-
cities of these balls are the same when they reach the floor/* but since
they rebound to different heights their velocities on leaving the floor
are different.

Again, when a ball strikes against a floor or when two balls of

any hard material collide, the balls are slightly compressed and when
"they tend to recover their original shape, they rebound.

The property of the bodies which causes these differences in

velocities and which makes them rebound after collision is called
Elasticity.
If a body does not tend to return to its original shape and does
not rebound after collision, it is said to be inelastic.

In considering impact of elastic bodies, we suppose that they

are smooth, so that the mutual action between them takes place only
in the direction of their common normal at the point where they
meet, there being no force in the direction perpendicular to their
common normal.
10*11. Def. When direction of each body is along the com-
the,

mon normal at the point where they touch, the impact is said to be
direct.
When the direction of motion of either or both, is not along the
common normal at Hie foint of contact the impact is said to be oblique.
10*2. Direct Impact of two Smooth Spheres. Suppose
two smooth spheres of masses m and m moving in the same straight
r

line with velocities u and u', collide and stick together. The forces
which act between them during the collision act equally but in
opposite directions on the two spheres so that the total momentum
of the spheres remain unaltered by the impact. If U be the common
velocity of the spheres after the collision and if the velocities are all
measured in the same direction, we have

This equation is sufficient to determine the one unknown

quantity U.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 185

But we know, as a matter of ordinary experience, that when

two bodies of any hard material impinge on each other, they separate
almost immediately and a finite change of
velocity is generated in each by their
mutual action depending on the material
of the bodies. Hence the spheres, if free
to move, will have after impact, different
velocities say vand v' '.

The equation of momentum now

becomes
mv-\-m'v' =m
10*21. This single equation is not sufficient to determine the
two unknown quantities v and v'. Another relation between the
velocities is supplied by Newton's Experimental Law which states
that when ttvo bodies impinge directly, their relative velocity after impact,
is in a constant ratio to their relative velocity before impact, and is in
the opposite direction.

If bodies impinge obliquely, the same fact holds for their component
velocities along the common nominal at the point of contact.
The equation derived from this law for the above spheres is,
~!l' '
tt-w'~"
or r -v'*-e(u-u') 9 ..(2)
r, v', u and
being all measured in the same direction.
u'

10*22. The constant ratio, e is called the co-efficient of

elasticity or restitution. Tt depends on the substances of which the
bodies are made and is independent of the masses of the bodies and
their velocities before impact. The value of e differs considerably
for different bodies and varies from to 1.
When e = 0, the bodies are said to be inelastic. In this case we
have from (2) r=/, i.e., if ttro tnelaxtic spheres impinge they move with
thesame velocity after impact.
When c--\ the bodies are said to be perfectly elastic.
Both these are ideal eases never actually realised in nature.
r
10*23. r ti fl( l th velocities of the spheres after direct impact
we colve equations (1) and (2) and got
--
,
--
*

m'-\-m'
10*24 When w = w' and c=l, we have r=w' and v'***u.

i.e., if two equal perfectly elastic spheres impinge directly they inter-

change their velocities after impact.

Example I. A hall of mass 8 Ib. moving icith a velocity of 4 ft.
per sec. is overtaken by a ball, of mass 12 /&., mooing ivith a velocity of
9 ft. per sec., (I) in the same direction as the first, (ii) in the opposite
direction. 7/6=1, find the velocities of the balls after impact. Find
also the loss of Kinetic energy in the first case.
Let the direction of motion of the first ball be taken as positive
and be the velocities after impact, then
let r, v'
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
186 ELEMENTAKY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

(i) 8M-12t/=:8x4+12x9140
and v -v'=
which give v7*6 f.p.s. and t/=6*6 f.p.9.

=* 64+486-231-04 261-36
=57-6 ft. poundals=l-8 ft. Ib.

() 8v+12fl'=8x 4-12x9= 76
and v-v'= 1[4 (-9)] V
which give v= 5'36/.p.s., t/ =
In this case the first ball turns back after impact.
should be noted that the velocities are measured algebraically, that
It
is, all one direction cert taken as positive while those in the
velocities in
op2>osite direction as negative.
Example a. A ball A moving with velocity ?/, imj.inges directly
,

on an equakballB moving with velocity 1) in the opposite direction. If

A be brought tl> rest by the impact, show that
u : v=l+e : 1 e

where e is the co-efficient of restitution.

Let V be the velocity of B after impact and let m be the mass

of each, then since A is* reduced to rest after the impact, we have
mxO+mP =m?^+?w( r
v), or F=w v,

and F=v-e[?/~ v)J, (

or F~e(w + ?;)

?/ t;=r=?e (M+V) or (1 e)u~(l-+e) v.

Hence u :
t;=(l-t-e) :
(1 e).

Examples XXX
i. A
truck weighing 2 tons and moving with a velocity of 5 f.p.s. over-
takes a truck weighing 8 tons which has n velocity of 2 f.p.s. Find the velo-
cities of tho trucks after impact if the co-efficient of restitution of buffers is .

a. A particlo A
of mass 4 In. and moving with a velocity of 10 f.p.s.
impinges on a particle B
of mass 12 Ib. at rest. How many foot pounds of
energy disappear in the collision and what is tho co-efficient of elasticity if .4 is
brought to rest.
3. Two sphere of masses 2 nnd 3 oz. are moving in th<* lino of centra
towards each other with velocities of 24 ft. per sec. and 30 ft. per sec., and
their co-efficient of restitution is J. Find their Velocities after impact, and tho
amount of kinetic energy transformed in the collision.
4.If a ball overtakes a ball of twice its own mass moving with one-
seventh of velocity and if the co-efficient of restitution between them bo J,
its
show that the first ball after striking the second ball will remain at rest. (D.U.)
5. Two elastic spheres impinge directly with equal and opposite velo-
cities ; find tho ratio of their masses so that one of them may be reduced to rest
by the impact, tho co-efficient of elasticity boing e.
6. If the masses of two balls be as 2 1 and their respective velocities
:

before impact be as 1 : 2 in opposite directions. Show that if the co-efficient of

restitution is f , each ball moves back, after impact, with f th of its original
velocity.
7. Two spheres of masses M, m
impinge directly when moving in
opposite directions with speeds it, v respectively, and the sphere of mass is m
brought to rest by the collision; prove that v(meM)~M(\+e)u.
After the collision tho sphere of mass M is 'acted on by a conatan t
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 187

retarding force which brings it to rest after travelling a distance a. Prove that
magnitude of this force is Afe*(u+t;)*/2a.
8* A mass of 5 Ib. impinges directly on a mass of 10 Ib. which is at
rest, with a velocity of 12 ft. per sec. and is observed to recoil with a velocity
of 1 f.p.s. Find the co-efficient of elasticity and the energy lost in the impact.
Q. Two spheres A and B of masses 4 and 8 Ib. moving with velocities 9
and 3 ft./sec., in opposite directions, collide. If A rebounds with velocity of
1 ft./sec., find the
velocity of B after impact, the co-efficient of elasticity and
the loss of Kinetic energy. (D.U.)
10. A ball projected vertically with a velocity of 80 ft./sec. The
is
moment it reaches the highest point, a second equal ball is thrown after it
from the same point with the same velocity. How high will they collide ?
If the co-efficient of restitution be 3/5, find the time the second ball takes
to reach the ground. (**#)
it. A sphere impinges directly on an equal sphere at rest ; if the co-
efficient of restitution is e show that their velocities after the impact are as

(l-e)/(l+e).
If the mass of the first sphere be m and that of the second m' show that
the first cannot have its velocity reversed if m>em'.
ia. Two bodies A and B whose elasticity is e, moving in opposite
diroeions with velocities a and 6, impinge directly upon each other show that ;

their distance at time t after

impact is te (a + 6).
13. Two bodies whose elasticity is J f moving in opposite directions with
velocities 25 ft. /sec. and 16 ft./sec., impinge directly. Find the distance
between them 4 J sec. after the moment of impact.
14. Three perfectly elastic balls of masses m, 2m and 3m are placed in a
straight line. Tho first impinges directly on the second with a velocity u and
then tho second impinges on the third. Find the velocity of the third ball after
impact.
If tho masses of tho second and third balls are mj and m^ show that tho
third bail will move after impact with velocity u if

15. A
If 9 B, C
bo tho masses of three perfectly elastic balls having
velocitit s a, 6, c respectively, and A impinges upon B and B upon C so that
thoir velocities ufter tho impact are u, v and w respectively, v being tho velocity
of B after impact orr C prove that ;

A a* -f B6 + Cc* Au2 + Bt>* + Cw*.

16. A ball .4 weighing 2 Ib. and moving with a velocity of 5 ft./sec.,
communicates a velocity of 2 ft. /.see., to another ball B of weight 8 Ib. by means
of ,-in intermediate b.'ill (7. If tha balls are perfectly elastic show that tho
ina^s of G is equal to either that of A or that of B. Show also that C again
collides with A in the first case.

17. The masses of three spheres, 4,1?, C are 7m, 7m, m ; their co- efficient
of restitution is unity, their centres are in a straight lino and G lies between 4
and /. Initially A and B are, at rest and G is given a velocity along tho line of
contres towards A. Show that it strikes A twice and B once and the final
velocities of A, B> G are proportional to 21, 12, 1. (D.U.)
18. Throo smooth spheres A, B, G of equal volume have masses 3m, m,
4m respectively and are initially at rest in a straight line on a horizontal plane.
A and B are projected along this lino towards G with speeds of 10 ft./sec., and
5 ft. /sec., respectively. A overtakes B before B reaches C. Find tho speed of C
after B collides with it. Tho co-efficient of restitution is J at each impact.

19. A series of n elastic spheres whoso masses are 1, e, c* etc. are at rest
separated by intervals, with their centres on a straight line. The first is made
to impinge directly on the second with velocity u. Show that finally the fir.st
n-~l spheres will be moving with the same velocity (1 e)u and the last with
velocity w.
n
Prove that the final K.E. of the system is J (1 -e+e ) iA
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
188 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

ao. Two equal spheres, A, B, lie on a smooth horizontal circular groove

at opposite ends of a diameter. A is projected along the groove and at the
end of time T impinges on B. Show that the second impact will occur after a
further time 2T/e t where a is the co-efficient of elasticity. (P. U.)
21. A small ball of mass m is just disturbed from tho highest point of a
smooth circular tube in a vertical plane and impinges on a smooth ball of
mass 2m resting inside the tube at the lowest point of tho circle. Find
the height to which each ball rises in the tube after () first impact (it) second
impact, when the co-efficient of elasticity is J.

10*3. Oblique Impact of two smooth spheres. Suppose

that at the moment of impact the direction of motion of the spheres
is not along the line joining their centres.

Let m, m' be the masses of the two spheres with centres A and
B at the time of impact,
?/, u' the velocities just
before impact,
a, /3 the angles the directions
of motion make with before AB
impact,
v, v' the velocities after
impact,
and 0, 9 angles the directions
of motion make with A B after impact.
Since the spheres are smooth, there is no impulse perpendi-
cular to the line of centres and hence the resolved parts of velocities
of the two spheres in the direction perpendicular to remain AB
unaltered.
v sin $~u sin a (!)
and v' sin 9=^' sin /?.
.
.(2)

Since the impulsive forces acting during the collision on the two
.spheres along their line of centres are equal and opposite, the total
momentum along A B remains unchanged.
mv cos + wV
cos <pmu cos .(3) .

By Newton's experimental law for relative velocities resolved

along the common normal AB, we have
v cos Qv' cos 9= e(u cos a H' cos /?). . .
(4)
From (3) and (4), we obtain
cos <x.+m'n' cos 0) em' (u cos a v' cos ._.
9 cos * = (mit fl)

(rnv cos a+w V cos /3)-fe/?? (?/ COB a?/' cos fl) ...
cos 9=
T ..(o)

1
Squaring and adding (1) and (5) we obtain v and <lh idinj* (
I
)
2
by (5), we obtain tan 0. Similarly we get t/ and tan 9 from 2)
and (6).

10*31. We deduce the following particular cases from the above

equations :

(i) If w'=0, from (2) 9=0, ( YVO), i.e., if the sphere of mass
Hi were at rest, it aillmove along the line of centres after impact.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 189

(it") If t*'=0 and from (2) m~em' and then from (5) 9=0
0.=90 so , that if a sphere of mass m- impinges obliquely <,n a sphere of
mass m at rest, the directions of motion of the spheres after iiyipact will
be at right angles if m*=*em'.
This evidently holds true when the spheres are equal am] per*
fectly elastic i.e. ,
when ?/=<), = 1 and m=w'.
(m) If w=--m', e=l f then, from (5) and (6), we have
t? cos = ?/' cos /? and t;' cos 9=u cos a
I.e., if two equal-and perfectly elastic spheres impinge they interchange
their velocities in the direction of their line of centres.
Also in this case, by using (1) and (2), we get :

tan tan 9= tan a tan /3.

It follows that if two equal and /

*
fatly elastic spheres impinge at
r

right nugleJSt their directions after impact will still be at right angles.
The studuit i* advised to prove these }>articu tar casefiindependtnttt/.

Example i. A .smooth sphere of mass Sib. moving with a velocity

"/# //. per .sec. frotH a direction 30 a sphere yf X of W collides with
3 /6. irith a velocity of JO Jt.
///onV/ The impact takes place per sec.
in xu<'h <\ innj that the line joining the centres of the spheres is E. and
W. nt tlte tim<: of iiHjwct. Determine the subsequent* motion of tJi<-
.s'-ror*/ sphrre and the deviation in iti direction
of motion, if its direction
oj innt:a)i bffore iiujHtct l.v

(/) Jr>m K. E. of N. and e=0'6.

to fi. (ii)from 30*
9
Let the velocities aftci impact be v and v at angles 0, 9 to the
line of centres.

Since the spheres ar^ AT

sntooth. the \eJucities perpendi- to,'
Ciilar tu th^linc of cent re> are.
unaltiTi'd.

(/) Jn the fir^t r^i^e y/

/. ? sin Q S -in :JO
-
!..(!)
and / ^in^ 9
Insin9(i = 10. .(2)
\.
Since the momentum after
impart along the line of centres
^-momentum before impact.
fu- ro* - 5 x S cos 30 f 3x 10 cos 90

By Newton*s law,
t; cos $ - v' cos 9 .-
- -* (8 rjs 30* 10 cos
90)

From (3) and (4), we have

'
3v' cos 9+5 cos ^=20-^/3 .
12\/3 orf
v' cos ?~ ..(5;
From (2) and (5), we have
/
i/y v l48=12-17f.p.s.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
190 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

and tan 9= =,= s/3=r4433 or 9=55 17'.

.-. the required deviation =90

55 17'=34 43' E. of S.
(ii) In the second case, the direction of motion of the second

sphere before impact is from 30 E. of N. i.e., it is from 60 N. of E.

and therefore the corresponding five equations of motion are as
follows :

v sin 0=8 sin 30=4, .(1)

v' sin 9 = 10 sin GO^ .(2)
5v cos 0+3i/cos 9=5x8 cos 30 3x10 cos 60

=20^3-15 ..(3)
v cos v' cos 9= 1[8 cos 30 (10 cos 60)]

..(4)
From (3) and (4),

3 v' cos 9+5 v' cos 9=32^3 or v' cos 9=4^3. .

.(5)

/. from (2) and (5), we have

*/=V 123=11-1 f.p.e.
and tan 9=$ = 1-25 or 9=51 20'
.-. the required deviation = 30 +90 51 20'
= 30+ 38 40' = 68 40'.

Example 2. Two equal spheres, each of mass in are in contact

on a smooth horizontal table, a third equal sphere of mass m' impinges
syir'U'i'tt'lfillfi
on them, prove that this sphere is reduced to rest by the
impact if 2m'=3tne.
Before impact, let u be the velocity of ra', which is reduced to
rest after the impact.
The spheres being equal in size,
/\ ABC equilateral and
is AX, the com-
mon tangent to and B U makes equal
angles, each 30, with ^47? and AC.
By symmetry tin*, velocities of B
and C will be equal, say each equal to
v; also the total momentum of the
spheres along AX will remain constant.
*mv cos 30+MV cos 30=m't
.".

or \J3 -mv^^m'u . .
(
I
)

By Newton's law of relative velocity^ along AB for the spheres

A and B, we have
v 0= c(0 u cos 30),
or v=Je?/^/3 (2)

/. from (1) and (2), we get

^/3 /// X \e \y3=w', i.e., 2m'=3we.
Cor. Ifw'=//?, then 6=3.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 191

Example 3. A
smooth sphere, A, of diameter a, is projected in
a certain direction so as to have impact with another equal sphere at B
rest. If the direction of motion of before and after impact makes A
angles and<f> respectively with the line of centres at the time of impact,
prove that
(i) tan 0=2 tan 0/(l e) and
(ii) in order to produce the greatest deviation in the direction of A,
it must be projected in a direction making an angle

with the line (of length c) joining the centres of A and B.

Let the sphere A be projected with velocity u along the line
ACE.
Let B be the centre of the
sphere D at rest and A(AB~c)
the centre of the moving sphere A in
its original position.

Let DC (=a) be the line of

crntivs at the time of impact of the
two .split-res, C being the centre of
the sphere A at that time.
Let v be the velocity of and A
v' that of B after the impact, so that
/,/?(? A' =0 and /_ 7*^=0.
The sphere B, having no velo-
city In-fore impact, will obviously
move along CB after the impact.

(i) .By conservation of momen-

tum along B(\ and by Newton's law of relative velocity, we have
?//r cos -f
-
/// r' = jnu. cos Q t

or r oos 0-f-r'
= // cos 6> ..(1)
and v eos 0--r'r= c(u cos -0). ..(2)
From thoe, \\e get
v cos 0= J(l r)i/ cos 0. .
.(3)
Also since the velocity of the- sphere A perp. to CB remains t!u>
same, we havp
v sin = ?* sin ft. .
.(4)
.% from (3) and (4), we get
tan =2 tan Ql(\r). ..(5)

(//) Now let WF 9

the deviation in the direction of motion
of the sphere /I, be />, HO that 0==<H-/>, putting this in (5) and
differentiating w.r. to 0, we him*
tan(0~! />) =2 tan 0/(l-c),

and sec'

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
192 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

In order that D may be the greatest dDjdQ and thus \ve get,

4 tan*

or T-^ 1= - 757- tan2

16 L(l e)
2
1 ej
fl

or [4 2(!-<>)]tan* $2(l )-(l-. )

or
tan f 0=J(l--e), ur.,

sin = \/ TUf / \/ 3^1-

Now to find CAB=x, from &ABC, wo havu
sin a sin(K fl) sin a sinfl
^1 j? Gf C

Hence sin a= sin Qlc n \' \-fjc \/'&~e.

Examples XXXI
I. A ball of mans 5
moving with a velocity of lit ft. per BOO., im-
ll>.

on a second ball of double* its ma**- ami one-third its velocity if their ;

v-iouitios before impact be parallel and inclined nt an angle of 30 to the line

0*' Centres at the time of impact, find tho resulting motion of tho first fiphoro
U <j~=J.

3. Two smooth spheres -of mass 1 ll>. each moving with velocity 20 f.p.s.
in directions at ri<zht angles to one another, impinge iii such away that tho
lino joining thoir centres is tli,> direction of motion of one of them. Find tho
velocities of the spheres after impact if e--{.

3. Two equal balls moving with equal spocds impinge, thoir directions
bring inclined at 30' and GO' to tho line of centres at the time of impact show ;

that if = 1, the balls move in parallel directions after the impact, inclined nt
45 to the line of centres.
,|.
A sphere of mass 4 Ib. moving with a velocity of f.p.e. impinges .*>

on a sphere of mass 2 Ib. moving with a velocity of f.p.s. If spheres are ft

moving (i) iu lik< parallel directions (it) in opposite parallel directions inclined
a< nn angle of 30 J to tho lino of eentivs at tho time of impact, show tliat tho
>-fcli>citi*.s of tho second ap)ier, after impact are tho same in tho two oa?c3, the

C-eUiC'>nt of restitution being ^.

What are tho velocities of the first p hero aftor impact ?

5. An
inelastic sphere impinges obliquely on a second sphere at rest,
whoso mass is twice it** own, in a direction making an angle of 30^ with tho line
j iniiu: tho centres of tho spheres at the instant of impact ; *how that its direc-
uon of motion is turned through on angle of 30 \

6. A
Hinooth sphere appronchns a stationary sphere of equal si/o and
ina-w it ccntrt> moving along u tangent to th' stationary sphere. On impact
tlie path of tho moving sphere is caused to doviat^ through 30. Find tho
lo-cttiriout of restitiitiou betx^cn the spheres, and show that their speeds after
impart are equal.
7. A ball impimses on another at vest prove that, if tho co-efficient of
institution b* ^iiiil to the ratio of their masses, tho balls will leave in directions
at i itfin 4ng!eS to ea*h other.

"VVhftt will happen in the ea^o of direct collision ? (P.U* } D.U.)

8. Two equal biuooth sphfrvs whose co.enieient of restitution is unity,
moving In (liiectioris dt right angles toeach othci, impinge obliquely. Show
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 193

that after impact their directions of motion will still be at right angle 9 to each
other. (P>V.)
9. Two equal balls are lying in contact on a smooth table, and a third
equal ball, moving along their common tangent, strikes them simultaneously-.
Prove that 4(1 c 2 ) of the kinetic energy is lost by the impact. (P.U.)
10. Two equal balls of radius a are in contact and are struck simultane-
ously by a bal) of Radius c moving in the direction of their common tangent.
If all th" balls be of the same material, the co-efficient of elasticity being e,
prove that the impinging ball will be reduced to rest if
2
2e*=c*(a+c) /a3(2a-f c). (Agra University)
[Hint. Masses of the balls are proportional to a 3 a 3 and c8 ]. ,

iz. A body of moss M

moving with a velocity v collides with another of
mass m which rests on a table. Both are perfectly elastic and smooth and tho
body m is driven in a direction making an onglc with the previous line of
motion of the body JV/, show that its velocity is
2Af
>T vcos 6-

13. Showa smooth sphere of mass m^ collides with another

that if
smooth sphere of mass ma
and is deflected through an angle
at rest, from its
former path, the sphere of mass m 2 being set in motion in a direction with the
former pr,th of wj, then

tan 6=--
- ---
Wlj
tn
-
sin 20
7W2 COS
;r^
20
both spheres being perfectly elastic.

13. A smooth spfiert travelling with velocity wi overtakes an tqual

smooth sphere travelling in n, parallel direction with velocity t/ 2 and impinges
upon it in such a way that the lino of ountres makes an angle a with the direc-
tion of motion. If tho spheres are perfectly elar.tic show that after impact the
angle between the directions in which tho spheres aro moving \^ fi, where
tn;i = (w 12 w 2 2 ) sin a cos
14. Two equal smooth spheres moving along par alk-1 lines in opposite
directions with velocities u and v. collide with the line of cvntrrs at an angle a
with thoir direction of motion. If after impact their linet of motion are at
right angles to ono another, show that
(u r)2/{u-H>)*=8in2a + e ? coa*a. (D.U.)
15.smooth sphere of mass m travelling with velocity ti, impinge*
A
obliquely on a smooth spheio of moss M
at rest, it* original lino of A not* on
making un angle with the line of centres at the moment of impact. Show
that the sphere of aimis 9/1 will be drflec-ted through a ripht angle if

16. A
smooth ball impinges on another ^mooth equal ball at rest in a
direction that makes an angle a with the line of centres at the moment of impact.
Prove that if D
be tho anglo through which tho direction of mot ion of tho imping-
ing bull is deviated, then

..!,. iil),l".- .

le+2 ten-*
If tho direction of the impinging ball bisects the angle between the
futuro directions of motion of the balls then tan a Vc.

17. Twoequal bolls of elastieity * impinge, having before impact resolved

vclcvitie*- t*j. r a >n <l>e direction of tbe oominon normal, and i4o,i?j p-srponUiculai
to it. li 4
.hrir iGotions after impact ar^ at right angles, prove that

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
194 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

10*4. Impact against a Fixed Plane. Suppose a smooth

sphere (or particle) of mass m, u, strikes a
moving with a velocity
smooth fixed plare in a direction making an
angle a with the normal to the plane, and
that it rebounds with velocity v making an
angle Q with the normal. Then, since the
plane is smooth, the component of the
velocity along the plane must remain
unaltered
vsin0 = Msina ..(1)

The plane being fixed its velocity is taken as zero.

/. by Newton's experimental law for relative velocity along the
common normal AN, we have
v cos 0= e( u cos a
i.e., v cos $=eu cos a --(2).

Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get

V2 =w 2 (sin 2 06+e2 cos 2 a).

Dividing (2) by (1) we have : cot 0=e cot a .

.(3).

These equations give the velocity and direction of motion of

the sphere after impact.

10*41. The following facts may be noted :

(1) If a=0 then by (1), 0=0 and .'. by (2), v=eu.

i.e., when the impact is direct, the direction of motion of the sphere
is reversed after impact and its velocity is reduced in the ratio e : 1.

(2) If =l,.by (3),

= a and then by (1) v=u, i.e., w hen
r
the
plane perfectly elastic, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle
is
of incidence, and the velocity remains unchanged in magnitude.
(3) If ==0, by (3), = 90 and then by (1), v=wsina, i.e.,
when the plane i
perfectly inelastic, the sphere
simply slides along
the plane, its velocity parallel to the plane remaining unaltered.

(4) Impulse of the blow change of momentum of the

sphere perpendicular to the plane
cos a (
mv cos 0)

(5) Loss of Kinetic energy =wtt 2 - wt; 2

raw 2 (sin 2 a-f-e a cos 2 a)
l e
2
) cos 2a.

Example i. A ball weighing one pound and moving with a

velocity 8 ft. per sec., impinges on a smooth fixed plane in a direction
making 60 with the plane find its velocity and direction of motion
;

after im,pact, the co-efficient of restitution being \. Find also the loss in
Kinetic energy and the impulse on the plane due to the impact.
The direction of motion of the ball makes an angle of 30 with
the normal to the plane. If after impact the ball moves in a direc-
tion making an angle $ with the normal with velocity v, then
v cos 0=ew cos a= \ x 8 cos 30=2 Ny3,
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 195

and v sin 0=tt sin a=8sin30=4.

v2 12+ 16=28
i.e., v=6'29 ft. per sec.,

and cot 0=~

&
, i.e., 0=49 6'.

f
Loss of K.E.r= Jmti 2 imv =lra(8x8 28) ft. poundals
=4f lb.=9ft.
ft.oz. (V m=l>
3 A/3
Impulse ==w(l+e)tt cos <x=l x -~- X 8 X-~
10-41b. ft.sec.
Example .4 particle falls from a height h
2. in time t
upon a f

Jixed horizontal plane. It rebounds and reaches the maximum height h

r
in time t , show that
t'^et and h'=e*h.
Also prove that the whole distance (up and down) described by the

particle before it has finished rebounding is h- -

j.
* .....
e^
and that the time that

-
i
elapses is

The time t taken and velocity u acquired on reaching the

horizontal plane are given by
u*~2gh, ..(1)
and u=gt ..(2)
h
or =$gt*, i.e.,t-V 2h/g ..(3).
The velocity of rebound being eu, the time and the max. t'

height h' attained by the particle to reach the highest point where
its velocity is reduced to zero, are given by
0=ew gt' i.e., eu=gt' .
.(4)
and O^e1 * 1 2gh', i.e., e*u*=2gh' . .
(5).
From (2) and (4), we get e gt~gt',.
i.e., t'*=et,
and from (1) and (5), we get e* 2gh*=*2gh' 9 i.e., h'=e*h.
It will reach the horizontal plane again with the same velocity
M, in the same time t'~et, after moving the same distance 7^=efA.
Thus after the first rebound and before the second rebound
takes place, the particle takes time 2et and describes the total dis-
tance up and down equal to 2e*h.
The same process will be repeated subsequently till the particle
comes to rest.

Thus the whole time taken by the particle during the motion

(3)],

the whole distance described by it

e* 1
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
196 BLBMBKTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples XXXII A
I. A ball weighing 10 Ib. and moving with a velocity of 30 ft. per sec.
impinges on a smooth fixed plane in a direction making 60 with the plane. If
the oo- efficient of restitution is } find
() the impulse on the plane due to the impact.
() the direction of motion of the ball after impact.
a. At what angle must a body whose elasticity is $ be incident on a
perfectly haid plane so that the angle batween the directions before and after
impact may be a right angle ?
3. An imperfectly elastic sphere whose elasticity is equal to tan 30
impinges upon a plane with a velocity such that
the velocity after impactt=the velocity before impact X sin 45,
find the angles of incidence and reflection.
4. A marble dropped on a stone floor from a height of 12 ft. is found
to rebound to a height of 10 ft. Find the co-efficient of restitution.

5. A steel ball is released from rest and falls upon a fixed steel anvil
and rebounds, the coefficient of restitution being 0*9. The lowest point of the
ball is initia y at a distance of one foot above the anvil. Show that the ball
finally cornea to rest on the anvil 4*75 sees, after its release and that the total
distance travelled by the ball is ^j^- ft.
6. A tennis ball is dropped from b point P at a height above. the H
surface of the court and rebounds to a height h. Prove that the velocity v with.
which it must be projected vertically downwards from P in order that it may
just return to P after rebound is given by the equation

Find the impulse at the point of impact with the court in the latter case.
7. A ball, whose co-efficient of restitution with the ground is J, is pro-
jected upwards from the ground with a velocity of 16 f.p.s. Find the total
distance described by the ball before it comes to rest, and the time occupied in
describing this distance.
8. m
An elastic ball of mass is projected vertically upwards from a point
on a horizontal plane with a velocity u. If t be the co-efficient of restitution,
find the total space described by it and the time that elapses up to the instant of
its nth rebound. What is the kinetic energy &fter the nth rebound ?
(P.U. 1956)
9. Two smooth balls, one of mass double that of the other, are moving
with equal velocities in opposite parallel directions and impinge, their directions
of motion at the instant of impact making angles of 30 with the lino of centres.
If e~i, show that the smaller ball behaves after impact as if it were a perfectly
elastic ball impinging on a fixed plane.
10. Two perfectly elastic balls fall from rest from heights of 16 ft. and
9 ft. above a horizontal plane descending along the same vertical line. They
impinge upon a plane inclined at an angle of 45 and move along the horizontal
plane. Prove that they will collide after moving a distance 24 ft. on the
horizontal plane.

10*42. A projectile impinging on a plane. A particle projected

with a certain velocity in a certain direction, other than the horizontal
and vertical, may strike a horizontal, a vertical or an inclined plane,
and may continue its motion after rebounding from the plane.
Example i. From a point in a smooth horizontal plane a ball
is projected with velocity u at an angle a to the horizon. Show that it

will keep rebounding from the plane for a time -77

lt
-- and will have a

u* sin 2a . . JT ~ . * , . .

range r- e being the co-efficient of elasticity.

Tl
i-~c
t

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 197

The and on meeting the hori-

ball at first describes a parabola
zontal plane, rebounds and so describes another parabola, and again
it
rebounds and thus describes a series of parabolas .

The initial vertical component of the velocity is u sin a and

vertical velocities of the ball at the successive rebounds are eu sin a,
e*u sin a, etc.

So the times of describing the various parabolic paths are

2u sin a 2eu sin a 2e*u sin a
, , , etc.
3 9
Hence the total time that elapses before the ball ceases to
rebound is

2u
.
sin

2u sin a
a
^_
2eu sin a
^.
_
2e s w sin a

a
(-,..

a
a \__2it s ^

The plane being smooth, the horizontal velocity u cos a of the

ball remains unaltered during the motion.
/. the horizontal distance described in this time

_ 2u sin a tt* sin 2

~ ' MC08a _
- '

jr(l-e) 0(l-e)
After the ball has ceased to rebound, it will move along the
plane with constant velocity u cos a.

Example a. A particle after falling from rest through

a distance
h a smooth plane inclined at an angle a to the horizon. Show that
strikes
the distance between the first two points at which it strikes the plane is

he(l+e) sin a.
(*') Find this value when e=, a =60 and A=2 ft.
(U) Prove also that the whole range on the inclined plane when
. , . , , 4Ae sin ot .

particle ceases to rebound is

the ^ = =-
(I*)
Let the particle start from and strike the plane at A with
velocity u, so that
OA^h, NO
and u*~2gh . .
(1).
Just before impact at
A, the velocity components
of the particle are :

n cos a along the nor-

mal ANin the direction NA ,

and u sin a along the plane

downwards.
Just after the impact, they are :

eu cos a along the normal in the direction AN,

and u
sin a along the plane, the
plane being smooth this remains
constant throughout for all impacts.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
198 ELEMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Considering motion in a direction perp. to the plane, the time t

which the particle takes to strike the plane again at B is given by
0=ett cos a t J g cos a t*, so that t*=2eu/g (2) . .

Now considering motion in the direction of the plane, the range

AB is given by
~u sin a. +i g sin a. 2 =w sin a. J -- &
[- J g sin a.
2e sin a ... 2e sin a
.,

=4Ml+e)sin a ..(3)
(t) Substituting e=J, a=60 and A=2 ft., we have
AB=4 X 2 x i X -|- X ~ =3^3 or 5'2 ft. nearly.

(ii) Just after the impact at B, the velocity component perp.

2
to the plane is e u cos a.

/. as in (2), time for the second range BC=

and so on for other ranges.
the whole time T till the particle ceases to rebound
2eu ._
, f 2 , v 2eu
g g g
the whole range on the inclined plane In this time
==w sin a. T+\ g sin a. T 2
n sin a 2
w2
w sm ax:2eu r -|-2_
'
2
.
4e
_-
g(l e) <jr(l ej*
2e sin a r ,
~-n
el*
e1 ~ 2e sin a
u r X
*
^
71 -,
1
X 2gh
,

0(i-) 1-eJ \

g (I e) 1-e
4Ae sin a

Example 3. ^4 ball is projected with a velocity u at an

elevation a, from a point distant d from a smooth vertical wall in a plane
perpendicular to it. After rebounding from the wall it returns to the
point of projection. Prove that

u 2 sin 2u.~gd ( l-\ J*

Let 0, be the point of projection, AB, the wall and AN

perpendicular to AB,
Let ti be the time for motion from O to A
along the path OCA, and t g the time for the
return journey from A to along the path ADO,
then
d=^X horizontal component of the velocity
before striking the wall
==t v 11 cos a,
also d= 2 x horizontal velocity after impact with
the wall
B =. en cos a.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 199

cos =<*+ =d l+ .
.(1)
\ c /
The wall being smooth, the vertical component u sin a of the
velocity is unaffected by the impact and the final vertical displace-
ment of the ball being zero, we have

tj*, or t.+t ..(2).

-
2u
Substituting this in
sin a

[/
-
. u cos a=a,
(1),

/_
f

\
1-|
,
wet get
1 \
---
>
1

Note. In case u and a are known, tho co-efficient of restitution between

the ball and tho wall, as obtained from this equation, is given by
or
n
u ,2 sm2a=0a(
.
i/

,/
\
,

1-j
-- \
1

>
/J-

2 sin
, 2<x. gd.

Examples XXXII B
i. A particle
of elasticity c is projected in a direction inclined to the
vertical and bounces on tho smooth horizontal plane. The range of one rebound
is r ; find the range of the next. [Ans. er.] (P.U. 1957)
a. A particle is projected from a point in a horizontal plane with a velo-
city of 32 ft. per sec. at an angle of 30 with the horizon. If the co-efficient of
restitution is find the distance described by it horizontally before it ceases to
,

rebound. [Ans. Ill ft. nearly.] (D.U.)

3. A ball is projected from a point in a horizontal plane and makes one
rebound, show that if tho second range is equal to the greatest height which the
ball attains, the angle of projection is tan 1 40, e being the co-efficient of
elasticity.
4. A smooth
elastic ball is projected horizontally from the top of a
tower 100 high with a velocity of 100 f.p.s. show that after one rebound it
ft. ;

will describe a horizontal range of 40 ft. if the co-efficient of elasticity is $.

5. A ball falls vertically for 2 seconds and hits a plane inclined at 30

to the horizon. If the co-efficient of restitution be 3/4, show that the time that
elapses before it again hits the plane is 3 seconds.
6. A
ball is projected in a piano perpendicular to a smooth vertical wall
so that after rebounding, it passes through the point of projection. If the point
is at a maximum distance d from the wall, prove that V \he velocity of

projection is given by V* = gd( l~\

---- 1, where e is tho co-efficient of

restitution.

7. A ball projected from a point O hits a vertical wall, rebounds and

passes through tho point 16 ft. above O two seconds after projection. If the
distance of the wall from O is 30^3 ft. and tho co-efficient of restitution is f,
find the magnitude and the direction of the initial velocity of tho ball.
Find also tho height above the level of 0, of the point at which the ball
hits the wall. [Ans. 80 ft./scc. at 30 with horizon 21 ft.] ;

8. A
particle is a smooth horizontal piano HO
projected from a point in
as to strike a smooth vertical wall at right angles, and after rebounding from
the wall, and onco from the horizontal plane, returns to the point of projection;
prove that the co-efficient Jof elasticity is (P.U.)
.

9. A perfectly elastic ball is projected from a point in a piano of inclina-

tion a show that 0, the angle of projection with the horizon in ordor that after
;

striking tho plane, tho ball may be reflected vertically upwards is given by
2 tan = 3 tan a + cot a.
10. A smooth elliptical tray is surrounded by a smooth vertical rim,
prove that a perfectly elastic particle projected from a focus along the tray in any
d'.roctioa will after two impacts return to the same focus.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
200 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
n. A small sphere, moving with velocity V on a smooth horizontal
plane towards a fixed vertical plane in a line at right angles to it, impinges
directly upon an equal sphere at rest at a distance a from the vertical plane.
The co-efficient of restitution between the spheres and also between a sphere
And the vertical plane is .

Prove that there are only two impacts between the spheres, the interval
between them being 12a/5F. Also find the final velocity of the first sphere.
[Ans. 77/32.]

10-5. Kinetic energy lost by impact. In general there is

always a loss of kinetic energy whenever two bodies impinge.

We have, by Algebra
(w+w')(r/iti
2
+9'w' 1 )==(mtt + m'tt') 2 +mm'( M')*, ..(1)
f 2 t
and (m+m (mv*+m'v' )==(mv+m'v') +mm'(v--v')*
) (2) . .

(1) and (2) are mere identities.

I. Direct Impact. In the case of direct impact of two spheres
as given in Art. 10*2, we have
mv+m'v'mu+m'u' . .
(3)
and v 1/= e(M u') ..(4)
Subtracting (2) from (1), dividing by 2(m+m') and using (3)
and (4), we have
Loss in K.E.

Since e<l, this is positive and there is always a loss of Kinetic

energy. This vanishes when e 1, i.e., when the spheres are perfectly
elastic, there is no loss of energy.
II. Oblique Impact. When the collision is oblique, we have t

Loss in K.T&.^(bmu*+im'u'*)(lmv*+%m'v *)
2
2
2 2
2
5 a 2
$w(H cos* oc-M sin a) Jm'(?*' cos 0+w' sin /?)
2 2
2

2
2

2
+
\m(v* shi 0+v* cos 0) w'(v' sin 9-fV cos 9).
But the components of the velocities at right angles to the
line of centres are unaltered by the impact ai j. thus, as in 10'3, we
have
v sin Q=u sin a and v' sin 9==^' sin 9. 1

Hence loss in K.E.

=Jmw
2
cos 2 a ~f |w'w'* cos 1 jS Jr/iv
2
cos 2 Q JwV'cos* 9.
It follows that it is
only velocity components in the line of
centres that can affect a change in the Kinetic energy of the spheres
Hence proceeding as before in the case of the direct impact and
writing respectively, u cos a, u' cos /?, v cos and v' cos 9 for ?/, u' 9
v and v' in the four equations, we obtain a result similar to (5).
/. Lossin K.E. = J :-' , (u cos a u' cos j8)
2
(l e 2 ).
I
'Iff
-p Wit
Note. If u'Q
and w'->ao . the result is the same as (5) in Art. 10'41
for the loas of energy of a sphere striking a fixed plane.

10*6. Compression and Restitution. When a Vv<>t tennis

ball falls on to a hard floor or strikes a wall, it leaves a mark which
is not merely a point, but a circle of considerable area. It shows
that at the time of impact, the ball must have undergone a deforma-
tion near the point of contact. Similarly when two elastic spheres of
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 201

any hard material impinge on each other, each is slightly compressed

by the other, so that they are no longer perfect spheres. Finally each
resumes its original shape and separates from the other. The period
of impact may thus be divided into two parts :

(0 The Period of Compression, during which the distance

between the centres of the spheres diminishes until the distance is a
minimum at the moment of the greatest compression. ,

(ii) The Period of Restitution, during which the spheres

resume their original shape and separate completely.
At the instant of greatest compression the distance between the
centres of the spheres is minimum and, therefore, its rate of change is
then zero and consequently the relative velocity of the spheres along
their common normal vanishes. Thus at the time of greatest compres-
sion, the components of the velocities of the spheres along the line of the
centres must be the same.
*
10*7. Impulses of Compression and Restitution. When*
ever two spheres impinge, the whole time of action between the
sphere's is so exceedingly short that it/ is not possible to follow the
process in detail. Yet during the momentary contact, forces are
called into play rising from zero to a high value and dying away to
zero again, so that a great and instantaneous change of velocities
takes place. We now find the relation between these forces and tho
changes in the velocities of the two spheres.
1
Let m, m' be the masses of the spheres, ?/ and n
their velocities
before impact, and v, v' their velocities after impact, the velocities
being all measured in the same direction.

Let U be the common velocity of the spheres at the time of the

gu-atest compression.
Tho time from the instant at which the spheres touch to the
instant of the greatest compression is so small that the forces pro-
ducing the changes in the veloci-
ties of the spheres may be regard-
ed as impulsive. In whatsoever
manner these forces may change
during the impact, they, being of
the nature of the action and re-
action, must be equal and opposite
at a particular instant.

Thus, if / is impluse of
compression on the sphere of mass
m, the impulse on the sphere of mass m will ber
/ and we have
7 -change of momentum in m = w(Uu) "1 ...
*' '
/= change of momentum in m'*=*m'(Uu')\
*

-J-+*7-ff--(ff--')-'-
III/ ''-
..(2)

After tho instant of the greatest compression, the period of

and another system of forces comes into play until
restitution begins
the spheres recover their shape and separate from each other with
velocities # and v'.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
202 ELEMEKTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

If /' be the impulse of restitution, then

/'= change in momentum in U) m=m(v
and /'= change in momentum in w'=w/(i?' 7),

tn
'
m'
From (2) and (4), we have
g
-j-= /__ ^ ,== ( e) by Newton's law.

Hence 7'=e/
i.e., Impulse of restitution e X impulse of compression .

Conversely if 7'=e/, then from (2) and (4), we have

/
Total impulse=/+/ =(l+0/-:(l+e) from (2).
----^-"7---,

m(U u) = -m (U-u')
f
Also from (1),
i.e., (m+m')U=mu+m'n'
Similarly from (3),

Hence J7=
Note. These equations prove the fact that the total momentum remains
the same throughout the motion.

10*8. Kinetic Energy lost by direct impact during the

two periods.
U, the common velocity of the spheres at the time of the
greatest compression is given by
T7 mu+m'u' rwv+wV

/. ^!=loss of K.E. during the period of compression

m'u'* l(m+m\U* t
r mni
t /0
2 (m'u-i-m
L-
u')*
' } t

,~/( M
.

"w
JHi"""
- -

4.?jiV
m+m' 7
m + nt
*

[by(l)
loss of K.E. during the period of restitution

1
= if (wv-f
- w'^) "!
i mv 2
J
L
+mV
,
i z
2

w/4-^
r~"/
J

The negative sign shows that a part of the energy lost in the
first period is regained in the second period.
Total loss in energy =- E l 2 ^-E l
e2E 1 ^( 1 '*)E l +E

this result is the same as obtained in 10*5.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 203

Examples XXXIH
i. Two
olastic spheres, each of mass m, collide directly. Show that the
energy lost during the impact is i m(w*~ v 2 ), where u and v art the relative
velocities before and after impact.

If the velocity of one of the spheres is exactly reversed by the impact,

and the co-efficient of restitution is , show that the energy lost is four times
if
that of the sphere whose velocity is reversed.
a. A tram
car weighing 10 tons and running at 10 m.p.h. overtakes
and with another tram car weighing 10 tons and running at 9J m.p.h.
collides
After the impact the cars separate with a relative velocity of i f.p.s. Find the
amount of energy lost in the collision. (Ana. 60jf ft. Ib.)
3. Two equal smooth billiard balls, whose co-efficient of elasticity is e,
moving with equal velocites v in opposite directions, impinge obliquely, the lino
of centres on impact being inclined at 45 to the direction of motion.
Prove that the loss of energy by impact is half what ii> would have been.
had the impact been direct.
4. Given the masses, the co-efficient of elasticity and the magnitude
but not the direction of the velocity of each of tho two smooth spheres, show
that tho loss of kinetic energy is greatest when the impact is direct and the
spheres aro travelling towards each other.
5. Two smooth homogeneous spheres whose velocities are u and v and
masses in, m' impinge directly. Prove that the- momentum transferred from
one to the other or the impulse which each receives is

m+in'
where e is the co-efficient of elasticity.
6. Explain tho action that takes place between two elastic bodies during
collision.

If tho impulsive force during tho period of restitution bears a constant

ratio e to the impulsive force during the period of compression, show that

(*) the relative velocity after impact i.3 e times the relative velocity
before impact, and

(ii) the momentum of the system is tho same after impact as before.

REVISION QUESTIONS IX
1. Prove that when two smooth spheres impinge directly, tho K.E. is
lost by impact, unless tho elasticity is perfect. (P. 17. 7954)
2. Describe tho action that takes place whon ono clastic body impinges
on another. Show that tho ratio of tho impulses of the forces of restitution and
compression is equal to the co-efficient of restitution. (P.U. 1955)
3. Two balls, each of ma^s 1 Ib., aro placed on a smooth horizontal
plane and connected by a light olastic string of ratural length C ft. and modulus
6 Ib. wt. Tho balls aro drawn apart so that the distance between them is 8 ft.
and then let go. Find tho velocity of the balls when the string becomes slack
and show that if tho co-efficient of elasticity is A, the balls return, after impact,
with half of this velocity, and that tho subsequent maximum elongation of the
string in ono foot. [Ana. 8 ft. /sec.]

4. A small ball hangs from a point in a vertical wall by a string of

length I and rests in contact with the wall. The ball is pulled back in a vertical
plane perpendicular to tho wall, tho strinp making an angle a with the vertical,
and let go. If e be tho co-efficient of restitution show that tho angular
Amplitude of the rebound after n impacts is
11
2 siir-lfc sin Jot).

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
204 ELBMBNT1KY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

5. An imperfectly elastic sphere of mass wi, moving with velocity u

impinges directly on another sphere of mass m' at rest. The second sphere
afterwards strikes a vertical cushion at right angles to its path show that there :

will be no further impact of the spheres if

w(l+e'4-ee')<w', where e is the
co-efficient of restitution between the spheres and e' that between the second
sphere and the cushion. (Bm. U.)
6. A
ball is projected from the middle point of one side of a billiard
table so as to strike first an
adjacent side, and then the middle point of the pide
opposite to that from which it started ; show that the ball will hit the other
*
adjacent side at a distance - -
from the end nearest the opposite side, 6 being
the length of the adjacent side.

7. A
square table whose side ABGD is a has raised edges. A particle
of elasticity e is projected from a
point in P AB and hits the sides BC, CD, DA
in Q, R, S ; prove that the paths PQ and R8 are parallel.
If bo the angle QPB and BP be x, prove that, if the particle returns
to / ,

*(l-e)=a(l-e cot a). (D.U. 1959)

8. A
srrjoth circular table is surrounded by a smooth rim whoso
interior surface is vertical. Show that a ball projected along the table from a
point on the rim in a direction making an angle Q with tho radius through tho
point, will return to tho point of projection after

*
(t) two impacts if tan 0= and that the tirao of describing tho
N/T-fe-f^
first chord U e-times tho tirru for the last chord.

(U) three impacts if tan 6- e *, e being tho co-efficient of elasticity.

9. A
smooth sphere, of mass m is tied to a iix-d point by an inextonsi-
t

blo string and another sphere, of muss m',

impinges directly on it with velocity
v in a direction
making an acute angle a with tho string. Show that m begin*
to move with velocity
sir. a
ai"' (P.V.Hon,.)
10. A particle of elasticity c goes bount ing down an undies lhibt of
stairseach of height ft and brvadth 6. It hits each ..rair at an
oxartly ftimiKr
point at tho same angle and with tho same hpccd. m<l tho aiurlu of impact
jmu show that the normal velocity of
impact i*

[.his. tan-if&U -e)/2/*] with the vortical.]

n. In acertain game a ball IP rolled
along a horizontal piano until it
strikes an inclined plann ot inclination from whirh it rcbonnrla. Tho objeet
of the gumo is to muke tho bail after rebounclin fall into
w a hole in tho inch MM!
plane at a distance d from its junction with tho horizontal Show that
plane.
r Ut th bUU mtty nt r th h
Iu> itS vclocitv of P>ifotibn V must b,i
'?v b
gd**e F2 sin Q (l~e tan2 0).
12. A
perfectly elastic ball is projected from the foot of a plane inclined
*t an anglo 6 to tho hori'/.on. If after striking the piano at a distance / from
the point of projoction it ivboumls and retraces its former
puth, bhow that tho
velocity of projection is

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
COLLISION OF ELASTIC BODIES 205

13. If two balls of masses m, m' moving with velocities w, u' impinge
directly prove that the condition that each loaos the some amount of kino tic
energy is

(3+c)(mu+mV)+(l-)(f7iw'+m'u)=0.
14. Two
equal smooth spheres of radius r, move with the same spued in
opposite directions along parallel lines which arc at a distance d apart. Prove
that the direction of motion of each deviates, on impact, through a right angta
if

15. An elastic ball is projected from a point at the foot of one of th<*
two Fjuooth parallel vortical walls so that after three impacts it mny return to
the point of projection. If the last impact bo direct, show that

16. A heavy perfectly elastic particle is dropped from a point P on the

inaido surfhoe of u smooth sphere. Prove that the second point of impact on
tho surface of the sphere will be in the same horizontal piano as the firat if the
angular distance of P
from the highest point of tho sphere is

COA (D.V.
{(2l +l)*/2}.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER XI
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
i.~RELATIVE MOTION
i i"i. Rest and motion relative terms. When we say that
a body isat rest, we simply mean that the body has no velocity with
respect to another on which the body stands, as for instance, the
surface of the earth. But really the body is not at rest as it is
partaking in the motion of rotation of the earth about its axis and
the motion of the whole earth round the sun. Again, the sun itself
with the' whole solar system is moving through space towards the star
Vega. Vega, the sun and a large number of stars are themselves
supposed to be moving with respect to another system of stars and
so on. There is thus no absolutely fixed point from which we can
measure our motion, so that all motion is relative. It is, therefore,
unscientific to distinguish between rest and motion as between two
different etates of a body in itself, since it is impossible to speak of a
body being at rest or in motion except with reference, expressed or
implied, to some other body.
ira. Relative Velocity. The velocity of a point P relative
to a point Q is the rate of change of position of P with respect to Q
or in other words the velocity of P
relative to Q is the velocity which
P appears to have when viewed from Q.
The relative velocity of two bodies moving along a straight lino
Was discussed in the first chapter. We
now consider the relative
~ velocity of bodies moving over a
plane.
Let the position of the- point P
at any time t be defined by the
co-ordinates (.r, y) relative to two
perpendicular axes through a point O
(supposed iixed) and let the co-ordi-
nates of the point Q at the same time

If (*'*
*
!/')
MX with reference to the same axes be

are the co-ordinates of P relative to the axes through

Q parallel to those through 0, then
x'^x- and j/'^y-t; ..(I)

Differentiating, we have
dx'
^-
d.r r/|
ancl ~=~~
d//' dij

which shows that, when all velocities are measured relative to a

given
point, the velocity components of the point P relative to the moving
point Q are obtained by adding to the actual velocity components of
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 207

P, the actual velocity components which are equal and opposite to

those of Q.
The velocity of P relative to Q may, therefore, be regard- d &.s

the resultant of two velocities, viz^

(i) the actual velocity of P,

and (ii) the reversed velocity of Q.
Thus, we have the following :

The velocity of P relative to Q is obtained by compounding the

absolute vcfocity of P nrith the reversed velocity of Q.
11*21. This can also be proved geometrically as follows :

Let the velocities of P and Q be represented in direction and

magnitude by the lines PR and Q8. Complete the parallelogram
PQfiT and join TR.
Bytriangle of velo-
cities, thevelocity is PR
equivalent to two velocities
represented by PT and TR.
But P'l\ being parallel and
?qnal to Q8, represents the
velocity of Q. Thus the
velocity of P is equivalent
to two velocities, one repre-
tented by PT, equal and parallel to that of Q, and the other
represented by TR.
Hence TR represents the velocity of P relative to Q.
.Again, TR is equivalent to PR, the velocity of P, and TI\ a
velocity equal and opposite to that of Q.
Hence the velocity of P relative to Q is obtained by compound-
ing with the actual velocity of P, a velocity equal and opposite to
that of Q.
11*22. the velocities of
Thus, if P
and Q be ?/ am 1 r in direc-
tions making angles a and with the axis of .rand if'V be the
. ni:i(!iiit title and 6 the difeqtion of
fU ;/
the velocity cf P relative to y,
then
I' cos = M cos a r cos ft
and V sin 0=?/ sin a v sin (3

tan
u cos a v i-os

(// sin a *v Bin /?,*

nv cos a-
These equations give the magnitude and direction of the relative
Telocity.

11-23. Equations (2) Art. 11-2, may also be written in the form
.
Illlf * * ' ^
antl I
ss
di dt'r"3t
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
208 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

i.e., the actual velocity of P is obtained by compounding with the velocity

of Q, the velocity of P relative to Q.

Example i* A railway train running at the rate of 60 miles

by a stone moving at right angles to the train with a
per Jwur is struck

velocity of 33 ft. per sec. Find the velocity with which the stone appears
to strike the train.

Let V be the required velocity In a direction making an angle

with the direction of the train, then since 60 m.p.h.=8S f.p.s,
Fcos 0=0 88=-88
and V sin 0=33-0=33
F= V8Fx8"T33x"33===ll V/73^93'9 ft. per sec.,

33 ^
Example 2. A
person going eastward with a speed of 4 m.p.h*
finds that the wind appears to blow directly from the north, lie doubles
his speed and the wind seems to come from N.E. In what direction and
with what velocity is the ivind blowing ?
Let OE
and OS drawn in the east and south directions be taken
as tho axes, let the velocity of the wind be v and let it be blowing iny

a direction making an angle with

OE, then the components of this
velocity are v cos 0, v sin 0.
Components of the velocit}'
of the man are 4, 0.
.*. components of the relative
velocity are
v cos 4, v sin 00.
.*. in the first ease when the wind apperrs to come from the
north, i.e., the relative velocity is perp. to OE,
its component along OK
must vanish.
/. v cos 04=0 i.e., v cos 04 .
.(1)
In the second case when the man doubles his speed, the com-
ponents of the relative velocity are v cos 8 and v sin 00.

.., vsin 0--=:-~t; cos 0+8= 4+8=4 ..(2)

/. from (1) and (2), we have t'^4^2 and 0=tan~ 1 1^=45
i.e., the wind is actually blouing from tho north-west.
Or thus the man's speeds are represented by OP and OQ
:

and OR represent the velocity of the wind, then

let
OR compounded with PO and QO i.e., OP and OQ taken in tho
reversed direction*, gives the relative velocities Pit and QR
respectively.
But PR is given to be from the north, so that

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
RELATIVE VELOCITY 209

so that
and QB is given to be from the north-east,

and PR^PQ,
but PQ=OP, :.OP=PR and
Hence OE=OP sec 45=4N/2.
Example 3. Two motor cars A and B are moving -uniformly on
two straight, roads at right angles to one another at 40 and 20 wiles per
hour respectively. A passes the intersection of the roads wl en B has
still to move 50 miles to reach it. How much time will elapse before they
are close and what is the shortest distance between them ?
together
If z is the distance between the cars after t hours, then
V
-
B
nd
at
= 2000^-1000
50
>

z is least when .-
=0,
at

i.e., when t= \ hour =30 mins.,

which gives z==20\/54-'7 miles,
40 X
the shortest distance between the cars.

Or thus : Let O be the position of A when B is 50 miles from

O initially. .4 is moving along OX and B is moving along YO. In
this position let a velocity of 20 m p h. in the direction OY bo
impressed upon boil* of them.
B is reduced to rest and A moves with a velocity of
V 40x40 +20x20=20^5 m.p.h. along OK inclined at an angle
fi^tan- *
1 = tan- 1 with OX.
OR is the direction of the relative velocity of A with respect to JS.

/. the shortest distance between the cars

~-BL, perpendicular from B on OR
cos =50 X --fp=20\/5= 44'7 miles.

The time t when it occurs

=time to describe OL with the relative velocity.

" hour-30 miw.

Example 4. // the distance between two points P and Q at any

time be a, if V be their relative velocity, and if u
be the and v
components of V respectively in, and perpendicular to the direction of ;
show that their distance when they are nearest to one another is avj V ,
and that the. time that elapses before they arrive at their nearest distance.
is an I V*.
In the Fig. of Ex. 3, let O be the position of P and that of B
Q, so that OB** a.

Let OR be the path of P relative to Q, so that when Q is

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
210 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

supposed ta be at rest at JB, P moves along OR with relative velocity

V, then by th question
V sin = component of V in the direction of a, along OB=w, i.e.,

V cots = component of V perp. to a, along OX*=v. i.e.,

Now the shortest distance between them

=BL=a cos
0=a.-pr=-y ,

and the time to reach this position

an
_ - =a
_OL sin a v
-.
v
-,
j =-j7 -p-= y 2

*ii*3. Velocity of a shot fired from a gun free to recoil

horizontally. Let a shot of mass m be tired from a gun of mass M
nfr rest on a horizontal plane. Let the barrel be inclined at an angle
a to the horizon and let u be the velocity of the shot relative to the
gun. This velocity, being in the direction of the bore of the gun,
will be inclined at the angle a to the horizon.
Let the gun recoil with a velocity v. Then the actual horizontal
velocity of the shot its horizontal velocity relative to the gun
(u cos <x)+the velocity of the gun ( v)

=u cos <x v.

Also the vertical component of the actual velocity of the shot

=tt sin oc+0*=M sin a.
If be the inclination of the actual direction of motion of the
shot at the time of firing, then

tan
^
= verticalr vel.
r
its
of the shot
horizontal vel.
=
-- - ---
= ==
//
?/

cos a
sin a
v
,.
..(1).
v

Now by the principle of conservation of momentum in the

horizontal direction, we have

m(u cos a v) Mv
mu cosa
v= -,,
i.e.,
m+M .
(2).
v '

u cos a t?s=w cos a

nut cos a Mu cos a
m+Mrr
Hence fmm (1), tan 9= 2^ (M+m) = [l+y] tan a.

*
Ex. i. A cannon-ball of mass m is shot from a gun of mass jVf (which
is frer to recoil in a horizontal direction) so that its muzzle-velocity relative to

the ground is F. Show that its greatest range is ---- and is obtained by giving

the gun an elevation of

For the greatest range

[Hint. 045.]
*E* a. A shot of mass m is firod from a gun of mass with velocity M
a relative to the gun, show that the actual velocities of the shot and the gun are
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
RELATIVE VELOCITY 211

: and M-i--. respectively

and show that the total K.E. generated is

u*. (Here take a=0)

*Ex. 3. A gun of mass M
free to move on smooth horizontal rails, fires
a shell of mass m
in the vertical plane midway between the rails. Assuming
that the velocity of the shell relative to tho gun is of magnitude u whatever, the
elevation of the gun, show that t the time taken by tho shell to reach a point at
horizontal and vertical distances a, 6, from the initial position of tho gun is
given by

Examples XXXIV
i. A
train moving at tho rate of 30 m.p.h. is struck by a stono moving
at right angles to the train with a velocity of 33 f.p.s. Find the velocity with
which the stone appears to strike the train.
A ball of mass 8 ounces after falling vertically for 40 ft. is caught oy
a.
u man in
a motor car travelling horizontally at 30 m.p.h. Find the inclination
to the vertical at which it will appear to him to be moving and the magnitude
of tho implueo on the hand when the ball is caught.

3. To a passenger in a train moving at 45 m.p.h. tho rain though

falling vertically appears to make an angle of 60 degrees with tho vertical. Find
the velocity of the rain.
A. To a man walking at the rate of 4 miles an hour rain appears to fall
vertically. If its real velocity is 8 miles an hour, find its real direction of
motion. (P.U.)
5. A road and a railway line cross at right angles. If at a certain
instant u car is approaching the crossing at 30 ft./soc. and a train at 40 ft. /sue.
find tho magnitude and direction of tho velocity of the train relntivo to Ih.j car
at the said instant. (P.U. 1951)
6. Two railway lines are inclined at an angle of 60 two engines run, ;

one on each line from tho point of intersection of tho linos, at tho rate of 20
m.p.h. Find their relative velocity in magnitude and direction.
7. Two motor cars are moving uniformly along straight roads making
an angln of 60 with each other, with velocities of 20 and 12 miles per hour. If
tho first car bo moving towards and tho second away from tho junction of the
roads, find the relative velocity of the first with respect to the second.
8. A cyclist travelling at 10 m.p.h. is overtaken by a car moving at
20 m.p.h. as they both arrive at a cross-road. Tho cyclist keeps straight on,
btit tho motorist proceeds along the road that makes 120 with his previous line
of motion. With what velocity and in what direction does tho car appear to
tho cyclist to move ?

9. A steamship is travelling north at the rate of 15 m.p.h. ar.d there is

a north-east wind blowing at the rate of 10^2 m.p.h. Find tho direction in
which tho smoko from the funnel appears to move to an observer in tho ship.
10. To a cyclist going at 9 ra.p.h. due east, the wind seems to blow from
a direction 60 south of west at 6 m.p.h. Find the true direction and velocity
of tho wind.
11. A ship is sailing duo west and tho apparent direction of tho wind as
shown by tho fluttering of tho flag on the mast, is from north. Tho wind is
known to be blowing from a direction 30* east of north. Show that its velocity
i* double that of the ship.
18. .Two ships are sailing, ono towards the east with a volyoity u and
the other towards tho south with a velocity v. Tho wind is blowing with velo-
city u; in a direction making an angle a to tho south of wost. Find tho angle
botweon the streams of smoke of tho ships and show that if a 45* and u9,
this angle is -
tan"" 1 u*/u;*.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
212 ILEMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

13. To a passenger in an open oar travelling at 32 m.p.h. the wind

appear* to oome f^om a direction 30 to the right and from ahead at 8 m.p.h
What ia the true direction and velocity of the wind ?
14. To & man walking at 4 m.p.h. along a rood running due west, wind
appears to blow from the south, while to a cyclist travelling in the same direc-
tion at 8 m.p.h. it appear* to como from the south-west. What is the true direc-
tion and velocity of tho wind ?

15. To a man travelling due east, the wind appears to come from tho
noarth-east, but when he doubles his speed it appears to como from a direction
tan~* f north of tost. Find tho direction of tho wind. (P.U.)
16. A person travelling towards the north-east finds that the wind
appears to blow from the north but when he doubles his speed it seems to oome
from a direction inclined at an angle cot" 1 2 on the east of north. Prove that
the true direction of tho wind is towards the east. (P-U.)
17. A motor car is proceeding duo east and tho motorist notices that.
the wind appears to como from a direction 30 east of north. When h<> driven
duo went at the same speed the wind appears to come from a direction 60 went
of north, prove that tho wind is actually blowing from a direction 30 west of
the north with the same speed as that of tho car.
i8> ABC is a triangle right-angled at C a particle P starts from A and
'
9

moves along AC with uniform velocity u a second particle Q starts from C at

:

the same instant and moves along CB with uniform velocity v show tliat tho ;

shortest distance betwden P and Q will bo

v. AC ^ u.AC

19. Two scouts, cycling at 9 and 12 m.p.h. along straight roads which
cross at right angles at (), are at Home instant both at a distance of one milo
from O. Find tho shortest distance between tho scouts in tho subsequent motion.
(You may use a graphical or an analytical method). (P.U.)
[Hint* Both may bo taken to bo cycling towards O.]
ao. A steamer A moving due north at 12 m.p.h. and another otenmer B
which moves at 20 m.p.h. is two miles due east of A. Show that the least timo
in which B can catch up A is 7J inins.

Find graphically or otherwise, the least distance apart of tho vessels if 7?

steams in a direction 30 north of west.
at. A foot-ball player .4 gets the ball at a point P and runs northwiso
with it at 24 ft. /sec. At tho snmv timo an opponent B starts at a speed of 2tf
ft. /sec. from a point Q due west of P to try to tackle* In what direction should
ho run ?

(i) Show that the velocity of B relative to A must be eastward. Find

its value.
(u) If PQ = 25 ft., how long will B take to catch A ? (Posts and Teh.)
at. A bomber moves due east
at 100 mile^/hr. over a town at a certain X
timo. Six minutes later a pursuit plane sets off from a station Y which is 40
miles due south of X
and flics north-cast. If both maintain their course, find
graphically or by calculation tho velocity with which tho plane must fly in order
to overtake the- bomber. If the pursuit plane flies at the rate of 150^2 milos/hr.
along ita,course, find its nearest approach to the bomber in miles.
(Pub. Ser. Cow.)
93. Two straight roads OX and OY are inclined to each other nt an neuto
angle ; one car moves along XO with speed u while a second car moves along
OY with speed v.
If the first car is at a distance d from O when the second is at 0, show
that tb CATS are at their least distance apart after timo
fa Hht> cos a) d
*

tfi+v* 4- 2t4V cos a

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
RELATIVE VELOCITY 213

Also show that when the cars are at the least distance apart, the ratio of
their distances from is

v +u cos a : u -f-v cos a.

24. Two particles are moving with velocities v and 2v respectively in the
circumference of a circle. In what positions is their relative velocity greatest
and least, and what values has it then ?

25. A of length 880 ft. travels round a curve of radius I mile at a

train
fcpeed of 60 m.p.h. Calculate the velocity of the front of the train relative to the
roar.

26. A wheel of radius r is rolling (without slipping and in a vertical

plane) in a straight line along a horizontal plane, its centre having a speed v.
If P> Q *re- tho ends of a diaraoter PQ, show that the velocity of relative to P
Q is 2t> in a direction perpendicular to PQ.
27. AB is the vertical diamstor of a circle. Particles start simultane-
ously from tho highest point A and any other point P and fall down along chorda
AP and PB separately ; show that the least distance between thorn is equal to
tho distance of P from AB.
28. One particle slides down a smooth inclined plane of inclination 30
and a second drops vertically, both starting together from the top of tho plane*
Find tho relative velocity in direction and magnitude at the end of 4 sees.
29. Tho position of a point P is defined by =*/, y=*2t and that of another
point Q by a?=3*, i/=5**. Show that the path of Q relative to P is a parabola
and find the velocity of Q relative to P when J=s3.

30. Two ships aro streaming along straight courses with such constant
velocities that they will collide unless their velocities aro altered. Show that
to an observer on either ship the other appears to be always moving directly
towards him.

31. You are in a railway train standing at a station. Another train

arrives on a parallel track from the opposite direction. As the second train is
about to stop at tho station, you feel as if your train ha^ begun to move in its
own direction. Why
is it so ?

32. A
shot of mass m
is fired from a gun of mass with a velocity u M
relative to the gun. Find the energy of tho recoil and the velocity with which
the shot would be fired if the gun was fixed. (P*&*)
[The barrel of tho gun may be taken as horizontal*]

REVISION QUESTIONS-X
1. Define relative velocity, and from your definition deduce that

velocity of B velocity of A plu* the velocity of B relative to A 9

plus denoting vector addition.

A wheol rolls along tho ground with uniform angular velocity o. Show
that tho velocity of any point P on its rim it) (0..4P and is perpendicular to
AP, A boing tho point of contact with tho ground at any instant. (Pt/)
2. Three straight lines arc equally inclined to one another in a plane,
and threo equal particles P, Q, R move along them with velocities u, v, w respec-
tively. Show that tho velocity of P relative to the centroid of tho particles is

3. If particles P and Q aro travelling in straight line wi*h uniform 5

?

velocities w and v towards a point O show that the least diotanco between them
t

during the mot ion is- ^- p t

whore p is tho perpendicular distance of from

tho direction of tho velocity of P relative to Q when Q and P aro equidistant

from 0. (P.U.)
4. A and ar B projectiles describing parabolic paths under gravity.
Prove that, relative to A, B appears to describe a straight lino uniformly.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
214 ELEMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

5. Two particles start simultaneously from the same point and move
along two straight lines, one with uniform velocity u and the other from rest,
with uniform acceleration /. Show that their relative velocity is least after a
time l__fL anci tnat the least relative velocity is u sin a, where a is the angle

between the lines.

6. An
aeroplane has a speed of u miles/hr. and a range of action x miles
(t.o, can carry enough petrol to go IB miles out and 2 miles back) in calm
weather. Prove that in a steady wind of v miles/hr., its range of action in a
direction inclined at to the wind is

Find also the magnitude and direction of the maximum range.

[Ana. v 2 /u, perp. to tho wind].
\/t*
2

y.
An aviator flies round a triangular course each side of which is c miles
long, while the wind blows at u m.p.h. parallel to a side, show that he takes

hours to complete the circuit in either direction, v being his velocity relative to
the air. (P.U. Bona.)

11*4. Relative Acceleration. Differentiating the equations

given in Art. 1T23, we have
_
dt*=~dt*~dp* dp~*~dt* dt*

i.e., the actual acceleration ofP is obtained by compounding with

the actual acceleration of Q
the acceleration of
t
relative to Q. P
'Example. A particle of mass m slides from rest down the
smooth face of inclination a, of a wedge. The wedge is of mass and M
is free to move on a smooth horizontal table on which it rests. To
determine the motion of the particle and of the wedge.
The on the particle are
forces acting :

(i) its
weight mg, vertical.
(ii) R, the pressure of the wedge perpendicular to the face
(shown outwards in the figure).
The forces acting on the wedge are :

(i) its weight Mg, vertical,

(ii) B the pressure of the particle on the wedge (shown inwards
9

in the figure),
r
(Hi) the pressure, say S, of the table on the wedge, vertical (the
table being smooth).
Let /be the acceleration of the particle down the wedge relative
to it and/', the horizontal acceleration of
the wedge.
The acceleration of the particle rela-
tive to the ground is the resultant of the
acceleration of the wedge and the accele-
ration of the particle relative to tho
wedge.
Therefore the components of the
acceleration of the particle are
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
RELATIVE ACCELERATION 215

(1) along the face of the wedge downwards

=/ /' cos a.

(2) perpendicular to the face=/' sin a, (inwards).

Hence equations of motion for m
along and perpendicular to the
face are

m(f t /' cos a)mjr sin a (!)>

and mf sin a=rwgr cos a R . . (2).

Thehorizontal component of R on the wedge being R sin a, its

equation of motion is
Mf'^R&m* ..(3).
and we
Solving

j
J
.,
(2)

-
m g--sin a
M + w sin* a
(3),

cos a
r-s
get

and
, n
A= T3
Jf +
Mm
r-;
- ;
5
2
.
J cos a,

From (1), we have//' cos a+gr sin a

=icri
Jf-fra
--- ~ ~~ * 8in
+m
Jf+m
i
sin
sin* a
(7

S 9 the reaction of the ground =Mg + J? cos a

In the particular case when some external force, say -F, for
example the force of friction between the wedge and the table, is
sufficient to stop the motion of the wedge, /'=0 and therefore from
(l)and (2), we have
/=f cin a, and R=wg cos a.
Also in this case S=Mg+R cos .Mg+mg cos>*ai~g(M+m cos* a)
and the horizontal force F necessary to prevent the wedge from
moving =7? sin <x.=mg sin a cos a.
*Eample XXXV
i. bodies sWt simultaneously from rest, one sliding down a
Two
praooth fixed inclined piano of inclination 0> an d the other falling freely. Prove
that their relative acceleration is g cos Q.
Hence show that either body as seen by a person moving with the other
appears to bo moving from the observer in a straight line perpendicular to the
plane with uniform acceleration.
a. A wedge of mass 3 Ib. and angle 30, rests with one faco on a smooth
horizontal plane. If a particle of mass 1 Ib., slides down another smooth face,
determine the horizontal force necessary to prevent the wedge from moving.
3. The angle of a smooth wedge of mass is a. The wedge is plnccd M
with ono face on a smooth horizontal table ami a particle of mass m is ttllowcd
to slide down its other faco. Prove that a horizontal force mg sin a oos a mut>t
be applied to the wedge to keep it from moving, and find the reaction between
the wedgo and the table.

4. A pnrticlo placed on the face of a smooth wedge which can slide

is
on a horizontal table ;how the wedge must be moved in order that the
find
particlo may neither ascend nor descend.
Find in this case, the pressure between the pnrticlo and the wedge.
5. A particle of mnsc 2 Ib. is placed on the tniooth face of an inclined
plane of mass 7 Ib., and slope 30, which is free to slide on a smooth horizontal
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
216 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

plane. Show that if the system starts from rest, the particle will slide down a
distance of 15 feet along the face of the plane in 1*25 seconds. (P.U .)
6. A body of mass m with two plane smooth faces inclined at an anglo
(<tr/2) is placed with one face in contact with a smooth horizontal table, and
a particle of mass 2m slides down its other face under gravity. Show that the
horizontal acceleration of the body and the pressure on the table are respectively

g sin 2oc
'
2 cos 2<x 2 -cos 2<x*

7. M
A mooth wedge of mass rests on a smooth horizontal table and a
particle ofmasa m is allowed to slide from rest down its face, which is inclined
at an angle a to the horizontal. Show that when the particle has moved a
distance I along the face of the wedge, the wedge will have moved a distance
ml cos
*

~~M+m
8. A
smooth wedge whoso section is an isosceles right angled triangle,
rests on a smooth table, the hypotenuse being in contact with the
perfectly
table. Two masses m^ and ra2 are attached to the ends of a string which
passes over a smooth pulley at the summit of the weugo. Prove that the wedge
moves on the table with acceleration

whore M is the mass of tho wedgo and m^ fw a . (P.U. f/ons.)

9. A wedge
of mass M
can slide on a smooth horizontal piano and the
wedge has a faco inclined at an anglo a to the horizontal. Initially the wedgo
is at rest and a particle of mass m
isfprojected directly up the inclined face. If
the particle rises to a height h above the point of projection, show that tho

velocity of projection is A
f / o^A
y
_r^i^sin2-.a
M'+m
(D. U. Hon*.)
\/
Also prove that if tho velocity of projection of tho particle is 7, it will
return to the point in the wedge from which it was projected after a time

__
(m + M) g sin a

to. A straight uniform tube of mass M

and length 21 lies at rest on a
smooth horizontal table. A particle of masa m is projected with velocity ti
along the tube from ono end. The interior of tho tubo ia uniformly rough and
the particle comos to rest relative to the tube at tho middle point of the tube.
Show that the tube will have moved a distance mll(m + M) before the particle
comes to relative rest in it.
n. A small block of mass 1 Ib. rests on the end 4 of a plank of AB
mass 10 Ib. and length 8
ft. and tho plank lies on a smooth horizontal table a ;

horizontal impulse is applied to tho block in tho direction A B, and the block
slides along tho plank. If tho block comes to rest relatively to the plank when
it reaches tho other ond B, and if the coefficient of friction between tho block
and the plank is % ; find the magnitude of tho iinpulfw. (II. C.)

12. A mass of 8 Ib, is at relative re^t on tho routgh horizontal floor of a

car. Find tho friction between tho mas* and the car when tho ear is moving

(i) with a uniform veloc ity of 40 f.p.s.,

with tho samo velocity and with n retardation of 10 ft./soc 2

(ii) .

If the co-efRcient of friction is 0*3 and tho retardation continues to act

until tho car is brought to rest, provo that tho ivlativo motion otnues and find
how fur the ma^s moves in tho carriage beforo tho carriage is finally at rest.
13. You are in a train that is getting up speed on leaving a station.
Winch will bo tho on^ior to walk along the floor of a carriage in tho direction of
motion or ogninst tho direction of motion ?
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
RELATIVE ANGULAR VELOCITY 217

ii'5 Relative Angular Velocity of two points moving in

concentric circles*
Example. Two points P and Q are describing concentric circles
of radii a and b and centre with velocities u and v.
(i) Find the velocity of P relative to Q when the angle POQ is 0.

(ii) Find when the angular velocity of the one relative to the other
is zero.

(Hi) Also prove that the angular velocity of when its length is PQ
2 2
r, is [(r
2
+a2
& 2 )w-f (r 2 a 2 )<a']/2r , +6
v*here w,
'
are the angular velocities of P and Q.
Lee the angle which PQ makes with OQ produced be <p.

Component of the relative

velocity along OQ*=* u sin 00.
Component of the relative
\olocily perp. to OQ~*u cos t;

(0 /. the resultant relative

velocity
t
cos0 t )2
1

(U) Now when the angular

velocity of P
relative to Q is zero
the linear velocity of relative to Q P mpt be in the direction of PQ.
u costf v _ _ ^" sin0
U9 "

.\ (u cos v)(a cos b) + au sin 2 0=0

which gives cos - j
(au rbv)/(av+hn) ..(2).
Aliter. Since

-=-
LP
-,
a sin
cos
Ql. ObOQ ___.....
a cos e b ...
.jj).

.% F, the velocity of relative to Q, perp. to^

--?/ cos (9 fl) v eos 9
(M cos tf t') eo? 9 " sin fi sin 9 +
"
b y (3), rF--(w cos 0v)(a cos fl &) " sin .a sin +
2
fiM(oo* fl +
sin 2 g)4-fty~ ( at +6//) cos ^
r^--<N/ fcv (l'-}-fc/) COS)

Thus r=0 gives the same result as (2).

(in) Now since j/ =.-., f==/;o>', and from &OPQ,
cos 0^(a*+fr 2 2
r )/2ri6 f

/. from 9
(4), rr<i 2 +6V (cf6' +a?w)(a
8
+6 1 r)/2a6

/. (he angular velocity of the line PQ

V rV 1 "1

J
Note. Thi oxainjjlo finds its application in astronomy on the subject
of motion of phtnpt* round the sun.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
BLBMBNTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

E*' * Two
particles .4 and B
are describing circular paths with
n C
?
Iu the
with ^ tre f radii l ffc ' ftnd 2 ffc -
'

same eense of rotation.

respectively with constant speed*
A makes ino complete revolution in 4
6
?'J?
B, find the
18
T
If initially
'

velocity of A
tl"> particles are in line with
relative to Btwo seconds later.
A
between

Find also the angular of the line

velocity them
t that instant.
joining

(*"
^** ? Two points describe concentric circles of radii a and 6 with
T V^'-P-'" f)
Im _ ,
speeas varying inversely as the radii ; show that the relative
velocity is parallel
j ming the points when the an le between the radii to these points
is iven b 8

cos

E *' 3 * T * P ints describe concentric circles of radii a and 6 with

*****
speeds varying inversely as the
relative angular
square roots of the radii ; show that their
velocity vanishes when the angle between the radii to these
points is given by

LINES OF QUICKEST AND SLOWEST DESCENT

II.

6. If a number of particles slide down a series of smooth

chorda of a vertical circle
starting from rest at the highest point, the
times taken are the oame.

Suppose that a particle takes time to describe the chord PA

i

Y p making an angle with the vertical diameter

PC of the circle of radius a, then

This
(7cos0
__ g cos
~~

being independent of 0,
result,
g

shows that the time taken by all the particles

sliding down different chords through tho
highest point, is the same.

ir6i. Lines of Quickest Descent. To find the line of

quickest descent from a given point P to a given curve, we have to
find a point Q on the curve.suoh that the time of descent of a
particle*
down PQ is a minimum. [See Fig. Art. 1 1*6]
If the vertical circle PAQ of the last article touches a curve tit
Q, the time taken by a particle in sliding from rest at P along tlie
chord PQ is equal to tho time from rest down the chord PA aii'l
accordingly less than the time down PB.
Thus, the time down the chord drawn from P, the highest point
of the circle, to Q the point of contact of the circle with the curve,
is less than the time down
any other chord drawn from P to the
curve.
Hence the line of quickest descent from a given point to a curve in
the same vertical plane is obtained by describing a vertical circle having
its highest jjoint at the
given point and touching the given curve at some
point and then by joining the given point with the point of contact.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
LINES OF QUICKEST DESCENT 219

It can similarlybe proved that the time taken by a particle in

sliding down any chord of a vertical circle ending in the lowest point is
the same and hence that the line of quickest descent from a given curve
to a given
point in the same vertical piano is obtained by describing
a vertical circle having the given point as its lowest point and touch-
ing the curve at some point and then by joining the point of contact
with the given point.
It is important to note that the line of quickest descent is not
usually the shortest line geometrically.
n*6iit The line of quickest descent bisects the angle between the
normal to the curve and the vertical at the point where it meets the curve.
In the figure of Art. 11*6, OQ is normal to the circle as well as
to the curve.

Join PQ, OQ and draw QY vertical.

Since QY and OP are parallel,

Also since

Hence PQY=Z_PQO, i.e., PQ bisects /_OQJ.

11*62. We now
give geometrical constructions for the lines of
quickest descent in a few special cases. The points and curves are
assumed to lie in the same vertical plane.
(The student is advised to draw figures and verify the results).
(i) (a) From a given point P to a given straight line,

(b) From a straight line to a given point P.

Draw through P, a horizontal straight line meeting tho given
line in A and cut off along the given line AQ~ AP, the point Q being
below A in ease (a) and above A in case (6). Then PQ is the required
line.

A circle drawn to toueh the given line at Q will have P as its

highest point in ease (n) and as its lowest point in case (6).
(ii) (a) From a given point P without a given circle to the given
circle (P higher than the loudest point of the circle)
or from a given circle to a given ])oint P within the circle.

Join P to the lowest point of the circle meeting the circle in Q,

then PQ is the required line.

(b) From a given point P within a given circle to the circle

or from a givui circk to a given point P. without the
circle (P is lower than the highest point of the circle).

Join the given point P to the highest point of the circle meeting
it in Q.

(Hi) (a) From a given straight line without a given circlt to the
circle.

Draw a horizontal line through the lowest point B of the circle

tomeet the given line in K
and cut off along the line JoinKPBK.
PB meeting the circle in Q then PQ is the required line.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
220 BLEMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

(6) From a given circle to a given straight line without the

circle.

In this case the horizontal line is to be drawn from the highest

point of the circle>
(it;) (a) From a given circle to another circle without it.

Join the highest point of the upper circle to the lowest point
of the lower circle, cutting the two circles in and Q, then PQ is the P
required line.
(6) From a given circle to another circle lying wholly
within it.

In this case join the lowest points of tho circles.

(c) From a
given circle to another circle within tchich it lies.

In this case join the highest points of the circles.

Example* A particle slides down a smooth wire from a point
to a AB inclined at an angle a to the horizontal.
line Show that the time

from O to ant/ point on AB is least when the wire waJLv.s an angh -^

d
distance of O from AB.
Vji v
.see ^-, nlicr*
2
Is lk*>

First Method* Geometrical. Draw through O a horizontal

straight lino meeting the Jinr in A, cut off AO, then OP is
AB AP
the required position of the wire. [8ee i (a), Art. 11*82].
Draw PC perp. to AB mooting the
vertical through O in C.
Then since
OA P- a, and OA-^A P,

so that ^C0P= Z.-'PO |BaB

2 a ,

and PC^-CO.
Hence if \\ith C as centre and CP or CO as radius, a circle is
drawn, it will hav its highest point at and will touch the line Alt
in P. This evidently satisfies the geometrical condition for thi lino
OP to be the line of quickest descent from O to AB. [Art. 1 1*61.1

Now, to find the time we have

/, the acceleration down OP~g cos - -

r
Draw ON perp. to AB, then 0iVd, /./10A 00 a
and /

Hence if t is the time taken by the particle in sliding down OP,

then

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
LINES OF SLOWEST DESCENT 221

* 1
dsec .I ,
y=igrcos

or

Second Method. Analytical. Let OP be the wire making an

angle with the vertical and ON (=d) perp. to AB, then

and OP=d sec /.P0A =d

T
sec (a 0).

If t is the time taken by the particle in sliding down OP, then

t
g cos 0"~~
~
g cos
a ~~ e)
__
~
gr
cos cos (a 0)
Now t will be least when cos cos (a 0) is maximum,
i.e., when LCOS a+cos ^20 a)] is maximum,
or when cos (20 a) is maximum i.e., when 20 a

and ^A/ = " ~ sec

whichgives O -^
^ V y ^
2 "i*
/
* \/
V y
"9
*

11*63. Lines of Slowest Descent. To find the lines of

slowest descent from a given point P to a given curve, we have to
find a point Q on the eurve such that the time of descent of a particle
down PQ is maximum.
A few special cases are given below. Curves and points are
assumed to lie in the same vertical plane.
(i) From a given point P to a given circle, P being without the
circle ond higher than the highest point, of the circle.

Joint P to the highest point of the circle and produce it to meet

the circle in Q, then PQ is the required line of the slowest descent.
For, a circle can be drawn to have P as its highest point and to
toueh the given circle at Q and it ean be shown that the time of
descent down PQ is greater than the time down another line joining
P to any other point of the given circle.

(ii) From a given circle to a given point P without it.

In this case join P to the lowest point of the circle and produce
it to meet the circle in Q then PQ is the required lino.
(ui) From a given circle to another given circle lying wholly with-
out the louwst point of the first circle being higher than the highest
it,

j>oint of the second.

Join the lowest point of the first circle with the highest point
of the second and produce* it both ways to meet the circles in P and
Q, then PQ is the required line.

Examples XXXVI
i. Find th* shortest time in whioh a rmp can bo made to elide down t\

uiiiooth wire to a ^ rtiral wall from a point distant 50 ft. from it.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
222 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

2. A straight line is inclined at an angle -^- to the vortical and

o
is dis-

tant 4 ft. from a point P. Prove that the time of quickest descent from P to

the line is - sec.

^3
3. Find the straight line of quickest descent from the right angle to
the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle whose one side is horizontal.

4. A is placed so that one of the sides containing

right-angled triangle
t ho right angle Determine the position of the point in the hypo-
is vertical.
toiiuso from which the time of a particle's descent to the right angle may be the
loa^t possible. (P. 17.)

5. AC
a given horizontal line and
is AB a line elevated above it at an
angle a, prove thtit the least time in which it is possible for a body to descend
from AB
to C along a straight line is equal to

6. A ship stands at some distance from its pier 'and it is required to

plaee a plank at some point of the ship's side so that the time of sliding down
tko plank on to the pier may be as short as possible. Assuming the ship's side
to bfc vertical show that the plank must be placed so that it makes an angle of
45 with the vertical. (Pub. Ser. Ex.)
7. Tangents are drawn to a vertical circle, show that tho locus of points
in themj from which particles would descend in straight, lines to the centre in
the shortest time, is tho tangent at the highest point of tho circle,

8. Show that tho shortest time of descent down a straight smooth tube
from a circle to a point in the same vertical plane is

r
-"'"
tan a cot
" (/>
"~ a)
~~~
>

<J

whore r is the radius of the circle and a, ft are the angles which the lines drawn
from the given point to the highest and lowest points of the circle make with
tht* vertical.

9. Prove that tho smooth chord of quickest descent from rest on one
given circle to another given circle in the some vertical plane, when produced,
passes through tho highest point of tho first circle and tho lowest point of tho
oth^r. (P'U>)
10. Piiul tho lino of the quickest descent from tho focus of a parabola
to the curve when
(i) tho axis is horizontal.

(ii) tho axis is vortical and vertex upwards.

Show that in tho second case tho length of tho lino is equal to the latus.
rectum of tin* parabola.
11. An ellipse is placed with its major axis vertical. Find the diameter
douti which a particle can fall in the least time. What is tho least value of
tho riic.entri(.'ity, e in order that this diameter may not bo the major axis ?
,

Also show that the lino of quickest descent from tho upper focus to thd
curvtf is * t]ual to the length of tho latus-rectum, provided e>J.
%

Find tho locus of points from which time of quickest descent to a

12.
given vertical circle is thfj same.
III. HODOGRAPH
11*7. Suppose a particle moving along tho curve APQ has
velocities r *uul 0-{-S** "t tho points and Q. P O is taken any fixed
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
HODOGRAPH 223

point in the plane of the curve; 0/>, Og-are drawn parallel to tho
tangents at P and Q to represent, in n
mngnit ude. and direction, the velocities at
P and Q.
When Q and are very near eachP
other, the difference between the two
velocities becomes very small and the
points q and p are, therefore, very close to
each other, so that if the point moves P
on a certain curve APQ, the correspond*
ing point p moves on another curve
called the Hodograph of the path of P.
Definition* Ilodoyniph is the path traced out by the e
of a line which continually represents, in direction and magnitude, the
velocity of a Moving point.

As the particle P has moved from P to Q in the short interval

8*. its velocity has ^ :,:,:d from Of* to Oq, so that by the theorem of
the triangle of velocities, the change in the velocity of P is represen-
ted, in iii.ijniitiiilr and direction, by the line pq. In the limit when
8J-0, pq becomes the tangent to the hodograph at ;>and it.s direction
re-presents the direction of the aceek ration of P.

A? regards magnitude the acceleration of P in its path

_ Lt 2? --velocity of the point ;>,

a point on the hodograph
8<->og< ,.!;._. lo p.
|i|friii|

Hence the accrhrntton of tht point P moving along any path t

represented, in magnitude and direction, by the velocity of

the correspond*

ing point p in the hodoyruph.

11*71. The same can also he proved as follows :

Let (.r, ?/) b*> the co-ordinates of P at time* referred to a rec-

tangular system of axes through tho origin O, let Op be drawn in the
direction of motion of P ami proportional in length to the measure
of th* velocity of P. Then p is a point on the hodograph corresponding
to the point P.

If (A". Y) be the co-ordinates of /;

with reference to the same
axes, then Op being proportional to the velocity vector of P, \ve have

..(1)

dX
and (2).

It is evident from equations (2) that the velocity of the point />
s on some scale, in magnitude and direction, the acceleration
c if P.

Note. Tho advantage of tho hntloxrnph ia tluit it reduces tho atu1v of

ii<'< Mention to that of velocities, usually Ictts
complex.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
224 KLEMENTAHY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Example* XXXVH
I. Find the hodograph of the motion of a point whose rectangular co-
ordtnates at time t are given by x = \t* y=J/ t
t ,

Here -=t* and .

Eliminating t, we have the parabola Y***KX, which is the equation to

the hodograph.
ft. A point moves on the parabola y*4ax in such a way that its hodo-
graph ia the same parabola prove that, if it passes through tho point (xQt y )
;

at 1=0, its co-ordinates at any time are given by

3. TAe hodograph of a point projected with a velocity u in a direction

making an angle a with the horizontal and thus describing a parabola if a vertical
straight line.
For u cos a the horizontal component of the velocity being constant.
tne ends of the straight lines representing the velocities at different points of
the path shall all lie on a vertical straight lino at a distance u cos a from tho
fixed point.

4. Show hodograph of a point moving in a circle of radius r, with

that the
uniform speed v another circle of radius v.
is

Hence prove that the acceleration of the point is v*/r directed towards the
centre of its path.

Suppose P
and Q are two positions of th moving point and p and q tho
corresponding positions in the hodograph.
As the particle moves with constant speed
v, o'j> = o'g=v so that o'p is constant and tho
f

hodograph of P
is a circle of radius v units.

Also since ^/>o'qr=tho angle between the

tangents at P and Q
arcpa arc PQ
p OP
-" -arc PQ
r
.

The acceleration of tho point P in its path

=the velocity of p in tho hodograph

Lt W -It -
*=JL*t -=r- l-ju
V PQ
-i sss - Tt
v P<?
l^w-w = -
V
,-** -
.1*=--
S/ r %t r t r r
The direction of motion of p % being along the tangent at p in the hodo-
graph, is evidently parallel to PO.
A bead moves under the action of gravity along a smooth vertical
?.radius a, starting from rest at the highest point, show that a polsir
equation of a hodograph is r=2\/a^ sin J9 th centre of the circle being
taken as the origin.
6. Show that the polar equation of the hoclogrnph of a point which
describes a circle of radius a with a constant angular acceleration a is

angular position and angular velocity being zero, and to respprtively.

its initial

7. The co-ordinates of a particle at time t arr- or a sin nt, y=a cos 2nt;
how that tho equation lQx*=*n*a*(lGx2 y 2 ) is a possible equation for the hodo-
graph.
8. What is the hodograph of a point moving in a straight lino with
(a) constant velocity, (6) constant acceleration, (c) having x**a + bt t/=c-f<fc t as t

its co-ordinates at time t ?

[Ans. (a) A point, (6) a straight line described with constant velocity,
(e) the point (6, d)].
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS 226

IV. UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

11*8. Units. Whenever we measure any physical quantity
we always choose some standard quantity of the same kind as a unit
and we then express the given quantity as a numerical measure which
is the ratio of the given quantity to the selected unit of quantity. Thus,
wfyen we say that a given length measures 30 feet, OL,e foot is taken
as the unit of length and 30 is the ratio of the given length to the
.unit length of one foot.
Since 30 feet=30 X 12=360 inches and 30 feet= 3j 10 yards, - =
l
it is evident that when we decrease the unit to one inch or y jth of
one foot, the measure begomes -360, i.e., it is increased 12 times, and
also when we increase the unit to one yard, i.e., 3 times one foot, the
measure becomes 10 or $ of the former, the product of the measure
and the unit employed rrmaininy the same, being equal to the given
quantity.
In general if / id a given length, L the unit of length, the

measure of the given length is the ratio - if t is a given

.
Similarly
Jj

time and T, the unit of time, the measure is the ratio -,

- and if m is

a given maps and Jf, the unit of mass, the measure of the given

mass
w
M
-
is

Tint*, the measure of a quantity varies inversely as the magnitude

of the unit in terms of which the quantity is measured and conversely.

The fundamental units are units of mass, length and time. All
other units such as units of area, volume, velocity, force, work and
energy, depend upon the fundamental units and are, therefore, called
derived units. It is often required to iind what effect is produced
in a derived unit when one or more of the fundamental units of mass,
length and time are altered in any way.
Note. The equations in Dynamn s arf not rrlntiona between quantities,
hut rt'lation^ between their numerical nmu>urc.i. It IH meaningleHtf to compare
tuo quantities of different kmtN we an only c-omparo tho number* which
; <

in^asiird them. Thus the statement of equality of a forri* and tho momentum
general d by it in a unit time implies thn i-quahty of their numerical mcaautu.
11*81. Dimensions. If L is the unit of length, L* is the unit
of area. Thus, tho unit of area varies directly as the square of tho
unit of length. This is expressed shortly by suying that the dimen-
sions of area are 2 in length and is usually written as
Unit area --/A
Similarly the dimensions of volume are 3 in length and is
written as
Unit volume L3 .

Let us now consider the following three units of velocity :

(/) a velocity of I foot per second,

(it) a velocity of 1
yard per second uhich is 3 ft. per sec.
(*ii) a velocity of 1 foot per minute uhich i
^ foot per me.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
226 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

the second case, unit of velocity is increased three times- due

III
to a <--ii " increase in the unit length while in the third
.
[

cnae, 60 times increase in the unit of time decreases the unit of

velocity to of its ^
former value.

Thus, the unit of length is changed in any ratio, the unit of

if

velocity changed in the same ratio, while if the unit of time is

is also
ilmngi'd, the unit of velocity changes in the inverse ratio. Hence, if
L is tile unit of length and T, the unit of time, we have
Unit velocity =--~ = LT- 1

the dimensions of velocity are 1 in length and

i.e., 1 in time.
The unit of acceleration is such that a unit velocity is acquired
in the unit time.
l

.. unit ,
accelcration
4
.
= Unit
- fT -rof velocity
~yr-
f/l'~ Jm
*

=^r- =/,:r
Unit of time T
i.e., the dimensions of acceleration are 1 in length and 2 in
time.
The unit of momentum is unit mass travelling \\ith unit velocity.
Jf M is the unit of mass, we have
Unit momentum = Unit of mass x Unit of velocity

-jT

Similarly we have the following :

Unit Impulse = unit momentum =J/L2'~ 1

Unit Force = unit of mass X unit of acceleration

===3/
*17r
Unit Energy = uni t work =- un it. force x unit length
Ml,

j* -> .,
unit Power = unit work
- -
ML-= 2

~o2
unit time T .T
unit veloeitv L m 1
TT *. A
Unit Angular Velocitv
*
i TT i .,
-
-.
unit length
-
==.-.
T L =3T-i.
,

11-82. The dimensional formulae can be used to find the

1

in a unit due to changes in the fundamental units.

Let Jf L, T be the units of muss, length and time respectively
,

inone system and let J/ lf /i lf fl\ bo those in a second syr t"

If the units of a physical quantity, bay force in these tuo ,

systems are F and jP\, then

F

Now if K. KI be the measures of the same force in the two

, then sinto the measure of a quantity varies inversely as

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS 227

the unit, we have

#1 __
- 1_
K + J__
F
~ jF^Jfcf ' A Tl
t\ FiTMi L v
In general if a certain physical quantity is of p dimensions in
mass, q dimensions in length and r dimensions in time and is its K
measure when Jf L, T are the units of mass, length and time, then
,

if the measure becomes K

l when the units of mass, length and time
are changed to M lt L l9 T l9 we have
KI (M \p(L \q(T vr
JT^STj \lj Vfy*
This important dimensional formula gives a useful method of
changing a given quantity from one set of units to another. If the
quantities are given in gravitational units care must be taken to
express them in absolute units before the transformation is made.
Example i. Taking / lb.=453 gm., 1 foot =30 5 cm., find the
number of dynes in a poundal.
Let x be the number of dynes in a poundal,
x ML T \- a / 1 Ib. \ 1 ft.
= 1 sec,
*
W
thon

^..
gm.V
a:-453x30'5
.__

1 1
-
0^5cmA
cm. /
13816-5
i

i.e., 1 poundal 13816*5 dynes.

Example 2, A
certain acceleration has the measure 18 when
(i)8 feet and 3 seconds (ii) one mile and an hour are taken as units.
Find its measure in foot-second units.
Let x be the measure in foot-second units, then
, * _y /' T v y
i
_/lft..yleo 1
\-
- s
(l
(l)
"18 \"LiA 'i\ ) ~A 1 ft. A 1 sec. ) 9
18x8
-- .. 16
*=~9 '

I mile \f 1 hr. ^"" a

nrfTAT^r;
X
18x1760x3 11
""60 X 60 x 60 X 60^ 1500*
Example 3. (f) If the kinetic energy of a train of was* 100 tons
and rnovinq at the rate of 45 miles per hour be represented &?/ //, while
the impulse of the force required to bring it to rest is denoted by 5, and
40 horse power by 75, find the units of length, time and mass.
(ii) Show that the acceleration due to gravity is denoted by 2016
assuming the measure in foot-second units to bt 32. (^^)
(0 45 m.p.h.^66f.p.s.
Measure of the kinetic energy in foot, pound, second units
=4X 100x2240x66x66
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
228 ELEMBNTAKY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

If, L, T and M
are the required units of length, time and mass,
and L lf T l and MI, the corresponding units in the foot, second, pound
system, then
; 100x2240x66x66 / M \/ L \V T \~ 2
n
Similarly, for impulse and horse power, we have
100x2240x66 / MyLyT
rr A~/.r A I'T

&ttd
40x550x32 = ss
, M \fn L \V T \~ 3
r= ~iT~~ -7 ~~^r (>)
15
(
\ja 1 /\L 1 /\J 1 J ( }
/

From (1) and (3), we have

15
^^i .WX^Wxee r = 945se,
40xo50x32 ^11
From (1) and (2), we get

fJL\f T
1
V ~- 50x 2240x66x66 x Tl~
5
= d>
^T^A'^y 100x2240x66
= 15 = 15X945; .-. I = 15x945 ft.
^- I'-
7 T^
and -- in (2), we have
Substituting the values of--.
^i ^i
Jif 100x2240x66 ^ 8g
"""""
5
X _945
15x945""
224Q
Jfi
Jf 88 x 2240 lb.=88 tons.

(ii) If a: be the measure for acceleration due to gravity in terms

of the new units, then
32 L / T \- 2 _ 15x945 15^ "~ _ 1
__
5=5 :: "
Li \ ^i / ~"945~x945 945 63*

11*83. Since each term of an equation in any dynamical

problem represents the same physical quantity, it must be of the
same dimensions in mass, length and time. The consideration of
dimensions is a useful check in the accuracy of a dynamical formula
provided the quantities involved in the formula are all expressed
algebraically. As an example let us take the case of a body projected
vertically upwards with a velocity u. The formula for the distance
described by the body in time t is
&^ui \gt
the dimensions of S are L, of t/J are -- .
T=, and of \gt* are

. T f =L t
so that all the terms are of the same dimensions. But
if wo replace u by 40 and g by its value 32, the equation becomes,

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS 229

and the dimensional check does not hold true as the velocity u of
dimensions _ and the acceleration g of dimensions
-^ have been

replaced by numbers which apparently have no dimensions.

Example i. Find from consideration of dimensions which of
the following equations are possible ones :

(i) Pvt=lmv*+mfs,
,...
(u) =P_._, aM-6*

?< -here P stands for force, a and b denote lengths and other letters have
their usual intaninijs.

Writing the dimensions of each term, we have

L L M . L* ,
. L T
+M
-T^\M
,

(') .~ ,

yf ~yf T3 .-^-L
ML* L* L*
Or f* 2-^ ^13 i
^"
^.f

The dimensions in length and time are not the same for each
term, the equation is, therefore, impossible.

or ^^.
m=-
p
Thus, only the first part, i.e., is possible in tbis case.

ML L L 1

~j:a
-
*p*~~ T '
T3

or

The dimensions being the same, the equation (Hi) is possible.

Example In a book on Dynamic* a question is given thus :

a.

"A particle moves with a central acceleration ^(r+a^/r3 ) being

J>
projected from a distance
a with a velocity 2 Vjla .

From a consideration of dimensions, find out the misprint in the

question.

so that fjtoc
^ or
~^T

velocity -^-ocy^.L which shows that the given velocity

* is u misprint for 2
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
230 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

1 1*84, Sometimes a consideration of dimensions alone is

sufficient to determine the form of the answer to a problem.

Example. Find, from, a consideration of dimensions, the time

of oscillation of a simple pendulum.
Let m
be the mass of the particle and I, the length of the string.
Assuming that the time of oscillation is independent of the arc of
oscillation, the only quantities that can appear in the answers are 9 m
I and g.

Let the timo of oscillation vary as m*lgg r . The dimensions of

this quantity expressed in fundamental units are :

or

But the time of oscillation must be one dimension in time only,

hence
2r=l i.e., r= J and <jr=-~ r=i.

/. the time of oscillation varies as l~g 2 or A/

V if

Examples XXXVIII
(Take 0=32 ft./soc 2 if not given otherwise)
Find tho measure of tho acceleration duo to gravity when the units
i.
of length and time uru a mile and a minute.
8. Having given that 1 lb.=453 gm., 1 ft. = 30'5 cm., find tho number
of ergs in a foot pound. (P.U.)
3. Assuming a yard, a minute and a hundredweight for units of length.
time and mass, express tho corresponding unit of force in one poundal. (D.U.)
4. If the unit of mass is a ton, the unit of length, a yard, and tho unit
of time, a minute, compare the unit of force with the weight of one pound.
5. If the acceleration caused by gravity be tho unit of acceleration nd
velocity of a milo in 5 minutes that of velocity, find the unite of time and spuco
employed.
6. If tho unit of velocity be that of a point whieh passes over 8 feet in
3 seconds and tho unit acceleration be that in virtue of which a velocity of 60
m.p.h. is generated in 55 seconds, find tho units of spHco and time.
7. If the unit of velocity be 20 ft. per sec., tho unit of acceleration 40
ft./sec*, and tho unit of forco bo 30 poundals, what aro units of mass, length
and timo? (P. (7.)
8.Given that tho unit of power is a million ergs per min. that tho
unit of forco is a thousand dynes and tho unit of timo one-tenth of a second,
what are the units of mass and length ? (P#)
9. If tho unit of momentum to that possessed by a mass of 10 Ib. ifrT
fulling freely from rest during ono second, and tho unit of kinetic enemy bo
that possessed by a pound after falling fivejy from rest for two aeeonds, iiud tho
unit of mass and tho unit of velocity.
xo In a certain system of absolute units tho acceleration produced by
f

gravity in u body fulling freely is represented by 3, the kinetic! energy of a 6tH>

Ib. shot moving with a velocity of 1000 f.p.s. is denoted by 100 and its momen-
tum by 10 ; find the units* of length, timo mid mass assuming that g is equal to
32 in F.P.S. system.
ii. If the unit of vis viva (twice kinetic energy) bo tli.it- of a train of
mass m tons moving with a velocity v miles an hour, the unit of power that of
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS 231

an engine of horse-power h, and the unit of force the weight of n tons, prove
that the unit of mass is

ia. A body moves in a straight line with S.H.M. its acceleration being
\ix ata distance x from th centre of motion. Show from a consideration of
dimension a that the timo of arriving at the centre varies as 1/^yu
13. A body moves in a straight line undor the action of a force towards
n fixed point in tho line varying inversely as the square of the distance. Show
from a consideration of dimensions, that the timo of arrival at the fixed point
varies directly as tho square root of the cube of tho distance at which the body
starts from rett. (-P.17.)

14. In solving a question, a student gets tho answer in tho form

Show from a consideration of dimensions that his answer i wrong.

What physical quantity does the right hand side of tho equation represent ?

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER XII
MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE IV
MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM
12*1. When a body moves in a medium like air or any other
fluid, it experiences a resistance to its motion. The resistance which
we have been neglecting so far, generally varies with the velocity.
For small velocities the resistance is approximately proportional to
the velocity, for greater velocities it varies as the square of the velo-
city and for still greater velocities, the resistance varies as the cube or
even a higher power of the velocity.
The forces of resistance being non-conservative, the principle
of Conservation of Energy is not applicable to such cases.
12*2. Bodies falling vertically in a Resisting Medium.
is allowed to fall vertically in a medium whose
Suppose a particle
resistance varies as the nth power of the velocity, the equation of
motion of the particle is

dv dv
at at
where k the constant of proportionality and
is g, the acceleration due
to gravity, is supposed to remain constant.
The equation shows that the acceleration of the particle decreases
/ n \ 1 /I
velocity increases and that it vanishes when v=(
as -
its
)
This .

\ /c /
is the greatest velocity attainable by the particle and is called the
limiting or terminal velocity. Subsequently the particle moves
uniformly with this limiting velocity.
The velocity for the rain drops at the surface of the earth can-
not, therefore, give us any idea of the height from which they might
have fallen, for after moving for some time they acquire the terminal
velocity and continue to move uniformly with that velocity.
12*3. A
particle falli vertically from rest in a medium whose
resistance varies as the velocity, to find the motion of the particle.
Let v bo the velocity of the particle when it has fallen a distance
x in time t, its equation of motion is

-
V
- k

Integrating, we have
dv

Initially when 4=0, v~0 ; /. c = ~ log g.

fc

log
9 ~--. = kt or gkv=ye- kt i.e., v*= -r-(l c" w ). .
(2)

https://t.me/pdf4exams
Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
234 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

This equation gives v the velocity of the particle after a time t

and itshows that as t co,

Equation (2) can bo \vritten as

..(3)
,-^-Ktonh
Integrating, we have

x~
|72 ^
log cosh~+c'.
Initially when <^<X .r=0, /. c'=0.

Hence x~ log cosh ^- ..(4).

Eliminating t between (3) and (4), we get

..(S),
a relation between v and r which can aUo be obtained directly from
Al
the equation
A ^
v -3-= ^a
t
to 2
O
.

C/A*

12*5. A
partic^ is projected upu-ards, with velocity U against the
resistance kv*, to Jhtd the, motion.

Taking the upward direction as positive, the equation of motion

of the particle is

-M 2 )> Making
~- ~ PJ
Integrating, we get
f dv I v
I v-o ."o^
%3
2
w+c or 77 tan" 1
-7. - kt -f-c.
J "+t
I r r

Initially when ^-0, r~-f;,

7
c ""-JL i^
r r
IVr/.-tair 1 ^-tau- 1 .
.(2).
r
^.
r

Again equation (1) can be written as

.~^*-~- KP-Ml.

Initially when = 0, =f/,

:c i?

2c'=i<(F+
^'2^
Hence S&xnlog ..
t - 1
2
. .
(3).

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM 235

Equation (2) gives the velocity at the end of any time t while
equation (3) gives the velocity in terms of the distance described by
the particle.
Tlxo greatest height h to which the particle rises is found by
putting 0=0 and x~h
in equation (3), thus we have

f;2 \ V2 i
log
V*)~-27j
The particle then begins to descend. Taking the highest point
reached as the origin and using the results of the previous article, wo
can further find completely the motion of the particle. The velocity
of the particle when it returns to the point of projection is obtained
by substituting the above value of h for x in equation (5) of the
previous article, so that after simplification, we get

*-v*
u ~' v

Example i. Take U, th* velocity of projection^ 50 ft. per sec.

find V, terminal velocity --ISO ft. per sec. in the above Article. Find
the,

the greatest height reached by the

particle and its velocity when it returns
to its starting point.

Using equal ion (4), we have

60x50

"~
75 x 7.1
~ p- 0-9542-1-
v m tables = 37
n r
"10 I 4 m~ ft. (apprcx.)

^iiir equation (5), we get

, 50x50x150x150

r = 15V 10=47-43 ft. per sic.

Example a. .4 motor cye/c which icith its ridtr weighs 3 cwt. is
to run tit 30 m.p.h. up an incline of
1 in 20, and at 50 m.p.h.
Jvtm the .win* incline. Assuming that the resistance is proportional to
the aqnar* of the, velocity, and that the
engine is workiva at the sawe
how-poic* r find the speed that would be attained on the fere/, and show
that th? hor*e power is 2\ nearly.

Let v ft. per see. bo the velocity of the cycle and jFlb. wt. be the
trttethe foivo exerted by the engine at any instant, then the
equations
of motion (1) cm the level (2) up the inclined
plane (3) down th*>
pintle a iv ;

<lv . ...
^
(2) '

F - l '"t -L -
</r~
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
236 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

If H be the constant horse power of the engine, then

Fv=550H or F=- v
..(4)

The maximum speed obtained by the cycle while moving up the

plane is given to be 30 m.p.h. or 44 f.p.s. and, therefore, inequation (2)

_.=sO when v=44.

at
Hence from (2) and (4), we have
550 # 8X112
v 20
or 550H fct
fyv=Q where v=44
J
9
. .
(5)

Similarly from (3), we have

where t/=50 m.p.h. = f f.p.s.

Subtracting (6) from (5), we have

784*"
' '
v '+v __
84 +44 ==
27
*
3
t/aH^s"*-- (f-0)3 (44) 35xl21
Substituting this value of k in (5) and simplifying, we get
/7==f J5=2J5 = 2J nearly.
Now to find the speed attained by the cycle on the level, we
dv
equate -j-=0 in (1), which gives

jf=lcv* or =
v

Substituting the values of H and k and simplifying, we get

55x121x816 /22\ 3 /22x8\
3
t^
,

^ =(lfj X510(^
C1A
3 ~J
,
(approx.>

/. t;=
22x8,
5 f.p.s.
= 22x8x15
^o^ ,
or40m.p.h.
A ,

Examples XXXIX
i. A projected with velocity V along a smooth horizontal
particle is
plane in a medium whose resistance per unit mass is &( velocity). Show that
the velocity v after a time t and the distance a described in that time are
given by

a. A particle is projected with velocity u along a smooth horizontal

piano in a medium whose resistance per unit mass is [L times the cube of the
velocity. Show that the distance d it has described in time t and its volocity V
at that time are given by

d= ~- 1 V l+2i3uA-
r 1]J ; F -7 -^-- -
(JLM \/l-h2(JU|2/!
Show also that d/t=2uVI(u+V).
3, A particle is projected upwards with a velocity qfk in a medium
whoso resistance is kv per unit mass, where v the velocity of th
is partirle and >'

g is the deceleration due to gravity. Prove that the height attained by tho

particle after a time is ?--:.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION IN A RESISTING MEDIUM 237

4. A particle of mass m, is projected vertically under gravity, the resis-

tance of the air being mk times the velocity ; show that the greatest height
attained by the particle is

where F is the terminal velocity of the particle and XF is the initial vertical
velocity.
5. A
particle is projected vertically upwards with velocity u t and the
resistance of the air produces a retardation kv* where v is the velocity. Show
that the Velocity F with which the particle will return to the point of projec-
tion given by
J-_J_,
~ u* + JL
F2 g
If E is the kinetic energy of the particle in its upwards path at a given
point, show that the loss of energy when it passes the same point on the wav
*
Kj2
down is =,-
= , where E' is the limit to which its energy approaches in its
jQ-f-A
downward course.
6. A
particle of mass m
can move in a resisting medium in which the
resistance varies as the square of the speed, the magnitude of the terminal velo-
city being F. If it is projected upwards with a speed F tan a, show that it
will return to the point of projection with a speed F sin .
Show that the amount of energy, kinetic and potential together, which
is lost in its ascent is
2 2
imF (tan a 2 log sec a).
(L.U.)
7. A particle falls from rest in a medium in whioh the resistance is kv*
per unit mass. Prove that the distance fallen in time t is

log cosh (t^gk~).

If the particle were ascending, show that its distance at any instant
below the highest point of its path is

log sec (* V0M

where t denotes the time it will now take to reach
its highest point.
If the resistance per unit mans is kv 2 and the particle slides on a
8.
smooth straight wire inclined at angle to the vertical, prove that tho space #
described in time I from rest is given by

where b*kg cos 0.

9. A works at the constant rate of P horse-power. When thoro

cyclist
isno wind, he cari ride at 22 ft./sec. on level ground and at 11 ft. /see. up a hill
making an angle* sin"" 1 ^ with tho horizon. Tho total mass of tho man and
cyclo is 180 lb. Tho resistance of the air is kv* lb. wt. where tho velocity of tho
man relative to air is v ft./sec. ; the other frictionai forces are negligible.
P
and show that tho speed of the cyclist whon riding on level
Find
ground against a wind of 22 ft./sec. is between 10 and 10*5 ft./soc. (M.T.\
(An,.
P.^j
10. A
locomotive drawing a total weight of 264 tons on tho level is
exerting a tractive foreo of 20,000 lb. wt. at tho speed of 16 m.p.h. It works at,
a constant horse-power until its speed is 60 m.p.h. when it is just able to over-
come uho resistance to motion, which may bo taken to vary OB the square of tho
velocity. Show that it reaches the speed of 45 m.p.h., from tho speed of
15 m.p.h. in a distance of approximately 5,080 feet. (M.T.)
11. Tho resistance to mi aeroplano when landing is a+bv* absolute units
por unit mass t; being tho velocity, and a, 6, constants. For a particular machine
;

6= 10~3 ft. lb. sec. units and it is found that if tho landing speed is 50 m.p.h. the
length of the run of tho machine before coming to rest is li>0 yds. Calculate the
value of tho constant a.

[Ana. logl + ~-"0-9 or a=3*68]

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER XIII
MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN A PLANE-HI
ELLIPTIC HARMONIC MOTION s

CYCLOIDAL MOTION PLANETARY MOTION

s

13*1.A few simple cases of motion of a particle in a plane

dealt with in Chapters VI, VII and VIII. In the present
chapter we will discuss similar problems of a more difficult type. As
was pointed out in Art. 6*24, the motion of a particle moving in a
plane is determined by two equations of motion obtained by resolving
forces in two directions usually at right angles to one another. The
choice of these directions is a matter of convenience depending upon
the nature of the problem.
A particle may be free to move along any path which it may
describe according to the forces acting upon it (e.g., parabolic path of
a projectile) or it may be constrained to move alcng any given curve
or surface, (e.g., may slide along a smooth vertical circle).
In the former case the motion of the particle is discussed by
resolving forces in directions parallel to two axes which are usually
at right angles, in particular, if the forces are central i.e., they are
directed towards a fixed point, the most useful directions for the axes
are along the radius vector and perpendicular to the radius vector.
In the case of constrained motion, since in addition to other forces,
there is always present a force of normal reaction of the curved
surface along which the particle is constrained to move, the motion
can best be discussed by resolving forces along the tangent and the
normal to the path.
i. MOTION REFERRED TO TWO FIXED AXES
13*11. In
this case the position of the particle at any instant
is defined
by the co-ordinates x and y referred to two fixed axes OX
and OY and by resolving forces parallel to these axes, the equations
of motion as given in Art. 6*24, are of the form

Example i. Find the law of force parallel to an asymptote under

which a rectangular hyperbola can be described.
Let the rectangular hyperbola xy=c8 be described by a parti-
cle of unit mass, under a force parallel to the y-axis, which is one of
its asymptotes.
d x dx
Then -73r s
O, an ^ /. -77 =a constant =w, say.
at* at
dx
XT .

Now since yv=

c*

x
,
-dy
dt
= c*
x*
^-
dt
-. _ c*c*u
r
x*
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
ELLIPTIC HABMONIC MOTION 239

2c*u dx

It shows that the force varies inversely as cube of x, the distance

of the particle from the asymptote parallel to which force acts.
Example a. A
particle describes freely the catenary cosh xjc y~c
under the action of a force parallel to the ordinate. Show that the
force and the velocity at any point vary as the ordinate of the point.
As the
force is parallel to the ordinate, it has no component
parallel to the axis of x.
d*x , dx
so that
m-p-0, --j7= const. =w, say . .
(1)

From and given equation of the curve, we have

this

dy dy dx 1 x dx x . , . .

-37= dx -r-=cx . smh -Tr=ttsmh .

..(2)
v '
dt dx c c dt c
v the velocity of the particle
t
is given by,

dt J
11
\ dt J c c
.. c8

which gives t>=

c
y and shows that the velocity at any point varies
as the ordinate.
dPx
Also since -7-2=0, .'. for the resultant acceleration /, we have
from (2),

=- -x -x =
/
u i x ?/ 11
J =-j: COSh .
-37 as 1s- .C COSh y
jpV,
dt* c c dt c c c*
which shows that the acceleration and consequently the force varies
as the ordinate.

Examples XL
1. If the co-ordinates a?, y of a moving point are given by
a o(cos 0-f0 sin 9), y=o(sin oos 0) 9-9
and increases at a uniform rate co, prove that the velocity of the point is a 0(0*
2. A point moves in
a plane such that its velocities parallel to axes of 9
and y are w-f-ci/ and v-f ex respectively, where u, v and c are constants, ahow
that the path of the point is a conic section.
3. A particle describes the parabola t/*=*4ox whose axis is horizontal.
Prove that
(i) if its horizontal velocity is constant, its vertical velocity varies in-
versely as its ordinate,
(u) if its vertical velocity is constant, the acceleration of the foot of the
ordinate is constant, and

(in) if its velocity is constant, the acceleration of the foot of the ordinate
varies inversely as the square of its distance from the directrix.
4. A
particle moving in a plane is subject to a force towards the g-Axia
and proportional to its distance from that axis. If initially it is projected from
the origin with velocity u in the direction making an angle a with the a?- ax is,

prove that it will cross the a-axis again at this angle after a time , where
(X is the constant of proportionality. (The mass 1). m
Also prove that the maximum displacement from the s-axis is propor-
tional to u sin a.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
240 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

5. A
particle moves in a plane under a constant acceleration o(i parallel
to Ox, and an acceleration 2uy, parallel to Oy where Ox, Oy are rectangular
axes. If the particle starts from rest at the point (0, a) , show that it will
describe the curve y=a cos P
6. A particle moves on a curve y=o log sec in such a way that the

tangent to the curve rotates uniformly, prove that the acceleration of the par-
ticle varies as the square of the radius of curvature.
A particle acted upon by gravity is describing a curved path APB.
7.
The resolved part of its velocity at A at right angles to the chord AB is u 9
how that the resolved part of the velocity at B in the same direction is u.
In examples given above and for the motion of a pro-
13*12.
jectilegiven in Chapter VI, the axes used are rectangular. In the
problem discussed in the next Article it will be found more convenient
to use oblique axes.

Elliptic Harmonic Motion. A particle moves in a

13*13*
plane with an deceleration which is always directed towards a fixed
point and vanes directly as the distance from it ; to prove that the parti-
cle describes an ellipse having the fixed point as its centre.

Let the fixed point O towards which the acceleration is directed

be taken as the origin and let the particle be projected in a certain
direction from a point A with a
velocity F.
Take OA
as the axis of x and
a line OY
parallel to the direction
of the initial velocity F, as the axis
of y.
Let (x, y) be the co-ordinates
of P in any subsequent position of
the particle. The acceleration of
the particle is PO whose compo-
(JL

nents parallel to the axes are pPM

and {JL
orMO (xt/
and \LX.

Hence the equations of mo-

tion are
d?x d*u
di*
= ~~vx anc*
jfi
= ~~V'y*
These equations show that the moving particle has a simple harmonic

motion of period .
parallel to each of the axes of x and y.

Solving these equations, we have

s=A cos \!\L t+B sin \/(x t .
.(1),
and y=C cos *J[i t+D sin ^/p, t (%)

Initially whefc *=0, x=OA=a, j/=0,

~ =0 and
dt
-,7
(it
=V
Hence from equations (1) and (2), we get

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
ELLIPTIC HARMONIC MOTION 241

x=a an<l y 7- sin \/ / t. ..(3).

Eliminating t, we have

..(4).

Thus the locus of P is an ellipse having its centre at the centre

of attraction and having OX, OY, a pair of conjugate diameters, as axes.

I3*i3i By jmtting #=0 in (4\, we get t/

1
or 0-Bl =F t
/|x which
gives F=VfjL.0J3.
Thus the speed of the particle at any point A 9
is proportional
to OB, the semi diameter conjugate of OA.
Velocity at any point P. Let v be the velocity at P and let
AOB=<*, then

1
==a 2 (ji
sin* *J[L J+ F cos1
2aV \J[JL sin
*^{x t cos i^jx { cos , [6y (3)]i
Note.In the particular case when the velocity V is at right angles to
OX, tho two axes being perpendicular to each other, are the principal axes of
the ellipse.

13*132. Geometrical properties of an ellipse. A few pro-

perties of an ellipse are given below for y P Y v
ready reference.
The letters used have their usual
meanings, CD being the semi-diameter
conjugate to G\P t

SY.SY'=pp' =fc a ..(3)

*
Sin^.j-^iJ r r'
or (4).

Also from (4)

b2 r'
_rr' __
r
" ~ ' " r

the pedal equation of an ellipse referred to a focus.

If, however, y> denotes the perpendicular from the centre C on
the tangent at P and CP=r, then
CP 2 +C /) 2 =a*+&a
T

..(6),
and p.CD=ab ..{!).
From (6) and (7),

or ..(8).

the pedal equation of an ellipse referred to its centre.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
242 ELBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Example i. A particle is describing an ellipse under a force to

th* centre.If V be the velocity at the end of the minor axis, and vl9
v*f the, velocities at the ends of any pair of conjugate diameters, prove
that v 12 +va *=F 2 +fx& a .

By Art. 13' 131, we have

v l =^J[L CD, and v2 =\J^ CP.
Also since the semi-diameter conjugate to the minor-axis is the
2 2
semi-major axis=a, .'. V*=\lp a or V =y. a .

2
)=iL (a +6 2 ) [by (6)]
62 .

Example 2. A
particle describes an ellipse with an acceleration
[xr directed towards the centre C, show that (i) its angular velocity about
a focus is inversely proportional to its distance from the focus,
2
(ii) the rate of change of its direction of motion is ab^yL/CD .

Let v be the velocity of the particle at

(i) P and let be its

angular velocity about the focus 8.

By
Now
Art. 13'131,

= -vel. perp. to
_*. - SP
v=*Jp

== _->L__
CD
v sin a
CD
iJu.
..(i)

" '
__
SP CD
Hence w varies inversely as SP.

(ii) Let $ be the angle which the tangent at P makes with the
major axis, then
the rate of change of the direction of motion

~ dd* '
ds v
~ l y ( }
dt -d'a ~3i=~P p
Now we use equation
to find p (8), a2 6 2 /^ 2 =a2 -f-& 2 r2 .

Differentiating this we get,

-2a 2 A 2 = dr
2r T~
.
dr aW CD 3
3 > ..?=/ -T-= 3"= a br"
p dp dp p
TT
Hence
dti , ^^ ab ab
^-^.
Examples XLI
i. Show that the speed of the particle at any point P of the ellipse
ss^r', where the semi conjugate diameter of P.
r' is

Hence show that the eame ellipse is a hodogroph of the motion of P.

a. Show that the time taken by the particle to describe the whole
ellipse is
3. A particle is acted on by attractions to a number of centres of force,
each being proportional to the distance. If it be projected in any direction,
show that it will describe an ellipse.

j.
The ends of a rod which rotates with constant angular velocity move
on two intersecting straight lines at right angles; prove that any other point on
the rod executes an elliptic harmonic motion.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
CONSTRAINED MOTION

5. The components of acceleration of a point are 4jix, (Jiy parallel to

fixed rectangular axes Ox, Oy ; initially it is at rest at the point (a, 6). Show
that it will oscillate to and fro on the arc of the parabola 2at/2 &*(* + a) ; and
find its velocity at the point where its path first crosses the axis of y.

I Ana. \/i{JL(8a2 + &2), inclined to Ox at K+tan"" 1 -s-x-

6. A particle moves in a plane with an acceleration which is always

directed away from a fixed point and varies directly as tho distance from it.
Prove that the particle describes a hyperbola.
7. If a particle describes an ellipse about a centre of force in tho centra,
show that sum of the reciprocals of its angular velocities about the foci Is
constant.
8. Prove that tho speed at any point P of an elliptic orbit described
under a central force, varying directly as tho distance to the centre O of the
ellipse, is proportional to the length of the diameter conjugate to OP.
A projected from a point P in a direction making an angle
particle is
Ti/4 with the P to the above centre of force O. Its speed of projec-
line joining
tion is that which St would acquire in moving directly from rest at P to the
centre of force O. Provo that the eccentricity e of the orbit is given by

g. Prove that in an elliptic harmonic motion the time-average of the

Kinetic Energy is equal to the arithmetic mean of the greatest and least values
of the Kinetic Energy. (D.U. I960)
II. CONSTRAINED MOTION
13*2. One particular case of constrained motion, viz., the
motion of a particle along a smooth vertical circle was discussed in
Chapter VIII. We now consider similar motion in a more general
manner. In this cage the equations of motion are obtained by resolv-
ing forces along the tangent and the normal to the path.
13*21. Expressions for tangential and normal accdera
tions.
Suppose that a particle moves along the curve APQ. Let A
be a fixed point and P and Q, the positions of the particle after times
( and
Let arc AP***s
and arc AQ
Chord PQ
is the displacement of
the particle in time 5J.
/. the velocity of the particle

chord PQ

Lt
chord PQ S* <h
~di

along the tangent at P.

It follows that if tho point P is constrained to move along a
given plane curve, tho velocity of the point P at any instant is
in tho
direction of tho tangent to the curve at tho point and its magnitude

is
J*L where a denotes tho length of the aro of the curve measured

from any fixed point on it.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
244 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Now let v be the velocity at and let it be v+Sv at Q. P

If the tangents at Pand Q make angles ^ and ^+8^ with the
fixed line OX, the change in velocity in direction of the tangent at
P=(t;+St;) cos S^ v.
v dv
. .
.. ,

tangential acceleration=Lt
,
T .

-(v+Sv)- cos
-
S^r
==_

, ds dv d2 a dv
and since
.
v= -T~ /. -j~ -^-r* or v -=- .
d d$ di* da

(the same as obtained in Art. 7*2)

The change in velocity in the direction of the normal at P
= (t>+$t>) sin 8^0.
/. the acceleration in the direction of the normal at P
= Lt (V+ * V) 8in ** r-*"- ' *~* ^ sin8 *

where p is the radius of curvature of the curve at P and is equal

to -7-7- by Calculus.

In particular when a particle moves along a circle of radius r

the radius of curvature is then the radius of the circle and the normal

acceleration is as already obtained in Art. 7*2.

Whenever a moves along a curve the resultant tangen-

particle
tial acceleration changes the velocity in magnitude while the resultant
normal acceleration causes change in the direction of the velocity.
If the former is zero, the particle moves with a constant speed, but
if the latter is zero, the motion must take place along a
straight line
only.
Example i. A particle is moving in a parabola with uniform
angular velocity about the focus, prove that its normal acceleration at

any point is proportional to the radius of curvature of its

path at that
point.
Let the radius vector an angle with the axis. SP make
Then by the question d0/dj=a constant=& (say).
Also by the property of a parabola, the angle ^ which the
tangent at P makes with the axis 0, so that
d0 __ k d$ ds
X d$ p
d\{/ __ V __
~dt
~~* ~dt
an
"""IT
~~
~dt "*cW ~dt
**
V
Hence the normal acceleration
4
= .

4p P

Example a. A particle describes2a curve ivilh uniform speed t;.

If the acceleration at any point P be cv /(c

2
+^ 2
) where c is a constant,
prove that the curve described is a catenary.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
CONSTRAINED MOTION 245

Since the speed v is constant, /. the tangential acceleration

dv/dt^O.

.*. the resultant acceleration^* normal acceleration= =v2 -^-.

p as
a
.
A . *&$ =
/. by the question,
^ tr

or tf = I
-=-:,=
z
tan" 1 \-C.
J c +$ c c

^=0 when a0, G =0.

r
Let so that
^rsstan""
1
5/c, or $=c tan ^, a catenary.

Example
3. A
particle moves in an ellipse with constant speed 9
prove that the magnitude of its acceleration is proportional to the cube
of the length of the perpendicular from the centre on the tangent.
The speed being constant equal to v, say, the acceleration is
2
only normal =t- /p.
To findp, we use pedal equation (8) of Art. 13* 132, so that we have
2
2a 2 2
6
= a dr dr
= a 6=-
2 2
-/ , and a 2r-7 or r 3 3
r op aj) 2>
dr a2 62 , .
.
,.
t-
2 *< 2

p=r -7= 5 ,
and .. acceleration= :

dp jr p
Hence
v being a constant, the acceleration varies as p* p being t

the length of the perpendicular from the centre on the tangent to the
ellipse at the point.

Examples XLII-A.
I. If the speed of a particle moving in a curve varies as the radius of
curvature, show that its direction of motion revolves with a constant angular
velocity.
[Hint, v
a. A particle moves in a catenary *=c tan ty the direction of its acceln.
at any point makes equal angles with the tangent and the normal to the path
at that point. If tho speod at tho vertex (^=0)be u, show that the velocity
and acceln. at any other point are given by

lit
Y and ^2 ifle 2di
vb
Y
cos*ij>.

3. A point moves in a plane in such a manner that its tangential and

normal accelerations are always equal. Show that tho equation to the path is

(?')
tho equiangular spiral ka=Ae*+B, when the angular velocity of the
tangent is constant and equal to k.

(u) the catenary a=c tan ^, when the linoar velocity of the point varies

as e , where tan = c

4. A particle moves in a smooth tube in tho form of a catenary, being

attracted to the directrix by a force proportional to the distance from it. Show
that the motion is simple harmonic. (D.U. Hons.)
[Hint. Resolve along the tangent and use y=c sec fy, c tan ^]

5. A particle starting from rest moves in a circle in such a way that its
<*peod increases at a constant rate t. Show that when the particle has described
an angular distance about tho centre, its acceleration is

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
246 ELEMENTAEY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

6. A particle is describing a circle of radius a in such a way that the

tangential component of its acceleration bears to the normal component a
constant ratio k, if u is the initial velocity, show that the circumference will be
described in the time

7* If throughout the motion of a particle describing a plane curve, the

tangential and normal components of acceleration are constant and each equal
to A t show that the angle 9 through which the direction of motion turns whilst

the velocity changes from F to F is given by 91og -^- and that if t is the
time taken for the change

9=log fl+^\ (P.U.)

8. Prove that the angular acceleration of the direction of a point

moving in a plane is

v dv v2 dp
" * '

"p" ~da p*" ~da

d^ ** d8
Fffint
1 JnUUt* ** " sss "'
*'^- " " TSS "1 I

L dt da dt p J .

13*22. Motion of a Heavy Particle on a smooth Carve

in a Vertical Plane. A particle is projected with a velocity v l along
a smooth curve in a vertical plane. Its velocity v 2 after moving through
a height h is given by

Let a particle of mass m move along the curve EPA, B being

its initial position where its velocity is v,, and A, the final position
where the velocity is va .

Let P be any position of the particle

where its velocity is v.
The only external forces acting on
the particle are its weight, mg, acting
vertically downwards and R, the pressure
of the curve in the direction of the normal.
Equation of motion along the tan-
gent is

mv-y-=sura of the components of the

forces along TP
in^ (!)

We know that for any curve, sin ^= ~

and, therefore, the
as
equation becomes,
dv du
=r tf--^.
v
ds ds

Integrating, we get %v*=

At B where v=i i, r
let y=
then iV
At A where v=i 2 ,
let j/=j/ 2 >

then t;

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
CONSTBAINED MOTION 247

Subtracting, we get
yi) .-(2)

i.e., vf^vStyfa-y^vf-Zgh.
If instead of moving upwards, the particle slides down the
curve with an initial velocity u, the velocity v after moving a vertical
distance h is given by,
v*=u*+2gh ..(3),
If the particle slides from rest,

v*=20& ..(4).
The final velocity in each case depends on the vertical distance
moved and not on the form of the curve.
Thus, when a particle moves along a plane curve, the tangential
equation of motion gives the velocity of the particle and the normal
pressure is then obtained from the equation of motion along the

-
normal, viz.,

P
the sum of the components of the forces along the

normal =Rmg cos ^ .

.(5)

13*23. Cor. If m is not cancelled from equation (I), equation

(2) will assume the form,

or ^mv
which shows that regarding the axis of x as zero level
Kinetic Energy +Potential Energy at yl = K.E.+P.E. at B
Constant.

particle moves along

i.e., when a a smooth vertical curve under
gravity, the sum of its kinetic and potential energies remains always

constant.

Thus, the principle of energy is applicable to the motion of a

particle constrained to move along a smooth vertical plane curve
under gravity. Its application to a few particular cases was shown
in Chapter IX.

Example. A thin wire in tJie form of the curve s=c tan $ is

fixed with its axis vertical and vertex downicards and a small bead of
mass mslides freely on it. If the bead starts from rest at a height nc
above the vertex, prove that the reaction at the vertex will be (2n-\-l)mg.

By (4), the velocity v at the vertex is given by

By (5), R at the vertex where

the reaction ^ is given by
mv*lp=Rmg cos $*~R--mg.
ds
But 9-Tr mm c secV=c,
* at the vertex, where ^=0.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
248 BLBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples XLII B
i. A
particle falls from rest at the vertex of an inverted catenary
jssc tan prove that the particle leaves the curve at the point where
ty,
1
^=3 sec- 2.
Show that at this point the length of the arc described is ^3 times the
vertical distance through which the particle falls.
[Hint. p=c sec2 ^, y=c sec fy.]
a* A particle of mass m moves in a
smooth horizontal circular tube of
centre C and radius a under the action of a force directed towards a fixed point
A of the tube and of magnitude fir per unit mass, where r is the distance of the
particle from A. If the particle starts from rest at B 9 the other end of the
diameter through A, prove that when the particle is at P, where 2JCP=0, its
velocity v and the pressure R of the tube on it are given by
2
t;2=2^o (l cos 0), /?=mo{i(l 3 cos 0).
3. A bead, which slides on a wire in the form of a parabola with axis
vorticaland vertex upwards, is just displaced from rest at the highest point ;

show that in any subsequent position the velocity of the bead varies as its
distance from the axis of the parabola and that the pressure on the curve varies
as its curvature.

4. A smooth parabolic tube is placed, vertex downwards in a vertical

plane and a particle slides down the tube from rest under gravity. Prove that
in any position the reaction of the tube is

whore w is the weight of the particle, p the radius of curvature, 4a the latus
rectum and h, the original vortical height of the particle above the vertex.
5. A smooth wire is bent into the form t/=sin x and placed in a vertical
plane with the axis of a; horizontal. A bead of mass m
slides down the wire
starting from rest at #=471. Show that the pressure on the wire as the bead
passes through the origin is mg/^2, and find tho pressure as it passes through
JC^-JTT. [Ana.

13*24. The Cycloidal Pendulum. In Art. 8'5, we have seen

-

that the motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic motion only

when the angle of swing is so
small that sin Q is very nearly
equal to and the amplitude
to the motion is so small that
p/ it may be treated as infinite-
simal. If, however, the ampli-
y tude of motion is not small and
7, the particle i
N supposed to be
constrained to move under
gravity, along the arc of a
smooth cycloid in a vertical
plane, the equation of motion of the particle along the tangent to the
curve is

d 2s
= mg sin ^ ..(1),
7/1-^-
where ^ is the angle which the tangent to the curve makes with the
horizontal and * i* the length of its arc measured from the vertex,
the cycloid being placed with its vertex downwards and axis vertical.
We know by the Calculus that the intrinsic equation of the
cycloid is

5=4a sin ^ '-(2),

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
THE OYCLOIDAL PENDULUM 249

$ being measured from the vertex where ^0, and a being the radius
of the generating circle.
From (1) and (2), we have

which shows that the motion shall be simple harmonic no matter

how great the amplitude. _
- which is cons-
V^.^ 9
tant for oscillations, small or large.
Thus, if a particle is constrained to move along a smooth cydoidal
curve, its period of motion is absolutely independent of the amplitude.
(This is an answer to the question which interested the mathe-
maticians of the 18th century in what curve should the bob of a
pendulum swing in order that the period of oscillation may be
absolutely independent of the amplitude ?)
The oscillations on a cycloidal arc are called isochronous be-
cause the period is the same for large or small oscillations.
This important property of a cycloid finds its application in the
formation of clocks.
A cycloidal pendulum may be constructed by causing the cord
of the pendulum to wind and unwind itself on the evolute of the path.
13*241. In order to find the pressure of the curve on the
particle, we write its equation of motion in the direction of the
normal at the point, namely
- =Rmg
mv* _
cos y
. ...
(4)/

where p is the radius of curvature of the curve, E the normal pressure

and v the velocity of the particle obtained from equation (3) by
integration.
Note i. The student acquainted with elements of differential equation
will noto that
s=A cos^{JU-f.B sin ^[it.
where (JL=- is the most general solution of equation (3).

*=4a -~- measured

Note a. Since sin ^=4a 8*&ay, y and * being

from tho vertex of the cycloid.

Example i. A
particle oscillates in a cycloid under gravity
the amplitude of the motion being I and the periodic time being T. Show
that Us velocity at a time t measured from a position of rest is
.

sin ---

Equation of motion of the particle is

d*s
-- - _ .
q
_!l_ o
5 -- 2
t1*
ll o ,
dt* 4a
<7 i m 2:r
T= n=~ 2?r
where n*=^
4a
and
n
or
T
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
250 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

The solution of the equation gives

$ A cos nt+JS sin nt . .

(1)

v= = An sinnt+Bncosnt ..(2)

By the question when $=0, a=Z and v=0.

/. from(l) A Z and from (2) =0.
Hence 8=1 cos nf
and v= nfsinnj

= -^- .

sin-y-
,.
(m magnitude).
.. ,
x

Example ^4 particle of mass

2. starts from rest at the cusp of m
a smooth cycloidal arc whose axis is vertical and vertex downwards. Find
the pressure on the curve at any point.

The height of a cusp above the vertex being 2a, the velocity v,
at a point P of the cycloid at a height y above the vertex is given by

[By Note 2, Art. 13'241]

cos 2

By (4), 13*241, the pressure R is given by

2
rav , ds
=Rmg cos
_> i

V, where p= -j-p =4o cos

P aq;
Hence R=mg cos ^+w 4agi cos2 ^/4a cos ^==2mgr cos i};,

where ty is the angle which the tangent at A makes with the tangent
at the vertex.

Examples XLIII
i, A particle oscillates in a complete cycloid from cusp to cusp. Prove
that the velocity at any point P is equal to the resolved part of the velocity at
the vertex along the tangent at P.
a. A particle starts sliding down a smooth inverted cycloid s4a sin <!/

from rest at the vertex. Show that it will leave the curve when it has descend-
ed a vertical distance equal to a.
3. A particle of mass m
starts from rest at the cusp of a smooth cycloi-
dal arc whose axis is vertical and vertex downwards. Prove that
(a) the time occupied in falling half the distance measured along the
arc to the vertex is } of the time required to reach the vertex.

(6) the time occupied in falling down first half of the vertical height is
equal to the time of falling down the second half ;
(c) the pressure on the curve at any point is equal to twice that duo to
the weight of the particle alone.
4. Two particles are let drop from the cusp
of a cycloid down the curve
at an interval of time t, prove that they will meet at a timo

5. A particle is projected with velocity F from a cusp of a smooth

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION CTNDBR 4 CENTRAL FORCE 251

cycloid down the arc* Show that the time of reaching the vertex ia

6* Show that the time a train, if unresisted, takes to pass through a tun-
nel under a river in the form of an arc of a cycloid of length 21 and height h,
cut by a horizontal line is

where t> is the velocity with which the train enters and leaves the tunnel.

7. Two particles 2m, m

are connected by a light string ABO, the
heavier rests in a smooth open tube in the form of a cycloid with axis vertical
and vertex downwards, and the other particle hangs vertically from an open
end B at which the tangent is vertical. Prove that in the position of equilib-
rium the tangent at A to the cycloid is inclined at 30 to the horizontal and
that the time of a small oscillation about this position ia

8. A heavy bead slides on a smooth fixed circular wire of radius a. If

itbo projected from the lowest point with a velocity just sufficient to carry it
to the highest point, prove that the radius through the bead will turn through
an angle in time t given by the equation

9. A parabola of latus rectum 4a, is placed with its axis horizontal

and plane vertical, and a heavy smooth particle is projected from the vertex
with a velocity due to a height h and moves on the concave side of the arc.
Prove that if be the angle described about the focus before leaving the curve

Also by taking the particular case fc=l4a prove that the vertical height
attained before leaving the arc is two- thirds of the greatest height attained.

10. A
smooth parabolic cylinder is fixed with its generators and the axis
of each of its normal sections horizontal. A
particle is placed upon it at a
height above the axial plane equal to the latus rectum, prove that it will run
off at the extremity of the latus rectum and will then describe a parabola of
equal latus rectum.

11. A particle is describing the ellipse -= 1 in such a manner

that its acceleration at any point is made up of two components equal in
magnitude and in directions of the two foci of the ellipse. Prove that the speed
of the particle along the curve is constant, aud that the magnitude ot either
component of the acceleration is inversely proportional to the product of the
focal distances of particle, (P-U-)
IB. MOTION UNDER THE ACTION OF A CENTRAL FORCE
13*3. In this case a particle moves under a central force i.e.,
a force directed towards a fixed point called the centre of force. The
path described by the particle is called a central orbit. The position
of the particle at any instant is defined by the polar co-ordinates r
and 6 referred to the centre of force as the origin and any fixed line
OX through as the initial line. The equations of motion are then
obtained by resolving forces along and perpendicular to the radius
vector, as given later in Art. 13*43.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
252 BLEMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

I3*3 X When a particle moves along a plane

Areal Velocity.
curve, the of the ana traced out by the radius vector
rate of change
joining the particle to a fixed point is called the areal velocity of the
particle.
Let the particle move along the curve APQ and let it describe
the arc PQ=$s in time SJ.

\Q Let (r, 0) be the co-ordinates of

Pand(r+Sr, + 80) be those of Q,
then the areal velocity at P
^ &OPQ T , i'*(
r +8p) sin 80

S^"^ 8*

" x* z /ft
Ov Wt

If the length of the per-

p is
oh the line PQ,
pendioular from
and t? the velocity of the particle at
P, then

the areal velocity =L =U =

Again, if (^ y), (x+&x, y+8y) be the co-ordinates
of P and
then

^
the area!11-4.
T.
velocity =Lt dt )

Thus, we have :

Twice the areal velocity=r2 ~ -vp= y

Example i.
point A P
moves in a parabola with constant speed
V, show that areal velocity about the focus S varies as secifl,
(i) the
the angular velocity about S varies as cos*$, or ;nwr**ly
as
and (ii)

SP ,
where is the angular distance from the vertex.
In a parabola with focus as origin, we have

^ar and = l+cos'0=2 cos 2 sec 2 ..(1).

/. (i) twice the areal velocity about 8 at any point

= Vp= V Var = V V^al sec 0, which varies as sec 0.

(ii) <o, the angular velocity about S is given by

d0 Vp V V^^J^^^JW^ ^j0 rfa QXI

3
It shows that the angular velocity varies either as cob J or

inversely as r* i.e., inversely as (SP)* .

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
RADIAI/ AND TRANSVERSE ACCELERATION 253

Example 2. A particle is moving in a parabola with uniform

angular velocity about the focus, prove that its normal acceleration at any
point varies as the radius of curvature P at that point.
In this case dQ/dt is constant =c, say,

If v be the velocity et any point, we have

= cM
2 r4 2 3
dQ
c=-f-=-^~
vp
,
or va =c 5- =c r
(V
at r* p* ar a

*
This shows that v varies as r or

Now since 2
p =ar, *j >

dp

__
dr Zpr Vr*
2r^ . a p

/.
...
normal acceleration =>
v2
=c
2 8
r
=c
2
ap
2

-j-=-rP
4 4
c2 ^

p ap op

13*4. Expressions for Radial and Transverse Compo-

nents of Velocity and Acceleration. Let a particle move along a
curve from P(r, 0) to Q(r+Sr,
+ S0) m time t. It is required
to find expressions for the compo-
nents of velocity and acceleration
of the particle in the position P at
the time t, in the direction of the
radius vector OP and at right
angles to it, the senses being
those in which r and increase.
If LQ be perp. to OP, then Q s^
u, the component of tho
velocity along OP

~~ T displacement along
--
OP in time $t

_ PL (H-8r) cos 80~ r dr

t
..(1),

v, the component of the velocity perpendicular to OP

T displacement perp. to OP in timogj
= Lit *

=Lt ^=Lt -(2).

Hence and r yr are the radial and transverse velocities of

at at

the particle, the actual velocity being the resultant of these two.
Now to find the components of acceleration,
suppose t/ 4*8 ",
are the components of the velocity of the particle in the position
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 -
Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
254 ELBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

/t the component
,

T
=Lt

- T4
-
.

dtt,-

"5
- --
Q, at time t+&t, in the direction OQ and
of acceleration along OP
change of

[(+SH)
i

d0
*-(*)-' *
cos
vel.

dfdr\

dr
along
~ OP

dO
ii;

x Ttt
time

do
f
perp.

ru
[by
to

/lx
(1)
it,

and
then

and /2 the component of acceleration perp. to

,
OP
T change
_Lt
of vel. perp.
- OP in time =
$J

sn 8g+(+8t> cos 8g 1

2
* A '
^-4-
t r
" " ^= JLr A
rf
^*i*i^
dt \ dt)
the actual acceleration the resultant of/x and/t
is .

Cor* In the particular case when the path of a particle is a

circle with its centre as origin, r is constant, dr/dt=Q and thus the
radial and transverse components of acceleration reduce to

r-J
and r-Tj respectively.

13*41. The above results can also be obtained as follows :

Suppose that the Cartesian co-ordinates of P are (x> y), then

x=r cos and t/=r sin 0.
Differentiating, we have
dx ^ dr .
^ </0

dv . dr
and &m
-dt- Odt
u, the component of the velocity along OP
dx du dr t

""^
. ,

by(1)>
, , v

and r, the component of the velocity perp. to OP

---
dy dx .

Differentiating equations (1), we have

d*x d*f A </r do .
^
-r-in-
.
A
-2- sin -r cos 9
.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
RADIAL AND TRANSVERSE ACCELERATION 255

d*r . dr dQ . /d$ \* d*$

The component of acceleration along OP

and the component of acceleration perpendicular to OP

f
__d y d*x . -dr d\~

A
Example. A particle describes the equianuglar spiral rae ,

tvi. such a manner that its acceleration has no radial component. Prove
that its angular velocity is constant and that the magnitude of the velocity
and acceleration is each proportional to r.

dV /d& \ a
Here the radial component of acceln. = 3-^ r I--} =0.
at* \at /

~/^Y
-\dT) <

dr
~ae$dO
Ai 6 d$
Also, since r=oc ,
^~ -yr^r-jr

ir
andfrom /ox
(2),
_=_ d
d2f dr

/. by (1) and (3) r so that constant, say w, i.e.,

,^=0, ^7=a
the particle moves with a constant angular velocity.

Now from (2),

^^^ ~ r* -( 4 ).

Hence the velocity of the particle

= A / (-7- ) +(r -=-
J

)
2
+(/*)
8 = V 2r a>*~a>r\y2
2
i.e., varies as r.

Also the radial acceln. being zero, the resultant acceln.

=the
. .

i
transverse acceln. = 1 d (
^~-{ r* -j-
\
a
dO
1 = --
1 d <
v
TT-(>
2 .
)
'
= 2r*
~~
dr
37-
r dt\ dt / r dt r
=2r* by (4)
which varies as r.

Examples XLIV
fcft
i. A
particle moves along r-Ae 9 prove that its acceleration QBt,
is proportional to r and makes a constant angle with the radius vector.
9. If the angular velocity of a particle about a point in its plane of
motion be constant, prove that the transverse component pf its acceleration is
proportional to the radial component of its velocity.
3. If the velocities of a particle along and perpendicular to the radius
vector from a fixed point are Xr and (A0, show that the accelerations along and
perpendicular to the radius vector are

and
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
256 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

4. The velocities of a particle along and perpendicular to a radius

vector from a fixed origin are Xr 2 and [0 2 . Show that the equation to the path
of the particle ia

Also show that the components of acceleration are

HM-tfSi, yrp+iVQ.
5. If the radial and transverse velocities of a point are always propor-
tional to each other, show that the equation to the path is an equiangular
spiral.

If, in addition, the radial and transverse accelerations are also always
proportional to each other, show that the velocity of the particle varies as some
power of the radius vector. (All. C7.)

6. If the path of a particle is r~a tan and the acceleration is directed

towards the origin, show that the acceleration in terms of r is
~
**
I 3 + :r-
r*
I
where h=*r* ^
d
.

L J *

7^ Prove that the path of a point P which possesses two constant velo-
cities,one along a fixed direction and the other perpendicular to the radius
vector OP drawn from a fixed point 0, is a conic section.
8. A point moves in a circular path of radius a, so that its angular
velocity about a fixed point in the circumference of the circle is constant and
equal to CO, show that the resultant acceleration of the point at every point of
the path is of constant magnitude 4aco 2 .

[Take r=2o COB as the equation of a circle.]

9. A particle describes the circle sin r=2a

with speed k cosec 2 0.
Prove that its acceleration is wholly along the lino joining tho particle to tho
origin.
10. A particle moves along the circle r=2a cos in such a way that
the acceleration towards the origin is always zero. Prove that

ssco _= 2<o* cot 0, O being tljp angular velocity.

Deduce that the transverse acceleration is proportional to cosec&0.

ii The ends of a straight rod are moving in two straight grooves inter-
secting at right angles at 9 and P
is the foot of the perpendicular from O on tho
rod. Show that the velocity of P perpendicular to OP is co.OP and along OP
is 2<0.(7P, where C is the middle point of the rod and CO ia the angular velocity
of C about O.
A smooth straight tube OA (=a) rotates in horizontal plane about
12.
one end O
with uniform angular velocity <o.
(a) When initially a particle is at rest at A relative to tho tube,
show that at time t, tho distance of the particle from O is a cosh (a>) and that
the force exerted by the tube on the particle at that time is proportional to
vinh (*>*)

(6) When a particle is suddenly projected from A towards O with velo-

city ad), show that the particle will have travelled half way down tho tubo
after a time log 2 and will not reach O in any finite time.

13. A particle is placed at rest in a rough tube at a distance a from

one encTand the tube starts rotating horizontally with a uniform angular velo-
city o about this end. Show that the distance of the particle at time t is
*** tan X
ae [cosh (to* sec X) + sin X sinh (CM sec X)].
where tan X is co-efficient of friction. (P. U.)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION UNDER A CENTRAL FORCE 257

13*42. Angular Momentum, The angular momentum of a

particle moving along a plane curve obout a point in the plane is the
moment of momentum about that point.
its

The magnitude of the moment of momentum of a particle P of

mass w, at any instant when its velocity is v, about any point (in
the plane of its motion) is

mvp ..(\) J
where p is the length of the perpendicular from to the tangent to
the path of the particle at P.
The sign is taken positive or negative according as the rotation
is counter-clockwise or clockwise.
If the velocity v is resolved along and perpendicular to OP in
the direction of increasing, then the components of the momentum

of the particle in these directions arew ,

and wr-y-. Hence an-
at at
other expression for the moment of momentum about is

mr " (2) >

*Tt
the moment of m--r- about being zero.
at

Again, if the velocity is resolved along two perpendicular lines

OX y OY, then the components of the momentum are m --rr,m -jr

at
and
cU
the moment of momentum about is

dy -d
_
Hence the angular momentum of a particle about the origin
dx\
do
=m r*-=
o
m vp= m f dy -
(x Tt y<rt ).
Also the expression for the kinetic, energy of the particle in
polar co-ordinates is

13*43. Equations of Motion. We have already discussed

motion of a particle in a plane by writing down its equations of
motion either in the directions of two fixed co-ordinate axes or in the
direction of the tangent and normal to the path described by the
particle. However a large number of dynamical problems, where a
particle moves under a central force, are readily solved, as already
pointed out, by writing the equations of motion in the direction of the
radius vector and in a direction perpendicular to it.
These equations are of the form

and
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
258 BLBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

where m is the mass of the particle and F and T are the sums of the
components of the forces in the radial and transverse directions.
13*431. Central Force. When a particle moves under a
central force, i.e., a force directed towards a fixed point with its in-
tonsity as some function of the distance from the fixed point, then
7'=0 and from (2), we have

*<"'' * Con8tant)
-
ar* ( -

So that in a central orbit the radius vector joining the particle to the
of force sweeps out equal areas in eqval times and the angular
centre
momentum of the particle remains constant throughout its motion.
Also from Art. 13 31, we have :

fl
at
=v= twice the areal velocity = h.
dQ h , h
-j7=-o- and t>=
at r* p
i.e., in the motion of a particle subject to any central force,

(i) the angular velocity of the particle varies inversely as the square
of the distance ; and
(W) velocity of the particle varies inversely as the perpendicular
drawn from the centre upon the tangent to the path.

These results hold true in the case of planets moving round the
sun, the sun being the centre of force.
Since the moment of F about is obviously zero and since any

point may be taken as the origin, equation (2) Art. 13*43, when
written in the form

hows that for the motion of a particle along a curve, the rate of change
of its angular momentum about any point is equal to the sum, of the
moments about the same point O t of the forces acting on the particle.
Examle i. A particle P of unit mass describes an ellipse with
centre C under the action of a force \p..CP. Show that the normal accele-
7
ration at any instant varies i ?
y as the speed of the particle.
Let be the angle which the tangent at P makes with CP, then
the normal component of the acceleration

nu * ^ VP
=(jL.(;jr sin <p3ss[Lrsm<p=*\*.p=-
V-
= V-h >

where h is a constant.
For, the force being a central force,
.
r;> is constant, the constant
being taken as h.
Example 2. A particle P of ntass moves on a smooth Iiori- />/,

zontal table. A light string attached to P /tassfs through a small hole

in the table and an equal particle Q is suspended at this end of the string.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION UNDER A CENTBAL FOBOB 250

// initially 0P=a, and the particle is moving with velocity \ag P V

in a direction at right angles to OP, determine the extreme values of
OP during the subsequent motion and find the tension of the string at any
instant.

Let T be the tension, of the string and 0P=r at any instant t.

The table being smooth, there is no force on P perp. to OP

and T is the only force in the direction PO.

Therefore, the equations of motions for P are ;

r dt \ dt

i.e., r
2 --== cons tant= its initial value=aX V ag

and i

If I be the length of the string, the equation of motion for Q is

MA I J V 1 . *Vx ^T^ ^ ^> * ___ /J^ 4Mri /*5\

Subtracting (2) from (3) and using (1), we have :

Again, adding (2) and (3) and using (1), we obtain :

go*

Multiplying this equation by at

, and integrating, we have

dr

Initially when r=a, -^ =0, which gives c=fa(/.

Thlw>

For the max. or min. value of so that

'
-
r, =0, t

4^ 5ar 2 +^ 3 =0 or (r-a)(4r* "r--r? a )-0.

This gives r=a or r= - ----- a=0'64f7 f

o

the negative value of r viz.,

---5 a being rejected
f

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
260 BLBMBNTART ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples XLV
i. A particle capable of moving on a smooth horizontal table is con-
nected by & light inextensiblo string which passes without friction through a
small hole, to a second equal particle hanging freely below the table. When
the first particle is at a distance a from the hole, it is moving at right angles to
the string -with the velocity
Vf Prove that the hanging particle will move
up and down through a distance a and that the tension of the string will vary
between 2/3 and 11/6 of the weight of the particle.
a. A string passes through a small hole in a smooth horizontal table,
and has equal particles attached to its ends, one hanging vertically and the
other lying on the table at a distance a from the hole. This latter is projected
with a velocity \/ag perpendicular to the string. Show that the hanging
particle will remain at rost, and that if it be slightly disturbed, the time of a
Ainall oscillation will be

3. Two
particles of masses m, 2m lie on a smooth table and connected
by a taut, inextensible, light string of length 2a which passes through a fixed
smooth ring fixed at a point O on the table. The particle m
is at a distance a
from O and is projected along the table with velocity u perpendicular to the
portion of the string attached to it. Prove that the particle 2m reaches O after
a time 3a/u.
4. m
Two particles of masses 3m and are attached to the ends of an
inextensible string which passes through a smooth fixed ring, the whole resting
on a horizontal table. The particle m
being projected at right angles to the
string show that path is o=r cos J0, a being the initial distance of from the m
ring.

5. A particle of unit mass lies on a smooth horizontal table and is

attached to one end of an elastic string of natural length I and modulus of
elasticity X, whose other end is fixed on the table. The particle is held so that
the string is just tight, and projected at right angles to the string with velocity
2\/M/3 show that the greatest length of the string in the resulting motion
is 21.

6* One end of alight inextensiblo string is attached to a particle of

mass m which moves on a smooth horizontal table. The other end is passed
through a hole in the table and supports a particle of maas M
which hangs
vertically below the hole. Show that the path described by the particle on the
table satisfies the diffential equation
d2u Mg 1
(m+M) +mu = h 2 u*
-, where h is a constant and w= r
.

dQ*

13*5. Central Orbits. To find the differential equation of the

path of a particle moving in a plane under a force which is directed to a
fixed centre.
Polar Equation. Let (r y 0) be the co-ordinates of the particle
P referred to the fixed centre O and let mF
be the attracting force
acting on it, then the equations of motion are

Integrating (1), we have

r* (a constant) ..(3)
^=7*
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION UNDER A CENTRAL 7ORCB 26L

i.e., =~ra-=:Aw*a r
, where
i_
u~ r
or r=
dt

_
dr
cf< ~M uJdt~
_____ _c?_[/ ___
1 \
I .
d$
- -_ - T .

_ du_
I

u* do
'
dQ
._

itt
~^, __,
1

ua
.
du
d
. 9 , du

and
, r dr\dO = d f ~ A* du\-Au
d /dr\dO
= Tft 2 d*u
^2"=^r(-37)^-
dt 2dQ\dt J dt
-3r(
dO\ ^)
dQj

Substituting in equation (2) ,

we get

d2 u F

which is the equation of the orbit in polar co-ordinates, F being the

force per unit mass or the acceleration.

13*51* Pedal Equation. If p be the length of the perpcndi -

cular from upon the tangent at P, then by the Calculus

Differentiating equation (5), with respect to r, we have

^
^jP. 9
^^
^^'rf7~ d0"5r

JludQ f . d*u\ An f da u

2 F 2F
^by (4)]=- --

which the pedal equation of the orbit.

is

Equations (4) and (6) are important for the solution of two
problems :

(i) Given the orbit, to determine the law of central force.

(ii) Given the law of central force, to determine the orbit.

13*52. To find the time we use equation (3) which gives

13*53. Equation (6) can bo obtained independently as follows :

Lot 9 be the angle between the outward-drawn radius vector

and the direction of motion,
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
262 ELEMSKTABT ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

As the force F (per unit mass) acts along PO, resolving along
jv the normal we have
v dl
+ =
F sin 9 or v*=*F r
p.
P

.*. v l or -r-= F Xr3

p* r dp

^
^~T\,__j ..
-?
I3'6. Velocity.
First Method. By using equation (5).

which gives the velocity when the path is known.

Second Method. By using equation (6).

Integrating equation (6;, we have

,t\., ..(8)
J^ss-JVdr+C'
which gives the velocity when F, the force, is known.

13*61. Equation (8) can also be obtained independently as

follows :

Resolving along the tangent (See Fig, given above), we have

v ^= _F
ds
C os == F--~
d$

Integrating with respect to 5, we get

^=~ f F
j- rftf+C-
IV t

13*62. Velocity from Infinity at any point of a central orbit

means the velocity that a particle would acquire if it is moved from
infinity to that point under the action of the given attractive force
associated with the orbit.

From (8), the velocity from infinity ia

given by
r

Jf*=-[ Fdr ..(9).

For example, if F= ^-, i?

2
2 f -^ dr==^
r2 J r* r

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION UNDER A CENTRAL FORCE 203

13*63. Multiplying (9) by m, the mass of the particle, and

supposing that the velocity changes from vl to v, as r changes from
r l to r, ,
we have
**

4mr, 4rot> 1
f =- I Fdr

which shoM'8 that the change in the kinetic energy is equal to the
work done by the force as the particle moves from one position to
another.

Example i. A particle describes the path r=a tan $ under a

force to the origin. Find its acceleration and velocity in terms of r.

Here r=a tan *'.., aw =

S= cosec f tf = (l+cot
f
) (H-aV) .
.(2),
ay
(flu
cot0=2aw{l-f au
and 2
a -r*= 2 cosec'fl ) .
.(3).
off

:. by (4) Art. 13 5, we have

Theaoceln. F J

Also by (7) Art. 13'6, we have

Example 2. Find the law for a central attractive force for which
the velocity in a circle at any distance is equal to the velocity acquired in
falling from infinity to that distance.

Let bo the centre of force F, v the \elocity at a point P at

a distance r from and let jP=(ji//
<fl
,
then by (9) Art. 13*62, we have

- *
r
00
w 2
r $
00
,T^-,-.-^ <"

Now velocity t; in a circle at a distance means thatiftl\e point

/

P were to describe a circle of radius / at P, its acceleration or force

F on it will be v 2 Jr,

Thuswchave -*_. _-J|L_ [by(l)].

Hence we get n 1 = 2 or = 3, ?/

aid thus we find that law cf the force is inverse eube'of the distance.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
264 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples XLVI
i* Find the law of force in the following orbits, the pole being the
centre of attraction :

(i) r*=a sec 2 0. (Ana. c/r

2
).

(ii) r2=:a 2
cos 20. (Ana. c/r ).
7

(Hi) 2a /r =l 4- cos 30.

3 3
(Ana. Const.)
... a

a. If a particle describes the cardioid r=a(l cos 0) under a force to

the pole, show that the force is proportional to the inverse fourth power of the
distance.
If P be the force at the apse (0=7U), and V the velocity, prove that
3F 2 =4aP.

3. A particle moving
under the influence of a central force, describes a
circle through the centre of the force. Prove that the force is attractive and
inversely proportional to the fifth power of the distance.

[Hint. Equation of the circle is r=2a cos 0].

4. Show that the curve r n =an cos n0 can be described under a force to
the pole varying inversely as (2n-f3)rd power of the distance.
Deduce the law of attraction under which a particle describes :

a parabola (n= }),

(t)

(ii) a cardioid (n= J) f

(in) a straight line (n= 1),

(iv) a circle about a point on the circumference (n= 1),
(v) rectangular hyperbola (n= 2).
(vi) a Lemniscate (n=2).

5. The motion of a point in a plane at time t is defined by =a* 2 t

y= . Prove that the areal velocity is constant and verify that the acoelera-
2r
tion is everywhere directed from a fixed point according to the law ,
r be-
g-

ing the distance of the moving point from the fixed point.
[Hint. Use the third result of Art. 13-31].

Force varying inversely as the square of the distance

13*7. Planetary Motion. The laws according to which
planets move round the sun are as follows :

(i) The orbit of a planet rovnd the sun is an ellipse, in one focus
of which the centre of the sun is situated.

(ii) The radius vector, drawn from the centre of the sun to the planet
describes equal areas in equal times.
(Hi) The square of the periodic times of the various planets are pro-
portional to the cubes of the semi-major axes of their orbits.
These three laws were discovered by Kepler and were deduced
by him entirely from observations of the movements of the planets
without any reference to the nature of the forces which control these
movements.
Newton, however, proved them to be consequences of the law of
universal gravitation which states that every particle of matter attracts
erery other particle loith a force varying directly as the product of their
masses and /,."/v/7y as the square of the distance between them.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
PLANETARY MOTION 265

The law of inverse square of the distance for a particle describ-

ing an ellipse under a fofce to the focus is proved in the following
article :

13*71. To find the law of force to the focus when the

orbit is an ellipse* A particle moves in an ellipse under a force
which is always directed towards one focus to prove that the attraction ;

of the particle varies inversely as the square of the distance from the
focus.
Also to find the velocity and the periodic time.

First Method. By using the polar equation.

The polar equation of an ellipse is
lu=I-{-e cos 0, I
being the semi-latus-rectum,
du e sin d*u e cos
.

then
,
= and
,

T--
de r- ^'=
By equation (4) Art. 13*5, we have
F d2 u 0,1
+ ___ ~~
e
_.
cos -4 i_
e cos 1
,^__ . -
... i . .

Hence F=u*=- r /
1 ..(1),'

where & 2 *=(xZ --(2).

This shows that the force varies inversely as the square of the
distance from the focus from which r is measured.
Second Method. By using the pedal equation.
The pedal equation of an ellipse with reference to the focus is

Differentiating, we get

.'. by (6) Art. 13 5 L

a h* a a
* _
= 7t
dp [nl
= p
p
'

dr^Jt T ="^i >"a fa

13*72. The velocity.

First Method. By using the polar equation.

By (7) Art. 13'6, t>

8
=-*-=>

H-2ecos ff+e*\ /.l+ecostf 1 e*

I )

(2 1\
\7-ir) [foH= =a(l-e8 )].
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
266 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

9 =
It the particle describes a parabola e**l and t> , so that in

this case, the kinetic energy of the particle is inversely proportional

to its distance from the centre of force.

Second Method. By using the pedal equation.

8
t? =
=-=-5-, I being the semi-latus rectum ,

jr jr a
(A
.. j:
6* H/2a
.^j^r -- -\y)==a[/2---- \ m xu - r
the case of
1 .

a *>' aW 1
*\ r a^ )

a /2a
* [
.

--^ \ in the case ofr

H_\J)=:u(r Vr
/ 2
t-
1 .
A,

aVr a) ]

hyperbo i a ,

u.2a
!i^-
a.2a
E 2u ,
/
. . .
. r .. . ,
l
5 Bac
ar
__
r
v J=2a) in the case of parabola.
' *
p*
toe orbit is an ellipse, a hyperbola, or a parabola according
2lJL
as v l
is less than, greater than or equal to 5 the velocity from infinity.

It may be noted that the class of a conic described depends

only on the velocity of projection, and not on the direction.

Example. A particle describes an ellipse under a force to the

focus 8. When the particle is at one extremity B of the minor axis, it*
kinetic energy is doubled without change in the direction of motion.
Prove that the particle proceeds to describe a parabola.

Let 2a"be the length of a major axis, so that SB+S'B=2a and

jS'jB=a, the velocity t; at is given by

^ a== /J2_ ly (*_

N
L __Ji
\ r a / \ a a J~~ a
Now when the kinetic energy is doubled, the subsequent velo-
city v' is then given by

But this gives the velocity of a particle describing a parabolie

path at a distance a from the centre of force and since the class of a
conic described by a particle depends on the velocity of projection,
the particle, therefore, proceeds to describe a parabola \\ith *S' as the
focus.

13*73. Periodic time. Since \h is equal to the area des-

cribed in a unit time it follows that if T be the time that the particle
takes to describe the whole ellipse, then
7

\h X 2 =area of the ellipse=Tca6.

ab 2n |~.. 61 1
Hence T-*-r =-5- . -----a*5 I V ,
Z L
h L " J
Example I. Prove that the time taken by the earth to travel over
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
PLANETARY MOTION 267

half ita orbit, remote from the sun, separated by the minor axis is about
2 days more than half the year. The eccentricity of the orbit is 1/60.
Let C be the centre,
ACA'=2a, the major axis ; and
BCB'Zb, the minor axis of the
earth's orbit.
If S be the sun in the focus A\-
nearer A' 9 we have
area SB'ABS
=area
i area of the ellipse+BC X SO

Since the time of describing an arc is proportional to the sec-

tonal area, therefore, t the required time is given by
area SB'A BS \nab +abe__ e
""" "

a year~~area of ellipse" nab ~~*

So that <=(H -- J
of a year=| a year+ U\/7T
^x365 days.
^ \ / TC

= a y ear + about 2 days.

Example a. Prove that the time required to describe an arc of a
1
parabola under the action of the force fA/r to the focus, starting from
the
nearer end of the axis is given by

ivhere a is the apsidal distance, and Q is measured from the axis.

Let P be any point on the parabola whose focus is 8. vertex

A(AS-*a), and ASP=*0.
The velocity v at any point is given by,

r a
^ or .*
a
.'. h, the moment of the velocity at .4 about S

[or, V Aa =(iJ and f=2a, 8

/. A =2fjia, and A= V2(xa ].

From the equation of the parabola, we have

fosrl-f- cos fl
= 2 cos1 $0, or r~\l sec 8 |0=a sec 1 \Q.

Now

or d$

tan8

Hence
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
268 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples XLVII
i. A particle describes an ellipse a<: a central orbit about the focus,
prove that the velocity at the end of the minor axis is a geometric mean
between the greatest and the least velocities.
(i)
between the velocities at the ends of any diameter.
(#)
at. A particle describes an elliptic orbit under a central force to one of
the foci, the greatest and least velocities in the orbit being 110 f.p.s. and
90 f.p.g, respectively, and the periodic time being 20 min. ; show that the
eccentricity is
* and the lorgth of the major axis is about 7*2 miles.
_ _^ 3. A comet describe a parabola about the sun, show that :

(i) the sum

of the squares of the velocities at the extremities of a focal
chord is constant,
(n) its velocity perpendicular to the axis of its orbit varies inversely
as the radius vector from the sun.
4. Prove that in an elliptic orbit described about a centre at a focus,
ihe radial velocities at the two ends of any focal chord are equal.
5. Show that the velocity of a planetary body at any point of its orbit
is the same as it would have been if it had fallen to that point from rest at a
distance from the sun equal to the length of the major axis.
6. A
particle describes an ellipse about the focus. Show that tho
greatest and least angular velocities occur at the ends of the major axis and
also that if a, ft be these angular velocities, the mean angular velocity is

7. Prove that if a particle moves subject to a central acceleration (JL/r?

and has a velocity v at a distance r from the centre of force, its periodic time is
2 """i
_2rr /j?__
*? \
V(i \ r {X /
8* If 6> is the angular velocity at the nearer end of the major axis of
a planetary body prove that its period is

2* x

9.
to V/ (l-e)
If the velocity of a body in a given elliptic orbit (major axis 2a) is
Ihe same at a certain point P, whether the orbit is being described in periodic
time T
about one focus S or in periodic timo T' about the other focus S' t prove
that

'
T + T' T+T'
10. If a particle is describing an ellipse of eccentricity J, under tho
action of a force to a focus and when it arrives at an apse (an end of the major
axis) the velocity is doubled, show that tho now orbit will be a parabola or a
hyperbola according as tho apse is the further or tho nearer one.
n. The period of Halley's comet is about 76 years. Show that the
ratio of the major axis of its orbit to tho earth's distance from the sun is about
35-88.
Assuming that tho eccentricity, e, of a planet's orbit is a email
13.
fraction,show that tho ratio of tho time taken by the planet to travel over the
two halves of its orbit separated by the minor axis is nearly

Show that in the case of the earth's orbit for which c=^-, the difference
in times is about 3*87 days.

13, The eccentricity of the earth's orbit round tho sun is ^, prove
that the earth's distance from the sun exceeds tho semi -major axis of the orbit
during about two days more than half the year.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
PLANETARY MOTION 269

14, Prove that the two parts into which tho earth's orbit is dividod by
the latus-rcctum are described in 178'7 and 186'6 days respectively ( =
3 ^\.
15. Prove that in an elliptic* orbit the time average of tho kinctio
energy is tho same as that of a particle revolving in a circle of radius equal to
tho mean distance a with tho mean angular velocity.

The Converse Problem

13*8. Force [i/r*, to find the orbit and the velocity. A
particle moves under the action a
of force to a fixed point varying inverse-
ly as the^square of the distance ; to prove that the orbit is a conic section
ivith one focus at the centre of force.

First Method. By using the polar equation of the orbit.

r*

Hence equation (4) of Art. 13*5 gives

F fJLft
2
[L

a r u. "I
or -" +" v isconst
*?- L -/7 -J
Solving this equation, we have
w 2
=/l cos (6 a),

or = H--i ,

cos ,(0 ,

a)

.e., = + e cos
l (fl a,
h*A
i
where ==c andIK
/A = u/.
a /

(^

This is the polar equation of a conic section referred, to the focus

as tho origin.
Second Method. By using the pedal equation of the orbit.
nr u
We have
h* d}>
--
,-
~ =*F= L1 - r
[A -
2
p* dr t

Integrating, we hav*

$-*+
If
Suppose A ==fx/=(jLXsemi-latu8 rectum = [x
t
then
a
6f _2a aC
-p 7+~- ..(2).

Equation (2) is the pedal equation of a conic referred to the

focus as pole. It will represent an ellipse, a hyperbola or a parabola

according as
-
is 1, 1 or 0,

(i.e.,
\
C'is Aci
-^-oro
a
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
270 BLBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

13*81* To find the velocity. From equation (1), we have

~yl -- J
in the case of ellipse,

/ 2 \
={jif
--f 1
1 in the case of hyperbola,

r=~ in the case of parabola,

the results being the same as obtained in Art. 13'72.

Force varying directly as the distance.
13*9. To find the law of force to the centre when the
orbit is an ellipse.
The pedal equation to an ellipse referred to its centre as origin is

Differentiating with respect to r, we have

_ __
j> dr~~

"Hence
h*
F=s -j
dp
dr
= h> X~p'r h*
ara=-a7V
aa a * f^i where ^
^ '
.

H=-S7-
* a
if /,*

It shows that the force varies directly as the distance.

[Compare Art. 13' 13].

Conversely, if the force varies directly as the distance, the orbit

i> an ellipse with its centre at the centre of force.
This can be proved as follows :-

-^=F^r
p dr
Q
3 J
^~ * *'

h2 a*b*y
K
we have or '= 2
2C,
;. integrating, ^j-^l^+C 2 fir

so that
P
the same as (1) the constant C" being taken equal to a a -}-& 3 .

13*91* To find the velocity v. In this case we have

or

which shows that the velocity i

proportional to /*',
the semi-diameter
conjugate to r. [Comparo Art. 13*131]
13*92. Apse and Apsidal Distance. An apse is a point on
central orbit at which the radius vector drawn from the centre of a
force is K maximum or minimum.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
PLAN1TABY MOTION 271

The length of the radius vector at such a point is known as the

apsidal distance.
The analytical condition for a maximum or minimum value of

the length of the radius vector is that shall vanish and that the
(iff

first differential co-efficient which does not vanish shall be of an even

order.

Now if <p be the angle between the radius vector and the
tangent to the curve, then by the Calculus,
du du
.

tan <p= w
'dO
, or -7- = T so that when -7- =*0,
u cot <p, = it

du d$ dO 2
Hence the tangent at an apse is perpendicular to the radius vector.
In the case of a planet moving round the sun in an ellipse, the
nds of the major axis are the two apses, the one nearer to the sun is
called, perihelion and the further one is called aphelion.
X 3*93* Example i. // a particle is projected from an apse at a
distance a with the Vlocity from infinity under tht action of a central
ln n
force pr~ ~*, prove that the path is r*=a cos n$.
Here r -**-*
Fm*p
w F i

Multiplying by 2dufdO and integrating, we get

F, the velocity from infinity at the apse r=a, is given by

/. A*, tlie square of the moment of the velocity at the apse

Now to find the constant C in (1), we substitute the initial

values at the apse ?*= A ~"'1 rl ~~

viz., , T~~
and we get C=0.

This gives f
ju
"1
rn dr

r
n
n s=an cos
Therefore, cos"" 1 - -
=w^ + na, i.e., /*

If we measure from the apse line, then r =a when 0=0,

cos fla=l, i.e., a=0.

Hence r*~a* cos n0.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
272 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Example a. Find the velocity necessary for the description of a

circular orbit of radius a under a central force 2(x a*w 5 - (jtu 8 Show that .

the orbit is unstable. (D.U. I960)

For a circular orbit of radius a,

- -L and f-2pr a*.-V-4=^-Ji

a 6 as
== Ji .
a a8 a 8 a 8
But force or acceleration F for the velocity v for a circular orbit of
radius a is v2 ja.
i*
or !;*=--
* i.e. v
a a3-,'
a ,
a
This gives the required velocity.

Also A8 -st 1 =***= ~- xa**=[x.

XT
Now JT2 + w =7rT
8 *
= ~ i
- 2
8
= 2af tt
8
?J
..(I),
v ;

Suppose the particle is slightly displaced from the circular path

in such a vray that h remains unaltered.
In (1), put n~x+l/a t
where a: is small, then

a \ a \ a

^H v --- A-=
rl.3jn 1 1

La 3
a2 J a a
neglecting square and higher powers of x.

shows that as increases, x also increases, so that x is not

It
always small and the orbit does not continue to be nearly circular
and hence the orbit is unstable.
Ex. Integrating equation (1), show that if a slight disturbance takes
place inwards, tho path may bo represented by
r=a tanh ()
Examples XLVIII-A
I. The law of foree ia [iu$ and a particle is projected from an apso at a
distance a. Find the orbit when the velocity of projection is V{^/a 2 j2.
[.in*. r~a cos Q.]
9. A particle acted on by a central attractive force [JL/r3 is projected
with velocity ^(Jt/a at the angle 7T/4 with its initial distance, a, from tho centre

of force ; prove that

its orbit is tho equiangular spiral r^cie .

3. A
particle of mass m
moves under a central force w(Jl/r3 , nnd is pro-
jected at an angle a to the radius at a distance r=a from tho centre of force
with tho velocity which would be acquired by a fall from ro^t at infinity to tho
point of projection. Prove that th orbit is an equiangular spiral,
Show also that the time elapsed till tho particle reaches a distance r
from the centre is J(r 2 a*) sec /^(i, a being a constant.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES 273

(a) If in a central orbit under the force (Jlu (3-f-2a*u*), a particle bo

3
4.
projected at a distance a with a velocity </5JjT/a in a direction making tan-* i
with the radius, show that the equation to the path is

cot

If the law of force be 3 2 a5 and the is

(6) 6jJLt* +8(jtc , particle projected
from an apse at the distance c with velocity 3-V[A/c, prove that the orbit is

rc cos |0.
5. A
particle is projected at right angles at a distance a under a central
force (A/f* with the velocity from infinity ; show that the orbit is

6. A particle under an attraction 4

[Jt/r per unit mass, is projet tod from
i 5
an apse at a distance 6 from the centre of attraction with velocity (2(JL) 6 2

bhow that there is another apsidal distance equal to i6(^3 1).

7. A particle of mass m moves under a central force
,

a being > 6and is projected from an apse at the distance a +6, with velocity
; show that its orbit is
rna + 6 cos 0.

Examples XL VIII B
I. A particle of mass, m describes a parabola under an attraction to the
focus ; prove that the attraction at a distance, r is wi[i/r 2 and that the velocity
t

is

Two particles describe in equal times the arc of a parabola bounded by

the la t us- roc turn, one under an attraction to the focus, and the other with con-
stant acceleration, g t parallel to the axis. Show that the acceleration of the
first particle at the vertex of the parabola is -\ g. (D.U. Hons., 1924)
[Sc* solved Ex. 2, Art. 13-73]
a. A comet describes a parabola about the sun, its nearest distance
from the sun being one-half of the radius of the earth '** orbit supposed circular.
Show that the comet will remain within the earth's orbit for about 77 days.
3. Show that the velocity of a particle P moving in an ellipse about a
centre of force in the focus S can be resolved into components, of constant
magnitude, one p/h perpendicular to the radius SP and the other [Li/h perpendi-
cular to the major axis Ati.

4. Deduce from Ex. 3, that the velocity of P can bo resolved into

(JL(e+cos Q)/h arid [jt
sin 0/A,
respectively perpendicular and parallel to the major axis, where is the
angle ASP.
Hence show that the hodograph of the motion is a circle.
5.
A particle of mass m is projected under the central force w[J./f
2. If it

be projected from the point r=c, 0=0 at right angles to the radius, with a
velocity ^Jn^jc, prove that

2 the
6. Show that, in elliptic motion about a focus under attraction (i/r ,

radial velocity is given by the equation

-)] (P.C7.)

where rj and ra are the greatest and least radial distances respectively.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
274 ELEMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

7. A
planet is describing an ellipse about the sun as foous ; show that
its velocity away from the sun is greatest when the radius vector to the planet
is at right angles to the major axis of the path, and that it is then

where 2a is e the eccentrioity and T the periodic time.

the major axis, (P. I/O
8. A
particle describes an ellipse about a centre of force at the focus,
show that at any point of its path the angular velocity about the other foous
(t ) varies inversely as the square of the normal at the point.

(it) varies inversely as the square of conjugate diameter and is equal

to n ab/CD* whore t CD is the semi-diameter conjugate to CP and n is the mean
angular velocity.
9. If the velocity of the earth at any point of its orbit (supposed circu-
lar) were increased by about one- half, prove that it would describe a parabola
about the sun as focus.
10. Obtain the velocity at any point of an elliptic orbit about a focus.
Find, when possible, the point at which, if the centre of force were transferred
to the empty focus, the orbit would bo a parabola. Prove that there is no such
point unless the eccentrioity is greater than ^5 2. (D.D. 1953)
JIL Show that if a parabolic orbit and a rectangular hyperbolic orbit
have the same latua-rectum under forces towards the foci, the velocity at the
end of the latus- rectum is N^f times as great in the latter case as in the
former.
12. A body^of mass m
is describing a parabola under an attraction vary-
ing inversely as the square of the distance. It collides with another mass of
magnitude H2 l)w which is at rest, at the vertex, and the two masses
coalesce into one. Prove that the collected mass will describe a circle having
ita centre at the centre of force.

13. A
body is describing a circle in a central orbit, the force varying in-
versely as the square of the distance. If the attraction is suddenly decreased
by one-half, show that the subsequent path is a parabola.
id. If, when a plane is at the end of the minor axis of an ellipse, the
mass of tho sun is suddenly increased by one-half, show that the planet will
continue to describe an elliptic orbit of axes fa, 6^2, where 2a, 26 are the
axes of the former orbit.
15. A particle is moving in an ellipse of eccentricity e, under an accele-
ration (A/r* to a focus. When the particle is nearest to the focus, this accelera-
tion is suddenly replaced by an acceleration (Jt/r towards the centre of the
ellipse. If the particle continues to move in the same ellipse, prove that

A particle is describing an ellipse under an attraction to tho focus.

16.
When at any point of its path, the ceiitro of attraction is transferred to
it is
the other focus, and the attraction continues to vary as the inverse square
of the distance, but tho absolute force is changed so that tho magnitude of the
attraction is unaltered, show that the particle continues to describe tho same
ellipse.
REVISION QUESTIONS XI
i. A
particle slides down the catenary, * = c tan ^, with vortex
upwards, the velocity at any point being that due to a fall from tho directrix.
Prove that the particle moves inside the curve and that tho pressure at any
point is inversely proportional to tho distance of that point from the directrix.
a* If a particle ba acted upon by a force always parallel to tho axis of
y and proportional to tho square of tho radius of curvature at tho point, prove
that will describe the curve
it

- -=
a log sec
u
-
,

the particle moving parallel to the axis of x at the point (o, b) and a being a
constant-.

3. A
particle moves on the outside of a smooth elliptic cylinder whose
axis horizontal, tho major axte to tho principal elliptic section being vortical
is
2Lad the ecc3ntrtcity boing e. The p article starts from rest from the highest
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
REVISION QUESTIONS XI 275

generator, and moves in a vertical plane. Prove that it wiU loave the cylinder
at a point where the eccentric angle 9 is given by
e 2 cos3 9=3 cos 92.
4. Asmooth elliptic ring, semi-axes a and 6, is placed with its major
axis vertical, and a particle is projected from the lowest point, along the concave
side of tho arc, with velocity due to height h above tho centre. Show that the
particle will leave the arc at the point whose eccentric angle is given by
(a - 6 ) cos* 9=:3a cos 9 4- 2 ah.
2 2 2

If the ring is placed with its minor axis vertical, show that the least
velocity of projection u, that will carry tho particle completely round the ring,
without leaving contact, is given by w a ==gr(a2 -f 4b 2 )/6.
5. If a particle slides on a curve under a constant force, show that ife
leaves it at the point where its velocity is due to a fall under the force through
one quarter of the chord of curvature in the direction of the force.
Verify this in the case of a particle starting from rest from the highest
point of a vertical circle.
6. If the resistance of the air to a particle's motion be n times its
weight, and the particle be projected horizontally with velocity V, show that
the velocity of the particle, when it is moving at an inclination fy to the
horizontal, is
-3 n+1
2 2
F(l-sin^) (l+8in<]>) (D.U.19S9)
j. A particle
describes an ellipse with uniform areal velocity about one
focus. Show that the attraction of the particle is directed towards that focus
and varies inversely as the square of the distance from the focus.
Show also that the hodograph of the motion of tho particle is a circle.
(P.V.)
8. Find an expression for the velocity of a particle moving under a
central force.
If the law of force is inverse square of the distance, find the velocity at
any point and prove that tho particle will describe an ellipse, a parabola or a
hyperbola according as the velocity at any point of the path is less than, equal
to, or greater than, that acquired in falling from infinity.
9. In the motion of a particle in an ellipse under a force to a focus,
1 \
(2 J.

If the path described is Zr(l + e cos 0) and U and V are radial and
transverse components of the velocity, prove that

10. A
particle moves in a circular groove, of radius a under an attraction
to a point O which is in tho plane of tho circle and distant 6 from its
centre. The particle is projected with velocity u from tho point of tho circle
nearest to 0. Show that the particle will perform complete revolution if
it
2 > 4[A&/(a
2 -6 2 ).
11. A particle constrained to rnovo in a circle of radius a under an
is
attraction (Ar per unit mass to a point O inside tho circle distant c from ita
centre. If the particle be placed at its greatest distance from O and started
with an infinitesimal velocity, prove that it will pass over tho second quadrant
of tho circle in the timo

"la io
(AC

12. A particle moves with a central acceleration (A

(
r-f-j ) boing pro-
jected from an apse at a distance a with a velocity 2a<V[A. Show that it des-
cribes tho curve
r2 (2-}-cos 2.
>|38)=3a
13. If the orbit of a particle, moving under a "central attraction (A/r2 , is a
rectangular hyperbola, then tho velocity V at a point where the radius vector
makes an angle of 45 with the tangent to the orbit is given by
(P.C7. Hans.)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER XIV
MOMENT OF INERTIA. COMPOUND PENDULUM
14*1. Moment If m be the mass of a particle of
of Inertia.
a given bcdy and from a given line, then mr 2 is call-
r be its distance
ed the moment of inertia of the particle About the given lino and the
sum of similar expressions token for all the particles of the body, i.e.,
Snir* is called the rnotttent of inertia of the body about the given line.
If the body consists of a finite number of isolated particles, the
value 2Jwr a is calculated by multiplying the mass of each particle by.
the sq are of its distance from the given line and then adding these
results for all the particles.

If, however, the body consists of a continuous mass where the

2
number of particles is infinitely great, the value of 2-wr is calculated
by integration.
v m/ .

If we write - A1 ,
where M is the whole mass of the body

tjtien the length A is called the Radius of Gyration of the body

about the given line.
If M
given in pounds and
is in feet, the moment of inertia is
2
K
measured pound -foot
in squared or briefly lb./ft. units, the same
2
quantity in C.G.S. units being measured in gm. /cm. units.
The moment of inertia (brieily denoted by M. I.) for a few
symmetrical bodies about their lines of symmetry is calculated in the
following articles :

14*2. Moment of Inertia of a rod. Let 2a be its length, a

the area of its cross-section, O its middle point and p its density.
When the rod is uniform the
mass M
of the rod AB is 2aocp and
the mass of the element PQ of
length gr at P is paS where
UP=x then y

(a) M. I. of the rod about

ro OY
fa
* 6x .^^:
J
-

3 3
(I) M. I. about an uxU through inclined at an angle to the
rod

=T 2
pax sin
2
e/x=J/ A sin 2 0,
J a *>

*bin0 being the distance of the element PQ from the axis in this
case.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOMENT OF INERTIA 277

(c) M. I. about AY '>= f2 I

-T .-
JOO * o
# being the distance of the element PQ from A Y' in this case.

(d) When the rod is not uniform and its density varies as the
distance from one end A, i.e., when p=fc# at P.

2a
Its M. I. about A Y'= kx =M .

lo

the mass M ,

being
.
= f2aI

Jo
14*21. Moment of inertia of a uniform rectangular
lamina. Let A BCD be the rectangular lamina where AB=2a and
let G be the centre
y
of gravity
and GX y
the lamina
be the axes
V^
parallel to AB and
Toobtain the moment
of inertia of the lamina
about GY, we divide the
rectangle into strips such as
PQ(OP=x) drawn parallel
to GY. If p is the mass per A Sx *
unit area, the mass of strip PQ is 26$.r.p and since the distance of every
""
point on PQ from GY
can be taken as x, its M.I. about is GY
Hence

(a) M.I. of the lamina about QY

(6) M.I. about AD-

a-
being measured from AD.

Similarly by taking strips parallel to GX t

we have
6
(c) M.I. about CX= v,,,^ f 2
J 6

f26
(d) M.I. about ^ = 2
Jo
(e) MJ. about GZ, an axis througli (? perpendicular to the plane
of the rectangle

r, being the distance from the point G (being also the distance from
GZ) of any element of mass m at the point P(x, y) of the rectangle.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
278 BLBMBNTAEY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

14*3- Moment of Inertia of a uniform circular ring. Let

OX, OF be two perpendicular diameters of the ring of radius a,
through its centre O and let P be any
point on the ring, XOP being equal to
0, then A P=a sin 0. If m be the
7

mass unit of the arc, then

vQ per length
v/ the mass of the element PQ is raaS0.
Hence
(a) M.I. about OX
f
=wa 8 sin 2

2rc
(1 cos 20)d0=m7t;a8

*
Similarly (6) M.I. about 07= ma 8
|
cos 2
Jo
Also (c) M.I. about OZ, j,n axis through perp. to the plane of
the ring
*
dO = s=. a
j

14*31. Moment of inertia of a uniform circular disc.

Let O be the centre of the disc, OX, OY its two perpendicular dia-
meters and let m be the mass per unit area.

Divide the disc into elements in the form of concentric rings.

The mass of a ring of radius r
and breadth gr is m 27cr.Jr and since
by Art. 14*3 M.I. of the ring about
OX is

.*. (a) M.I. of the disc about OX

a*

I.
a2
Similarly (6) M.I. about 07- -Sf.-r-
Also (c) M J. about OZ an axis
through O perpendicular to the plane of the disc.

-r
J^
o
Id
TC> 9 .r =-
Wltm*
mrca .
/I*
= .
/*

Cor. The moment of inertia of a circular cylinder of radius a f

about its axis is M ~^~

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOMENT OF INERTIA 279

14*32. Moment of inertia of a uniform elliptic disc* Let

OX, OY be its principal axes and let w be its mass per unit area.
Divide the disc into strips such
as PQ perp. to OY.
Let the co-ordinates of P be
(x, y) or (a cos 0, b sin 0),

being the eccentric angle.

M.L of the strip about OY ~

o
Hence (a) M.I. of the disc about OY
= j
wo; 3 dt/=f w la 3 cos 8 0d(6 sin 0)

a2
.~.
*I6 4

Similarly (6) M.I. about

14-4. Moment of inertia of a rectangular parallele-

piped (or rectangular prism).
Let the lengths of the sides be 2a, 26, 2c and let OX, OY, OZ
fe# the principal axes, i.e., axes through the centre 0, perp. to the
faces of the solid body.
To find the moment of inertia about OX, divide the body into
parallel rectangular slices all perp. to OX. Each of the slices has
sides 26 and 2c. M.I. of each about OX is the product of its mass
/>*4-r 8
and ~^- [Art. 14'21 (e)].

Hence M.I. of the whole body about OXM*

Similarly M.I. about Q7=Jf. and about 0Z==

14' 5. Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about a dia-

meter. Let be the centre of the sphere, a its radius and m the
ij mass per unit volume of the sphere.
Let OX
be a diameter of the sphere.
Divide the sphere into circu-
lar slices such as PP'Q'Q (distant
x from 0), all perpendicular to the
diameter OX, then

/. the mass of the circular

slice PP'Q'Q

and its M.I. about OX

=m*y*$x. [Art. 14'
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
280 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

a2 X*

Hence M J. of the whole sphere about OX

= 1 Jw7r(a
2
#2 ) 2 da:=7nTC I
(a
2

J-a Jo
2a *
= ji m na 3
^L=j|f
3 g 5

Cor. For the solid hemisphere ACB the limits of integration 9

from o to a. and the result will be mn*faa*=$ rntra8 x |a2 =Jtf .f a 2

will be ,

the same as for the whole sphere.

14*51. Moment of inertia of a hollow sphere about a

diameter. Let m be the mass per unit area of the surface of the
sphere. Divide the surface into elements in the form of circular bands
such as PP'Q'Q, perp. to OX (Fig. Art. 14'5).
Let XOP=0 and /_XOQ=0+SO> so that the breadth of the
bandarc PQ=a$0, its radius =AfP=a ein0,
its mass=w27ta sin 0.a$0, and its M.I. about OX is
2 2
2wi7ca sin .
agfl . a sin 6 [Art. 14*3 (c)].

Hence M.I. for the hollow sphere about OX

= fTC
I 2w7ta4 sin8 0d0=s|j7ma
*
4
=4w7ra2 X *a
*
2
=Jf.?a
B
2
.

Jo
Cor. For the hemis erical shell ACB, limits of integration
are from o to JTC, and the result is w7ta 4 ==2/n7ca2 xfa2 Jf.a 2 , the
same as for the whole spherical shell.
i4'6* Routh's Rule. The following rule given by Dr. Routh
in his Treatise on Rigid Dynamics, is useful for remembering the
results obtained in the previous articles and other similar results for
moments of inertia of certain symmetrical solid bodies about their
principal axes.
M.I. about an axis of symmetry
..-. the sum of squares of perp. semi-axes
Mass X o d * >

the denominator being 3 or 4 or 5 according as the body is rectangu-

lar (including the rod and a square) or elliptical (including a circle)
or ellipsoidal (including a sphere).

14*7. Sometimes we require the moment of inertia of a body

about axes other than the principal axes. The three theorems given
below will be found useful for the purpose.
14*71. Moment of inertia about perpendicular axes. //
the moments of inertia of a lamina about OX and OY, two perdendicular
axes in its plane, meeting in are A and B, then the moment of
inertia of the lamina about OZ, an axis through
perpendicular to the
plane of the lamina, is A -\-B.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOMENT OF INBBTIA 281

Let m be the mass of an element of the lamina at P (x, y) and

let OP=r ;
then M.I. about OZ, a line perp. to both OX and OY

=M.I. about OX+M.I. about OY

A + B
For example :

(?) M.I. of a rectangular lamina,

(Art. 14'2i) about, GZ

J - about G:r -

(ii) M.I. of a circular ring (Art. U'3) about OZ

a2 a2
=J/n 2 = M -\-M =sum of the values about OX and OY.

(Hi) M.I. of a circular disc (Art. H'31) about OZ

2 /2 /2
= Jf --=3f -- -
+ J/ sum of the values about OX and OY.
~ 4 4
(iV) M.I. of an elliptic lamina about

=M.I. about OA +M.I. about

r
0r=Jf
4
+ Jf~- =
-4 4 /'

14*72. Moment ofinertia about parallel axes. // the

moment of inertia of a body of mass about an axis through it* M ,

centre of gravity is I, then /', momrnt of inertia about a parallel axis at

a fUttanct dfrom the first axis, is given by

Let the co-ordinates of G, the centre of gravity of the body

referred to rectangular axes OX, OY, OZ be (/, g, h) and let the co-
ordinates of any point P of the body referred to the same axes bo
(x, //, ~). Also let (a:'. ?/', 2') be the co-ordinates of P referred to
6'X', GY', GZ axes through G parallel to the original,
f

,
"
then
>=*'+/< //=!/'+!/, z=z'
and the distance between the parallel axes OZ and <?'=
If w is the mass of a particle of the body at P then /', M.I. of
the body about OZ is given by

..(I).
Now 2M(#'H2/'
2
)
= /, the M.I. of the body about GZ', an axis
through G parallel to the .axis OZ.
2
f*-\-g s=d*, the distance between the parallel axes.

Also -- and ~^- are the distances of the centre of gravity

of the body from the planes Y'GZ' and Z'GX' respectively, but as G
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
282 ELEMENTABT ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

itself isthe centre of gravity of the body, these expressions and

consequently %mx' and 5wy' vanish. Also 2m=W.
Hence from equation (1), we get,

7W+Jfd. ..(2).
It can also be written as

I~l>-Md* ..(3),
which gives / when /' is known.
It follows from this theorem that if a number of axes are drawn
in a given direction, the moment
of inertia of a body is a minimum
about the one that passes through the centre of gravity of the body.
14*721* The following examples illustrate the result (2) :

(i) M.I. of a rod about A Y' (Art. 14 -2)

=Jf=3f- O5
+3/o2 M.T. about GT+Jfaf .

(ii) M.I. of a rectangular lamina about AB (Art. 14'21)

46- 6*
Af
o
-Jf .-x- +Jf&*=M.I.
*5
about GX+m 1
.

(Hi) M.I. of a circular disc of radius a about a diameter

(Art. 14-31)

Hence M.I. about a tangent parallel to the diameter

Note. It is important to note that the thoorem of parallel axes is to lm

applied only when the moment of inertia of the body about the axis through th*
C*G. of the body has first been obtained.

14*722. Moment of inertia of a hemisphere about a

diameter in its base.

(i) Solid Hemisphere* In Art. 14 ,>, M.I. <f the elementary

disc PP'Q'Q of radius y and thickness dx about its diamnter PXP'

.
~
/. by (2), Art. U'72, its M.I. about AOB, a diameter of tlu*
1
base parallel to

Hence M.I. of the hemisphere about AOB is given by

a
I=*lmn \
(a
t -x t )(a 1 + 3x 1 )rf* S

Cor. Also by (3), M.T. about an axis through (OG^^a), tho

of the hemisphere, parallel to AOB

(a) Hollow Hemisphere. In Art. 14*51, M.I. of tho^lementary

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOMENT OF INERTIA 283

PP'Q'Q of radius A P=a

T
band (ring) sin and breadth a$0 about its
diameter PNP'
=Tw.27ttt sin & a$Q.\a? sin2 0.
.'. by (2), Art. 14-72. its M.I. about AOB, a diameter of the
base parallel to PNP'
~2mna2 sin 080(a
2
sin2 0+32 ) where #=a cos
2 2 2 2 2
=.2w7ca (a sin 0+2a cos 0) sin 080
=wma4 (l+cos2 0) sin 080.

Htnce M.T. of the hemispherical cap about AOB is given by

*
4
mira 2
(l + cos 0) sin 0rf0 =
i:O

Cor. Also by (3), M.I. about an axis through (OG=\a) the

9

G'.O. of the hemispherical cap, parallel to AOB

Example i. Find the moment of inertia of a solid right circular

cylinder of length I and radius a about OY, a diameter of one of its

Divide the cylinder into circular discs all parallel to OY and let
ofthem be at a distance x from it. Jf m is the mass per unit
volume and 8* the thickness of this disc, its mas8=//?7w 2 $z. The .

moment of inertia of the disc about its o\vn diameter parallel to

oY is
~2 ~~ ~4
a vnTta
7/?7ra.S.r.~ --- -8^
4 4
.*. its moment of inertia about OY y by Art. 14*72
,4
2 2
tj:+W7ra 8^.^ (!)
r

Hence M.T. of the cylinder about OY

4
Cl /7ia fl
-- I ._ d.r+
, ,

Jo * Jo

Also from equation (3) Art. 14*72, M.I. of the cylinder about
an axL* through its centre of gravity perpendicular to its axis t,e.,
parallel to OY

Note. The distaneo from OY of ovory particle on the disc at a distance

x from it, ih- not the* samo ami this i^ the ivason
why its M.I. about OY consists
of two teiaivi as given in equation (1) and is not simply

Example 2. -Find Me moment of inertia of a solid right circular

cont of height h and vertical angle 2<x, about a line through the vertex
parallel to the base.
Let the cone be generated by a line OP revolving about OX as
nxis, making a constant angle a with it. [See Fig. Art. 14*71],
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
284 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Let w bo the mass per unit volume of the cone. Take an

element of the cone in the form of a disc of radius y and thickness dx,
at a distance x from the vertex 0.
2 2 2
m', the mass of this element =W7tf/ tfa;=/w7r.t tan <x dx.
2
M.I. of this disc about a diameter^ w/j /4.
its M.I. about
.'. OY, a line drawn through the vertex 0,
parallel to the diameter
tan'a +4**)*= Jm'o; 2 (4-f tan 2 a)
4
tan 2 a(4+tan 2a)<ir.
Hence M.I. of the whole cone about OY
= J>WTC tan <x(4+tan a)
2 2
|
z*dx^ \mn tan*a(4+tan 2 a) .iA 5
JO
tan 2 aX
Ex. 3. Find the moment of inertia of a triangular lamina about a lino
through one of its vertices.
[See (2), Art. 14-81 with full process.]

14*73. Moment
of inertia of a lamina about a line in its
plane through the origin.
Let 0-V be the line making an angle with OX.
Let P (x, y) be the position of
an element of mass m of the lamina*
and PN be the perp. to ON, then
PJV7/ cos Q x sin
and / the moment of inertia about OX,
isgiven by
(y cos Q-r sin 0) 2
2 2
Q 2Jw;/ -f-sin 6
2 sin x cos S
i.e., /= A 0+# sineos 2
Fain cos 2
02 .(1), .

where Smj/ =M.I. 2

about OX=^, 2w.r 2
=M.I. about OY-^B and
Sw.vj/, known as the product of inertia about OX, OY -F .

So that when A, B and jP are known, equation (I) gives 7, the

moment of inertia of the lamina about ON, an axis through O.
Also the product of inertia about ON and a line perpendicular to
it through O
%m(y eos x sin 0)(x cos 0-py *n0)
2
n cos 0+:n/(cos sin 2 0)J

sin cos + cos20 Smary

= (.4 JB)sin eos 0+^ cos 20. .
.(2).

14*731. Momental Ellipse.

If a point Q(x, y) is taken on the line ON such that OQ=r and
the moment of inertia of the lamina about ON is inversely pmportional to
Me Me* 1

i.e., if /=-= > equation (I) gives

-4 cos 2 0+B sin 2 0-2F sin cos 0^-j- ..(1),

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOMENT OF INERTIA 285

which gives Ax*+By* 2Fxy*=Me*, (2) . .

where M denotes the mass and e, a length which is introduced to

satisfy the requirements of physical dimensions.
This shows that the locus of Q is a conic, and since, by construc-
tion every radius is real and finite, therefore the conic is an ellipse.
known as .the momental ellipse at O.
The principal axes of this ellipse are called the principal axes
of Inlertia and the corresponding moments are called the principal
moments of Inertia at O.
In the particular case when J*=0, the co-ordiuate axes OX, OY
are the principal axes of inertia at O and equation (2) reduces to

In case /' is not zero, the co-ordinate axes a re not the principal
axes of the lamina. But at any point () there is always a set of
principal axes, their position being obtained hy equating to zero the
product of inertia of the lamina about these axes.
Thus if ON and a line perpendicular to it through O be the
principal axes at O, the product of inert ia'2(w NP.ON) must vanish.
/. the angle Q which ON, one of the principal axes makes with
OX, obtained by equating to zero the product of intertiu as given
in (2) Art. 14'73, is

2F

Note. The product of inertia of a lamina about its principal axes at a

point O always vaninhes and conversely if th product of inertia about two
perpendicular linos through a given point of a lamina vanishes, the lines aro
the principal axes of the lamina.

Example. Show that the ^principal axes at a corner of a rectan-

gvlar lamina of sides 2a, 2b make with a side cmglts Q, |:r-f 0, whtre.
tan 20 = 5 a&/(a
2
i 2 ).

Let
*
in be the mass per unit area and M the total mass of the
lamina, so that M=4abm.
Let the sidep OA = '2a, OB***2b, be the coordinate axes, then

A, M.I. about OA = M~ o
(Art. 1421)

J5, M.I. about OB =J/., .

and F, the product of inertia about OA OB ,

f2a f2fc
m xy ax ay
"Jo Jo
in 4 6* . 4a*
~
272
m . u=
- 2Mab Sab
tun 2

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
296 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples XLIX
i. Find the moment of inertia of the following :

(a) An
isosceles triangle ABC
about on axis through the vertex A per-
pcndicular to (i) the opposite side, (it) the plauo of the triangle.
[Ane. (i) JWo2/24 ; (ft) iAfo'tf + cotS tA). where J3C^a].
(6) An
arc of a circle about an axis parsing through its middle point
and (i) through the cento, (it) perpendicular to its plane.

whore a the radius and 2x the angle subtended by the arc at the
is
centre.]
A solid right circular cono whose height is h and the radius of whose
(c)
base is a about (i) its axis, () a line perpendicular to the axis through its
centre of gravity, (Hi) about a diameter of the base.
2
[Ans. (i) 3Afa /10, (it) 3Af(ft*+ 4a*)/80, (m) M(3a*+2h*)l'20.]
a. Auniform triangular lamina ABC is of mass provo that its M
M
:

moment of inertia about BC is A2 /6, where A is the distance* of yl from BC.

Deduce that the moment of inertia of a uniform rectangular lamina
about a diagonal is Afa 2 6*/6(a+ 6*), where a and 6 are the sides of the rectangle
and M. is its mass.
Prove that the moment of inertia of a uniform triangular lamina
? mass m about an axis through A perpendicular to the piano of th>
*
lamina is ,i. w 3U --:!*-. a'). (P-U.)
Prove that for a regular polygon of n sides, tho square of tho radius
4.
of gyration about an axis through the centre perpendicular to the plane is

* '

12 l-cos27T/n
a being a side.

5. Particles of equal mass are placed at tho corners of a regular polygon.

Prove that the squaros of the principal radii of gyration at any point O in tho
plum* of the polygon are a 2 /2 and (a*4-2A*)/2, where a is the rai'uib of the cirruiu-
M-ribiiig circlu of the polygon and h is the distance of O from the centre of tho
circle.
(DtUm 7957)
6. Prove that the moment of inertia of a right eiivular solid cone of
semi-vertical angle a, height h and ma^s M, about a generator IB
sin2 a(l+scc* a).

7. Show that the radius of gyration K of the frustum of a solid cono

about its axis of

the radii of the flat ends.

symmetry is given by 2s
=-^ ^^ whuro a and 6 aro

8. Show that tho moment of inertia of a hollow

sphoro, whoso external
and internal radii arc a and 6 about a diameter is

2:\f 5 - 65

9. Show that tho radius of gyration of ({) a hollow oylind^r a:irl K

(t) a solid cylinder about a tangent lino which lies in a piano puling through
the centre of mas^ and perpendicular to tho axis is given by

>*-+ w--+-t-'
where a the radius and 2A tho length of the
is
cylinder.
10. Show that tho square of tho radius of gyration of a parabolic area
of latus rectum 4a, cut off by an ordinato at a distance h from tho vertex is
fa* about the tangent at tho vortex and ah about the axi.
11. Show that the radius of gyration of a
paraboloid of revolution
about its axis is 1/^3 of tho radiua of its base.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOMENT OF INEBTIA 287

ia. Show that the moment of inertia of a uniform elliptic plate of

semi-axes a, 6 and of mass m
(i) about a line perpendicular to its plane through
an end of the major axis is iw(6 2 -|-5a 2 ) ; (#) about a diameter inclined at an
angle to the major axis is (a a sin2 0+6 a cos? 0).
~j-

13. If ki Jc
2 be the9
radii of gyration of an elliptic lamina about two
conjugate diameters, show that

14. ABC is a uniform triangular plate, C being a

right angle, CMa=o,
CB b. Show that the principal axes of inertia at O makes with the sides an
angl

15. A wire is in the form of a semi-circle of radius a show that at an ;

end of a diameter tho principal axes aro inclined to the diameter at angles

J tan- 1
TC
- and -^
2
+ J tan -l
--
jc

16. Show
that at the centre of a quadrant of an ellipse of axes 2a, 26 the
principal axes are inclined at an angle
1
4 tan- ( z r-y | to the axes.
\ jc a*-6* /
17. Find tho M.I, of the lamina given by y-^sin x, and the aj-axis, about
the axis of t/,x changing from O to TT. [Ana. I(TS* 4)w.]
18. For the area bounded by the curve r**=a* cos 20, prove that
(t) the square of the radius of gyration about an axis through the
2
origin
perp. to its plane is Jito ,
(ii) the moment of inertia about its axis is
^ Ma*(n 1);
(Hi) the principal axes at the node of a half loop are inclined to the
initial line at angles

J tan- 1 J and irc-fj tan- 1 $.

Show that for a thin hemispherical shell of radius a and mass M, the
19.
principal moments of inertia at the centre of gravity are J> A/a
2 js Jfa 2 lAfa 2 , .
,

(D.V.)
20. A uniform rectangular plate whose sides are of lengths 2a, 26 has a
portion cut out in tho form of a square whose centre is the centre of the rec-
tangle and whose mass is half the mass of the plate. Show that the axes of
greatest and least moment of inertia at a corner of the rectangle make angles
4tt+9 w^h a side, where
tan 20~6a&/5(a* -62). (D.U. 1958)

14*74, Moment of Inertia of a body. To find the moment of

inertia of a body about a line through the origin O, OQ whose direction
cosines ivith reference to three rectangular axes OX, 9 OY OZ are J, m, n.
Let A,B,C, be the moments of inertia of a body about OX 'OY 9 9

OZ, and D, E, F, its products of inertia with respect to 07, OZ ;

OZ, OX and OX, OY respectively.
;

Let P (x, y. z)be the position of an element of mass m' of the

body and let PiV be drawn perpendicular to the line OQ.
In the figure of Art. 14-73, lot OZ bo perp. to tho plane of the paper and
Suppose OQ to have direction cosines Z, m, n.
Then by Solid Geometry,
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
288 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

since J
2
+m +n2 =l
2

^+y )-2
2

/.I, the M.I. of the body about OQ

yz2nl'%m'zx--2lm'S m zy
f t
t

Now since t/ 2 +z a z*+x*, s2 -f-# 2 are respectively squares of the

,

distances of the point P from OX, OY OZ, we have 9

.
.(1).

14*741. Momcntal Ellipsoid. Now along a line OQ drawn

through 0, take OQ=*r, and the point Q (#, y, 2), such that the moment
of inertia of the body about OQ may be inversely proportional fo OQ 2 ,

i.e., let I- fiTjt T" >

where Jf denotes the mass of the body and

e, a length to satify the requirements of dimensions, then

m*+Cn*-2 Dmn2Enl~2Flm
orAx*+By*+Cz*-2Dyz-2Ezx~2Fxy=Me* ..(2).

Hence the locus of Q is an ellipsoid called the momenta!

ellipsoid.

If, with reference to a act of rectangular axes, JDEFO,

these axes are then the principal axes and ellipsoid referred to them is

reduced to the form

Further if the three principal moments at any point O are equal

to each other, the ellipsoid becomes a sphere.
For example, the perpendiculars from the C.O. of a cube to three
faces are principal axes and the three moments of inertia about them
are, by symmetry, equal. Hence the momental ellipsoid is a sphere.
14*8. Equimomental Bodies or Particles. Two bodies or
two systems of particles are said to be e'quimomental when their mo-
ments of inertia about all straight lines are equal each to each.
If this be so, the two systems will necessarily have the same
mass and the same centre of gravity.

For example a straight uniform rod of mass m is equimomental

with particles of mass $m at each of its ends and a particle of mass
|m at its middle point.
14*81. A uniform triangular lamina of mass M
is equimomental
with three particles, each of mass $JU placed at the middle points of it*
9

sides.
As a first step, we find Jf.7. of the triangle ABC about CX, a
line drawn in its plane through one of its vertices C.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
BQUIMOMBNTAL PABTICL1S 280

Let a /3 be the distances of A and B from CX and let 1L4 meet it

in D. If m be the mass per unit area, ^/>
then
If, the mass of the triangle ABC

c0 ..(1).
Let be a strip of the &BCD
PQ
drawn parallel to its base CD at a dis-
tance y from CX and let dy be its
breadth, then since PQ is at a distance
/? y from B, the area of the strip

(JD
M.I. of &BCD about

Similarly M.I. offrACD about

Hence 7, M.I. of about &ABC

) ..(2).
Now
consider a system of three particles, each of mass jJ^at
the middle points of the sides of the ABC. A
Their C.G. coincides with that of the triangle and their M.I.

awt cr. *
[(
which is the same as / given in (2).

This establishes the equality of the moments of inertia about

CX ,
a line through an angular point.
Now suppose d is the distance of G 9 the common C.G. of the
particles and the triangle, from CX.
Then- by (3) Art. 14'72, L of the M triangle, or of the particles
about a parallel line through G is / Jfd 2 .

Again, by (2) Art. 14*72, M.I. of either system about a parallel

line- at a distance h from is obtained by adding A 2 to IMd*. M
Hence M.T. of the particles about any line parallel to CX is the
same as that of the^ triangle.
But the direction of CX
is arbitrary and so the theorem is proved.

Note. In the particular case when AB does not* intersect CX and IK

parallel to it, the proof is very much simplified and is left to the student as an
exercise.
If A and B are on opposite sides of CX, tha term aj8 is negative, a, ft

being of^ opposite signs.

Ex. i. Show that a uniform triangular lamina of mass m is equi-
momontal with three equal particles of mass i\ m placed at the angular points
and a particle of mass i m placed ut the centre of inertia (C.G.) of the triangle. '

(Q. V. 1959)
Ex. 9. Show that a tamina of mass M
in the form of a parallelogram is
equimomental to the system of five particles four of J each at the middle M
points of the sides and one of J Af at the point of intersection of the diagonals.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
290 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Ex. 3. Obtain the result of Ex. 3 P. 286 by the application of this

article*
Ex. 4. Show that the moment of inertia of a regular hexagon of mass
id and side a about one of its sides is f f Ma.
Ex. 5. Show that, if a, /&, y are the distances of the vertices of a
triangle from a straight line in its plane, the moment of inertia of the triangle
about this line is

where M denotes its mass.

14-9. Motion of a rigid body about a fixed axis. A rigid

body supposed to be one whose shape and size are invariable, so
is
that the distance between any two points of it remain the same
during any motion.
A rigid body is said to be moving in two dimensions when all
points of the body move
in parallel planes.
A rigid
body moving in two dimensions has three degrees of
freedom and, therefore, requires three co-ordinates to specify its posi-
tion and consequently three equations are necessary to determine its
motion.
In the particular case when a rigid body is free only to rotate
about a fixed axis, its position is specified completely by a tingle
co-ordinate, which is taken to bo the angle Q which some plane through
the axis of rotation, fixed in the body, makes with some other plane,
fixed in space, through the same axis.
In such cases, the angular velocity and acceleration, at any
instant, is the same for every point of the body.
This is proved as follows :

*
14*91. Suppose a rigid body of mass M
rotates about a fixed
horizontal axis OZ drawn perpendicular to the plane of the paper.
Let the plane through the centre of gravity G of the body per-
pendicular to the axis be the plane of paper let it meet the axis in
;

and let us call it the plane p.

Let XOZ, the vertical plane through the axis OZ be a plane
fixed in space, meeting the plane p along OX.

Let GOZ, the plante through the axis OZ and through G be a

plane fixed in the body, and tot it make, at any instant, an angle 0,
with the plane XOZ, so that
=
/_ XOG is the angle which a
plane through the axis fixed
in the body, makes with a
plane through the axis fixed
in space.

This angle specifies the

position of the body at any
instant.

Let a plane ZOQ through

OZ and any point P of the
body make ah angle a with
the plane GOZ and cut the
plane p in the line OQ so that L GOQ a and
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A RIGID BODY ABOUT AW AXI3 291

As the body rotates about the axis OZ, /_GOQ remains always
the same and, therefore, we have

The results being independent of a, show that the angular

velocity and acceleration, at any instant, is the same for every point
of the body.

14*92. The equation of motion of a rigid body rotating

about a fixed axis. From P draw P^f(==r) perpendicular to the
7
axis OZ and then from A draw NX' parallel to OX, then P being in
the plane ZOQ, X'NP=0+*.
Let a particle of mass m
be situated at P, then as the body
rotates about OZ, PN
or r remains constant and the
particle at P
moves in a circle of radius r about as centre. N
its acceleration perpendicular to P^V is

If F be the sum of the resolved

parts of the forces acting on P,
perpendicular to PN, wo have

-*
r =
being a constant dr/dt Q, and, therefore, rd$/dt is the velocity,
ntrdO/dt, the momentum and r.tnrdOldt, is the moment of the momen-
tum of the partiele of mass m at P.
Equation (1), therefore, shows that the rate of change of the
moment of momentum or of the angular momentum of the particle
P about the axis OZ is equal to the sum of the moriaents about the
game axis of all the forces acting at P.
Summing up for all the particles of the body, we have
mr* ~ = S*>.
)

being the same for all the particles, we have

(mr*) or MK^Fr), ..(2),

where K is the radius of gyration of the body about OZ. (Also see
Art. 15-4).
^(Fr) is equal to the sum of the moments about the axis, of
all the forces on all the particles of the body. These forces are
partly external to tho system and partly of the nature of internal
action and reaction among the particles.
On the assumption that the sura of the moments about the axis
of tho mutual action among the different particles of tho body
vanishes, 5 (Fr) represents the sum of the moments about tho axis
of all the external
forces acting on the body.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
292 BLBMBHTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Equation (2) is then the required equation of motion and it

shows that the rate of change of the angular momentum of the body
about the axis of rotation is equal to the sum of the moments about Hie
same axis of all the forces acting on the body.

Kinetic Energy. Since the velocity of P is r~ ,

the kinetic

energy of the particle at P is mr \~T~) or fw 2 <*

2
,

where *=~7; *8 the same for every point of the body.

Hence the total kinetic energy of the body

2mr2 w = 2 2
2wr 2 =J MK*<**. .
.(3).

Example. Find a circular disc of radius

the kinetic energy, of
2 /(. and weight 10 Ibs., rolling, without sliding, on a horizontal plane
such that its centre moves forwardwith a speed of 20 ft. per sec.
Here m 10 Ibs., r=2 ft., K =\ 2
j
2
==x4==2.
Also since the speed ?'=20 ft./sec.,

=:t;/r=20/2= 10 radians per sec.

The kinetic energy due to translation of tho disc
=Jmt'
2 =
X 10 x (20) =2000 poundals 2

Th* kinetic energy due to rotation

=tmA 2 2 =a X 10 x 2 x (10) 2 - 1000

<a
poundals.
Hence the total kinetic energy

e ..
14*93. *^&e Compound Pendulum. Any rigid body free to
turn about a smooth fixed horizontal axi* N known as a compound
pendulum.
Let AOG be the vertical plane, perp. to the
horizontal axis about which the rotation takes place,
through 6', the centre of gravity of the body ; and
let (), called the centre of suspension, be the point of
intersection of this plane and the axis of rotation.
Let OG make an angle with the vertical line UA,
(the initial position of OG) and let OG~h.
Let M
be the mass, and K y
the radius of
gyration of the body about the axis.
The equation of motion is

d
2
=sum f tlle moments of the forces acting on
*
the body about the axis of rotation
Mylt, sin 0.

Now if is so small that sin can be replaced by 0, the equation

i
becomes -
^ 8
y
.

2//i
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
THE COMPOUND PENDULUM 293

which shows that the motion simple harmonic, the length

is I of the
equivalent simple pendulum being equal to
K? __ Kf+h*
~h h

where K l
the radius of gyration of the
is body about-the axis through
O parallel to the axis through O.

u
Then
is called the venire of oscillation and the symmetry of the
0'
result shows that if the body were suspended from a parallel axis
through O', would be the centre of oscillation, so that the centres
of oscillation and suspension are interchangeable.'

Example i. A pendulum is supported at 0, andQ' is the centre

of oscillation. Show that, if an additional weight is rigidly attached at

()', the period of oscillation is unaltered.

By Art. 14*93, O0' = lK*lh, where OG**h.

Let M
be the mass of the pendulum and m that of the additional
weight attached at 0'.
Let K' be the radius of gyration about the axis through O, and
h' the distance from of the C.G. for the system and m, then M
(m+M)h'=Mh+ml=]lfh + vn -~-
h
..(1),

ami (

wo
K' 2 K2
Dividing (2) by(l), get "Tr-=
n ~r
h
Hence the period of oscillation remains 'unaltered.

Example 2. A solid homogeneous cone of height h and vertical

angle 2a, oscillates about a horizontal axis through its vertex. Show that
the length of the equivalent simple pendulum is

^fi (4+ ten 2 a).

From solved Ex. 2 Art. 14'72, we have

#2= ,i
2
A (4+tan* a ),
and h', the distance of the (7.6'. from the vertcx=J h.

Hence the required length of the simple equivalent pendulum

Ex. 3, If tht^ oone of EK. 2 makes small oscillations about a diamotor of

the bu.se as axis, *how tixat the period of a complete oscillation io

r (2-f 3 tan
8
) h n

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
294 ALIMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples L
i. A light rod AB of length 2Z has two particles of equal mass, one
Attached to the end B and the other to a point distant $2 from B. Find the
period of small oscillation about a horizontal axis through A.

*. A uniform rod of length I is suspended from one end and swings in

a vertical plane. Prove that it oscillates like a simple pendulum of length $1.
Prove that this rod will oscillate most quickly if its point of suspension
is at a distance from one end equal approximately to 0*21 Z.

3. A weightless straight rod ^4 BC of length 2a, is movable about the

9

end A which is fixed and carries two particles of the same mass, one fastened
to the middle point B and the other to the end O of the rod. If the rod bo held
in a horizontal position and then let go, show that its angular velocity when
vertical is \^6gl5a, and that 30 is the length of the simple equivalent pendulum.
(D.U.)
4. A compound
pendulum consists of a thin uniform rigid rod of length
2a and mass w, with a heavy particle of mass 2m at its middle point. Show that
thero are two points of suspension on each side of the mid-point of tho rod,
about each of which the small oscillation will have the same period as those of a
simple pendulum of length a, and find the distance between these points.
[Ana. 0-745a.]
5. A
uniform circular disc of radius a oscillates in its own piano about
a horizontal axis perpendicular to it passing through a point (i) Aa from tho
centre, (n) on its rim. Show that the length of tho equivalent .simple pendu-
lum is the same in both tho cases.
6. Compare *ho times in which a circular plato will vibrato about a
horizontal tangent and about the horizontal axis through, the point of contact
at right angles to the tangent.
[Ana. X/5/6-J
7. Show that the length of equivalent simple pendulum for a circular
wire of angle 60 and radius o with its mid-point as the point of suspension
is2a.
Three particles of the snme mass m are fixed to a uniform circular
8.
hoop of mass M
and radius o, at the corners of an equilateral triangle. The hoop
is free to move in a vertical plane about the point on tho circumference opposite
to one of the masses m. Find the length of tho equivalent simple pendulum.
[Ana. 2a.]
9. A
uniform circular hoop, whoso centre is C, radius a, and mass in,
can move freely about an axis which is perpendicular to its plane and is hori-
zontal and passes through a point O of tho hoop. A particle of mass m is fixed
to the hoop at a point A such that the angle OCA is a right angle. Find the
length of the equivalent simple pendulum. [Ana. 4a/^5.]
10. A triangular lamina ABC oscillates in its own plane (which is verti-
cal) about the vertex A, prove that the length of tho equivalent simple pendu-
lum is

(362+3c2~a2)/4V262+"2^2ira2. (D.U. 1954)

it. A
uniform cub^ is freo to turn about one edge which is horizontal.
If I is the length of a seconds pendulum, find in terms of /, tho length of the
edge of the cube so that it may execute a comploto oscillation in 2 seconds.
[Ana.
12. Find the centre of oscillation of a cono whose axis of oscillation is a
diameter of the base.
Prove that a simple pendulum of length J,h has tho same period as a
olid cone of height h and semi- vertical angle 60 if the axis of rotation is a line

perpendicular to the axis of the cone through the vortex.

[Ana. l(2-f 3 tan* a)h from the base.]

13. Find the length of a simple pendulum equivalent to a compound

pendulum, consisting of a rod of mass m and length a carrying at one end a
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
THE COMPOUND PENDULUM 295

sphere of mass m l and diameter 26, the other end of the rod being fixed. (P.T7.)

An,. m
14. An ellipse of semi- axes a, 6 and a circle of radius 6 are cut out from
the samo sheet of thin uniform metal and are superimposed and fixed together
with their centres coincident. The figure is free to move in its own vertical
pin no about the end of the major axis show the length of the equivalent
;

simple pendulum is
(P.U. ; D.U.)
15. A rigid body of mass M can turn freely round a horizontal axis
about which its moment of inertia is I. Prove that oscillations under gravity
are of period

whore h is the
length of the perpendicular GA drawn from G, the centre of
gravity, to tho axis of rotation.
This period is to be halved by attaching a heavy particle to tho body at
t-omo point P, in the straight lino AG* 9 show that tho mass of the particle re-

quired is a minimum if AP= 0777- (D.U.)

16. A sphere of radius a, is suspended by a fine, wire from a fixed point

it a distance / from tho centre ; show that the time of a small oscillation is
given by

\\hero a represents tho amplitude of vibration and is taken so small that its cubo
and higher powers are neglected.
Find also the corresponding result for a simple pendulum of length I.

17. A uniform rod A B of length 2a and Mass M, is freely attaehed to

a fixed support at A and swings in a vertieal
plane through A. Find the
frequency of tho small oscillations.

If a particle of mass kM is attaehed to the rod at

/?, prove that the
frequency of the small oscillations ia reduced in the ratio
VU+2*) /(!+) (D.U. 1001)

18. A uniform lamina is bounded by a parabolic are, of latua-roctum

4a, and a double ordinate at a distance h from the vortex. If 6= ---
(7-f 4y~7),
5

show that two of tho principal axes at tho ond of a latua-roetum aro tho
tangent and normal there.

[Hint. Equate* to ?oro the product of inerjbia about tho tangent and
normal. |

19. Show that tho equation of the moment al at tho corner of

ellipsoid
a cube of sido 2</, referred to its principal axes is

(D.U. 1963)
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER XV
MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IN TWO DIMENSIONS
15*1. A rigid body is one in which the distance between every
pair of particles remains constant and the bodv retains its shape and
size even when it is in motion.
A
rigid body is said to move in two dimensions or to move in one
plane when every particle of the body moves parallel to a fixed plane.
As pointed out in Art. 14*9, a rigid body moving in two dimen-
sions has three degrees of freedom and requires three co-ordinates to
specify its position and consequently three equations are necessary to
determine its motion.
The threeco-ordinates usually taken are the co-ordinates (x, "y)
of the centre of gravity G of the body with ^reference to two rectangu-
lar axes in the plane of motion and 0, the angle which a line fixed in
the body makes with a line fixed in space.
15*2. Equations of Motion. Let us consider a particle of
mass w of the body situated at a point (x, y). Its equations of
motion parallel to the co-ordinate axes are,

..(1) and m *=Y+Y' ..(2),

where X, Yare the sums of the resolved parts of the external forces
acting on the particle and X'. Y' the sums of the resolved parts of the
internal forces i.e., forces due to actions of the other particles on it.

Multiplying (1) by y and (2) by x and subtracting, we get

Summing up foi all the particles of the body, we have

sf ~= SA-+ sr ,
sw^-
= s Y+ s Y' .. (4),

and Sia;-j-a(aT-yA')+S(arr'-yA") ..(5).

The internal forces are of the nature of mutual actions and

reactions between the various particles, and, therefore, by Newton's
Third Law, cancel each other in pairs and hence
2A"=0, 2^=0 and 3(xY'~yX')=Q.
Thus equations (1), (2) and (3) reduce to the form

and s*r -y=S(.rr-yi) .(B).

15*21. D'Alembert's Principle* w-~ 2 is called the effective

force parallel to the axis of X on a particle of mass m and thus

(A) can be stated as,
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IN TWO DIMENSIONS 297

the sums
of the components, parallel to the co-ordinate axes, of the
effective forces are respectively equal to the sums of the components of the
external impressed forces parallel to the same axes.
And equation (B) can be stated as,
the sum of the moments about the origin (or about OZ, a line
through O perp. to the XY plane) of the effective
forces is equal to the
sum of the moments of the external forces.
Equations (A) oan be written in the form

i.e.,the reversed effective forces ana the external forces of the system
are in equilibrium.
This D'Alembert's principle.
is

15*22. Equations (A) of Arc. 15*2 can also oe written in the

form,

i.e., the rate of change of the linear momentum of the system in any
direction is equal to the sum of the resolved parts of the external forces
in that direction.
It follows that if there is a direction, nay that of the axis of x, in
which the sum of the resolved parts of the external forces is zero, i.e.,
=0, then

.e., Sms = /.

i.e., the linear momentum in that direction is constant.

This is the principle of Conservation of linear momentum.
d r rfi/
i/ dx~]
..
dx di/ d2 u dii --
dx d~x .

Again since
-

^ [_*
-

^-y. ,
rf

equation (B) can be written as,

d

i.e.,the rate of change of the moment of momentum or of the angular wo-

wvntum of the system about arty fixed origin (or axis) is equal to the sum
of the moments of the external forces about that origin (or axis).
From this* it obviously follows that :

// the sum of the moments of the external forces about any fired
point is zero, the ynoment of momentum or tJ>e angular momentum of
thesystem about that point is constant.
This is the principle of Conservation of angular momen*
turn*

15*3. Motion of the centre of mass. If (x, y) be the co-

ordinates of ,
the centre of mass of the body of mass M> then
and
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
298 BLBMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Differentiating these equations, we get

Hence equations (A) become,

Further if 2-X=0=2r, then

nc^' = const. ^ ^V
i
Ja -57- ,
and M-~~ == const.
ac at
So that if the
body not acted upon by external forces
is >
its C.G. ?*
either at rest or moves with a constant velocity.
The equations (C) indicate that :

The motion of the centre of mass G is the same as if the whole

mass of the body were collected into a single particle at G and all the

forces were to act at G.

15*31. Motion relative to the centre of mass. Ncn\ lot

(x', y') be the co-ordinates of tho particle P of mass m relative rr>
parallel axes through G (x. l/\ the co-ordinates of P relative to the
original axes being (x, y), then

But since %
r'^O and so also S^2/'=0 ..(2),

and /. Sw^-i-j-^O, and also Sw-'g-ssO ..(3).

Substituting (1) in equation (B) of Art. 15*2, viz.,

we get,
~]
+*')
J

Taking ar, y and their derivatives outside 2 and using results

(2) and (3), this equation reduces to

In view of equations (C) Art. 15'3, this further reduces to

This equation is of the same form as equation (B) given above

and could have been obtained if the C.G. of the body were regarded
as a fixed point.
Now equations (C) Art. 15*3 give the motion of translation of
the body concentrated as a particle of mass at the C.G. ; while M
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A RIGID BOD IT IN TWO DIMENSIONS 299

equation (D) gives the motion of rotation of the body about its C.G.
independent of any linear motion. Thus the motion of translation
and rotation are independent of each other.
This is known as the principle of the independence of
translation and rotation.
15*4, Equation (D) can also be written as

*"-,-!) ..TO.

i.e., the rail of change of the moment of momentum about G is equal to

the sum of the moments of the external forces.

Now x' ~- y'-jr is equal to the moment about G of the velocity

(it at
relative to G of the particle at m P
(x', y'), when the velocity com-
ponents are expressed in cartesian co-ordinates.
In case the point P
is expressed in polar co-ordinates with
reference to G, equation (E) takes the form

where A' is the radius of gyration of the body about G, and is the
angle which a line fixed in the body y
makes with a line fixed in space.
To obtain this we proceed as
follows :

GA be a line fixed in space

Let
and a line fixed in the body, so
(?/?,
that /_AGB=0 changes as the body
rotates about G.
[Y GA remains fixed and GB
changes its position.]

Let GP^r, /_BGP=* which 9

x X
remain constant during the motion.
The components of the velocity of P relative to G along and
perpendicular to (jP are

r and a being constants.

d0
.'. the moment of the velocity of P about (7=r . r-^-, so that
at
the moment of momentum of the particle of mass m at P about G

Summing up for the whole body, its moment of momentum

about G

being independent of the position of P, dffjdt can be taken

outside 5.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
300 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Hence equation (E) takes the form

dt \ dt J

2
or JfjfiT - rs=sum of the moments of the external forces about G,
at*
which is written briefly as

J *=*
where / stands for the moment of inertia of the body about G, and -V
for thesum of the moments about O of the external forces.
15*41. Kinetic Energy. As seen above the velocity of P
relative to G is r d$/dt.
Hence the kinetic energy of the body relative to G

uhere o is the angular velocity about G.

If the body has also a velocity of translation equal to v, its total

kinetic energy is equal to pfv 2 + JJf JZ*f ~* Y \M& + \1<*.

_
If we now denote the co-ordinates of the centre of mas*
15*42*
by and the angle through which the body rotates by 0, the
(*, y)
three equations of motion (C) and (D) of Art. 153, 15*31 take tho
form :

Example
i. A fine string has two masse* and m* (m>m') m
ends and parses over a rough pulley, of mass Jf whose centre
tied to its f

is fixed, if the string does not slip over the pulley and the pulley can
rofate about the horizontal a.m through the centre, show that m will
descend with acceleration
(m m')(7

where a is the radius and K the radius of yy ration of the pulley about
the avis.
In Art. 37, the pulley was supposed to be light and fixpd, tho
tensions in the string on its two sides were, therefore,
taken to be equal.
In the present case since the rotation of the
pulley of mass 3[ is to be taken into account, the
tensions on its sides must be different say T, T'.
When the pulley has turned through an angle tf,
let the depths of masses w,n( below its centre be
x, y, then the equations of motion are :

JtfJ*$=8um of the moments of the tensions about tho

centre of the pulley
TaT'a. for the pulley by (2),

and w>*==w(7-T, and

M'e/=w'<7 T', for tho masses.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IK TWO DIMENSIONS 301

But the string being inextensible x+y remains constant through-

out the motion, so that #= $ and hence m'xT'--m'g.
Also since the string does not slip over the pulley
=a0 and / =00 or d xla. =
So the first equation can be written as

Adding this to the other equations, we have

which gives the required acceleration.

Aliter. By Art. 15*41 Kinetic energy of the pulley

and Kinetic energies of the masses are \mx*>

Hence total K.ft.==

Differentiating, this with respect to time /, we have

2
Hence (m+w'+-Sf-K /a5r==(m m')g as before.
9

Example a, A uniform circular disc of radius a and was* m

rolls down a rough inclined plane without sliding ; to
find the molten.
Suppose D is the point of contact / sees, after the start And
that R was in contact .with A in the ft

LetAD--=z, DCB=$ and a the

inclination of the plane.
The external forces acting on the
disc are :

R, the normal pressure of the

plane,
F, tho force of friction up the
plane,
trig, the weight of the disc.
For the motion of C, the f/.C/. of the disc parallel to the plane,
we* have

m
dt*^" i(J
* m "~ --I 1 '-

And since there is no motion perp. to the plane

0~nig cos a R ,
.(2).

For rotational motion obtained by taking moments about (',

we have
,2
d2 /-,x
ML* ,-.
z
--F . a. .
.(.$).

Sinee there is no sliding, are HI)~AD, i.<\ 9 x-~aO and

..(*).

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
302 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Using (4) and eliminating F between (1) and (3), we have

d**^ a .
d*x_ sin
dt* dt* i

For the disc ia =Ja* /. d*x/dt*~$g sin a.

Tfius the centre of the disc moves with constant acceleration
/== g sin a,
then ita velocity v and the distance x at time t are given by
v=ft=$g sin a t, and #=J/ia . = Jx<7 sin a . *
2

Now from (1), the friction F~mg sin a m/

=w</ sin a mgr sin a
= %mg sin a.
Also from (2), the pressure cos a. R~mg
In order that there may be no sliding of disc, F<y.R,
i.e., \mg sin a<{/, .
tngr cos a. /. fz>tan a.

Note* It may be noted that we can avoid F by taking moment about

D, the point of contact. In this case
&2 about Dk*
about (7-f o 2 =
|o2.

m.| a2 -T-J-
= moment of the weight w# about D mg a sin a.

Hence using (4), we get

Example ma// light ring is threaded on a fixed thin hori-

3. ^4
zontal wire. One endof a uniform rod, of mass m and length 2a, is
freely attached to the ring. The co-eflicient of friction between the ring
and the wire is JJL, The system is released from rest when the rod is
horizontal and in the vertical plane containing the ivire. Show that if
the ring slips on the wire, when the rod has turned
through an angle a,
the**

)^9*ana. (M.T.)
When the ring does not slip, the forces acting on the rod
are :_
j Its
weight mg ;
R, the pressure of the wire at A;
F, the force of friction at A.
Let (x, y) be the co-ordi-
nates of G, the C.G. of the rod
as shown in the figure and let
be the angle through which
the rod turns in time t, then
x=a cos and yasin 0.
/. denoting differentiations by
dots, weliave
= a COB . <?
f
a sin .
0,

and f
i= a sin .
+a cos . 0.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IN TWO DIMENSIONS 303

Now the equations of motion for the rod are,

mx= -F i.e., jF= w=ma(cos 9 f +sin . . tf) (!),
and ihy--my R i.e., R~mg wj;=W(7+wa(8in $ cos '0.0 (2), .
2

and in order to avoid action at the ring A, we take moments about

2
A, A' about which for the rod=$
4a2
/. mK*$, i.e., m .
-%- mg a cos i.e., aj)~\g cos 9 .
.(3)
o

Integrating this, we get

2
a0 =3<7 sin + C~%g sin 0,
as 00 when 0.
2
Substituting the vMues of and in equations (1) and (2), and
simplifying, we have,
F^\m(j sin cos and jR = iw(y(10 9 cos 2 0).
If the rod is about to slip when <x, then the force of friction
F attains its limiting value fztf, i.e., FpR.
Hence \ing sin a cos a JJL
.
J///[/(iO-~9 cos- a)
2 a
or 9 tun a [x(10 sec 9)
= (ji(10 tan 2
a+1).
Example 4. The door of a railway carriage, has its hinges
(su jiposed towards the engine, which starts with Hn accelera-
87/toot/i)
tion f. Prove that the door closes in time

f
V^/t
with an a _lar velocit ^
Jo
wlitre 2a is the breadth of the door and k its radius of
gyration about a
vortical axis through G, the centre of masx.
Let be the angle through which the
door turns in time /. Let O represent ihe __ y /
line of hinges and OA(--2a) be the horiz.ontaJ
section of the door through G.
When
the train starts with accln./, say, M /V
lowards the right, the door will have a
relative ccln. backwards towards the left, so
that the resultant force ;/>/ acts on it at G
which tends to close the door.
To avoid forces acting on the line of hinges, we take moments
about O.
the equation of motion for the dogr is

ra(a
2
i 2 J0 +
utfa cos . .
(\^
Multiplying by 20 and integrating, we have

But as the door is initially at rest when 0, /. C=0.

a 2 2
Hence ( -f A /0 =^ 2c// sin 0,

-
or ;
=

This gives the angular velocity of the door when it has turned
through an angle 0.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
304 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

The time when the door closes, i.e., when = 7r, is given by

when by the angular velocity

(2), is
\f 2+1:2'

Note. If the door is supposed to bo a uniform thin rectangular plate,

then fc*~ J a2 o 2 -fA: 2 *a 2 and by ('2), the angular velocity of the door when it
,

A /
/~3/~
has turned through an angle Q is
-^
sin ()

Examples LI
I. If in worked example 2, the body is a .sphere instead of a disc, show
that the least co-efficient of friction is % tan a.

a. A uniform solid cylinder rolls without sliding 011 a rough plane of

inclination 45. show that the least co-efficient of friction \L is l. * ..
j

If tha cylinder be hollow, show that the least value of [A is J.

3. A circular ring rolls down a perfectly rough inclined plane in ono

minute, show that a circular disc will roll down the same distance in 52 sees.
nearly.
4. Show that the kinct ie energy of a bod>r revolving about a fixed axis is

where*/ is its moment of inertia about that axis and co

its angular velocity.

A thin hollow cylinder, open at both ends and weighing 90 Ibs.

(a) elides with a speed of 10 ft. per sec. without rotating,
(6) rolls with the same speed, without slipping.
Compare the kinetic energies of the cylinder in the two eases. [An*. 1 :
2]

5. Which will roll more quickly down an inclined plane, a solid sphere
or a hollow cylinder ?
Asolid disc rolls down a plane inclined at 3o* to the horizontal. low
far will it move down the plane in 20 sees, from reit ? What is the velocity of
its centre and if it weighs 10 Ibs. how much energy has it ? (Rootkee 1953)
(An*. Sphere ; 2133J ft., 2lfrft. per sec., 1006Gi ft. Ibs.)
6. The weight of u wagon is 2 tons, of which the wheels weigh J ton.
The diameter of the wheels is 2 ft. and the radius of gyration is 0-9 ft. Find tho
total kinetic energy of tho wagon when travelling at 40 m. p. h. (Koorkee 1953)
[Ana. 118-44 ft. tons.J
7. A circular disc partly rolls and partly slides down a rough inclined
plane,show that the acceleration of its C. G. is tho same as for a body which
Kimply slides and does not roll.
Show that the result is the same if th disc is replaced by a cylinder or
a uphere.
[Hint. In worked Ex. 2, take F={XJ?. Equation (4) does not hold in
this c-ase.J
A wheel and axle has a moment of inertia / about the axis, which
8.
is horizontally and about which it can revolve freely. Masses
fixed and m M
hang by light threads from tho wheel (radius a) and axle (radius b) respectively-
Show that the angular acceleration under gravity will bo
(ma

g. The end of a weightless thread wound round a reel, (a solid cylinder

of mas.i m), is held fixed and tho reol is allowed to fall in a vertical plane, its
akis remaining horizontal. Show that the acceleration of tho reel is \g and the
tension of the thread is
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IN TWO DIMENSIONS 305

10. A uniform rod of length 2o is hold in a vortical position with one

end resting upon a perfectly rough table, and when roloasod rotates abotot the
end in contact with tho table.
Show that when it is inclined at an angle to tho vortical its angular
Q
acceleration is - g sin and that tho pressure on the table vanishes but the
rod does not leave tho table, when cos 0=$.
11. m
A uniform rod of ma^s and length 2a can turn freely about a
fixed end. Show that tho least a'ugulur velocity with which it must be started
from the lowest position so as to make complete revolution is

Show also that with this as the initial angular velocity, timo taken by
the rod to turn through an angle is given by

& log tan J [rt+0]-

fy
12. A uniform hoop can rotate in its own piano which is. vortical about
a smooth hingo at ono end of a diameter. It is allowed to fall from the position
in whir-h tho diaxfiotor is horizontal. Provo that whun tho horizontal compo-
nent of tho reaction at tho hingo is a maximum, tho vertical component is 1*25
of tho woitfht of tho hoop. (Indian Railway Service)*
[Proceed as in worked Ex. 3.]
13. AD and CD are two rods of lengths 2a and 6 respectively, tho mofta
of each rod b'-in^ m
per unit longth. Tho rod.s aro rigidly joined together at
right angles at t', tho middle point of AB, and tho system is free to rotato in a
vortical piano about Z>. If tho system is held with AB vortical and then lot go,
calculate tho angular velocity when AB is horizontal* (D.U.)
3
[Ana. rty(4a+&)&/(2a3+Oa62-f.& ]*-

15*5. Torsional Vibrations. When a body such as a bar, a

circular disc, or a lamina is supported in a horizontal position by a
vertical wire attached to its C.G. and is rotated froip tho position of
equilibrium through an anglo 0, tho wire is twisted nnd'-a restoring
couple is brought into action due to uhieh the body executes vibra-
tions called toraional vibrations.
Let the body bo a uniform circular disc of mass m and radius a
suspended by a wire attached to its centre.
Supposo the, restoring couplo is proportional to tho angle
through which the di^c is rotated, thru its equation of motion is

The motion is, therefore, simple harmonic, the penod of oscilla-

tion being equal to

Tho length of the equivalent simple pendulum in this case is

* 15*6. Ballistic Pendulum. An important application of the

compound pendulum dealt with in -Art. 14 93 is made in determining
tho velocity of a rifle bullet.
A pendulum with a massive bob and considerable time of
oscillation so formed that the bob is in the form of a hollow iron
is

cylinder open at one end, stuffed with a block of wood inside it.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
306 BLEMBNTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Let a bullet of mass m

be fired in a horizontal line through the
centre of oscillktion O of the pendulum.
f

Let v be the velocity of the bullet which is to be determined, M

the mass and / the moment of inertia (MK*) of the pendulum
including the embedded bullet. Also let h be the
distance of (?, the C.G. of the pendulum, from 0,
the centre of suspension.
Then the equation of motion as given in
Art. 14-93 is

MK*0 = -Mgh sin or l6***~Mgh sin .

.(1).
If 8 taken to be a small angle and the
is
time T of oscillation is determined,
then Iff = MghQ

Again multiplying (1) by 20 and integrating,

we get, I0
2
=2Mgh cos +C .
.(3).

LiL:
I ^- i
1

jft
4
v When 0=0, 0=o>, the
velocity of the pendulum, then
let initial angular

If the pendulum swings through an angle a,

so that 0=0 when 0=<x, then 0=2J/0A cos a +C.

2
Hence I<* =2Mgh(l~ cos
I Mqh a 4rt; a ... rf /m _
a>=2 A/
.

y^y sm
rt
or sm . .
(4), [from (2)].
-j- -g-

Now there being no external force, the moment of momentum

or the angular momentum of the system remains constant
(Art. 15'22).
If 2=00', the distance of the centre of oscillation from the
centre of suspension, the angular momentum just before the bullet is
embedded ssmt;.Z=mZt;.
And th'e angular momentum just after the bullet is embedded is

70 7co. =
mlv=l<* or v~I<*lmL
Substituting the values of / and tofrom (2) and (4), the velocity
v of the bullet is given by,
*

"~
1
x --
MghT* TMgh sm
4-rc
x T sm T -
. a . a
-

In the above, M.I. and T may be taken as the quantities relat-

ing to the pendulum before the bullet i embedded in it, being m
small, the errors so made arc small.
The angle a ie; usually measured by a piece of tape attached
to the bottom of the pendulum and wound on a reel, the amount
of t,he tape unwound is measured and the amplitude of oscillation is
determined.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

CHAPTER XVI
FURTHER EXAMPLES OF MOTION OF A RIGID BODY
IN TWO DIMENSIONS
16-L Rotation about an axis. A uniform rod OA of mass
M ayd length 2a
9

can turn freely about one end wpich is fixed. It is

started with an angular velocity o> from the position in which it hangs
vertically. To find the least value of a/ in order that the rod may make
complete revolutions.
Let the rod make an angle with the vertical OZ, then taking
moments about 0, we have
&0 ....... ,,v

W~~ (1).

4
Since .K = 2
3~

= -- sin 6.

Multiplying by 2$ and integrating,

we get

Since 0=eo when 0=0,

0= a** 3gr/2a.

2
Hence $ =a> 2 ^- (1 cos 6) ... (2).

Now when 0=7T,

2 =a> 2 3(//ry.

In this p6sition ^ is positive if a>

2
> 3gf/a.
Hence the least value of o> for the rod to make complete
revolutions is \/3g]a.
Example 1. Show that with this particular value of M, the

- (K+ " " \

log tan
-
I
4
V~4a~ )

Example 2* complete revolutions about a fixed

A body makes
horizontal axis, about which radius of gyration is
its and from K
which the distance "of its C. G. is h. If the greatest and least angular
velocities are one per cent greater and one per cent less than o>, prove
that KW=100 gh.
16*2. Reaction of the axis Of Rotation. A body moves
about a fixed horizontal axis under the force of gravity alone, to find
the reaction of the axis.
It is assumed that the about the plane
body is *ynniii tric<iJ
i

G, the centre of gravity of the body, perpendicular to the rm,*.

through,
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
308 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Let AOG be the vertical plane perpendicular to the axis about

.vhich rotation takes place, and let it intersect the axis in 0.
Let OG make an angle with
the vertical line OA (the initial
position of OG), let be the radius K
of gyration of the body about a line
through G parallel to the axis and
let OG=h.
Then by taking moments about
the axis, we have
M(K*+h*)0=Mg h sin ...
(1).

Multiplying this by 20 and

integrating, we get
(K*+h*) 0-=2gh cos 0+C
=;2gh (cos cos a) ...(2),

taking 0=0, when = a.

Now let X, Y bo the compo-
nents of the reaction at right angles
to and along GO, then resolving in
these directions, we hav*3
M h 0=XMg sin ... (3),
and Mh 2
=7-jl/(/ cos ...
(4).
From (1) and (3), we get
X- Mg sin 0- ^ J h
^ sin 0= Mg
K*
sin ... (5).

From (2) and (4), wo get

7=J/j/ cos -
(cos cos a)

Tho resultant of X and Y gives the required reaction.

Note. Kor sinnll oscillations equation (1) becomes 0-~. .-.,.., 0.

The pnriod of a small oscillation T is 2r.\/(K*-+-li'*)lQh and its frequency

Examples LII
1. A thin uniform rod has one end attached to a smooth hinge and is
allowed to fall from a horizontal position. Show that the horizontal strain on
tho hiiiuo ia greatest when the rod is inclined at an angle of 4;V to tho vertical,
find that tho vertical strain is then H. times tho \veight of tho rod.

2. A
circular area of weight W
can turn frooly about a horizontal axis
perpendicular to its plane which pauses through a point C on ita circumference.
IF it .starts from real with tho diameter through C vertically ahove C. show that,
when the diameter has turned through an angle 0, the components of tho
strain at C along and perpendicular to this diameter are respectively

i W (7 cos 4) and J W sin

Show also that when this diameter is horizontal resultant pressure on tho
tho
axis is iV^ ^ lln ^ ^ nrt t when it is vertically helow C, the resultant pressure id
V w!
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
FURTHER EX. OF MOTION OF A RIalD BODY IM FWO DIMENSIONS 309

(6) Show that in the case of a uniform rod which just makes complete
revolutions, these components of the strain are (3+5 cos 0) and J W
sin 0, W
[Hint. See Art. 16-1 and use (3) and (4) of Art. 16-2.]
3. A
uniform hoop can rotate in its own plane which is vertical, about
a smooth hinge at one end of a diameter. It is allowed to fall from the position
in which this diameter is horizontal. Prove that when the horizontal compo-
nent of the reaction at the hinge is maximum, the vertical component is of
the weight of the hoop.
4. A right circular cone, of weight and of semi-vertical angle a, W
can turn freely about an axis passing through the centre of its base and
perpendicular to its axis. If the cone starts from rest with its axis horizontal,
show that, when the axis is vertical, the thrust on the fixed axis is
W(6 + 3 cos2 a)/ (6 2 cos 2 a).

5. A
uniform rod ^17? of length 2a and inasw is freely attached to a M 9

fixed support at A and swings in a vertical plane through A. Find the reaction
of the support and the frequency of the small oscillations.

Prove that if a particle of mass kM is attached to the rod at 7>, the

frequency of the small oscillations is reduced in the ratio

16- 3- uniform rod AB held at an inclination a to the

A
vertical with one end A in contact with a rough horizontal table.
To shoiv that If released, the rod will commence to slide at once if the
co-efficient of the.
friction p is less than 3 sin a cos a / (1 + 3 cos* a).

Let m bo the mass and 2a the length of the rod.

Let //) be
the co-ordinates of the middle point of the
(x, rod
when inclined at an angle
it is to the vertical and let R be the
normal reaction and F, the friction in this position, then
Since x~a sin 0,

.;-.= M cos 0.9 -a sin 0.0 2 >

and since \i^u cos 0, p B

__ a sn cos

The equations of motion are :

///.; =.-w (a cos Q.Q

'-

(
n sin 0.0 2 )
=F -(I),
and my--=m '
sin 0.0 (
<t a cos 0.0 2 )
=fl-w?/ ...
(2).

Taking moments about A,

we have
4" 2 \
tn -- :- ' a
0~/nn. sin
3 7^
or 4a = 3gf sin ...
(3)-

Multiplying (3) by integrating, we have

and
2 a 3 = 3r; cos 0+f^=3 (j (cos a cos 0) ...(

since 0=0 when = a.

Substituting and ^ from (3) and (4) in (1) and (2), we get
F-=$ mg (3 cos 2 cos a) sin 0,
and It i wg (1 + 9 cos 2
6 cos cos a).
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
310 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

When 0=<x, -Ff mg sin a cos a, and #= mg (1+3 cos2 a).

The rod will slide at once i.e., when 0= a,

if F>p.R, i.e. if | mg sin a cos a >J /u. mg (1 +3 cos 2 a)

i.e., if ft<3 sin a cos a/(l+3 cos 2 a).

Cor. (i) If the rod starts from the vertical position then a=0,
and .F=f mg sin 6 (3 cos 6 2), and B=J mgr (1 3 cos 0) 2 .

It shows that when cos = although R vanishes but it does ,

not become negative, so that the end A of the rod does not leave the
table even when the pressure vanishes.

(ii) In this case, F changes its sign and its direction is

reversed as 6 passes through the value cos" 1 .

*
Note. Equation (4) can be written down at once from the principle of
energy.

and work done by the weight of the rod mg (a cos a a cos 6), equating these
we get equation -(4).

Examples LIII

1. A uniform straight rod of length 2a is held at an inclination a to

the vertical with its lower end in contact with a horizontal table and let go.
Show that the angular velocity of the rod when it becomes horizontal is
\/3 g cos <x/2a whether the table is perfectly smooth or perfectly rough.
2. A uniform rod AB slides down in a vertical plane with its
lower end B resting on a smooth horizontal plane and the upper end A resting
aganist a smooth vertical wall. It starts from rest when it is inclined at nn
angle a to the horizontal. Show that the end A leaves the wall when the
inclination of the rod with the horizontal is sin- 1 (J sin a) and that its angular
velocity is then equal to \/g sin a/-2a.

3. In solved Ex. 3, P. 302, if the horizontal wire is smooth instead of

being rough show that the centre of the rod moves in a vertical line through
its initial petition and that the velocity of either end of the rod is 6 ag y
when the rod is vertical.
4. m
A thin uniform rod, of mass and length 2a, is hold horizontally,
and in contact with a fixed rough peg at a point distant d from the middle
is

point of the rod. The rod is then released, show that slipping commences when
M* oP
the rod makes with the horizontal the angle tan- 1 -^-77 *
and that the in-
\y(J>" -\~(l~

ya
itial reaction of the nog is T
22
j .

164. A ^uniform rod OA, of mass and length 2a, is free to M

turn about a fixed hinge at one end and revolves about a vertical
line OZ so as to describe a cone, of semi-vertical angle a, to find its
cu.
angular velocity
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
FURTHER EX. OF MOTION OF A RIGID BOD5T IN TWO DIMENSIONS 311
Let m be the mass per unit length of the rod, so that 2am = Jf ,

and consider an element PQ~dx at a distance x from the

fixed point O.
Draw PN
perpendicular to OZ.
Since the element PQ describes a circle
of radius r about N, its acceleration
towards N, is r o> 2 ,

where r=PN=^x sin a.

.-. the force to wards is mdx. no 2 N
and its moment about is
mdx. raf. ON=mdx o> 2 x sin a. x cos a
.

= wa>2 sin a cos a. x2 dx.

Taking moments about for the
whole rod, we have

wu> 2 sin & cos a. x*dx

I
o
;= moment of the weight
= Jfgr. a sin o;
= 2 awgr. a sin a.
.-. ma>f sin a cos a. a3 =2 a2 w<7 sin a
Hence either a=0, t.e. the rod hangs vertically,

Or 4ao> 2 cos a=3(7, i.e. cos a= ,

2
.
(!).

This shows that cos a being <1, >3gr, i.e. >3gr/4a. 4aa> 2 co 2

Example 1. Prove that the direction 1

of the reaction at the
hinge makes with the vertical the angle tan" (f tan a).
2o

Hint. Vertically F= Mg. Horizontally X= I ma>*x sin a dx

sin a. 2a2 =lfa>2 a sin a. Now use (1) for a>

2
.

Example 2. A rod, of length 2a, is suspended by a string, of

length attached to one end
I, if the string and rod revolve about the
;

vertical with uniform angular velocity, and their inclinations to the

vertical be 6 and
~
<f>

3Z
respectively,
_(4 tan
""'
[Hint. If T be the tension of the string and
show
0-3 tan
that
<f>)

the mass per

sin <f>

m
( }

unit length of the rod, then resolving vertically, T cos 8=mg,

The distance of an element at P from OZ~x sin $+1 sin 0.
2a

Resolving horizontally, T sin 0= I mo>2 (x sin <f>+l sin 0) dx

Taking of moments about gives

2a

2a mg. a sin $ = I ma> 2 (x sin ^ +/ sin 9) x cos

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
312 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Example 3. A uniform rod AB

is freely movable on a rough
inclined plane about a smooth pin fixed through the end A. The rod
is held in the horizontal position in the plane and allowed to fall from
this position. The inclination of the plane to the horizon is a and the
co-efficiLnt of friction is p. Show that if 8 be the angle through which
the rod falls from rest t then

sin 6/6=1* cot a -

165. A homogeneous sphere is resting on the top of another

solid
rough fixed sphere, and rolls down it. To find the motion.
Let a and b be the radii and C and O the centres of tho moving
and fixed spheres respectively.

Let D be the point of contact, F the friction and R the normal

reaction on the moving sphoro at any time t.
Let B be the point of the moving sphere which was initially in
contact with A, the highest point of the fixed sphere.

Let
and L BCEW-
Tho geometrical condition
is arc JD=arc AD,
or a (</> #)
= />
6,

.e. ...(1).

Since the centre C of the

moving sphere describes a circle
of radius a 4- />,

its equations of motion

are

M (a-\-b) 0=J/j/nin 8-F (*).

and
M (a-i -/>) 6* = Mij cos 8-R ... (3).

Also since CB, a line fixed in the moving sphere makes with
the a direction fixed in space, an angle <f>, by taking
vertical,
moments about C and using (1), we have
"
MK* <j>=Fa, or by (I), MK* 9 -Fa ...
(4).
0-

Taking # a =3 a9 , it becomes I a + b)0^F, and added to (2)

\t gives

(a + b) 0= </ sin 6 ... (5).

Multiplyin.tr this by and integrating and applying the

2 6
initial condition that 00 when 0=0, we have
(a+l) 0=- V (I
...
(6).
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
FURTHER EX OF MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IN TWO DIMENSIONS 313

Now from (3), R=Mg ros <J

V- 3fgr(l-cos 0)

= \Mg(Yl cos 0-10) ...(7)

and from (2) and (5), F=Mg sin Mg sin 0=^ Jfgf sin ... (8).
Notes. 1. The sphere will slip if F^pR,
i.e., if Afgr sin -.= /*. *
Afp (17 cos 10) or 2 sin = f* (17 cos 0-10),

Taking /* tan X, this can be written as

2 sin (0-X)^5 sin X (3 cos 0-2).

If the sphere is rough enough to prevent slipping, then by (7)

2.

/? will be zero and change sign, i.e., the upper sphere will leave the lower when
cos 0=10/17, a result independent of magnitudes of the spheres.
3. Equation (6) can be obtained directly from the principle of energy
as follows :

Kinetic energy of the sphere = M<v*+k I "2

= -L 2
+ M.~ "2 ^
The work done by the weight Mgy Mg[a-\-b (a-f 6) cos ]

(1-cos 0).

+ b)6 2 -=~
'

jo" M(a+b)*0*=Mg(a+b) (1-cos 0) or (a g (1-cos 0).

Example 1. (a) Show that if the spheres were both smooth, the
upper sphrre, will leave the lower when cos |.

(6) // the upper sphere starts moving from the position of

rest at a, show that it will slide when
2 sin (G A) 5 sin A (3 cos 02 cos a),

and that if it is #nff\ri('tttbj rough so as not to slip , it u ill leave the

fixed sphere when cos 0=^ cos a.

Example 2. A solid homogeneous sphere of radius a and mass

in ,
rolls in the. interior of a fixed hollow sphere of radius 6, the centres
of the two being always in the same vertical plane. Show that

(i) the equation of motion of the sphere is the same as that of a

simple pendulum of length I (b~-a).

(ii) That
the pressure on the sphere is I mg (17 cos 10 cos a),
vrfiere angle between the common radius and the vertical and a
ix the
the extreme value of 0.

(Hi) That, the sphere will make complete revolutions when in its
lowest position, the pressure on it is greater than V- times its own
weight.

Example. 3. A circular plate of mass m, rolls down the inner

circumference of a rough under
of gravity, the planes
circle the action
of both the plate and the circle, being vertical, When the line joining
their centres is inclined at an angle to the vertical, show that the

friction between the todies is % mg sin 0.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
314 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

16-6. Impulsive Forces. Equations of motion as given in Art.

15-42 of the previous chapter are ;

M =x M>
= r - w> and

where (x, y) are the co-ordinates of the point (?, the centre of gravity
of the body.

Equations(1) show that G, the centre of gravity of the body

moves as if M
the whole mass of the body, were collected there and
,

all the external forces act on it.

Equation (2) givesthe motion of rotation of the body where N

is the sum of the moments of tho external forces about G as if it
were a fixed point. Integrating these equations, we have
d
M^= J Xdt, M -*!
Ydt, and MK* = f Ndt.
|
Suppose J, 7, N are large and act
for a very small time t, their
effect is then measured by their impulses, viz.
* t t

[ Xdt=X lt
Ydt^Y lt and f
I

where Xv Y l are the impulsive forces and N l

is the impulsive
couple.

Thu,

and JV,=
[
Ndt**MK*[ S
o o

Now suppose that just before the impulses act (i.e. when J^O),
the velocities ofG, the centre of mass of the
rigid body, are u lt v l
parallel to the axes and aj l is the angular velocity and that after the
action of the impulses (i.e. at time t) these velocities are w 2 v% and ,

a> 2
respectively.
Then these equations become
JTi^Jf (a* UJ, Y^M (vi-^), and N^MK*
The two equations show that change in the momentum of
first
mass J/, supposed to be collected at G, in any direction is
equal to
the sura of the impulses in that direction and the last
equation
shows that change in the moment of momentum (or in the
angular
momentum) about G is equal to the moment about G of the impulses
of the forces.

Note. It may bo remembered that un Impulse ia not tt force. The

former being measured by the change of momentum is of physical dimension*
MI/T- 1 while the latter is of dimensions
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
FUBTHEB EX. OF MOTION OF A BIGID BODY IN TWO DIMENSIONS 315

16*61. These principles are illustrated in the following

examples :

Example 1. A uniform rod AB of mass m and length 2a, is

set in motion by a bloiv P acting at the end A and inclined at an angle
a to the rod. Find the velocity of A immediately after the impact, and
prove that the energy communicated to the rod is P (l+3 sin ct.)/2m.
2 2

(The rod may be supposed to be placed on a smooth horizontal table.)

Let G be the C.G. of the rod, u, v velocities of G along and perp.
to AB, and let co be the angular velocity, then the equations of
motion are :

mu~P cos a,
mv P sin a.
#A
and m -
& moment of ^><^
o ____________
^^cX i I

P about <7= Pa sin a. A ^ G '**> ^

The component velocities of A, just after the action of P are
P cos a , P sin a
----- 3 P sin a 4 P sin a
and t'+a<o=
,

m ,

m m m
The kinetic energy of the rod=| m (u +v* + K a>*)
2 2

P2 P sin =P
2
cos 2 a P* sin 2 a 1 9 in 2 a
2
"I
m -- ----
w m* 3
*
2
J
Example Tw;o eg^a/ uniform rods
2. and BG, each of mass AB
m and length 2a are smoothly jointed at B and placed on a smooth table
so that ABC is a straight line. A horizontal blow of impulse P acts at
A at right angles to AB. Show that

(i) the resulting velocity U of A is 3| times that of B 9

(ii) the kinetic energy generated is \ m f/

2
,

show also that the kinetic energy generated is \ times what it would be,

if the rods were rigidly fastened together at B.

Let u, v bo the velocities of centres D and E of the rods and
let a>! and w+ be their angular \elocities after the action of tho blow.
Lot X be the impulsive action at B in opposite directions
on the two rods, then for the motion of the rod AB, we have

u
| i

...(1),

m -^L -P v
3
and for the rod BC,

3
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
316 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

The velocity of A being given U, .*.

u+a^^U ...(5).

The
velocity of the end B of the rod AB=u ~-aa) l9

also the velocity of the end B of the rod BCvawz

Equating them, we get u aco 1 =v aa> 2 ...(6).

Substituting from the first four equations, we get

mm P
"=> 5P
mm
aa> = 9P
and aco a = 3
>
4m
14P 7P
(i)7 Now velocity of 4 = u+aa)i~ 4m = --.-
2m
--=17 A (7

and J of
velocity B=v = 4P = P
acu 2 in magnitude.
4m m fe

Hence the velocity of <4=3 times that of JS.

(U) The kinetic energy T=\m [u*+ v*+% a^^+J a2 o> 22 ]

25P2 P2 2
^IP + JP2^1
48m 2 2
48m J |
4m
7
But

(Hi) When the rods are rigidly fastened together at J5, it

becomes one rod of length 4& and mass 2m. If V be the velocity of
its middle point. B and o> be its angular velocity, then

2mF=P, and 2mx ~o> = P. 2a or maeo=-r- P.

4-

The kinetic energy T' in this case = i. 2mF + |- ^m 2

o a>2
o
4 9P2 ~]
p^ ^

W
from and
7 _
(8) (9)

Example 3. In the above example if the blow P strikes the

rod AB not at but at another point Q, show that A and
A will begin B
to move in the same direction if AQ
is greater than ^AB and less
than %AB.
To use the same figure as given in tjic last example, let AQ<AD
and let AQ~x, so that QD~ax.
Taking moments about the middle point D for the rod AB, we
have

m^^^P (a--*) A'a ...(2).

Sustitutmg from this equation and from (1), (3), and (4) in (0),
which remain the same as given in the last example, wo get
P+X 3P(- *)-
m ma m m
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
FURTHEK EX. OF MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IN TWO DIMENSIONS 317

P
or 8A-^- 3P* ,...
8X-2P X-
it A_ -- -.
g

u= P+Z_ P + P
m m 4m Sam Sam
3P(a-z)
and ao>j= wa m 4
3 (6a-5*) P
8am
.-. Velocity of A u+aw^fiSalSx) P/8am,
arid Velocity of B~u ao> 1 =^(12.r
8a) P/8am.
The velocity of A will be positive if 18ar<28a
.

i.e. if
_ a?<
7x2a
r

The velocity of B will also be positive if 12x> 8</,

2a

Thus and J5 will move in the same direction

if AB<x<lAB.
Note. The velocities of both A and B will be negative if # >5 *4# but
<J A ft, which is obviously impObMhle.

Example 4* A uniform rod of length 2a and mass m is in

motion in a horizontal plane p, with speed u at right angles to its length
when it collides ivith a stationary small uniform elastic sphere of
equal mass whose centre lies in the plane p. If the sphere is free to
move, prove that the angular velocity acquired by the rod cannot exceed

inhere e is the co-efficient of restitution.

Lot the rod AB

strike the sphere at a distance x from its
centre 0, and lot v be linear and o> the angular velocity of the rod
and?;, the velocity of the sphere just after the impact. Then the
equations of motion are :

the rod ...(1)

and C0 = j
...(2)

For the sphere y/n^ /, (^)

where / is the equal and opposite impulse on the sphere and the
rod.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
318 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

From these equations we get

==:a2 a>/:E (4).

The velocity of the point P of the rod just after the impact is
t; xa).

.-.by the law of relative velocity for impact, we have

^-^ (v aro>) =
e (0 u)=eu, or t^ v-\-xa) eu = ...(5).
Now from (4) and (5), we get
u xaj+eu= a?a>/x or

an ^oj ^
<j,x

For max. value of aj y do>/d#=0, which gives 2a

2
3#2 =^
or x=a.
,,.,.
For this value of x, co= ------ __ .,-_ .

V 3 (2a 2
+2a) 4a

Examples. A uniform rod AB, of mass m and length 2a, is

struck byan instantaneous impulse P acting at B in a direction BC
which makes an angle a with AB produced. Show that AB will
become parallel to BC after a time given by t^maoL/SP sin a. t

Let u, v be the components of the linear velocity of the middle

point G, and w the angular velocity of the rod, then

""
t* I . a.

=P cos a, mv=P sin a,

a2
and m o> = moment about G of the impulse P=P.a sin a,
o
or co = 3P sin a/ma.
After the action of the impulse the motion becomes steady and
the rod will become parallel to BO after it has rotated through the
angle a in time t given by

;iP sin a*

Example 6. //* the above example if the end B, instead of bring

free, is compelled, by <i
frictionless constraint, to move along the line
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
FURTHER EX. OF MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IN TWO DIMENSIONS 319

BC, show that the impulse P

will be accompanied by a simultaneous
impulsive reaction on the constraint of magnitude.
3P sin a cos a/(i+3 cos2 a).
Let Ui, v l be the components of the velocity ef G and co x the ,

angular velocity of the rod in this case.

The constraint being frictionless, the impulsive reaction will be
perpendicular to BC.

Resolving along and perpendicular to AB, we have

cos a R sin a, muiP
mViP sin a-f-# cos a,
and taking moments about (?, we have
m- 1
=P. a sin &+R a cos a.

The velocity of B is U L along AB and v l -^-aaj l AB.

.-. the point B will move along BC if
for,
tan oc
_Vi + a\^P
~
sin a + fl cos a+3 (P
^
sin a+# cos a)
u cos a jR sin a P
fi ;

or (P cos a -R sin a) sin a =4 (P sin a+jR cos a) cos a,

,., 3
D -r-s sin a cos a
#= 3 P
sin a cos a
= P
which 6gives
.

m
...

magnitude
&
,
r
sin 2 a+4 cos2 a -.--7-= 5
:
.

1+3 cos 2 a
Example 1. Two equal uniform rods, each of mass and m
length 2a. rests on a smooth table, one extremity of one rod being con-
nected with one extremity of the other by a light inexten-tible string, the
rods and the string form the sides of a rectangle and the string is taut.
If an impulsive couple of moment G suddenly acts upon one of the rod*
so as to produce an impulsive tension in the string, prove that the
2
energy communicated to the system is 15G /16a*m.
Let u, Ui be the velocities of the middle points and co, be ^
the angular velocities of the rods, and let T be the impulsive tension
in the string, just after the
application of the impulsive
couple G. Then the equa-
tions of motion are :

.T ...(i), a a
~M
m
and ^
a
m ...(4).

Since the string is

inextensible, the velocity
of B the. velocity of 0.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
320 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

u aw~Ui
or ...(5).

Substituting the values oft/, tcj, co, a) l in (5), we get

or ar=g#.
= 3G 3T T 3T 5T 3T
=
----
am m m m m and
,
>

m
Kinetic energy = \rn\u* + uj + Ja a> 2 2

ry* T*
\m\
' 4
^m z 3m2
|_tre*
40^ 40
6m '

64a2
Example 8. A
uniform circular disc of mass m, initially at
rest but free to move in any manner,
is suddenly set in motion by an

impulse, in its plane, applied to a point A of its circumference. The

initial velocity of A has components U along the radius through A,
and V along the tangent at A. Prove that the initial kinetic energy
2 2
of the disc is \m (7 -f F ).
Let the diameter through and the tangent at A be taken as
the axes.
Let CD be the angular velocity of the disc and w, v the components
of the velocity of its centre C, and let X, F be the components of the

impulse at A.
Then we have
mu ^X, mv~Y, and
or

or
For the motion of A.
U~u, and V~v aa ~ 3v,
i.e., vz=$V and a 2?;

The Kinetic energy =

Examples LIV
1. uniform rod AB of length 2a, is lying on a smooth horizontal
A
plane and is struck by a horizontal blow, of impulse P, perpendicular to the
rod at a distance x from the centre. Find the motion and show that the point
about which the rod begins to turn is at a distance (a 2 4-3a; 2 )/3aj from the line
of action of P.
If P
acts at the end A of the rod, show that the velocity of A is twice
that of the end B.
2. A light rigid
rod has particles, each of mass m, attached at A, B
and G where AB~a, BC=*b
9 (<*>&). A blow P perpendicular to the rod is

applied at the middle point of AC, show that the angular velocity acquired is
a~b
L
4m 'a* +06 +6*"*
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
FURTHER EX. OF MOTION OF A RIGID BODY IN TWO DIMENSIONS 321

If the blow P
acts at a point distant from A equal to BG> show that the
kinetic energy of the system is

'

2m
3. A circular disc is revolving in its plane about its centre with angular
velocity w. Show that its new angular velocity if a point on the rim is
suddenly fixed is o>.

4. An impulse
is applied at a point in the rim of a uniform circular P
disc lying on a smooth table, in such a manner that starts to move along P
the tangent to the rim at *. Prove that the initial velocity of the centre of
the disc is \ times that of P.
5. A
uniform circular hoop, lying on a smooth table, receives a blow,
in its plane, at a point P, inclined at an angle a with PO, the radius through P.
Show that P begins to move in a direction inclined to at an angle PO
tan -J(2 tan a).
6. A square lamina of side 2a, rests on a smooth horizontal
ABCD,
plane. If the corner A is velocity u along the line
made to move with BA
produced, prove that the initial angular velocity of the lamina is 3u/8a.
7. Two equal uniform rods, each of mass m, are freely jointed at A
and laid on a smooth horizontal table so that angle is a right angle. BAG
The rod ABis struck by a blow P at B in a direction perpendicular to AB.
Show that
(i) the resulting velocities of the middle points of AC and AB are in
the ratio 2 7 :

and (ii) the initial velocity of A is

2P/5ra.
8. A
uniform lamina of mass ra in the form of an equilateral triangle
of side 2a, moves along with velocity u in a direction parallel to one side AB.
Suddenly the foremost end A of the side is fixed. Show that the subsequent
angular velocity is -\/3 w/5a and that the impulse of the force at the fixed point is
* mu
Vl9~ n a direction inclined at on angle tan- (V"3/4) to the side AB of
*
1

the triangle.
9. Three equal rods AB, BC, CD are hinged freely at thoir ends, B
and C, so as to form three aides of a square and are laid on a smooth table ;

the end A i struck by a horizontal blow J at right angles to AB. Show that
initial velocity of A is 19 times that of D, and that the impulsive actions at
B and C are respectively J>_. J and J^ J.
10- M
A uniform rod AB, of mass and length 2a, lies on a smooth table
and a particle of mass m is attached to B by a light inextensiblo string. The
particle is projected from B along the table with velocity u at right angles to
the rod. Find the velocity of the centre of the rod and its angular velocity
immediately after the string tightens, and show that a fraction A//(AT-f 4w) of
the original energy is lost. [Ans. muj(M -f 4m), 3ww/(A/-f 4w)].
11. A uniform rod falling without rotation, strikes a smooth horizontal
plane. Prove that for all values of the co-efficient of restitution, the angular
velocity of the rod immediately after the impact is a maximum if the rod before
-1
impact makes with the horizontal an angle cos ( 1/^3).
12. The end B of a uniform rod, of mass 2m and length 2a, is smoothly
hinged to a point on the rim of a uniform circular disc of mass m and radius r.
The rod und disc are laid on a smooth horizontal table so that the direction of
AB passes through the centre of the disc.
An impulse P is applied at A at right angles to AB. Prove that the
kinetic energy produced is '9P 2 / 10m, and that the impulsive reaction at the
hinge is 1 P.
13. A uniform rod, of length 2 feet and weight 6 lb., is pivoted freely
at one end about a horizontal axis. The rod is slightly displaced from the
position of unstable equilibrium. With what angular velocity will it reach the
horizontal position ?

What bo the impulsive blow on a stop which catches the end and
will
prevents the rod from moving past that position ?
lb. ft. sec. units.]
[Ans. 4V3; 40/V3
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
322 ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

14. A circular hoop of radius a rolling on a rough horizontal plane,

impinges on a rough peg of height i a fixed in ihe plane. Find the angula
velocity with which the hoop begins to trun about the peg. If V be the
velocity of the oentre before impact, prove that if 81 F>80gra, the hoop leaves
the peg immediately. [Ans.Wllto.]
15. Compare the kinetic energies imparted to an elliptic disc of semi-
axes a and 6 by a blow J in its plane through a focus at right -angles to the
major axis
(i) when the disc is free (u) when the centre of the disc is fixed.

[Ana .
(5o -
16-7. Centre of Percussion. // an impulse is applied to a
rigid body which turn about a fixed axis so as not to produce
is free to

any impulsive reaction on the axis, the line of action of the impulse is
called the line of percussion and the point in which this line meets the
plane through the centre of gravity of the body and the axis of rota-
tion is called the Centre of Percussion.
In the case of a thin rod the centre of percussion is the point in the rod
where the line of action of the impulse meets it.
Whten the line of action of the impulse is given, the axis about
which tho body begins to turn freely is called the axis of spontaneous
rotation .

16.71* As a simple example let us consider the following :

A uniform rod OA of mass m and length 2a suspended freely

from one end and struck by a horizontal blow P at a point C at a
distance x from G. the middle point of the rod.

Let aj be the angular velocity acquired by the rod just after

the application of P and let
f
X
be the impulsive reaction of the fixed
axis on the rod.

^ Then the velocity of G is aw.

__ TTJ .
Y" / 1 \

Taking moments about 0, we have

m (
2
+a2 tu=moment of the impulses about
)
= P(a+x) ... (2),

where K is the radius of gyration of the rod

2= 2
about 0, i.e., J a .

From these by eliminating P, we get

m [/ 2 +a2 a (a+rr)]a>= (a-}-x) X,
or X=m (axK )a>l(a-\-x). 2

Now X=0, i.e., there is no impulsive

action at 0, if ax=K\ i.e., ifOG.QC=K* ... (3).

If this condition is satisfied the point C is

the centre of percussion and equation (3) shows
that the centre of percuss! >n coincides with the centre of oscillation
in this case.

It also shows that if the axis of rotation passes through C %

is
then the centre* of percussion i.e., the axis of rotation and the line
of impulse are interchangeable.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
FURTHER EX. OF MOTION OF A BIG ID BODY IK TWO pRMENSlOWS 323

Note 1. In the example given above x=K*fa. If x is not qqaal to

K*la, X exists and is not zero. It h positive or negative according as 1
/o, x>K
or < A f / t.e., the impulsive reaction on the rod is in the same opposite
^r
direction as the blow according as the blow is applied fct a point below or above
the centre of percussion.
Note 2. If in a body (symmetrical about a plane through O perp. to
the axis of rotation), rotating about a fixed axis;O(?i=:/i, then the position of C is
given by x = GC **K*lh, where K
is the radius of gyration about a parallel axis

through Q. s
If may be compared with the Compound Pendulum discussed in
Art. 14.03, P. 202.

1672. The principle of the centre of percussion has impor-

tant practical application in the design of instruments.
For example, the handle of a hammer is made of wood and
not of the metal of which the hammer-head is made. Wood being
lighter, the main part of ihe mass is collected in the hammer-head,
so that the blow acts at a point very near to the centre of percussion
and thus action on the axis of rotation i.e., on the hand of the
workman is very slight.
If the handle were made of the same material as the head,
the workman is bound to feel the jar at his hand.
Similar is the case with abat, the hands of the
cricket
batsman occupying a small portion of handle is an approximation
its
to a fixed axis. A very little jar on the batsman's hands is felt if
the bat hits the ball at the proper place. Any one who has used a
bat knows what difference it makes to strike the ball at the correct
point on the blade of the bat. The point is, of course, the centre
of percussion.
The height above the table at which a billiard ball should be
struck by a horizontal blow, in order that it may not slide, is

* '
a a
where a is the radius of the ball.

Example 1. A uniform rod of mass m and length 2 I lies on

a smooth horizontal plane and is freely hinged at a point A distant a
from the centre G of the rod. It is struck ft?/ a bloir of impulse P *'M a
direction at right angles to it* length at a point B at a distance b from
G and a+b from A. Find the angular velocity u> imparted to the rod
and the impulsive reaction at the hinge. Find also the position of R
in order that there may be no reaction at the hinge.

Let X and Y be the components of the impulse at the hinge A.,

along and at right a>*""N

angles to the rod. ^y A JB

Thon-X = ...(1),
G b
T~
*>*- p-y...(2), y| T
and m .. w=Pft+ya ...
(3).
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
324 ELKMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

From (2) and (3), we get P (a+b)=m (as + J J2

) a>.

' 3P(a+6) , v D
r=
In order that the impulse at the hinge may be zero,

BO that the centre of percussion in this case is distant P/3AG

from O.
Cor. rod were not hinged and is freo to move and if
If the
the point A
were at rest immediately after the blow, equations (2)
and (3) then become,
P, and wio> JP~ Pb, from which a=/ 2 /36.
Thus the rod begins to turn about the point distant
from tfie centre. ,

Subsequently G moves with uniform velocity rto>=P//w, at

fight angles to the initial direction of the rod and at the same time
the rod rotates with uniform angular velocity 3P6/wJ 8 .

Example 2. A pendulum is constructed of a solid sphere, of

mass M and radius a, which is attached to the end of 'a rod AB, of
mass m and length Where should it be struck at each oscillation
ft.

that there may be no impulsive pressure to wear the point of support ?

Let G be the C. O. and A' the radius of gyration of the whole

body and let the point of support be at A, then
(Jf+w) h or (JU+w) AO^M (a+6)+w. J 6,
and (M +m) K* = M[i a* + (a+b]*} + w[l (\ ft) 2 +(i ft)2 ].
.-. the required point C is given by
Jf* _
~~
M [* g+(q.4.ft)] + fr
mb*
*

h M(a+b) + \ wh
Examples LV
1. Find the distance of the centre of percussion from tho axis of rota-
tion in tho following oases :

(t )
A uniform bar of length 2</, free to turn tvbont one rnd.

(/*) A
uniform circular plate of radius a with axis perpendicular t^ its
plane through a point on its rim.
(Hi) A uniform circular plate of radius
b with axis a horizontal tangent.

(iv) An equiangular triangular lamina of side 2n, rotating about a s'do

which is horizontal.
[Aii9. (/) a (if)
*
(Hi) b (/y) JV3 -I
5 ;

2. A uniform circular lamina whose centre is O, rests on a smooth

horizontal plane, show that it will commence to turn about a point A on its
circumference if it i struck a blow acting perpendicular to AO at a distance
from A e<juol to ;j
of a diameter of the lamina.
3. A pendulum
cf length 1 ft. 4 ins. consists of a uniform circular disc
of diameter 4 ins. at ono end of a uniform rod of length, 1 ft., which is
Mtspemled from the other end. Kind the ratio of the misses of the rod and the i

di*? if u hori/ontal blow applied in the plane of th- disc in. above the centre

produces no impulsive reaction at th* point of Support. [Ait A. 1 3 :

j

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

ANSWERS
Examples I. Page 5.
2
1. (i) 18 f. p. s. (ii) 21 ft. /sec. (iii) 39 f.p.3.
a 4
2. (i) zero, 2ft./scc. ;
1 ft./sec., 4 ft /sec. 2 (n) zero, 5 T ft.
2
(tit) -3 7 ft.
7. From = to or=2 or from 2 to oo.
ft.
V
10 r r m.p.h.
6 m.p.h.
10. 1
T V 11. 7:8. 14. 2000 ft./sec.
15.

Examples II. Page n.

2
1. 2 ft./sec. ;
605 ft. ;
60 m.p.h. 2. 4 ft./sec. 2 5 sec&. ;

3. 13 ft. 4. 110 ft. further 20 sees. ;

5. 544$ ft. ; 33v/2=46'7 f.p.s. 7. 7i/.

8. (i) (v-w)/t. (ii) J(
9. 21 ft. from the last position ;
after $ sec.
10. 7J f.p.s. ; 51] f.p.s.
'

11. i ft. beyond 4$ ft. beyond B. '

;

13. 20 cm. /sec., 00 cin./sec.* 18. 319]} ft

19. 30 m.p.h. 316 m.p.h. ;

Examples III. Page 15.

1. (i) 196 ft. (ii) 7 sees. (iii) After 3 sees.
(iv) After 1 sec. and 6 sees. (v) After 8 sees.
2. 240 ft, 272 ft. ; 8*8 sees.
; 3. 224 ft./sec. ; 14 tecs.
4. I7jjfft. 5. After 6 sees. ; 648 ft. above bottom.
V

<>. 160 ft./sec. 2J sees. ; 7^ sees. ; 7. 68 5^ f.p.s. ; 306J$ ft.

8. 80 ft./sec.
10. 3J- SPCS N from the instant of throw of the first stone ;

84 above tho point of projection.

ft.

12. At a distance ./8 below B and \/ sfg sec. after tho start of the
second particle.
13. Osec-s. 14. 225ft. 15. 756J ft.-

Examples IV. Page 21.

2. 5% mi. /min.
2
; ^ mi./min. 2

3. 60 c-m./scc 2 80 cm./sce. 2 ; ;
2400 cm>cc. 2
a? ft. 2 2 2
4. /^c. 21 J f.p.s. 6. ; }J. ft./scc. , ^| ft./sec. ;
440 ft.
7. 10 min., 59' 25 sees.

REVISION QUESTIONS I.. Page 22

6. 60 m.p.h. ;
44 se.cs. ; 1936 ft. ; 8 sees.

9. !,,,,;JV.V>,,.. .0. i

11. -1^| min. 12. 2 A / A . 16. 1120ft./seo.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
II ELEMENTABY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples V* Page 30.

1. 5'36 Ib. wt. 2. 1694 ft. ;
154 sees. 3. 12*5 sees. ;
1250 ft.

4. 35 Ib. wt. 5. 9 poundals.

6. 141*4 cms. per sec. ; 165*1 *gm. wt.
J 8 2 *
5 8 ft./sec. 2 5 sees.
9 ft /sec sees, 10. ;
W-u>'
11. 13 Ib. wt. 12. 5f J tons wt. 13. 100 sees.
14, (i) 110 sees. (i) 22 sees. 546 sees.
15. 17-28 ft.

Examples VI. Page 36.

1. 89| Ibs. ; 110 Ibs. ; 130 Ibs. 2. Zero. 3. 12| Ibs. wt.
4. G 4 ft./sec. 2 ; 2| Ib. ; 4 Ib. ; zero. 5. 2/3 ft./sec.
6. 24-53 cm./sec2 . 7. 500 Ib. wt.

Examples VII. Page 40.

1. fog, 10}$ Ib. wt., 21ft Ib. wt. 2. 980 cm./sec 2 .

3. 30 Ib. orS^lb. 4. 10 Ib., 6 Ib.

5. 9 Ib. 9 oz., 6 Ib. 7 oz. 8'1 ;
!b. wt., 7'44 Ib. wt.
6.
9. V ft./scc.
8
, 204 ft., 3 sees., If Ib. wt., 2'42 Ib. wt.
a 1'97 Ib. wt., 2'79 Ib. wt.
10. |'f ffc./sec. ., 2-06 ft., 11-00 sec.,
2
11. 4 ft./sec. 12. lib. 13. 6|- ft. per sec. ; 2} in.

18. 3f J oz. wt. ; T46 sec.

19. (t) 6y Ib. wt. 1 s/39 ;
sec. (u) 7,\ Ib. wt. sec.

REVISION QUESTIONS II. Page 42.

2. 43 cwt. ;
1'61 tons wt.
3. 2 mins. 55}^ sees. 4. 8 sees, nearly.
2
5. 1-98 tons ; 138 sees. 7. | ft./sec.
9. 17$ stone wt. g/9 ; 13gr/72;flr/8. ;
11.
2
12. 7</, ?(/ ft./sec. ; ^wgr poundals.

Examples VIII. Page 47.

1 2 i5
3
/c*. 11. Io nearl.
12. 350 log, 2 soc. ; 2j$ miles.

Examples IX. Page 52.

1. 1. ft, 3 in. ; 1J ft./sec. 2. 2'86. ft. ;
13 ft./aoc. nearly.
3. 3 14 f.p.s. 2'7 f. 1 sec. 4. 2vt sec. ; 3\/2 in. per soc.
; p.s.,
5. ]GMt>c. ; 16-07 inches. 8. 3 V4'24 ft./sec. ; 0' 17.
11. 6rc-=l8-8"> f.p.s. ; OCR, 333 Ib. wt. m-iuly. 12. J rr.

17. -i 1,0. 18. 57t 2

/16(/. 19. SsTOS, 28-02 poimdttls.
20. 30\/!7/Tt-=54 nearly.. 22. n/3?/.
23. 3-14 sec. ; 5ft. ; 10 f.p.s., 20 ft./sec 2 .
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
ANSWERS III

Examples X, Page 60.

2. sec., f. 3. 7T/V6 sec. 4.

1^ p.s.
2n\/
a n n o * ** 1

_ 6in + .
6 - s '
-; sec sec -
_
8. IT Vaw*/A , VA/m.
10. 1-19 ft.; | Vi5=6'19 f.p.s., 78 4 ft./sec
2
.

Examples XI. Page 63.

T
L w= f.
a ,. 2ir ___
2
11.
^v^ -**; -ip
4ir
12. 6U4 13. era. /sec.
ni.p.h. nearly. -y-sec., 5\/y
REVISION QUESTIONS III. Page 63.

r <

'"
L A"""" 4A
Examples XII. Page 71.

1. 28*35 f.p.s. at tan"" 1 - with the car's direction of motion.

2tl *

3. 1-73 3 m.p.h.
; 4. 7 m.p.h.
5. =
At 90+sin~ 1 f 143 8' with hid own direction of motion.
7. 30 North of West 10v/3 m.p.h. ;

8. 28-57 min. nearly, ; nearly 30"5 East of South.

.
12. v >
At 30 with
?/
;
-- v v
==-
Vu v
14. QP ; 6 min.
at right angles. ;

15. V351 PQ. 17. 20, 17'32 f.p.s. at 30 to the horizon.

18. 60V3 m.p.h. ;
at 30' to the horizon.
Examples XIII. Page 76.
1. 16ft./sec. 4. 4:3.
6. 1 :
W2-1) ;
1 : 3 ;
1 : 3 : 5. 7. 1 in 48.

8. V</F; Vgh. ;

10. At a distance of |th length of the plane from the bottom ; 32 ft.

12. 2182| yds., 43'25 f.p.s.

13. 3220 Ib. wt. ; 1801 T T5 ft. 14, |^6 ft./sec.
lu. 13 ft. 4 in. 16. 26 Ib. 10 oz. 17. 4 5 ; 11 : 19. :

18. (a) 5, 2*. 3| Ib. wt. (6) 2J sec., 60 ft. 20. 30. 21. 2ft.
22. The rad'iuB through the point makes 60 with the vertical.
Examples XIV. Page 80.
1. 16>/5 ft./sec. ; 80 ft./sec. 2. 5 ft. 3. 4 ft./sec. ;
2 sees.

C. \^/5 sec. ; W^ ft. per sec. 7. TT

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
fV ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS
9 yo _Q
8. The larger mass descends with acceln. g ; the masses do

not move. n
9.
276W3 ,

yds.
oD

REVISION QUESTIONS IV. Page 81.

V 2
4. sin"" 1
2712"*
8- (
jL==:
(
m6n *
M}jtn cos 0.

Examples XV- A. Page 91 .

1. (t) 72 ft. (it) 200 ft. (Hi) 98 ft. ; 15, 75.

2. 80VTT<^ 48\/n~6 ft./sec. 3. 1 :
<v/3 ; equal.
5. (6) 5 sec., 692-8 ft,, 100 ft., 400 ft. 6. 60^3 ft.
11. 4'33 sees. ; 25 yards. 12. (a) 2400 ft./sec. (6) 192 ft.
13. 2' 12 ft. 14. 27 T3T m.p.h.
17. ,With a velocity 10*s/10 ft./sec. at tarr 1 3 with the horizontal.

Examples XV-3. Page 94.

1. 57'7, 55-4, 56 ft./sec. ; \ sec.

2 34
2. (t;
2t;'sin <*. gt+g*t*)^ ; 2(v sin *.gt)[g. 7. ft,

9. v=

Examples XVI. Page 98.

f =56
1 1
1. 45, tan- 18' ;
450 ft., 4I5'4 ft. 2. 45, tan- 3.

4. tan- 1 f . 8. 32 ft./sec., after sec. ;

24 ft./sec.

9. V8oy. 12. 20 ft. 16. 13 4 ft.

19. 2 21. 14*6 ft. from the nearest wall 50'6 f.p.s.
^/ v +2gh.
;

26. 86-5 f.p.s. ;

170'64 f.p.s.

Examples XVII. Page 104.

1. 4'3 sec. ;
300 ft. 2. 64 yds. ;
192 yds.
4. 3333*33 ft; 5. 12P42 yds., 52 with the vertical.
10. tan^ 1 \.

Examples XVIII. Page in.

135 90 sees. 2. -
3 min. 10.
^x*^tf.
1. ; r.p.s. ;
^
Examples XIX* Page 116.

1. Ib. wt. 2. 3'02 gra. wt. 3. 18'5 Ib. wt.

2}
4. 47'4 ft./sec. . 5. 1
T ^
ton. wt. 0. 231 Ib. wt.

7. 3. 9. 480/Tr r.p.m. 10. V2aj.

11. 1-346 ft. ;
16-61 Ib. wt.

Examples XX. Page 119.

1. 13 J Ib. wt. 2. 3 Ib. 6 oz. wt. nearly. 3. 48.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
ANSWERS V

5. 41 r.p.m. nearly-; 0*115 Ib. wt.

8. (i) 12 cm. ; 81 cm. per sec. nearly, (ii) 32 gm. wt. nearly.
(tit) 2 r.p.s.
9. m(g-2v*l3l). 18. (t) 7*7 Ib. (ii) 1085 Ib.

Examples XXI. Page 126.

1. tan-VAV 2. 1'65 tons wt.

6. 22*4 Ib. wt. nearly ; 4^2 ft. from projection of the centre on
the ground.
7. 1120, 336, 117 Ib. wt. nearly.
8. 12-7, 12'5 m.p.h. 9. 3'44 inches.
14. 268-8, 1971-2, 2508'8 Ib. wt. ;
36 ft.

Examples XXII-A. Page 134.

1. 30 m.p.h. 3. 81-82 m.p.h., 6 times the weight of the pilot.

4. 403 ft., 24 f.p.s. 37$ ft.5. 6. [2a0(3

8. With a velocity |
W.
V%ag at tan" 1
"

10. 120.
Wl with the horizontal.
9. V3gl ; f 11. (20+9\/2)w:.
12. V2a<7, Vzag. ft., 14. 6*3 6*8 ft.

16. 30 Ib. wt. ; Jth of the length of the string.

18. The particle leaves the circle at a height $a above the lowest
point.
20. 12ft./sec.,ft,
Examples XXIII. Page 141.
1. 39*03 inches, 99'3 cm. 2. 324 ft. nearly ;
6 36 ft.

3. 4'32. 6. Shortened by 1'77 mm.

9. 32*2 ft./scc*. 10. Gains 270 sec. 11. f}2$J. 12.
13.
15.
16.
Loses 16-36 soc..
1030 yds. nearly, 5 sees, per day.
jf mile. *17. 1%.
*
14. 108 sees.

2Q.2nVmb/F.
_
Examples XXIV. Page 149.
1. 2 pcmmbils, 182 ft. Ib. 2. 700ft. Ib.
7T
3. 50 f.p.s. 4. 12 ft. poundals ; ,
sec.
&\f 2i

JO. 3750ft. Ib. 13. 1,614,000ft. Ib.

Examples XXV-A. Page 153.

2
1. 12f>H.P. 2. /sV ft./scc 24/4 m.p.h. .
;

3. 8,", H.P., 9*57 H.P. 4. 3413'C64 H.P.

fi. (572 ; 90 m.p.h. 0. 11^, H.P.
7. 28-04 H.P. 8. 53 nearly.
9. 1 3'4 m.p.h. nearly 10. 18,? m.p.h.
11. 1-168 ft./scc 2 . 12. 12 m.p.h. ; l$\ ft./soc 2 .

13. 2112 m.p.h.

14. 124.% Ib. wt., 905 ft H.P. ;
189 ft./scc.*
' 2
19. 50 m.p.h. 20. 435} H.P., T 7% ft./scc .

8
21. 500 490 H.P.
; 22. 14|, 2032] ft., 34 T 3 m.p.h.
23.
.> / O V, M
+ wa; i.P. 21. 14225 Ib. wt. ; 1517] H.P.
https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
VI ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples XXVI-A. Page 159.

1. 40,00,000 ft. Ib. ; 500 hours. 2. 24'8. 3. 8 ft. Ib. ;
32 hours.
4. 25 ft. Ib, ; 2. 6. y"? V$ V3. : : 7. 1010 Ib. wt.
8. 8f inches. 9. 1020'94 H.P.

Examples XXVI-B. Page 165.

5. (i) 3 ft., (ii) 8V6 ft./seo. 8. VT 8
r (5 3^/2)00-
Examples XXVII-A, Page 168.

1. 104 cwt. 2. (i) 5 Ib. wt. (ii) 200 Ib. wb.

3. (i) 9 Ib. wt. (ii) 204 Ib. wt. 4- 13*13 Ib. wt.
6. 26-64 Ib. wt. : 9'59 Ib. wt. 7. 39'39 Ib. wt.
8. 5 units ; 15J Ib. wt. 9. 15 Ib. wt.

Examples XXVH-B. Page 173*

1. 4f.p.s. 2. 3160|^ ft. Ib.
3. 26*9 m.p.h. in a direction making 21 48' with the cross road.
4. 1600 ft. /sec., 2020 fc. tons.
5. 4-58 Ib. wt. nearly. 7. 1 ton.

Examples XXVIH. Page 176*

2. 2 ft. 9 in., 1'68. sec. 4. 4 ft., 4 oz. wb., ^15 sec.

5. 2v*/g, Zmv/g, 2i>/V 3 - 7. 58'8 f-P-S., 2 in.
10. 3971f Ib. wt., 1714^ ft. Ib. 12. 772 x/10 f.p.s.

16.
n(nl)S
-^JT-BCO. ;
- - ;r
V
;
n l
.

17. 2035-42 f.p.s. ;

964'58 f.p.s.

REVISION QUESTIONS VHI. Page 181.

3. 105 sec., 73^ f.p.s., 7 H.P. 4. 0'21.

12. VV -2 v.ga.
2

16. The integer ju S t> , ; 4, 2-48 ft, Ib.

Examples XXX. Page 186.

1. 1 f.p.s., 3 f.p.s. 2. 4^ ft- Ib., I

3. 32*7 f.p.s., 7*8 f.p.s. ;
both reversed ; 47'8 ft. poundals.
5. (l+2e) : 1. 8. | ; 4'57 ft, Ib.

9. 2 f.p.s. reversed ; { ; 5| ft. Ib. 10. 75 ft. ; 2 '79 sees.

13. 123ft. 14. TV*. 18. 4 ft./sec. (approx.).
21. 0, %d ; {d, T\d, d being the diameter.

Examples XXXI. Page 192.

1. 6s/3 ft. per sec. at 60 to the line of centres.
2. 5 the line of centres, 25 in a direction making
-1along
f.p.s. f.p.s.
tan ^ with the lino of centres.

4. 4*27 f.p.s. at tan" 1 - lr uo the line of centres ;

2-65 f.p.s. at tan" 1 -^ to the line of oentres. 6.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
ANSWERS VII

7. The first ball comes to rest, the second moves with e times
the original velocity of the first.

Examples XXXH-A. Page 196.

1. 433 Ib. ft. sec. ; tan-^/s/S) with the plane.

2. 30 3. 30, 45. 4. O91.
6. m V2^H(l + VfT/h). 7. 14'4 3 sees.

8. ,
-
u*
r ;
2u(le
~ -~ n
)
;
_ -
ft.,

Examples XXXIV. Page

1. 55 f.p.s. at tan"" 1 I with the rear of the train.

2. tiin
~1
^J~yj7r
33 5 '
m -* ts nearly. 3. 38 f.p.s. nearly.

4. At 60 with the man's direction of motion.

5. 50 ft./sec. at tan"" 1 f with the railway line.
6. 20 m.p.h. at 120 with the direction of motion of one of them.

7. 28 m.p h. at tan" 1 with the direction of motion of the fir*t

"-J

car.
H. 20-16 in.p.h.. :t ]:iO 0' \>ith the direction of the cyclist.
9. Atlan- f'Sof W. 1

10. 13 m.p. h. nearly sit tun- 1 "-north of <>;^t,

t
nv uw sin cn+vw cos
-------- a
---
12. tan" 1 5- .

?r*-f-M?f; cos a nr sin a

13. 25*4 m.p.h. from the right rear at 9 3' \vith the direction of
motion of the car. 14. 5' 06 m.p.h. from ti.K.
1.1. From the direction tan" 1 .}
E of .V.

l. J mile. 20. J04 yards (appmx.).

21. siir 1 }? niotli of east ; (t)
t ;
10 ft ./see. (H) 2i sees.
22. 188-50 m.p.h. ; ^10 miles.
24. \\v or v according as the points are moving in the opposite or
in tlie same direction Nvhcnithey are at the ends of a diameter
25. 29 ft./sec. nearly. 28. 110'85 f.p.s., perp. to the incline.

Examples XXXV. Page. 215.

2. g(M+m co.s 2 a).
N/S^Ub.wt. ;i.

4. The wedge must be moved with aeeeleration f/

tan a ;

n*rj sec a.
11. 11-9 Ib. ft. sec. IL>. Xero. 2'filb. wt.. 32 ft.

D) Auain^t the direction of motion.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
 Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz
VIII ELEMENTARY ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Examples XXXVI. Pageaai.

1. 2*5 sees.
3. Prom the hypotenuse BO, cut off BP equal to the horizontal
side BA, and join AP.
4. Measure from the lowest point along the hypotenuse a length
equal to the horizontal side.
10. Inclined at 60 with the axis in each case.

11. Inclined at cos~ l 1^1

with nin<jwi. axis
nr*v*i major CV.A.I.O
;
j
e=
j>~ - - -

12. A circle passing through the lowest point of the given circle
and touching it there.

Examples XXXVIII. Page 230.

7
1. 21 T T 2. 1-348 Xl0 erg8. 3. 7 V 4.
.
,5,
f>. J sec.9-68 ft.
. 6. 4jft., If sec.
7. 1 lb., 10 ft., { st. 8. 6 gm., if cm.
9. 30 lb., 6-4 f.p.s. 10. 600 ft. 7 s-c. (
1200 Ih
14. Power.

https://t.me/pdf4exams
Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

https://t.me/pdf4exams
Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

https://t.me/pdf4exams
Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

https://t.me/pdf4exams
Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

https://t.me/pdf4exams
Downloaded from https://t.me/civilsbuzz

https://t.me/pdf4exams