Volume 6, Issue 4, April – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Development of a GSM-Based Smoke Detector and

Temperature Monitoring System for
Preventing Fire Outbreak
Giwa A.B 1 , Familusi T.O 2 and Adeniyi O. 3
1
Department of Physics, The Federal University of Technology Akure
2
Science, Laboratory and Technology Department, Osun State Polytechnic Iree, Nigeria
3
Department of Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

Abstract:- Fire outbreak is one of the most deadly assets are kept (Elbehiery H., 2012; Sen K., et. al., 2015 and
disasters affecting lives and properties all over the world. Mori H., 2016).
It has rendered many people homeless with others
completely deformed. Therefore efforts must be geared With the progression of human development, fire-
towards curtailing the disaster. This research depicts the wellbeing has been a superb concern. Fire dangers can be
design of a smoke detector and temperature monitoring lethal and criticizing for industrial and household security,
with microcontroller-based system by utilizing the GSM also forbidden for human existence. The most ideal
Module. The utmost aim of this research is for safety approach to decrease these misfortunes is to react to the
where it major importance lies in avoiding the fire crisis circumstance as fast as could really be expected. Due
accidents or explosion occurrence in households and its to these stated reasoning, there comes the need of standalone
environment. It operates using Arduino Uno autonomous fire detection systems. In a deadly
Microcontroller board in conjunction with ATmega328 circumstance, early recognition and quicker alarm will yield
chip. The core controller chip utilize is the ATmega328 lesser misfortunes of property and life (Li et. al., 2012). A
which controls the household temperature notification fire or smoke alert system can be observed locally in the
subjected to the temperature sensor. A thermistor-based premises, or distantly at an inaccessible spot according to
temperature sensor is used in sensing the heat from the necessity.
fire. A notification message will be delivered to the
specified personnel using short message service (SMS) The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new correspondence
via GSM module. When the system senses the pre-set perspective that imagines a near future, where the objects of
temperature value or more, it instantly displayed a regular daily existence will be equipped with
warning notification on LCD display and simultaneously microcontrollers, transceivers for digital communication,
sends an SMS alert to the users. This research will help and reasonable convention stacks that will make them ready
users to expand their safety standards by having speedy to speak with each other and with the clients, turning into an
response so as to prevent fire accidents. This will indispensable piece of the Internet. The IoT idea
eventually allow the users to protect their lives as well as subsequently, targets making the Internet much more vivid
properties from the disaster. and unavoidable. Moreover, by empowering simple access
and connection with a wide assortment of gadgets, for
Keywords:- Internet of Things, Electromagnetic Radiation, instance, home appliances, cameras, monitoring sensors,
Smoke, Temperature Monitoring. displays, vehicles, etc, the IoT will develop the headway of
different applications that use the conceivably tremendous
I. INTRODUCTION amount and grouping of data made by such gadgets to offer
new sorts of help to occupants, associations, and public
Among the habitually happening disasters in associations. This perspective for sure discovers application
structures, fire flare-up is known to be the most hazardous in a wide range of areas, like home mechanization, modern
misfortune that could cause annihilation of lives and robotization, clinical guides, versatile medical care, car,
properties (Chun-yuan L., 2011 and Faris M., et. al., 2014). traffic managee, and numerous others (Valan M., et. al.,
Fire calamity is known to be intermittent, dangerous and 2013; and Valan M., et. al., 2014 ).
most powerful misfortune contrasted with different risks.
With the quick advancement of metropolitan development, II. METHODOLGY
the event likelihood of the incredible fire and other
uncommon fiasco additionally expanded step by step. A. Basic Block Diagram of a GSM-Based Smoke Detector
Flames in the early identification and early caution are two and Temperature Monitoring System
significant approaches to extinguish the fire quickly and stay The development of GSM based smoke detector and
away from extraordinary setbacks and property misfortune. temperature monitoring system mainly consists of Flame
Subsequently, the condition of setting clever alarm sensor, Thermistor based temperature sensor, GSM Module,
framework is significant inside structures particularly in the buzzer, DC power supply and components such as
structures where numerous individuals live or important transistors, capacitors and switch as shown in Figure 1.

IJISRT21APR477 www.ijisrt.com 747

Volume 6, Issue 4, April – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
When the operation of the system begins, the temperature 1 1 1 𝑅
𝑇
= 𝑇 + 𝐵 ∗ ln (𝑅 ) (1)
sensor and the flame sensor will keep sensing the 𝑂 𝑂

surrounding temperature and the presence of smoke.

Whenever there is rise in room temperature i.e. the If the voltage from source voltage divider and the Vref
temperature values goes beyond the threshold value of the are the same, you don’t need to calculate 𝑅𝑂 or find 𝑅 to
specified temperature programmed in the code, the pin to estimate the temperature. Writing the equation for the
which the buzzer is connected becomes high and produces thermistor resistor in terms of ratio of ADC values;
sound. The microcontroller on the Arduino UNO board will
𝑎𝑑𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑥
command the GSM module to transmit alert message 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑂 (( ) − 1) (2)
𝑎𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙
according to the software code uploaded into the
microcontroller to the user, a SMS will be delivered right
Then,
away to the specified personnel to inform the personnel 𝑎𝑑𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑥
about the existence in the increase in the temperature of the 𝑅𝑂(( )−1)
1 1 1 𝑎𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙
household and to the authorized personnel. The proportional = + ∗ ln ( ) (3)
𝑇 𝑇𝑂 𝐵 𝑅𝑂
output signals from either the smoke detector or the
temperature sensor transmits a proportional analogue signal
to the microcontroller which will transform the proportional 𝑅𝑂 cancelled out, which leaves;
output signals into processed data. The processed data will
be displayed on the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and it 1 1 1 𝑎𝑑𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑥
= + ∗ ln (( ) − 1) (4)
displays the temperature. When the temperature reduces 𝑇 𝑇𝑂 𝐵 𝑎𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙
below the threshold value or when the smoke detector is not
sensing any smoke, the signals become low and the normal Taking the reciprocal of the result to get the
condition is displayed on the LCD. temperature in kelvin;

𝑎𝑑𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑥
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑂 + 𝐵 ∗ ln (( 𝑎𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙 ) − 1) (5)

The value of T in equation 3.4 gives the temperature

value of the environment in Kelvin (K)

Figure 1: Basic Block Diagram of Instrument

B. Sensing unit: Temperature, flame sensor and the

software development

i. Temperature
The thermistor based temperature sensor is categorized
under the Thermo-resistive temperature sensors which Figure 2: circuit diagram of the Temperature sensor
utilizes an NTC thermistor for measuring temperature. They
are resistors whose resistance value changes with change in ii. Flame sensor
temperature. The sensor is capable of reading temperature in The flame sensor comprises of an electronic circuit
the range of −55 𝑡𝑜 + 125℃ with an accuracy of ± 0.5℃ with an electromagnetic radiation receiver. They use the IR
with an operation voltage of 3.3 𝑉 and 5 𝑉 operation. To get flame flicker technique, which permits the sensor to operate
the temperature value, Steinhart-Hart equation could be through a layer of oil, water, vapor, dust or ice. They are
utilized. activated when they receive electromagnetic radiation from
one or more define wavelength according to their design in
the UV or infrared spectrum.

IJISRT21APR477 www.ijisrt.com 748

Volume 6, Issue 4, April – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165

Figure 3: circuit diagram of the Flame Sensor

iii. Software development

The software utilized in this research is based on the
flow chart in figure 4. When the system begins, the
thermistor based temperature sensor will consistently detect
the encompassing temperature. Whenever there is rise in
temperature, thermistor based temperature sensor can detect
the temperature value instantly. At the time when the
temperature reaches 40°C or above, microcontroller on the
Arduino UNO board will command the GSM module to
send a notification SMS to the specified personnel. Value of Figure 5: Pseudo code for the GSM based smoke detector
temperature limit that can trigger the thermistor based and temperature monitoring system established from the
temperature sensor can be altered in the programming code flow chart
upon request by the specified personnel. The limit is not
constrained to any value since the thermistor based III. TESTING AND EXAMINATION
temperature sensor sensitively detect the encompassing
temperature with regards to the temperature range it can Performance of the Developed Instrument
count (- 55°C to +150°C). During blistering climate in The developed GSM-based smoke detector and
Nigeria, the temperature can reach up to practically 38°C. temperature monitoring system performance evaluation was
Consequently, the limit temperature to be distinguished; also carried out. The soldering iron was plug to a socket
40°C is definitely agreeable in accordance to the Nigeria’s with 220 V and the temperature of the soldering iron was
weather. Figure 4 and 5 illustrates the flow chart of the monitored. The hot soldering iron was brought close to the
GSM based smoke detector and temperature monitoring sensor. As the temperature rises beyond the threshold value,
system and the pseudo codes it represents for the project the thermistor based temperature sensor was set triggered
respectively. By referring to both figures, the complete which activates its analog pin on the microcontroller. As the
program can be executed in Arduino IDE software. microcontroller receives a proportional signal from the
thermistor-based temperature sensor, then in turn activates
the GSM module to be online. The GSM module sent
message to the phone number(s) inputted in the programing
code. Likewise for the flame sensor, pieces of paper were
set on fire. The flame from the pieces of paper was brought
closer to the flame sensor and the result carried out was the
same. The developed instrument was programmed to detect
“IF” the temperature of the environment goes beyond the
threshold value “OR” the presence of flicking flame, at least
one condition among the two conditions should be met
before it should trigger the GSM module to send SMS to the
appropriate personnel. Limited examination was established
to observe the system’s response. The examination
Figure 4: Flowchart of the GSM based smoke detector and established was applying heat near to the thermistor based
temperature monitoring system temperature sensor. Figure 6 shows the condition which the

IJISRT21APR477 www.ijisrt.com 749

Volume 6, Issue 4, April – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
thermistor based temperature sensor is in ready mode to
detect fire. Figure 7 reveals the SMS received by the
specified personnel when there is increase in the
encompassing temperature as notified by the system. Figure
8 shows when the thermistor based temperature sensor
detects fire and a notification message appeared on the LCD
display. While figure 9 displays the situation after the fire
expunged

Figure 9: Displays the situation after the fire expunged.

IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

i. Conclusion
In conclusion, the GSM-based Smoke detector and
Temperature monitoring system developed shows good
Figure 6: When the thermistor based temperature sensor is response and the performance excellent. It is a low-cost and
in ready mode to detect fire. medium coverage method of identifying, alarming and
controlling fire and fire related incidents in the household.
The unpredictable situation or critical situation could occurs
in the household without the personnel’s’ notice. It utilizes a
natural innovation and exploits SMS abilities to accomplish
its proposed objective viably. This system would save cost,
provide reliable services and instantly alert to the personnel
in charge, thereby reducing (or even eradicating) loss of
lives and property. Its applications range from the normal
family setting even to huge modern conditions, presenting
enormous adaptability. The capacity to distinguish warmth
or high temperature is verifiable on account of the utilization
of thermistor based temperature sensor in this research. This
gadget can be applied in changed zones because of its
adaptability and straightforwardness in dealing with houses,
offices, schools, dormitories, lodging ventures, plants,
vehicle businesses and a lot more territories which are
Figure 7: SMS received by the specified personnel when identified with the group, individuals or valuable things.
there is increase in the encompassing temperature as notified Users can simply apply the device in their interested area to
by the system protect the area from the existence of fire. At whatever point
the temperature arrives at the cutoff (40°C), the gadget will
quickly caution the specified personnel by sending a
notification message via GSM. This will cause the clients to
get mindful of the hazardous circumstance and can without
much of a stretch keeps it from occurring by fast
anticipation (use fire douser, call fire fighters and so on)

ii. Recommendation
After carrying out this research work, the following
recommendations were made based on the limitations
encountered during the implementation face of the study.
 Multiple sensors could be incorporated purposely to
cover more extensive region, or sensor with higher reach
inclusion could be created with the end goal of the
Figure 8: When the thermistor based temperature sensor research work.
detects fire and a notification message appeared on the LCD  Fire sealing the framework would be prescribed to
display forestall harms to equipment parts.

IJISRT21APR477 www.ijisrt.com 750

Volume 6, Issue 4, April – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
 A better and less harming strategy could be executed
towards quenching fire and controlling fire occurrences

REFRENCES

[1]. Elbehiery, H., (2012), “Developed intelligent fire

alarm system”. Journal of American Science, vol 8,
Issue 8: 1016-1025.
[2]. H Mori, (2016), “Configuration-Free Propagation
System for Early Fire Alerts”.
[3]. K Sen, J Sarkar, S Saha, A Roy, D Dey, and S
Baitalik,(2015) “Automated Fire Detection and
Controlling System,” Int. Adv. Res. J. Sci. Eng.
Technol., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 34–37.
[4]. L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito, (2010),”The
internet of things: A survey,‖Comput.Netw”, vol. 54,
no. 15, pp. 2787–2805.
[5]. L Chun-yuan, (2011), “Design of Intelligent Fire
Alarm System Based on GSM Network,” zo. Iceoe,
pp. 393–396
[6]. Li, J.H., Zou, X.H. and Lu, W. (2012), “The Design
and Implementation of Fire SmokeDetection System
Based on FPGA”, Proceedings of the 24th Control and
Decision Conference, Taiyuan, pp. 3919-3922.
[7]. M Faris, M Fuzi, A F Ibrahim, M. H. Ismail, N.
Syakira, and A. Halim, (2014), “HOME FADS : A
Dedicated Fire Alert Detection System Using ZigBee
Wireless Network,” pp. 53–58.
[8]. M.Valan Rajkumar, P.S.Manoharan, (2013).
“Harmonic Reduction of Fuzzy PI Controller based
Three-Phase Seven-level DCMLI with SVPWM for
Grid Connected Photovoltaic System”, Journal
International Review on Modeling and Simulations,
Volume 6, No 3, Pages 684-692.
[9]. M.Valan Rajkumar, P.S.Manoharan, (2014), “Space
Vector Pulse Width Modulation of Three Phase
DCMLI with Neuro-Fuzzy MPPT for Photovoltaic
System”, World Journal of Modelling and Simulation,
Volume 10, No 3, Pages 193-205. 6

IJISRT21APR477 www.ijisrt.com 751