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Optimal System of Operation Power Systems

The document discusses optimal system operation of power systems including economic dispatch and unit commitment. It describes the objectives of minimizing total generation costs while satisfying load and losses. Methods for determining fuel costs and heat rates of generators are provided.

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venkat raj
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49 views10 pages

Optimal System of Operation Power Systems

The document discusses optimal system operation of power systems including economic dispatch and unit commitment. It describes the objectives of minimizing total generation costs while satisfying load and losses. Methods for determining fuel costs and heat rates of generators are provided.

Uploaded by

venkat raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Optimal System of Operation Power

Systems
EE3006D/EE3006 Power Systems-II
Winter Semester 2020-21
Introduction
■ Optimal System operation involves: economy of operation, system security, emission at fossil
fuel plants, release of water at hydro generation, etc.
■ Objective of economic dispatch problem- to minimize the total cost of generating real power
while satisfying the load and the losses
■ Economic factor in power system operation-focus on allocation of real power at generator buses
■ Economic dispatch problem is to minimize the total cost of generating real power (production
cost) at various stations while satisfying the loads and the losses in the transmission links

■ Sub-divided into two parts


■ Unit Commitment
■ Load Scheduling
Optimal Operation of Generators
Operating Cost of Generator:
■ Total Operating Cost = Fuel Cost + Labour Cost + Maintenance Cost
■ Input-output of a generating unit specifies the input energy rate
Fi(Mkcal/h) or cost of fuel used per hour Ci(PGi) (Rs/h)
as a function of generator power output PGi
■ Heat energy (obtained by combustion of fuel) in
(MKcal) needed to generate one unit of electric energy (MWh)
Input-output curve
■ Generating unit is most efficient at the minimum heat rate
which corresponds to a particular PGi
Input–output curve can be determined experimentally

Input–output curves in terms of input energy rate (MKcal/h) rather than fuel-cost per
hour (Rs/h) because fuel-cost can change monthly or daily in comparison with the fuel
energy used per hour or input energy rate at a given output power (generating unit Heat-rate curve
efficiency)
Optimal Operation of Generators
■ (MW)min is the minimum loading limit below which it is uneconomical (or may be technically
infeasible) to operate the unit and (MW)max is the maximum output limit
■ Heat-rate curve Hi(PGi) which is the heat energy (obtained by combustion of fuel) in (MKcal)
needed to generate one unit of electric energy (MWh)
■ Generating unit efficiency can be defined as the ratio of electric energy output generated to fuel
energy input
■ Generating unit is most efficient at the minimum heat rate which corresponds to a particular Pgi
■ Heat-rate varies with the output power PGi and the curve indicates the increase in the heat-rate (or drop in
efficiency) at low and high power limits
■ Input–output curve can be obtained from the heat-rate curve

■ Graph of Fi(PGi) is the input–output curve, input fuel-cost, Ci(PGi)

■ Input energy rate Fi(PGi) with positive coefficients in the form


Optimal Operation of Generators
■ Quadratic expression for fuel-cost Ci(PGi) with positive coefficient in the form

incremental fuel cost (IC), and is expressed in Rs/MWh.


■ arises because of the quadratic approximation for Ci(PGi)

■ Fuel-cost curve and the incremental cost curve may have a number of discontinuities
■ Discontinuities occur when the output power has to be extended by using additional boilers, steam
condensers or other equipment
■ Discontinuities appear if the cost represents the operation of an entire power station, so that cost has
discontinuities on paralleling of generators
Cost and incremental cost curves with discontinuities

A polynomial of suitable degree to represent the IC curve in the inverse form


P1. The heat rate of a 100 MW fuel-fired generator is 10 MKcal/MWh at 25% of rating
9 MKcal/MWh at 40% of rating, 10 MKcal/MWh at 100% of rating and the cost of the fuel is Rs 2 per MKcal.
Find
(a) C(PG)
(b) the fuel input rate (heat rate) and fuel cost when 25%, 50% and 100% loaded;
(c) the incremental cost in Rs/MWh;
(d) the approximate cost and the cost using the quadratic approximation in Rs/h to deliver 101 MW.

a’ = 1000/9,b’ = 40/9 and c’ = 2/45

Multiplying by PG, we get the fuel input rate F(PG) in MKcal/h and multiplying by the cost of fuel per
MKcal (Rs 2) we get fuel cost C(PG) as

Incremental cost
If the coefficient c’ is negligible, then the heat-rate may be further approximated by

For large values of PGi, the input energy rate Hi(PGi) ≈ b, a constant.

Optimal Operation
• A priori which generators are to run to meet a particular load
demand on the station
• A station with k generators committed and the active power
load PD given, the real power generation PGi for each
generator has to be allocated so as to minimize the total cost
Optimal Operation

Consider spinning reserve

■ Cost C is largely dependent on the real power generation PGi and is insensitive to reactive power
generation QGi
■ C i(PGi) is nonlinear, and Ci is independent of PGj (j ≠ i), this is a separable nonlinear programming problem

■ Problem can then be solved by the method of Lagrange multipliers, which is used for minimizing (or maximizing) a
function with side conditions in the form of equality constraints
Optimal Unit Commitment(UC):
■ Running all the available unit at all times-not economical
■ To determine how the units of a plant should operate for a particular load
■ Computational saving can be achieved by dynamic programming method
Dynamic Programming Method:
■ It can be used for computing the UC table, where combination to be tried are less and it is not
necessary to solve the coordination equation
■ Assumption:
Total no. of units available, individual cost characteristics and load cycle are
known prior
■ The advantage being, if we have obtained the optimal way loading K units, then we can
determine the optimum manner of loading (k+1) units
■ The cost function FN(x) be defined as follows:
– FN(x) = the minimum cost in Rs/hr of generating x MW by N units
– fN (y) = cost of generating y MW by the Nth unit
– FN–1(x – y) = the minimum cost of generating (x – y) MW by the remaining (N – 1) units

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