University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

C.M. Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Design, Installation, and Operation of the Fire Protection and Sprinkler System on
Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42)

ME45a – Fluid Mechanics

Submitted by:

Apa, Carls Eduard V.

Apa, Cedi Gani Carl V.

Labis, Carl Angelo B.

Pales, Kim Leonille T.

Sevilla, Nhoelle S.

Submitted to:

Antonio-Abdu Sami M. Magomnang D.Eng.

Date:

October 13, 2018

A.Y. 2018-2019

Executive Summary
 Contents of this Engineering Report is about the Design, Installation,
Maintenance and Operation of the Fire Protection and Sprinkler System of
Engineering Complex A (Bldg. 42) of University of Science and Technology of
Southern Philippines – Cagayan de Oro Campus, Cagayan de Oro City,
Philippines.

The building uses a wet pipe system as it is a light hazard occupancy

educational institution. The Fire pump capacity is 40 Hp. Jockey Pump capacity is
5 Hp. Cistern Tank capacity is 40 m 3 and the pipe sizing used are 100 mm, 65
mm, 38 mm, 30 mm and 25 mm.

The fire pump flow rate ranges from 200-5000 gpm. The pressure it can
supply is 40-490 psi and it is suitable for electric or diesel drives. The jockey
pump flow rate is 80-1000 gpm. The supplied pressure is 135 psi and is driven by
an electric motor.

The total cost of the fire protection and sprinkler system installation is
1,600,926 Php for the materials and quantities used including the labor. The
University loaned an amount of 1,600,926 Php with a rate of return of 9% within 1
year. So the total amount due is about 1,745,010 Php.

Acknowledgement
 This work would not have been possible without the valuable comments,
suggestions, advices, and guidance from Antonio-Abdu Sami M. Magomnang
D.Eng., Engr. Marvin V. Rosales, & Sir Joseph Allan Mañus who have been
supportive and who worked actively to provide us with all the available
information and resources to pursue these goals.

We are grateful to all of those with whom we have worked and have had
the pleasure to work during this and other related projects. Each of the members
of our group has provided extensive personal and professional guidance about
scientific research and life in general. We would especially like to thank Dr. Eliseo
Villanueva, PME for sharing his expertise and taught us more than we could
imagine. He has shown us, by example, what a good engineer should be.

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Historical Background 1

1.2 Subject of the Engineering Report 3

CHAPTER 2: ENGINEERING REPORT ON ENGINEERING COMPLEX A

(BLDG.42)

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Conceptual Framework 6

2.3 Statement of the Problem 7

2.4 Objectives of the Engineering Report 7

2.5 The Significance of the Engineering Report 8

2.6 Scope and Limitation 8

2.7 Definition of Terms in the Engineering Report 9

CHAPTER 3: THE GENERAL INFORMATION AND DESIGN PRESENTATION

3.1 General Information 14

3.2 Presentation of the Design 25

3.3 Equipment Selection 28

3.4 Detailed Hydraulic Calculations 29

3.5 Installation 45

3.6 Maintenance 45

3.7 Testing and Inspection 46

CHAPTER 4: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

4.1 Costs and Estimates of Material Supplies and Installations 47

4.2 Economic Analysis 50

CHAPTER 5: EVALUATION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Evaluation 51
5.2 Conclusion 51

5.3 Recommendations 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY 52

APPENDICES

A.1 Tables and Charts 53

 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Historical Background of University of Science and Technology of

Southern Philippines

The University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines is a

state university. In July 21, 2016, Republic act No. 10919 established the
University of Science and Technology of southern Philippines (USTP) that
amalgamated the Mindanao University Of Science And Technology (MUST) and
Misamis Oriental State College of Agriculture and technology (MOSCAT)
transferring its main campus to the 292 hectares in Alubijid, Misamis Oriental.

The University has a 7.3-hectare campus located along the highway at

C.M. Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City and a 101.37-hectare rich
agricultural land in Claveria campus. The University also has a satellite campus
in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental, Panaon and Oroquieta, Misamis Occidental.

Mindanao University of Science and Technology (MUST) has achieved its

university status on January 7, 2009 after a long journey from its humble
beginnings as a trade school in 1927.

The seed of MUST gained roots through the Pre-Commonwealth Act No.
3377 known as the Vocational Act of 1927. It was named as the Misamis Oriental
Trade School (MOTS) which catered to the elementary level only but eventually
in 1936, it opened a secondary four-year program.

In accordance to Republic Act No. 672 of 1952, MOTS became Mindanao

School of Arts and Trades (MSAT) offering trade technical curriculum. Later in
1970, the school was authorized by virtue of RA 3959 to offer Bachelor of
Science in Industrial Education and the Evening Opportunity Programs. In 1978,
Presidential Decree 1431 upgraded the institution to Don Mariano Marcos
Memorial Polytechnic State College. In 1991, it was renamed Mindanao
Polytechnic State College (MPSC) and it also gained a new function – provide
extension services.

The proposal to convert MPSC to MUST was presented in 1998, to the

constituents of the institution and the general public. But the bill failed to prosper
due to the moratorium on the creation of SUC`s in the country (1998), Senate
 2

adjournment (2003); and the bill named HB 4914 was filed during the 13 th
Congress but was not finalized.

In 2006, Cong. Rufus Rodriguez filed House Bill 4914. On October 3,

2008, the historic Senate Public Hearing happened at the university gymnasium
with Sen. Miguel Zubiri as the presiding officer. Eventually, the Senate and
Congress approved the bill in December 2008.

On January 7, 2009 Republic Act No. 9519 was signed by President

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo at the MUST Gymnasium. The occasion was graced by
senators, congressmen, local officials, civic organizations, GO`s, private sectors,
higher education institutions and stakeholders.

The Vision, Mission, and Mandate of University of Science and Technology

of Southern Philippines

Vision

A Nationally-recognized Science & Technology University providing the

vital link between education and the economy.

Mission

 Bring the world of work (industry) into the actual higher education and
training of students
 Offer entrepreneurs the opportunity to maximize their business potentials
through a gamut of services from product conceptualization to
commercialization; and
 Contribute significantly to the National Development Goals of food
security and energy sufficiency through technology solutions.

Articulation of Mandate

The USTP exists to contribute to the economic and social development of

the country through human capital formation and knowledge generation and
application by:

 Providing advanced education and training in critical areas in science,

technology, engineering, agriculture, and mathematics, and establish
 3

centers of excellence in these areas in order to strengthen the university’s

sphere of influence;
 Conducting basic, applied, and advanced research in various fields of
specialization;
 Creating a seamless environment for research and teaching, as well as
experiential learning for the students and faculty with the Involvement of
the business and industry thereby eliminating skills mismatch of
graduates;
 Providing timely and relevant technological solutions to pressing industrial
and societal problems with the involvement of faculty and students;
 Assisting in the development of technopreneurial undertakings to propel
economic enterprises at the grassroots level;
 Leading the establishment and creation of new Science and Technology
rooted in the practical solutions to global problems.

Objective

The objective of USTP is to be the leading university of science and

technology that caters different courses in sciences, mathematics, technology,
engineering and applied sciences.

1.2 Subject of the Engineering Report:

This Engineering Report may enlighten some designer engineers and

contractors, the effect of standard codes adopted which will ensure that it’s being
complied, and shall identify any steps in their critical activities in ensuring safety
standards procedures one identified, fully implemented, maintained and
reviewed. Moreover, this report gives importance for creating and providing
benefits for the safety of the building, employees and people transacting
business.

With this simple adherence to the standards and prerequisite system, this
design, installation, operation and maintenance of the fire protection and sprinkler
system may guarantee the most effective design within the frame work,
organizational set-up of the Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42).
 4

Global Coordinates:

Current Main Campus – CDO (8°29’8.5’’ N, 124°39’23.48’’ E)

 5

CHAPTER 2

ENGINEERING REPORT ON ENGINEERING COMPLEX A (BLDG.42)

2.1 Introduction

Automatic water sprinkler systems are considered to be the most effective

and economical way to apply water to suppress a fire. Fire safety is one area
where all the need to take preventive measures. For most fires, of course, water
is the most commonly used or ideal extinguishing agent, mainly due to the fact
that it is widely available and inexpensive. These are four (4) basic types of
sprinkler system: namely: a wet pipe system, a dry pipe system, a deluge system,
a pre-action system. These four (4) basic types of system differ in terms of the
most fundamental aspect on how the water is put into the area of the fire.

The hydraulic calculations, piping scheduling, pump specification, fire

cistern, tank design consideration are carefully undertaken to ensure a good
design of fire protection and sprinkler system are in accordance with the
practiced standards and codes. Such as the Philippine Mechanical Engineering
Code, National Building Code of the Philippines, Fire Code of the Philippines,
NFPA 13, Manufacturer Standard are carefully in the design process, installation,
operation and in the maintenance stage.

2.2 Conceptual Framework

Figure below shows the conceptual framework flow process guide in the
preparation of the hydraulic calculation and the engineering report.
 6

The Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42) parameters were taken from the

floor design plan while the sprinkler design parameters are based on the NFPA
standard requirements, Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) Standard of the
Philippines and the Philippine Mechanical Engineering (PME) Code. The process
of hydraulic calculation are based on the NFPA, BFP, and PME code standards
and computed by the proponent with the supervision of a qualified Professional
Mechanical Engineer.

2.3 Statement of the Problem

In the total system design of the Fire Protection and Sprinkler System to
be installed at the Engineering Complex A (Bldg. 42), the pipe scheduling and the
hydraulic calculation are most critical and command in the success of this design.
The answers to the following questions will help the proponent or the installer to
determine a desirable, reliable and economical design.

1. What design of fire protection and sprinkler system best suit in the
Engineering Complex A (Bldg. 42)?
2. What is the capacity of the pumps, fire cistern tank, pipe sizing
based on the hydraulic calculation?
3. What are the equipment/ machine specifications and lay-out plans
of fire protection and sprinkler systems?
4. What is the total cost and financial analysis of fire protection and
sprinkler system installation?

2.4 Objectives of the Engineering Report

The main objective of this engineering report is to have a complete design

process of plans for water-based fire protection systems for the Engineering
Complex A (Bldg.42).

More specifically, it will be able to:

1. Submit a complete Fire Protection System design that makes the

Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42) compliant to the building code of the
Philippines.
2. Identify the capacity of the pumps, fire cistern tank, pipe sizing based
on the hydraulic calculation and standards.
3. Identify the suitable fire protection system equipment and sprinkler
system specifications and lay-out plans based on standards.
 7

4. Determine the over-all cost in installing the fire protection system

design.

2.5 The Significance of the Engineering Report

With proper design and installation of a fire protection system, the building
users will be safe and its facilities can be save from fire disaster. This engineering
design report will benefit the Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42) users by means of
having a detailed Fire Sprinkler system design such as water-based fire sprinkler
system.

2.6 Scope and Limitation

The scope and limitation of the engineering report are based on the given
general information provided. The design considerations are based on the
Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) requirements and standards. Most of the
standards used are based on the Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code 2003,
and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 13)

In the basic design requirements, the proponent limits himself within the
given parameters of the Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42) and focus on the
design calculation standards.
 8

2.7 Definition of Terms in the Engineering Report

The following words and terms of this engineering report and as used
elsewhere have the meanings shown herein, is properly defined operationally to
make it meaningful and understandable.

Alarm Notification Appliance – a fire alarm system component such as a bell,

horn, speaker, light, or text display that provides audible, tactile, or visible
outputs, or any combination thereof.

Alarm Signal – a signal indicating an emergency requiring immediate action,

such as a signal indicative of fire.

Alarm Verification Feature – a feature of automatic fire detection and alarm

systems to reduce unwanted alarms wherein smoke detectors report alarm
conditions for a minimum period of time, or confirm alarm conditions within a
given time period. After being automatically reset, in order to be accepted as a
valid alarm-indication signal.

Annunciator – a unit containing one or more indicator lamps, alphanumeric

displays, or other equivalent means in which each indication provides status
information about a circuit, condition or location.

Audible Alarm Notification Appliance – a notification appliance that alerts

through the sense of hearing.

Automatic Sprinkler- as applied to fire protection devices, is a device or system

providing an emergency function without the necessity for human intervention
and activated as a result of a pre-determined temperature rise, rate of
temperature rise, or combustion products.

Automatic Fire Extinguishing System – an approved system of devices and

equipment which automatically detects a fire and discharges an approved fire-
extinguishing agent onto or in the area of a fire.

Automatic Sprinkler System – a sprinkler system, for fire protection purposes,

is an integrated system of underground and overhead piping designed in
accordance with fire protection engineering standards. The system includes a
suitable water supply. The portion of the system above the ground is a network of
specially sized or hydraulically designed piping installed in a structure or area,
generally overhead, and to which automatic sprinklers are connected in a
 9

systematic pattern. The system is usually activated by heat from a fire and
discharge water over the fire area.

Average Ambient Sound Level – the root mean square. A weighted sound
pressure level measured over a 24-hour period.

Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing System – a system supplying carbon dioxide

from a pressurized vessel through fixed pipes and nozzles. The system includes
a manual or automatic actuating mechanism.

Clean Agent – electrically non-conducting. Volatile, or gaseous fire extinguisher

that does not leave a residue upon evaporation.

Constantly Attended Location – a designated location at a facility staffed by

trained personnel on a continuous basis where alarm or supervisory signals are
monitored and facilities are provided for notification of the fire department or other
emergency services.

Deluge System – a sprinkler system employing open sprinklers attached to a

piping system connected to a water supply through a valve that is opened by the
operation of a detection system installed in the same area as the sprinklers.
When this valve opens, water flows into the piping system and discharges from
all sprinklers attached there.

Heat detector – a fire detector that senses heat produced by burning

substances. Heat is the energy produced by combustion that causes substances
to rise in temperature.

Dry Chemical Extinguishing Agent – a powder composed of small particles,

usually of sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, urea potassium based
bicarbonate, potassium chloride or mono-ammonium phosphate, with added
particulate material supplemented by special treatment to provide resistance to
packing resistance to moisture absorption (caking) and the proper flow
capabilities.

Emergency Alarm System – a system to provide indication and warning of

emergency situations involving hazardous materials.
 10

Emergency Voice/Alarm Communications – dedicated manual or automatic

facilities for originating and disturbing voice instructions as well as alert and
evacuation signals pertaining to a fire emergency, to the occupants of a building.

Fire Alarm Control Unit – a system component that receives inputs from
automatic and manual fire alarm devices and is capable of supplying power to
detection devices and transponders of off-premises transmitters. The control unit
is capable of providing a transfer of power to the notification appliances and
transfer of condition to relays of devices.

Fire Alarm Signal – a signal initiated by a fire alarm-initiating device such as a

manual fire alarm box, automatic fire detector, water-flow switch, or other device
whose activation is indicative of the presence of a fire or fire signature.

Fire Alarm System – a system or portion of a combination system consisting of

components and circuits arranged to monitor and annunciate the status of fire
alarm or supervisory signal-initiating devices and to initiate the appropriate
response to those signals.

Fire Appliance – apparatus or equipment provided or installed/ or use in the

event of an emergency.

Fire Area – the aggregate floor area enclosed and bounded by fire walls, fire
barriers, exterior walls, or fire-resistance rated horizontal assemblies of a bulding.

Automatic Fire Detector – a device designed to detect the presence of a fire

signature and to initiate action.

Fire Protection System – approved devices, equipment and system or

combinations of systems used to detect a fire, activate an alarm, extinguish or
control a fire, control or manage smoke and products of a fire or any combination.

Fire System Functions – building and fire control functions that are intended to
increase the level of safety for occupants or to control the spread of the harmful
effects of fire.

Foam Extinguishing System – a special system discharging a foam made from

concentrates, either mechanically or chemically, over the area to provide
protection.
 11

Halogenated Extinguishing System – a fire extinguishing system using one or

more atoms of an element from the halogen chemical series: fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, and iodine.

Impairment Coordinator – the person responsible for the maintenance of a

particular fire protection system.

Initiating Device – a system component that originates transmission of a change

of state condition such as in a smoke detector, manual fire alarm box, or
supervisory switch.

Manual Fire Alarm Box – a manually operated device sued to initiate an alarm
signal.

Multiple Station Alarm Device – two or more single station alarm devices that
can be interconnected such that the actuation of one causes all integral or
separate audible alarms to operate. It can also consist of one single station alarm
device having connections to other detectors or to a manual fire alarm box.

Multiple Station Smoke Alarm – two or more single station alarm devices that
are capable of interconnection such that the actuation of one causes all integral
or separate audible alarms to operate.

Nuisance Alarm – an alarm caused by mechanical failure, malfunction, improper

installation, or lack of proper maintenance, or an alarm activated by a cause that
cannot be determined.

Record Drawings – drawings that document the location of all devices,

appliances, wiring sequences, wiring methods, and connections of the
components of a fire alarm system as installed.

Single Station Smoke Alarm – an assembly incorporating the detector, the

control equipment, and the alarm sounding device in one unit, operated from a
power supply either in the unit or obtained at the point of installation.

Sleeping Unit – a room or space in which people sleep, which can also include
permanent provisions for living, eating, and either sanitation or kitchen facilities
but not both. Such rooms and spaces that are also part of a dwelling unit are not
sleeping units.
 12

Supervising Stations – a facility that receives signals and at which personnel

are in attendance at all times to respond to these signals.

Supervisor Service – the service required to monitor performance of guard tours

and the operative condition of fixed suppression system or other systems for the
protection of life and property.

Supervisory Signal – a signal indicating the need of action in connection with

the supervision of guard tours, the fire suppression systems or equipment, or the
maintenance features of related systems.

Supervisory Signal Initiating Device – an initiating device such as a valve

supervisory switch, water level indicator, low air pressure switch on a dry pipe
sprinkler system whose change or state signals an off normal condition and its
restoration to normal of a fire protection or life safety system; or a need for action
in connection with guard tours, fire suppression system or equipment, or
maintenance features of related systems.

Tires Bulk Storage – storage of tires where the area available for storage
exceeds 20,000 cubic feet (566 m3).

Trouble Signal – a signal initiated by the fire alarm system or device indicative of
a fault in a monitored circuit or component.

Visible Alarm Notification Appliance – a notification appliance that alerts

through the sense of sight.

Wet Chemical Extinguishing Agent – a solution of water and potassium

carbonate based chemical, potassium acetate based chemical or a combination
thereof, fanning an extinguishing agent.

Wireless Protection System – a system or a part of a system that can transmit

and receive signals without the aid of wire.

Zone – a defined area within the protected premises. A zone can define an area
form which a signal can be received, an area to which a signal can be sent, or an
area in which a form of control can be executed.
 13

CHAPTER 3

THE GENERAL INFORMATION AND DESIGN PRESENTATION

3.1 General Information

Codes require specific information to be provided as part of the sprinkler

plans to help the code enforcement officer ensure the sprinkler system meets all
applicable codes. Below are the basic information requirement considered in the
design framework:

1. Name of Owner: University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines
2. Name of Building: Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42)
3. Number of Storey: Seven (7) Storey Building
4. Building Location, including street address: C.M. Recto Avenue,
Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000
5. Site Location Map of Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42)
 14

6. Building Floor Plan Details

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
 24

Sprinkler Design per Floor

Blow-up detail & Pipe Rise diagram

25
26
 27

Sprinkler Head Details

 28

7. Type of Occupancy
 29

The Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42) is under the light hazards

classification based from section 6-4 of NFPA 13 or see Classification of
hazards.

8. Water Supply

The Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42) has its own water system

supply and hydrant. The main water system is connected in the Cagayan
de Oro Water District (COWD) and having a nearby Water Hydrant.

3.2 PRESENTATION OF THE DESIGN

A. Design Data Consideration

1. Basis of Design Standards :NFPA 13

:PSME Code 2003, Edition
2. Type of System :Wet-based Fire Protection System
3. Type/Classification of Occupancy :Educational
4. Hazard Classification :Light Hazard
5. Water Density :0.1 gpm/ft2 (PSME CODE)
6. Design Area of Sprinkler Operation :1500 ft2 (PSME CODE)
7. Coverage Area per Sprinkler :225 ft2 (NFPA 13)

8. Number of Sprinkler Heads :( 1500

225 )
=6.666666667≈ 7

9. Pipe Material :Commercial Steel

:Absolute Roughness (e): 0.045 mm
:Hazen-Williams “C” Value: 130
10. Orifice Size :5.6
11. Fire Hose :200 gpm
12. Dynamic Viscosity :0.000852 kg/m.s
13. Water Density :996.59 kg/m3
14. Engineering Formulas used :
:Colebrook’s Equation
1 e /d 2.51
√f
= -2.0log ( +
3.7 ℜ √ f )
 30

ρVD
Reynolds Number : Re =
μ

fL V 2 V2
Darcy-Weisbach Equation: (head loss) :HL =
2 gD
;K ( )
2g

10.67 L Q 1.85
Hazen-Williams Equation: (head loss) :HL =
C1.85 D 4.87

Pressure Drop :P = ρ ghL

P1 ( V 1 )2 P ( V )2
Bernoulli Equation : + + Z1 +hpump= 2 + 2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
+Z2+hloss

Where:

f =friction factor

e/d =pipe relative roughness

ρ =water density (kg/m3)

V =velocity (m/s)

D =diameter (m)

μ =dynamic viscosity (kg/m.s)

g =gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)

Q =volume Flow Rate (m3/s)

P1 =pressure at suction (KPa)

P2 =pressure at discharge (KPa)

 31

V1 =velocity at suction (m/s)

V2 =velocity at discharge (m/s)

Z1 =intake source elevation based on pump centerline (m)

Z2 =discharge elevation based on pump centerline (m)

HL =head loss (m)

Conversion factors:

1 in. =25.4 mm

1 ft. =0.3048 m

1 hp =0.7457 kW

1 gal =3.785 L

1L =0.001 m3
 32

3.3 Equipment Selection

Specifications :200 gpm - 5000 gpm

:40 - 490 psi

:Suitable for electric or diesel drives

:Approved/NFPA -20 design for commercial/ institutional building

Specifications :80-1000 gpm

:135 psi

:Electric Driven Motor

:Approved by NFPA-20 design for commercial/institutional building

3.4 Detailed Hydraulic Calculations

 33

Flow in Sprinkler Heads:

Qn=(gpm/sq.ft x coverage area per sprinkler) (gpm)

Qt=Qn(no. of sprinklers) (gpm)
= 0.1 x 225 =22.5 gpm
= 22.5 x 7 =157.5 gpm

Total Flow Rate:

Qfr=Qt + Fire Hose Flow rate (gpm)

= 200 + 157.5 =357.5 gpm

A. Pipe Longest Run:

Diameter *Coefficient of Length Flow Rate Gravitational

Hazen-Williams Acceleration
0.025 m 130 4.50 m 0.0030 m3/s 9.81 m/s2
0.03 m 130 5.0 m 0.0070 m3/s 9.81 m/s2
0.038 m 130 3.0 m 0.010 m3/s 9.81 m/s2
0.065 m 130 31.90 m 0.023 m3/s 9.81 m/s2
0.10 m 130 24.0 m 0.023 m3/s 9.81 m/s2
*Hazen-Williams coefficient from Table 23.4.4.7.1, NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of
Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition

Pipe Area *Absolute Velocity Reynolds Relative

Roughness Number Roughness
(e/d)
2
0.0005 m 0.000045 m 5.80 m/s 169,132 0.0018
0.0007 m2 0.000045 m 10.0 m/s 352,358 0.0015
0.001 m2 0.000045 m 8.80 m/s 389,448 0.0012
0.003 m2 0.000045 m 6.80 m/s 516,791 0.0007
0.008 m2 0.000045 m 2.90 m/s 335,914 0.00045
*Commercial Steel absolute roughness from Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications;
Cengel, Cimbala

*Friction Factor Head Loss Head Loss Pressure Drop Pressure Drop
(Darcy- (Hazen- (Darcy- (Hazen-
Weisbach) Williams) Weisbach) Williams)
0.0239 7.335 m 7.261 m 71, 708.4494 70, 986.61259
Pa Pa
0.0224 19.185 m 18.085 m 187, 564.5114 176, 811.3884
Pa Pa
0.0211 6.518 m 6.395 m 63, 720.79824 62, 521.91573
Pa Pa
 34

0.0187 21.61 m 22.686 m 211, 276.2795 221, 794.2565

Pa Pa
0.0178 1.796 m 2.094 m 17, 555.63239 20, 476.64972
Pa Pa
*Friction Factor from http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/civil/friction_factor

Total: 56.44 m 56.52 m 551, 825.671 552, 590.8229

Pa Pa

Valve Head Loss:

Type Diameter Flow Rate Pipe Area

Flow Gate Valve 0.10 m 0.023 m3/s 0.008 m2
Main Gate Valve 0.10 m 0.023 m3/s 0.008 m2
FP- Discharge Gate 0.10 m 0.023 m3/s 0.008 m2
valve
Swing Check Valve 0.10 m 0.023 m3/s 0.008 m2

Velocity *Coefficient of Equivalent Length Le/D

Hazen-Williams
2.872 m/s 130 0.823 m 8.230
2.872 m/s 130 0.823 m 8.230
2.872 m/s 130 0.823 m 8.230
2.872 m/s 130 6.7056 m 67.056
*Hazen-Williams coefficient from Table 23.4.4.7.1, NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of
Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition

Gravitational *KL Head Loss Head Loss Pressure Pressure

Acceleration (Darcy- (Hazen- Drop Drop
Weisbach) Williams) (Darcy- (Hazen-
Weisbach) Williams)
2
9.81 m/s 0.20 0.084 m 0.072 m 821.892902 702.1784467
Pa Pa
9.81 m/s2 0.20 0.084 m 0.072 m 821.892902 702.1784467
Pa Pa
9.81 m/s2 0.20 0.084 m 0.072 m 821.892902 702.1784467
Pa Pa
9.81 m/s2 2.0 0.84 m 0.585 m 8,218.92902 5,721.175932
Pa Pa
*Loss Coefficient KL from Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications; Cengel, Cimbala
 35

Total: 1.092 m 0.801 m 10,684.60773 7,827.711272

Pa Pa

Reducer Head Loss:

Type (m x m) Diameter In Diameter Out Flow Rate

0.03 m x 0.025 m 0.030 m 0.025 m 0.003 m3/s
0.038 m x 0.03 m 0.038 m 0.030 m 0.007 m3/s

Gravitational Pipe Area Velocity Diameter Ratio

Acceleration (Do/Di)
9.81 m/s2 0.0005 m 2
5.784 m/s 0.833
9.81 m/s2 0.0007 m2 10.04 m/s 0.789

*KL Head Loss (Darcy- Pressure Drop (Darcy-

Weisbach) Weisbach)
0.10 0.1705 m 1, 666.859253 Pa
0.15 0.771 m 7, 536.075181 Pa
*Loss Coefficient KL from Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications; Cengel, Cimbala

Total: 0.9415 m 9, 202.934433 Pa

Elbow/Tee Head Loss:

Type Quantity Diameter Flow Rate

Elbow 1 0.0380 m 0.0070 m3/s
Elbow 5 0.0650 m 0.010 m3/s
Elbow 1 0.100 m 0.020 m3/s
Tee 1 0.0650 m 0.010 m3/s

Pipe Area Velocity Equivalent Length Le/D

0.001 m2 6.26 m/s 1.524 m 40.11
0.003 m2 3.0 m/s 2.4384 m 37.51
0.008 m2 2.87 m/s 4.2672 m 42.70
0.003 m2 3.0 m/s 3.6576 m 56.30

*KL Head Loss Head Loss Pressure Drop Pressure Drop

(Darcy-Weisbach) (Hazen- (Darcy- (Hazen-Williams)
Williams) Weisbach)
 36

0.90 1.80 m 1.743 m 17, 564.99783 17, 043.53389

Pa Pa
0.90 2.06 m 1.903 m 20, 107.33751 18, 605.61563
Pa Pa
0.90 0.378 m 0.372 m 3, 698.518059 3, 640.74832 Pa
Pa

2.0 0.914 m 0.571 m 8, 936.594451 5, 581.684688

Pa Pa

*Loss Coefficient KL from Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications; Cengel, Cimbala

Total: 5.152 m 4.589 m 50, 307.44786 44, 871.58253 Pa

Pa

Therefore:

Pump Rating:

Darcy-Weisbach Hazen-Williams
28.875 kW 28.336 kW
38.70 Hp 38 Hp

Jockey Pump:

Darcy-Weisbach Hazen-Williams
2.888 kW 2.834 kW
3.90 Hp 3.80 Hp

Cistern Tank Capacity:

Volume 40.60 m3

Total Pressure Drop:

Darcy-Weisbach Hazen-Williams
622, 020.661 Pa 605, 290.1167 Pa

B. Detailed Manual Calculation:

Pipe Longest Run

Solution:
 37

π 2
Pipe Area :A = (d)
4

π
A1 @ 0.025 m diameter; (0.025 m)2 =0.0005 m2
4

π
A2 @0.030 m diameter; (0.03 m)2 =0.0007 m2
4

π
A3 @0.038 m diameter; (0.038 m)2 =0.001 m2
4

π
A4 @0.065 m diameter; (0.065 m)2 =0.003 m2
4

π
A5 @0.100 m diameter; (0.1 m)2 =0.008 m2
4

Velocity :V = Q/A

V1 = 0.003 / 0.0005 =5.80 m/s

V2 = 0.007 / 0.0007 =10.0 m/s

V3 = 0.01 / 0.001 =8.80 m/s

V4 = 0.02 / 0.003 =6.80 m/s

V5 = 0.02 / 0.008 =2.90 m/s

ρVD
Reynolds Number :Re =
μ

Re1 = 996.59 x 5.783683502 x 0.025 / 0.000852 =169, 132.0132

Re2 = 996.59 x 10.04111719 x 0.030 / 0.000852 =352, 358.3589

Re3 = 996.59 x 8.761639653 x 0.038 / 0.000852 =389, 448.7124

Re4 = 996.59 x 6.797063945 x 0.065 / 0.000852 =516, 792.2597

Re5 = 996.59 x 2.871759517 x 0.100 / 0.000852 =335, 914.9689

 38

1 e 2.51
Friction Factor :
√f
=−2.0 log
(
D(3.7)
+
ℜ √f )
1 0.0018 2.51
√f
= -2.0log (
3.7
+
169 132.0123 √ f )
f =0.02390

*Friction Factor from http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/civil/friction_factor

1
= -2.0log
√f

0.0015 2.51
( 3.7
+
352 358.3589 √ f )
f =0.02240
 39

*Friction Factor from

http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/civil/friction_factor

1 0.001184210526 2.51
√f
= -2.0log (
3.7
+
389 448.7124 √ f )
f
=0.02110

*Friction Factor from http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/civil/friction_factor

 40

1
= -2.0log
√f

( 0.0006923076923
3.7
+
2.51
516 792.2597 √ f )

f =0.01870

*Friction Factor from http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/civil/friction_factor

 41

1 0.00045 2.51
√f
= -2.0log (
3.7
+
335 914.9689 √ f )
f =0.01780

*Friction Factor from http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/civil/friction_factor

fLV 2
Head Loss (Darcy-Weisbach) : H L=
2 gD

0.0239(4.5)(5.783683502)2
HL1 = =7.335 m
2(9.81)(0.025)
 42

0.0224(5)(10.04111719)2
HL2 = =19.185 m
2(9.81)( 0.03)

0.0211(3)(8.761639653)2
HL3 = =6.518 m
2(9.81)(0.038)

0.0187(31.9)(6.797063945)2
HL4 = =21.61 m
2(9.81)(0.065)

0.0178(24)(2.871759517)2
HL5 = =1.796 m
2(9.81)( 0.1)

Total Head Loss = H L1+ H L 2+ H L3 + H L4 + H L5

Total Head Loss =56.444 m

10.67 LQ 1.85
Head Loss (Hazen-Williams) : H L=
C1.85 D 4.87

10.67(4.5)(0.002839059)1.85
HL1 = =7.261 m
(130)1.85 (0.025)4.87

10.67(5)(0.0070976475)1.85
HL2 = =18.085 m
(130)1.85 (0.03)4.87

10.67(3)(0.0099367065)1.85
HL3 = =6.395 m
(130)1.85 (0.038)4.87

10.67(31.9)(0.0225547465)1.85
HL4 = =22.686 m
(130)1.85 (0.065)4.87

10.67(24)(0.0225547465)1.85
HL5 = =2.094 m
(130)1.85 (0.1)4.87

Total Head Loss = H L1+ H L 2+ H L3 + H L4 + H L5

Total Head Loss =56.521 m

 43

Valve Head Loss

Solution:

V2
Head Loss (Darcy-Weisbach) : H L=K ( )2g

HL = 0.2 x (2.871759517)2 / 2 x 9.81 =0.084 m

H1 = H2 = H3 =0.084 m

H4 =0.84 m

Total Head Loss = H L1+ H L 2+ H L3 + H L4

Total Head Loss =1.092 m

10.67 LQ 1.85
Head Loss (Hazen-Williams) : H L=
C1.85 D 4.87

HL = 10.67(0.823)(0.0225547465)1.85 / (130)1.85(0.1)4.87 =0.072 m

H1 = H2 = H3 =0.072 m

H4 = 10.67(6.7056)(0.0225547465)1.85 / (130)1.85(0.1)4.87 =0.585 m

Total Head Loss = H L1+ H L 2+ H L3 + H L4

Total Head Loss =0.801 m

Reducer Head Loss

Solution:

V2
Head Loss (Darcy-Weisbach) : H L=K ( )2g

H1 = 0.1(5.783683502)2 / 2 x 9.81 =0.1705 m

 44

H2 = 0.15(10.04111719)2 / 2 x 9.81 =0.771 m

Total Head Loss = H L1+ H L 2

Total Head Loss =0.9415 m

Elbow Head Loss

Solution:

V2
Head Loss (Darcy-Weisbach) : H L=K ( )
2g

H1 = 0.9(6.258314038)2 / 2 x 9.81 =1.80 m

H2 = 0.9(2.99450873)2 (5) / 2 x 9.81 =2.06 m

H3 = 0.9(2.871753596)2 / 2 x 9.81 =0.378 m

H3 = 0.9(2.99450873)2 / 2 x 9.81 =0.914 m

Total Head Loss = H L1+ H L 2+ H L3 + H L4

Total Head Loss =5.152 m

10.67 LQ 1.85
Head Loss (Hazen-Williams) : H L=
C1.85 D 4.87

H1 = 10.67(1.524)( 0.007097648)1.85 / (130)1.85(0.038)4.87 =1.743 m

H2 = 10.67(2.4384)( 0.0099367)1.85 (5)/ (130)1.85(0.065)4.87 =1.903 m

H3 = 10.67(4.2672)( 0.0225547)1.85 / (130)1.85(0.1)4.87 =0.372 m

H4 = 10.67(3.6576)( 0.0099367)1.85 / (130)1.85(0.065)4.87 =0.571 m

Total Head Loss = H L1+ H L 2+ H L3 + H L4

Total Head Loss =4.589 m

Summation of Total Head Loss :Darcy-Weisbach

Total Head Loss = H L1+ H L 2+ H L3 + H L4

= 56.444 m + 1.092 m + 0.9415 m + 5.152 m

 45

Total Head Loss =63.6295 m

Summation of Total Head Loss :Hazen-Williams

Total Head Loss = H L1+ H L 2+ H L3

= 56.521 m + 0.801 m + 4.589 m

Total Head Loss =61.911 m

Solving for Pump Power:

Q 2 2
Pressure = ( ) ( )
K

22.5
5.6
=16.14 psi ( 6.894757
1 psi
KPa
)
Pressure =111.3 kPa

P1 ( V 1 )2 P2 ( V 2 )2
Bernoulli Equation : + + Z1 +hpump= + +Z2+hloss
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

Total Dynamic Head Loss (TDH) :Darcy-Weisbach

P2
H Pump= +Z + H Loss
ρg 2

111.3
H Pump= + 28+63.6295
1000(9.81)

Hpump = 91.641 m

Total Dynamic Head Loss (TDH) : Hazen-Williams

111.3
H Pump= + 28+61.911
1000(9.81)
 46

Hpump = 89.922 m

Pump Rating: Darcy-Weisbach

ρgQ h pump
W=
ƞ

996.9(9.81)(0.0225547465)(91.6)
= ;1 Hp = 0.7457 kW
0.70

W = 28.875 kW

W = 38.722 Hp

Jockey Pump:

W =0.10(28.875 kW)

W = 2.8875 KW

W = 3.8722 Hp
Pump Rating: Hazen-Williams

ρgQ h pump
W=
ƞ

996.9(9.81)(0.0225547465)(90)
= ;1 Hp = 0.7457 kW
0.70
W = 28.336 KW

W = 38 Hp

Jockey Pump:

W =0.10(28.336 kW)

W = 2.8336 KW
 47

W = 3.8 Hp

Cistern Tank Capacity:

V = Total Flow Rate(time)

gal 3.785 L 0.001m 3

V = 357.5
min (
(30 min) = 10725 gal
1 gal )( 1L ) = 40.60 m3

Pressure Drop

Pipe Longest Run :∆ P = ρ ghL

Darcy-Weisbach

P1 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 7.334667676 = 71708.4494 Pa

P2 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 19.18495478 = 187564.5114 Pa

P3 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 6.517654238 = 63720.79824 Pa

P4 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 21.61030271 = 211276.2795 Pa

P5 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 1.795670252 = 17555.63239 Pa

Total = 551825.671 Pa

Hazen-Williams

P1 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 7.260834911 = 70986.61259 Pa

P2 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 18.08507625 = 176811.3884 Pa

P3 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 6.39502706 = 62521.91573 Pa

P4 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 22.68612943 = 221794.2565 Pa

P5 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 2.094445244 = 20476.64972 Pa

Total = 552590.8229 Pa

Valve

Darcy-Weisbach

P1 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.084066959 = 821.892902 Pa

 48

P2 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.084066959 = 821.892902 Pa

P3 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.084066959 = 821.892902 Pa

P4 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.840669594 = 8218.92902 Pa

Total = 10684.60773 Pa

Hazen-Williams

P1 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.071822018 = 702.1784467 Pa

P2 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.071822018 = 702.1784467 Pa

P3 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.071822018 = 702.1784467 Pa

P4 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.585188001 = 5721.175932 Pa

Total = 7827.711272 Pa

Reducer

Darcy-Weisbach

P1 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.170493976 = 1666.859253 Pa

P2 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.770824185 = 7536.075181 Pa

Total = 9202.934433 Pa

Elbow/Tee

Darcy-Weisbach

P1 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 1.796628192 = 17564.99783 Pa

P2 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 2.056670305 = 20107.33751 Pa

P3 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.378301317 = 3698.518059 Pa

P4 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.914075691 = 8936.594451 Pa

Total = 50307.44786 Pa
 49

Hazen-Williams

P1 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 1.743290479 = 17043.53389 Pa

P2 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 1.903067333 = 18605.61563 Pa

P3 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.372392364 = 3640.74832 Pa

P4 = 996.6 x 9.81 x 0.5709202 = 5581.684688 Pa

Total = 44871.58253 Pa

Total Pressure Drop

Darcy-Weisbach

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4

= 551825.671 Pa + 10684.60773 Pa + 9202.934433 Pa + 50307.44786 Pa

∆ PT = 622.020661 Kpa≈ 90.22 psi

Hazen-Williams

PT = P1 + P2 + P3

= 552590.8229 Pa + 7827.711272 Pa + 44871.58253 Pa

∆ PT = 605.29 Kpa≈ 87.79 psi

3.5 Installation

Fire protection system shall be maintained in accordance with the original

installation standard for that system. Required system shall be extended, altered,
or augmented as necessary to maintain and continue protection wherever the
building is altered, remodeled or added to. Alteration to fire protection system
shall be done in accordance with applicable standards. Upon installation, the
building operation needs documentation. This is to ensure that the fire protection
equipment are functional and capable of protecting the building and its
occupants.

3.6 Maintenance
 50

Fire detection, alarm and extinguishing system shall be maintained in an

operative condition at all times, and shall be replaced or repaired where
defective. Non-required fire protection systems and equipment shall be
inspected, tested and maintained or removed.

Inspection is the visual and mechanical checking of the condition of

equipment, performed on a regular basis to determine the extent of the
maintenance and repair required.

Testing is a mechanical or electrical, check on the condition of system or

equipment such as water flow tests, alarm tests or trip tests, pumps facility
condition.

Maintenance is the day-to-day, periodic or scheduled work required to

preserve or restore an equipment to a condition so it can be effectively used for
its designed purpose.

Prompt maintenance or repairs in an economical and workable manner is

essential for personnel safety to protect the facility from extensive fire damage.
Maintenance of automatic sprinkler system are necessary to make sure they
function normally. A water supply system, the source and quantity of water is of
fundamental importance to ensure continued existence of proper flow.

Fire pump installation shall be inspected in accordance with the following

on a weekly basis; on a semi-annual basis, on an annual basis.

3.7 Testing and Inspection

The system shall be inspected and reports should be written regarding its
condition. The following inspection and test frequencies are applicable on a
monthly basis, on a semi-annual basis, on an annual basis.

To perform a visual inspection of sprinkler system that all control valves

are locked in their normal or open position, a sprinkler control valve stem shall be
oiled or greased at least once a year, includes indicator valves, outside screw
and yoke valves and valve in pits.
 51

CHAPTER 4

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

4.1 Costs and Estimates of Material Supplies and Installations

The cost of the materials and labor used of the project are based both
local and foreign sources at present price. Price changes are considered upon
implementation, considering also sometimes a delay of processing on the
approval of the project and the processing of the permits.

Item Description Qty. Material Material *Labor Cost Total

Cost Cost (Php) Amount
(Php) Total (Php)
(Php)
1 Sprinkler 192 250.00 48,000 19,200/pc 67,200
Heads 1/2 “
Diameter
2 B.I. Pipe 1” 1450 ft. 85.00 6,163 2,465/length 8,628
diameter
3 B.I. Pipe 490 ft. 110.00 2,695 1,078/length 3,773
1(1/4)”
diameter
4 B.I. Pipe 3” 1020 ft. 225.00 11,475 4,590/length 16,065
diameter
B.I. Pipe 50 ft. 130.00 325.00 130.00/length 455.00
1.5”
5 B.I. Pipe 4” 80 ft 345.00 1,380 552.00/length 1,932
diameter
6 6011 Nihon 50 170.00 8,500 3,400/kilo 11,900
7 6012 Nihon 50 145.00 7,250 2,900/kilo 10,150
8 Red Lead 10 3,240 32,400 12,960/L 45,360
4L
9 Cutting Disk 30 125.00 3,750 1,500/pc 5,250
(Tyrolit
3Star)
10 Grinding 30 130.00 3,900 1,560/pc 5,460
Disk (Tyrolit
3Star)
*Where the Labor Cost is 40% of the Total Material Cost
 52

Item Description Qty. Material Material *Labor Total

Cost Cost Cost Amount
(Php) Total (Php) (Php)
(Php)
11 Paint Brush 30 35.00 1,050 420.00/pc 1,470
3”
12 Fire 18 2,650 47,700 19,080/unit 66,780
Extinguisher
(9.1 kg)
13 Fire Hose 12 15,000 180,000 72,000/unit 252,000
14 Elbow 90° 176 58.00 10,208 4,083/pc 14,291
1”
15 Elbow 90° 20 88.00 1,760 704.00/pc 2,464
1(1/4)”
16 Elbow 90° 14 490.00 6,860 2,744/pc 9,604
3”
17 Elbow 90° 1 895.00 895.00 358.00/pc 1,253
4”
18 Tee 51 76.00 3,876 1,550/pc 5,426
(Threaded)
1”
*Where the Labor Cost is 40% of the Total Material Cost

Item Description Qty. Material Material *Labor Total

Cost Total Cost Amount
(Php) Cost (Php) (Php)
(Php)
19 Tee 35 125.00 4,375 1,750/pc 6,125
(Threaded)
1(1/4)”
20 Tee 59 660.00 38,940 15,576/pc 54,516
 53

(Threaded)
3”
21 Tee 6 1,210 7,260 2,904/pc 10,164
(Threaded)
4”
22 Tee 6 155.00 930.00 372.00/pc 1,302
(Threaded)
1(1/2)”
23 Teflon Tape 20 158.00 3,160 1,264/pc 4,424
per box
24 Fire Pump 1 234,000 234,000 93,600/set 327,600
25 Jockey 1 64,000 64,000 25,600/set 89,600
Pump
26 Main Gate 1 150,000 150,000 60,000/set 210,000
Valve
27 Swing 1 274,000 247,000 98,800/set 345,800
Check
Valve
28 Discharge 1 15,000 15,000 6,000/set 21,000
Gate Valve
29 Reducer 29 23.00 667.00 267.00/pc 934.00
*Where the Labor Cost is 40% of the Total Material Cost

Grand Total (Php): 1,600,926.00

Therefore, the University needs a total of 1,600,926 Php for its Fire
Protection and Sprinkler System at Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42).

4.2 Economic Analysis

Rate of Return and Return on Investment

The University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines has a total

amount for its new Fire Protection and Sprinkler System of about 1,600,926 Php.
The Institution plans to borrow the total amount of expenses for the installation of
the Fire Protection System for 1 year with a Rate of Return (ROR) of 9%. The
total amount due after 1 year is to be determined.

Solution:

Interest = 1,600,926 Php x 9% =144, 084 Php

Therefore, the total amount that should be paid by the University within 1 year is,
 54

Total Due = 1,600,926 Php + 144, 084 Php

Total Due = 1,745,010 Php

 55

CHAPTER 5

EVALUATION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Modernization and upgrading of the fire suppression system needs

adequate amount of money that needs approval of the University of Science and
Technology of Southern Philippines.

5.1 Evaluation

This design, installation, operation maintenance of the fire protection and

sprinkler system is a big help to employees and students safety that hold
transactions and classes at the Engineering Complex A (Bldg.42) especially
when fire occurs.

5.2 Conclusion

It is therefore concluded that based on the hydraulic calculation and pipe

scheduling, this can determine the exact water flow requirements and total
pressure needed in installing fire protection system and pump facilities.

5.3 Recommendations

1. Fire Pump Rating – 40 Hp, 357.5 gpm, 305 ft. TDH

2. Jockey Pump Rating – 5 Hp, 305 ft. TDH

3. Fire Tank Capacity – 40 m3

4. Total Number of Sprinklers in building – 195

 56

Bibliography

Philippine Society of Mechanical Enigneers Code . (2003).

NFPA 13 - Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems . (2013).

Benjamin Stein, J. S. (n.d.). Mecanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings 9th Edition

Yunus A. Cengel, J. M. (n.d.). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications 3rd

Edition .

(n.d.). Retrieved from Wikipedia :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_Souther
n_Philippines

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stlpipesupply.com/blog/benefits-of-seamless-steel-

commercial-pipe/#more-2371
 57

APPENDICES

A.1 Tables and Charts

*From NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition

*From NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition
 58

*From NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition

*From NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition
 59

*From NFPA 13 –
Standard for the
Installation of
Sprinkler Systems,
2013 edition

*From NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition
 60

*From NFPA 13 –
Standard for
the Installation of
Sprinkler
Systems, 2013
edition

*From NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition
 61

*From NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition
 62

*From NFPA 13 –
Standard for the Installation
of Sprinkler
Systems, 2013 edition
 63

*From NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition

*From Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and

rd
Applications 3 Edition; Cengel, Cimbala
 64

*From NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2013 edition
 65

* http://www.calctool.org/CALC/eng/civil/friction_factor