CHEG 201 Chemical Process Calculation
Homework #3
Due: December 27, 2016
Not only answers but also how to get to the answers should be shown.
Problem 1)
PV 1000 mmHg 1 m 1000 L atm
n 53.82 g mols
RT 0.082 L • atm 25 273.15 K m 760 mmHg
mol • K
molecular weight of air = 28.9 g/g mol
mass of air = 53.82 x 28.9 = 1555.4 g
Problem 2)
R
.
.
2.1) R .
10.75 ft3 lb mol-1 oR-1
.
2.2) R .
0.08206 L atm g mol-1 K-1
• ! . "
2.3) R 0.08206 •
83.13 cm3 bar mol-1 K-1
Problem 3)
Tc = 282.8 K, Pc = 50.44 atm
By van der Waals equation, mass = 27.5 g
POLYMATH Results
12-16-2016, Rev5.1.233
NLE Solution
Variable Value f(x) Ini Guess
v 0.6854562 1.421E-14 1
R 0.082
T 300
P 29.6
Tc 282.8
Pc 50.44
a 4.4977491
b 0.0574683
mass 27.532031
NLE Report (safenewt)
Nonlinear equations
[1] f(v) = -R*T + (P + a/v^2)*(v-b) = 0
Explicit equations
[1] R = 0.082
[2] T = 300
[3] P = 29.6
[4] Tc = 282.8
[5] Pc = 50.44
[6] a = 27/64*R^2*Tc^2/Pc
[7] b = 1/8*R*Tc/Pc
[8] mass = 0.674/v*28
By SRK, mass = 27.9 g
POLYMATH Results
12-16-2016, Rev5.1.233
NLE Solution
Variable Value f(x) Ini Guess
v 0.6764012 1.35E-13 1
Pc 50.44
R 0.08206
Tc 282.8
w 0.089
k 0.6186919
P 29.6
T 300
Tr 1.0608204
a 4.5641778
b 0.0398616
ramda 0.9632699
mass 27.900601
NLE Report (safenewt)
Nonlinear equations
[1] f(v) = -P +R*T/(v-b)-a*ramda/(v*(v+b)) = 0
Explicit equations
[1] Pc = 50.44
[2] R = 0.08206
[3] Tc = 282.8
[4] w = 0.089
[5] k = 0.480 + 1.574*w - 0.176*w^2
[6] P = 29.6
[7] T = 300
[8] Tr = T/Tc
[9] a = 0.42748*R^2*Tc^2/Pc
[10] b = 0.08664*R*Tc/Pc
[11] ramda = (1+k*(1-Tr^0.5))^2
[12] mass = 0.674/v*28
Problem 4)
component mole fraction Tc, K Pc, atm ω
CO2 0.1 304.25 72.9 0.225
CH4 0.4 191 45.8 0.008
C2H4 0.5 283 50.5 0.089
Psuedocritical pressure and temperature of the mixture:
Pc = 0.1x72.9 + 0.4x45.8 + 0.5x50.5 =50.86 atm
Tc = 0.1x304.25 + 0.4x191 + 0.5x283 = 248.3 K
Pseudoreduced pressure and temperature of the mixture:
Pr = 2400 14.7 psi 3.23
.
.#
Tr =[(100-32)/1.8 + 273.15]/248.3 = 1.25
From Figure 7.8b, z x Tr = 0.75
z = 0.75/1.25 = 0.60
PV = znRT
. .
•
V/n = zRT/P = 1.493
.
•
Molecular weight of the mixture = 0.1x44 +0.4x16 + 0.5x28 = 24.8 lb/lb-mol
Volume of the cylinder = 1.493 x 33.6 lb x 2.0 ft
.#
By SRK method
Psuedoaccentric factor, ω = 0.1x0.225 + 0.4x0.008 + 0.5x0.089 = 0.0702
Volume of the cylinder = 2.2 ft3
POLYMATH Results
12-18-2016, Rev5.1.233
NLE Solution
Variable Value f(x) Ini Guess
v 1.6236632 -9.095E-13 1
P 2414.7
T 560
R 10.73
Tc 446.985
Pc 747.642
a 1.315E+04
w 0.0702
k 0.5896275
Tr 1.2528385
b 0.5557986
ramda 0.86426
mw 24.8
Volume 2.1998018
NLE Report (safenewt)
Nonlinear equations
[1] f(v) = -P + R*T/(v-b) - a*ramda/(v*(v+b)) = 0
Explicit equations
[1] P = 2400 + 14.7
[2] T = 100 + 460
[3] R = 10.73
[4] Tc = (0.1*304.25+0.4*191+0.5*283)*1.8
[5] Pc = (0.1*72.9+0.4*45.8+0.5*50.5)*14.7
[6] a = 0.42748*R^2*Tc^2/Pc
[7] w = 0.1*0.225 + 0.4*0.008 + 0.5*0.089
[8] k = 0.480+1.574*w - 0.176*w^2
[9] Tr = T/Tc
[10] b = 0.08664*R*Tc/Pc
[11] ramda = (1+k*(1-Tr^0.5))^2
[12] mw = 0.1*44 + 0.4*16 +0.5*28
[13] Volume = 33.6*v/mw
Problem 5)
Ln(2.53) = A – B/(-40 +273.15 + C) (1)
Ln(15.0) = A - B/(-10.0+273.15 + C) (2)
Ln(58.9) = A – B/(20.0 + 273.15 + C) (3)
By solving equations (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously,
A = 14.5246
B= 2708.03
C= -33.9765
Vapor pressure at 40oC = 124.5 kPa (or 1.23 atm)
POLYMATH Results
12-18-2016, Rev5.1.233
NLES Solution
Variable Value f(x) Ini Guess
A 14.524556 -2.025E-13 10
B 2708.03 -1.084E-13 10
C -33.976493 -6.395E-14 10
vaP 124.51017
NLES Report (safenewt)
Nonlinear equations
[1] f(A) = -ln(2.53)+A - B/(-40 +273.15 + C) = 0
[2] f(B) = -ln(15.0) + A - B/(-10+273.15 + C) = 0
[3] f(C) = -ln(58.9) + A - B/(20 + 273.15 + C) = 0
Explicit equations
[1] vaP = exp(A-B/(40+273.15+C))
Problem 6)
From the steam table for saturated steam,
Temperature, oC Pressure, kPa Specific volume, cm3/g
Liquid(water) Vapor(steam)
146 427.09 1.086 433.5
148 451.01 1.089 411.8
By linear interpolation,
Specific volume of liquid water: 1.086 + (1.089-1.086)/(451.01-427.09)x(450-427.09)
= 1.0889 cm3/g
Specific volume of water vapor = 433.3 + (411.8-433.5)/(451.01-427.09)x(450-427.09)
= 412.5 cm3/g
Let the mass of liquid water be n in gram.
700,000 = 1.0889n + (2000-n) x 412.5
n = 302.2 g
It is a mixture of liquid water and water vapor.
The weight fraction of liquid water is 302.2/2000 = 0.15, and the weight fraction of water
vapor is 0.85.
Problem 7)
Calculation basis: 1 g mol of H2C2O4
Excess % air = excess % O2 = 4%
Theoretical amount of O2: 0.5 g mol
(H2C2O4 + 0.5O2 =2CO2 + H2O)
Actual amount of O2 = 0.5 x 1.04 = 0.52 g mol
Actual amount of N2 = 0.52 x 0.79/0.21 = 1.956 g mol
We choose elemental balance rather than mole balance because the reaction stoichiometry is
not well defined.
N2 balance:
Input = 1.956 g mol = output
C balance:
Input = 2 x 1 = 2 g mol since 1 mol of C2H2O4 contains 2 mols of carbon.
Carbon is present in CO or CO2 in the output.
2 x 0.65 = 1.3 g mols of carbon is present in CO and the balance, 0.7g mols, is present in CO2.
The number of moles of CO in the output = 1.3 g mol
The number of moles of CO2 in the output = 0.7 gmol
H balance:
Input = 2 x 1 = 2 g mol since 1 mol of C2H2O4 contains 2 mols of H)
In the output, all H is present in H2O.
The number of moles of H2O in the output = 2 g mol/2 = 1 g mol, since 1 mol of H2O
contains 2 mols of H.
O balance:
Input = 0.52 g mol x 2 = 1.04 g mol (1 mole of O2 contains 2 mols of O) + 4x1 (1 mol of
H2C2O4 contains 4 mols of O) = 5.04 g mol
In the output, O is present in CO, CO2, O2, or H2O.
Let the number of moles of O2 remaining in the output be x.
Output = 1.3 + 0.7 x 2 + 2x + 1
5.04 = 1.3 + 1.4 +2x + 1
x= 0.67 g mol
The output is thus composed of
O2: 0.67 g mol
CO: 1.3 g mol
CO2: 0.7 g mol
H2O: 1 g mol
N2: 1.956 g mol
Total 5.628 g mol
Mole fraction of H2O = 1.0/5.628 = 0.178
Partial pressure of H2O = 0.178 x 1.0 atm = 0.178 atm = 18.0 kPa
The dew point is the temperature at the vapor pressure equals the partial pressure.
From the steam table,
Temp, oC Press., kP
57 17.31
58 18.15
By linear interpolation,
T = 57 + (58-57)/(18.15-17.31) x (18.0-17.31) = 57.8 oC or 136oF
The oxygen balance in the table at the bottom of page 419 is not correct.
The input should be corrected from 0.52 + 4 to 2 x 0.52 + 4
The output should be corrected from 2nCO2 + nCO + nO2 or 2(0.70) + 1.30 + nO2
to 2nCO2 + nCO +2nO2 + nH2O or 2(0.7) + 1.3 + 2 x nO2 + 1 x 1
Thus, in page 420, nO2 should be corrected from 1.82 g mol to 0.67 g mol.
Problem 8)
If the temperature is lowered to the dew point (5oC), the condensation just begins. Further
reduction of temperature is necessary to remove 50% of the water vapor that was initially
present.
The initial partial pressure of water vapor is equal to the vapor pressure of water at 5oC.
From the steam table, the vapor pressure of water at 5oC = 0.872 kPa
Initial mole fraction of H2O vapor in the air = 0.872/101.3 kPa = 8.608 x 10-3
Basis: 1 g mol of air at 10oC and 1 atm.
Initial number of moles of H2O = 0.008608 g mol
Initial number of moles of dry air = 1 – 0.008608 = 0.991392 g mol
Final number of moles of H2O = 0.008608 x 0.5 = 0.004304 g mol
Final number of moles of dry air = 0.991392 g mol
Total number of moles of air = 0.004304 + 0.991392 = 0.995696 g mol
Final mole fraction of H2O vapor = 0.004304/0.995696 = 0.0043226
Assume the container volume is fixed.
Final total pressure is 0.995696 atm = 100.864 kPa
Final partial pressure of H2O vapor = 0.0043226 x 100.864 = 0.436 kPa
From the steam table, find the temperature at which the saturated pressure is equal to 0.436
kPa.
The minimum temperature shown in the steam table is 0oC at which the saturated pressure or
the vapor pressure is 0.611 kPa, higher than 0.436 kPa. This means that the temperature must
be lowered below 0oC, for which the steam table is not usable.
From a table of ice vapor pressure,
at -4.0oC 0.43747 kPa
at -4.5oC 0.41927 kPa
By linear interpolation, the temperature at which the vapor pressure is 0.436 kPa is
-4.0 + (-4.5 –(-4.0))/(0.41927-0.43747) x (0.436-0.43747) = -4.04 oC
Problem 9)
9.1 Ln(P) = A – B/(T + C)
Temperature, K Ln(P)
benzene toluene
80 + 273.15 = 353.15 Ln(760) = 6.6333 Ln(300) = 5.7038
92 + 273.15 = 365.15 Ln(1078) = 6.9829 Ln(432) = 6.0684
100 + 273.15 = 373.15 Ln(1344) = 7.2034 Ln(559) = 6.3261
110.4 + 273.15 = 383.55 Ln(1748) = 7.4662 Ln(760) = 6.6333
For benzene: A=11.513, B = 723.983, C = -204.958
Model: LnP = A - B/(T +C)
Variable Ini guess Value 95% confidence
A 10 11.512806 10.872006
B 100 723.98275 3521.2597
C -20 -204.95822 393.47872
NOTE: Calculations exceeded the maximum number of iterations.
Nonlinear regression settings
Max # iterations = 64
Precision
R^2 = 0.9994091
R^2adj = 0.9982274
Rmsd = 0.0037116
Variance = 2.204E-04
For Toluene: A = 14.130, B = 2068.798, C = -107.940
Model: LnP = A - B/(T +C)
Variable Ini guess Value 95% confidence
A 10 14.129739 18.998681
B 600 2068.7982 9825.1883
C -200 -107.94021 618.0619
NOTE: Calculations exceeded the maximum number of iterations.
Nonlinear regression settings
Max # iterations = 64
Precision
R^2 = 0.9988145
R^2adj = 0.9964434
Rmsd = 0.0058762
Variance = 5.525E-04
Comparison of vapor pressure between experimental and calculation.
Temperature (oC) vapor pressure (mm Hg)
benzene toluene
experimental calculated experimental calculated
80 760 756 300 297
92 1078 1090 432 440
100 1344 1359 559 561
110.4 1748 1737 760 753
9.2
Let benzene be A and toluene be B.
Vapor pressure of benzene = 1344 mmHg
Vapor pressure of toluene = 559 mmHg
P-x diagram:
P = 1344xA + 559(1-xA) = 559 + 785xA
P-y diagram:
1
P
y$ 1 ' y$
1344 559
P-x
P-x-y diagram P-y
1500
pressure, mm Hg
1000
500
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
mole fraction of benzene
9.3
T-x diagram
.
760 = e.%. #/.% . #
x$ e'. %
.
.
(
1 ' x$
By using Polymath, the following table was constructed.
xA (mole fraction of benzene) T, oC
0.0 110.76
0.1 106.17
0.2 102.0
0.3 98.25
0.4 94.85
0.5 91.78
0.6 89.01
0.7 86.49
0.8 84.20
0.9 82.10
1.0 80.17
T-y diagram
1
P
y$ 1 ' y$
. # #. #
e.%.% . # e. %
.% .#
By using Polymath, the following table was constructed.
yA (mole fraction of benzene) T, oC
0.0 110.76
0.1 108.61
0.2 106.33
0.3 103.91
0.4 101.32
0.5 98.53
0.6 95.51
0.7 92.21
0.8 88.61
0.9 84.62
1.0 80.17
T-x
T-x-y diagram T-y
120
110
temperature, oC
100 vapor
90
80 Liquid
70
60
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
mole fraction of benzene
9.4
From the above T-x diagram, for xA = 0.5, the bubble point temperature is 91.78oC.
The vapor pressure of benzene at 91.78oC is calculated using the Antoine equation to be
1082.8 mmHg.
By Roult’s law, the partial pressure of benzene in the bubble is 1082.8 x 0.5 = 541.4 mmHg.
The mole fraction of benzene in the bubble is 541.4/760 = 0.71
9.5
From the above T-y diagram, for yA=0.5, the dew point temperature is 98.53oC.
The vapor pressure of benzene at 98.53oC is calculated using the Antoine equation to be
1300.55 mm Hg.
The mole fraction of benzene in the droplet is 760 x 0.5/1300.55 = 0.29
Problem 10)
Assume the temperature is 25oC.
The partial pressure of CO2 = 0.2 x 5 =1.0 atm
Henry constant of CO2 in water at 25oC = 0.035 ) •"
. "
mol/kg = 0.035 () •") x 1.0 atm
= 0.035455
1 kg of water = 1000/18=55.556 g mol
Mole fraction of CO2 = 0.035455/(0.035455 + 55.556) = 0.00064
