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Lect-02-Introduction To Measurement System

1. This document classifies instruments based on several factors including whether they are active or passive, null-type or deflection-type, analogue or digital, indicating or having a signal output, smart or non-smart, and manually operated or automatic. 2. It discusses functions of instruments such as indicating, recording, and controlling. Applications include monitoring and controlling processes as well as experimental engineering analysis. 3. Standards and calibration of measurement systems are also covered, distinguishing between international, primary, secondary, and working standards as well as different types of calibration.

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mehar
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70 views

Lect-02-Introduction To Measurement System

1. This document classifies instruments based on several factors including whether they are active or passive, null-type or deflection-type, analogue or digital, indicating or having a signal output, smart or non-smart, and manually operated or automatic. 2. It discusses functions of instruments such as indicating, recording, and controlling. Applications include monitoring and controlling processes as well as experimental engineering analysis. 3. Standards and calibration of measurement systems are also covered, distinguishing between international, primary, secondary, and working standards as well as different types of calibration.

Uploaded by

mehar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Classification of Instruments

1. Active and passive instruments


*Active Petrol Tank Level Indicator *Passive Pressure Gauge
2. Null-type and deflection-type instruments
Null Type Dead Weight
Pressure Gauge Deflection Type Pressure gauge
3. Analogue and Digital Instruments

• An analogue instrument gives an output that varies


continuously as the quantity being measured changes. The
output can have an infinite number of values within the range
that the instrument is designed to measure. Example-Deflection
type pressure gauge.
• A digital instrument has an output that varies in discrete steps
and so can only have a finite number of values. Example- Rev
counter
4. Indicating instruments and Instruments with
a signal output
Indicating instruments can be divided in between those that
merely give an audio or visual indication of the magnitude of
the physical quantity measured and those that give an output in
the form of a measurement signal whose magnitude is
proportional to the measured quantity.
Instruments that have a signal-type output are commonly used
as part of automatic control systems.
5. Smart and Non-smart instruments
6. Manually operated & Automatic type
instruments 7. Contacting and Non-contacting type
instruments
• The accuracy expected from the instrument.
• When are the final data required (i.e. at the
time of taking the measurement, or later on)
• The cost criteria
• Form of data to be displayed (indicating,
recording, integrating etc)
• Whether quantity to be measured has
constant value or it is a time variant?
Functions of Instruments
• Indicating Function
- eg. Deflection of a pointer of a speedometer, Pressure
gauge.
• Recording Function
-eg. Potentiometric type of recorder used for monitoring
temperature records instantaneous value of temperature on
a strip chart recorder.
• Controlling Function
- eg. Floats for liquid level control, Thermostats for
temperature control.
Applications of Measurement Systems
1. Monitoring of processes and operations Eg.
Water & Electric energy meters installed in homes.

2. Control of processes and operations


Eg. Refrigerator with temperature measuring device.
3. Experimental engineering analysis
- Used to determine system parameters, variable and
performance indices
- To test the validity of theoretical predictions
Standards of Measurement
A standard of measurement is defined as the
physical representation of the unit of
measurement.
Types of standards of measurement
1. International standards
2. Primary standards
3. Secondary standards
4. Working standards
Calibration
Calibration is the act or result of quantitative
comparison between a known standard and
the output of the measuring system
measuring the same quantity.
Types of Calibration
1. Primary calibration
2. Secondary calibration
3. Direct calibration with known input
source 4. Indirect calibration
5. Routine calibration

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