Electromagnetic Field Theory

EC-223
ECE- 2nd Year

Chandra Shekhar Prasad (Ph.D.)

Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department
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UNIT-01 Introduction: Fundamental of vector algebra, Scalar &vector fields, Introduction and transformation on
different coordinate systems: (rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate system), introduction to line, Surface and
volume integrals, Definition of gradient, Divergent and curl of a vector and their physical significance.

UNIT-02 Electrostatics: Principle of Coulomb's law, Definition of electric field intensity from point charges, Field due to
continuous distribution of charges on an infinite and finite line, Electric Field due to an infinite uniformly charged sheet,
Gauss’s law and its applications, Electric flux density, Potential fields duo to electric dipole, Laplace’s and Poison’s
equations.
UNIT-03 Magnetostatics: Definition and explanation on Magnetic Field intensity due to a finite and infinite wire
carrying current, Magnetic field intensity on rectangular loop carrying current, Ampere’s Circuital law and its
applications, Biot-Savart’s law, Lorentz force equation for a moving charge, Magnetic Vector Potential.

UNIT-04 Time Varying EM Field: Maxwell’s equation in differential and integral vector form and their interpretations,
Continuity of currents, Conduction and displacement current, Boundary conditions, Helmholtz equations, uniform plane
wave in dielectric and conductor media, Skin effect and depth of penetration, reflection and refraction of plane waves at
boundaries for normal incidence and surface impedance, Energy Flow and Poynting theorem.

UNIT-05 Transmission Lines: Transmission line model, Parameters and properties of transmission line equations,
Reflections in transmission lines, Voltage, current and impedance relations-open, Short circuit and matched lines,
Standing wave ratio, Impedance matching, Quarter and half wave lines, Single stub and double stub matching; Circle
diagram – Smith-chart.

Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics by Matthew N.O. Sadiku, Oxford University Press.

Engineering Electromagnetics by William Hayt, TATA McGraw-Hill

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 Applications of electromagnetic field theory
Satellite Communication
TV Communication
Wireless Communication
Mobile Communication
Microwave Communication
This theory is also used in analysis and designing of antenna, transmission
lines and wave guides.
Besides the above applications, EMFT is used in:
Bio-medical systems
Weather forecast radars
Remote sensing radars
Radio astronomy radars
Plasmas
Electric motors
Radiation therapy
Surface hardening
Annealing
Soldering
Dielectric heating
Joining and Sealing
Reducing acidity in vegetables to improve taste
Lasers

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 Vector Algebra
A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude.
Quantities such as time, mass, distance, temperature, entropy, electric
potential, and population are scalars.

A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

Vector quantities include velocity, force, displacement, and electric field intensity

A field is a function that specifies a particular quantity everywhere in a region.

If the quantity is scalar (or vector), the field is said to be a scalar (or vector) field.
Examples of scalar fields are temperature distribution in a building, sound intensity in
a theater, electric potential in a region, and refractive index of a stratified medium.
The gravitational force on a body in space and the velocity of raindrops in the
atmosphere are examples of vector fields.

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 UNIT VECTOR
A vector A has both magnitude and direction. The magnitude of A is a scalar
written as A or |A|. A unit vector aA along A is defined as a vector whose
magnitude is unity (i.e., 1) and its direction is along A, that is,

A vector A in Cartesian (or rectangular) coordinates may be represented as

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 VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

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 POSITION AND DISTANCE VECTORS

The position vector r,. (or radius vector) of point P is as the directed
distance from the origin O to P: i.e..

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 The distance vector is the displacement from one point to another.

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 Lecture-2
VECTOR MULTIPLICATION

1. Scalar (or dot) product: A • B

2. Vector (or cross) product: A X B

Multiplication of three vectors A, B, and C can result in either:

3. Scalar triple product: A • (B X C) or

4. Vector triple product: A X (B X C)

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 Dot Product
The dot product of two vectors A and B, written as A • B. is defined geometrically as
the product of the magnitudes of A and B and the cosine of the angle between them.

where θAB is the smaller angle between A and B. The result of A • B is called either the
scalar product because it is scalar, or the dot product due to the dot sign
B

θAB
A
If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then

Two vectors A and B are said to be orthogonal (or perpendicular) with each
other if A • B = 0

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 Cross Product

The cross product of two vectors A; and B. written as A X B. is a vector quantity

whose magnitude is the area of the parallelogram formed by A and B and in the
direction of advance of a right-handed screw as A is turned into B.

where an is a unit vector

normal to the plane containing
A and B. The direction of an is
taken as the direction of the
right thumb when the fingers
of the right hand rotate from A
to B as shown in Figure

The vector multiplication is called cross product due to the cross sign; it is also
called vector product because the result is a vector

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 If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then

which is obtained by "crossing" terms in cyclic permutation, hence the name cross
product

Cross product using cyclic permutation: (a) moving clockwise leads to positive results: (b) moving
counterclockwise leads to negative results.

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 Scalar Triple Product
Given three vectors A, B, and C, we define the scalar triple product as

obtained in cyclic permutation

If A = (Ax, Ay, Az), B = (Bx, By, Bz), and C = (Cx, Cy, Cz), then A • (B X C) is the volume
of a parallelepiped having A, B, and C as edges and is easily obtained by finding the
determinant of the 3 x 3 matrix formed by A, B, and C; that is,

Since the result of this vector multiplication is scalar, it is called the scalar triple product.

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 Vector Triple Product

For vectors A, B, and C, we define the vector triple product as

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 Given vectors A = 3ax + 4ay + az and B = 2ay - 5az, find the angle between A and B.

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 Lecture-3

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 COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMATION

An orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates arc mutually perpendicular

Non-orthogonal systems are hard to work with and they are of little or no practical use

Examples of orthogonal coordinate systems

Cartesian (or rectangular)

Circular cylindrical Spherical

Parabolic cylindrical
Elliptic cylindrical
Conical

A considerable amount of work and time may be saved by choosing a coordinate system that best fits a given problem. A
hard problem in one coordinate system may turn out to be easy in another system
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 CARTESIAN COORDINATES (X, Y, Z)

The ranges of the coordinate variables x, y, and z are

Cartesian (or rectangular)

A vector A in Cartesian (otherwise known as
rectangular) coordinates can be written as

where ax, ay, and az are unit vectors along the x-, y-, and
z-directions

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 CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

Point P and unit vectors in the cylindrical

coordinate system

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 Lecture-4
LINE, SURFACE, AND VOLUME INTEGRALS

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 DIFFERENTIAL LENGTH, AREA, AND VOLUME
Cartesian Coordinates

Differential displacement is given by

Differential normal area is given by

Differential volume is given by

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 Cylindrical Coordinates

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 Spherical Coordinates

The differential displacement is

The differential normal area is

The differential volume is

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 Consider the object shown below, calculate

Although points A, B, C, and D are given in Cartesian coordinates, it is obvious that the
object has cylindrical symmetry. Hence, we solve the problem in cylindrical coordinates.
The points are transformed from Cartesian to cylindrical coordinates as follows:

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 LINE INTEGRAL

By a line we mean the path along a curve in space

We shall use terms such as line, curve, and contour

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 SURFACE INTEGRAL

Notice that a closed path defines an open surface whereas a closed surface defines a volume

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 VOLUME INTEGRAL

Cartesian Coordinates

Cylindrical Coordinates

Spherical Coordinates

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 Lecture-5
Gradient, Divergent and Curl

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 DEL OPERATOR

This vector differential operator, otherwise known as the gradient operator, is not a
vector in itself, but when it operates on a scalar function

Cylindrical Coordinate System

    
Chain Rule  
x  x  x

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Spherical Coordinate System

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 GRADIENT OF A SCALAR
The gradient of a scalar field V is a vector that represents both the magnitude and the
direction of the maximum space rate of increase of V.

A mathematical expression for the gradient can be obtained

by evaluating the difference in the field dV between points
P1 and P2 where V1, V2, and V3 are contours on which V is
constant. From calculus

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 DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR AND DIVERGENCE THEOREM

The divergence of A at a given point P is the outward flux per unit volume as the
volume shrinks about P.

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The divergence theorem stales that the total outward flux of a vector field A through
the closed surface V is the same as the volume integral of the divergence of A.

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 CURL OF A VECTOR AND STOKES'S THEOREM

The curl of A is an axial (or rotational) vector whose magnitude is the maximum
circulation of A per unit area as the area lends to zero and whose direction is the normal
direction of the area when the area is oriented so as to make the circulation
maximum.

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 This is called Stokes's theorem

Stokes's theorem suites that the circulation of a

vector field A around a (closed) path L is equal lo
the surface integral of the curl of A over the open
surface S bounded by L provided that A and V X A
are continuous on V.

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