Ch.

5 Integration
Sec 5.3 The Definite Integral and
the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Mark L. Loyola, PhD

[email protected]

Department of Mathematics
Ateneo de Manila University

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
The Sigma Notation for Summation

Definition (Sigma Notation)

For any positive integer n, we define
n
X
ai = a1 + a2 + . . . + an .
i=1

Properties of the Sigma Notation

n
X n
X n
X n
X n
X n
X
1 (ai + bi ) = ai + bi and (ai − bi ) = ai − bi
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
Xn
2 c =n·c
i=1
Xn n
X
3 c · ai = c ai
i=1 i=1

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Theorem
n
X n(n + 1)
1 i=
i=1
2
n
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
2 i2 =
i=1
6
n
X n2 (n + 1)2
3 i3 =
i=1
4

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Area Problem

Given a continuous function f (x ) whose graph lies above the x -axis in the
closed interval [a, b]. Find the area of the region bounded by the given
curve, the lines x = a, x = b, and y = 0.

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Approximating the Area Using Left Riemann Sums

Note that plane geometry does not give us a formula for finding the area
of a region with a curved side in the same way as algebra does not give us
a way of finding the slope of a tangent line to a point of a given graph.
But recall that we approximated the slope of the tangent line by slopes
of secant lines and then we took the limit of these approximations. We
pursue a similar idea for area.

1 Subdivide the closed interval [a, b] into n equal parts of length ∆x =

b−a
n . The interval will now be divided into n subintervals

[x0 , x1 ], [x1 , x2 ], . . . , [xn−1 , xn ],

where xi = a + i∆x . In particular, x0 = a and xn = a + n∆x = b.

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
2 For each subinterval, construct a rectangle with the subinterval as
the base and with height equal to the value of the function at the left
endpoint of the subinterval. Thus, for the i th subinterval [xi−1 , xi ] the
rectangle must have height equal to f (xi−1 ).
3 Find the area of each of the n rectangles and add all these areas
together. Since the i th rectangle has area Ai = f (xi−1 )∆x , then the
approximated area is
n
X n
X
Ai = f (xi−1 )∆x .
i=1 i=1

The sum will now be the approximated area of the region under the
curve.

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Area under the curve y = x 2 with x ∈ [0, 5]

6 6  
X X 5 5 6875
A≈ Ai = f (i − 1) = ≈ 31.83
i=1 i=1
6 6 216
Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Area under the curve y = x 2 with x ∈ [0, 5]

8 8  
X X 5 5 4375
A≈ Ai = f (i − 1) = ≈ 34.18
i=1 i=1
8 8 128
Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Area under the curve y = x 2 with x ∈ [0, 5]

15 15  
X X 1 1 1015
A≈ Ai = f (i − 1) = ≈ 37.59
i=1 i=1
3 3 27
Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
In general, if we subdivide the interval [0, 5] into n subintervals, then the
approximated area of the region under the curve y = x 2 is
n   n
X 5 5 5 X 25
f (i − 1) = 2
(i − 1)2
i=1
n n n i=1
n
n
125 X 2
= (i − 2i + 1)
n3 i=1
" n n n
#
125 X 2 X X
= i −2 i+ 1
n3 i=1 i=1 i=1
 
125 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
= −2 +n
n3 6 2
 
125 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) − 6n(n + 1) + 6n
=
n3 6
 3 2
125 2n2 − 3n + 1
  
125 2n − 3n + n
= = .
6 n3 6 n2

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Riemann Sums

Definition (Left and Right Riemann Sums)

Let f (x ) be a function continuous on the closed interval [a, b]. Consider
a subdivision of [a, b] into n subintervals

[x0 , x1 ], [x1 , x2 ], . . . , [xn−1 , xn ]

n
X
b−a
of length ∆x = n . We call Ln = f (xi−1 )∆x a left Riemann sum
i=1
n
X
and Rn = f (xi )∆x a right Riemann sum.
i=1

Note: If f (x ) ≥ 0 on [a, b], then a Riemann sum approximates the area

of the region under the curve y = f (x ) on [a, b].

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
The term Riemann sum is derived
from the name of the German math-
ematician Georg Friedrich Bernhard
Riemann. He created what we now
call the Riemann integral, which he
defined in terms of the limit of Rie-
mann sums.
Z b Xn
f (x ) dx = lim f (wi )∆i x
a k∆k→0
i=1

The Riemann integral was intro-

duced in Riemann’s paper “Über die
Darstellbarkeit einer Function durch
eine trigonometrische Reihe” (On the
representability of a function by a Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann
trigonometric series).

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Area under the curve y = x 2 with x ∈ [0, 5]

15 15  
X X 1 1 1240
A≈ Ai = f i = ≈ 45.93
i=1 i=1
3 3 27
Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Area as a Limit of Riemann Sums

Notice that the approximation appears to become better and better as

the number of subintervals increases, that is, as n → +∞. Therefore, we
define the area A of region in the following way.

Definition (Area)
Let f be continuous and nonnegative on [a, b]. The area A of the region
that lies below the curve y = f (x ) bounded by the lines x = a, x = b,
and y = 0 is
A = lim Ln or A = lim Rn .
n→+∞ n→+∞

Note: If f is continuous on [a, b], then lim Ln = lim Rn

n→+∞ n→+∞

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
 125 2n2 − 3n + 1
 
Recall that for f (x ) = x 2 on [0, 5], we have Ln = .
 2  6 n2
125 2n + 3n + 1
One can also show that Rn = . Thus, the area of the
6 n2
2
region under the curve y = x bounded by the lines x = 0, x = 5 and
125
y = 0 is lim Ln = lim Rn = .
n→+∞ n→+∞ 3

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Examples

Use left/right Riemann sums to find the area under the given curve on the
given closed interval.
1 y = x + 2 on [2, 6]
2 y = x 3 on [0, 2]
3 y = x 2 + 1 on [−1, 1]
4 y = x 2 − x on [1, 3]

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Definite Integral

Definition (Definite Integral)

Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. We define the definite integral
of f from a to b to be the limit of the left/right Riemann sums Ln /Rn :
Z b n
X n
X
f (x ) dx = lim f (xi−1 )∆x = lim f (xi )∆x .
a n→+∞ n→+∞
i=1 i=1

We call f (x ) the integrand, a the lower limit of integration, and b the

upper limit of integration.

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
When f (x ) is negative for some values in [a, b], then the limit lim Ln or
n→+∞
lim Rn represents the cumulative sum of the signed areas between the
n→+∞
graph of f and the x -axis from x = a to x = b, where the area above
the x -axis is counted positively and the area below the x -axis is counted
negatively.

A1 A3

A2 A4

Z b
f (x ) dx = A1 − A2 + A3 − A4 .
a

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Calculate the definite integrals.
B
Z b
1 f (x ) dx A
Za c C
2 f (x ) dx
Za c
3 f (x ) dx
b

A = 2, B = 11, C = 5

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Z b
Because the definite integral f (x ) dx is the limit of Riemann sums, we
a
expect that it would be difficult, in general, to calculate its exact value.
Z 1
For instance, how do we compute for e x dx ?
0

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) stated below gives us a

straightforward and easy method for evaluating definite integrals, assuming
that we can find an antiderivative F (x ) of f (x ).
The FTC is one of the most important theorems in calculus. Aside from
giving us a simpler way of evaluating definite integrals, it also links the
concepts of the derivative and the integral.

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Theorem (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC))
If f (x ) is a continuous function and F (x ) is an antiderivative of f (x ), then
Z b
f (x ) dx = F (b) − F (a).
a
b
We will denote by F (x ) the difference F (b) − F (a). Thus, if F (x ) is an

a
antiderivative of f (x ), we have
Z b b
f (x ) dx = F (x ) = F (b) − F (a).

a a

Remarks:

1 Any antiderivative can be used when evaluating a definite integral

using the FTC.
2 If an antiderivative for f (x ) can’t be found, then one must resort to
Riemann sums or the area interpretation of the definite integral.
Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Properties of the Definite Integral

Theorem
Z a
1 f (x ) dx = 0
a
Z b Z a
2 f (x ) dx = − f (x ) dx
a b
Z b Z b
3 kf (x ) dx = k f (x ) dx , k a constant
a a
Z b Z b Z b
4 [f (x ) ± g(x )] dx = f (x ) dx ± g(x ) dx
a a a
Z b Z c Z b
5 f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx + f (x ) dx
a a c

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Examples

Z 2
Z 3 p
1 (2x −2
− 3) dx 6 x 2x 2 − 3 dx
1 2
4
Z 1
√
Z p
2 3 x dx 7 x 3x 2 + 2 dx
1 0
Z 2
Z 25
2 x +1
3 √ dx 8
2 + 4x + 4
dx
x 1 2x
4 Z 3p
Z 1
4 xe x dx
2 9 9 − x 2 dx
0 0
Z 1
Z 3
x2 10 |x − 1| dx
5 e dx
1 −2

Applied Calculus for Business The Definite Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus