ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT
Basic Electronics for Mechanical Engineers

ACTIVITY 7: Operational Amplifiers

7.1 Program Outcomes (POs) Addressed by the Activity
b. ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret
data

7.2 Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

At the end of this activity, the student shall be able to:
a. discuss the different linear op amp circuits
b. calculate the different electrical parameters in the different linear op-amp
circuits
c. evaluate the precision of the experiment conducted

7.3 Objectives of the Activity The

objective of this activity is to:
a. To measure DC and AC voltages in linear op-amp circuits.

7.4 Activity Proper

For this activity, the students would need the following:

Instruments

Oscilloscope
DMM
Function Generator
DC Supply

Components

Resistors
(1) 20-kΩ
(3) 100-kΩ
Ics
(1) 741 Op-amp
RESUME OF THEORY

The op-amp is a very high gain amplifier with inverting and non-inverting inputs.
It can be used to provide a much smaller but exact gain set by external resistors or to sum
more than one input, each input having a desired voltage gain.
As an inverting amplifier the resistors are connected to the inverting input as
shown in Fig. 7.1 with output voltage

VO = (RO/Ri)Vi

Figure 7-1

A non-inverting amplifier is provided by the circuit of Fig. 7.2 with output voltage
given by

VO = (1 + RO/Ri)Vi

Figure 7-2

Connecting the output back to the inverting input as in Fig. 7.3 provides a gain of
exactly unity:

VO = Vi
 Figure 7-3

More than one input can be connected through separate resistors as shown in Fig.
7.4, with the output voltage then

VO = - [(RO/Ri)Vi + (RO/R2)V2]

Figure 7-4

PROCEDURES

Part 1. Inverting Amplifier

a. Calculate the voltage gain for the amplifier circuit of Fig. 7.5.
7
1
5
3 VS+
BAL1 6
BAL2
2
741
VS-
20kohm U1
Ri 4

Ro

100koh Figure 7-5

Ro =100 kΩ
Ri=20 kΩ
Vo
=5
Vi
(calculated) VO/Vi =_______5_______

b. Construct the circuit of Fig. 7.5. (Measure and record resistor values in Fig. 7.5).
Apply an input of Vi = 1 V, rms (ƒ = 10 kHz). Using a DMM measure and record
output voltage.

(measured) VO = _____4.983V______

Calculated voltage gain using measured values:

AV = ______4.983_______

Compare the gain calculated in step a with that measured in step b.

The calculated and measured value of the voltage gain shows an accurate
result. The calculated voltage gain from a 1V input is 5, therefore the expected
voltage output should be 5V. And the DDM reading shows 4.98V which is
approximately the same as 5V.

c. Replace R1 with a 100-kΩ resistor. Calculate VO/Vi.

V o 100 kΩ
= =1
V i 100 kΩ

(calculated) VO/Vi = ________1_______

For input of Vi = 1 V, rms measure and record VO.

(measured) VO = ____999.64mV____
Calculate AV.
V .99964
A v= o = =0.99964 ≅ 1
Vi 1
AV = ________1_______

Compare calculated and measured values of voltage gain.

Same as in Part 1 (b), the measured and calculated values give an accurate
voltage gain of 1.
 d. Using the oscilloscope, observe and sketch input and output waveforms in Fig.
7.6.

Input

Output

Figure 7-6

Part 2. Non-inverting Amplifier

a. Calculate the voltage gain of the non-inverting amplifier in Fig. –7-7.

Figure 7-7

V o Ro 100 kΩ
= +1= +1=6
V i Ri 20 kΩ
(calculated) AV = _______6________

b. Construct the circuit of Fig. 7-7. Apply an input of V i = 1 V, rms (ƒ = 10 kHz).

Using DMM, measure and record output voltage

(measured) VO = _____5.936V_____
 Calculate the voltage gain of the circuit using measured voltages

VO/Vi = _____5.936______

Compare the voltage gain calculated in step a with that measured in step b.

Both measured and calculated values of voltage gain are the same, and is
approximately 6.

c. Replace R1 with a 100 kΩ resistor and repeat steps a and b.

V o 100 kΩ
= +1=2
V i 100 kΩ
(calculated) AV = _______2________
(measured) VO = _____1.999V_____
VO/Vi = _____1.999_____

Compare the calculated voltage gain with that measured.

Both measured and calculated values of voltage gain are the same, and is
approximately 2.

d. Using the oscilloscope, observe and sketch the input and output waveforms in Fig.
7.8.
Output

Input

Figure 7-8

Part 3. Unity-Gain Follower

a. Construct the circuit of Fig. 7.9. Apply an input signal of V I = 2 V, rms (ƒ = 10

kHz). Using a DMM measure and record the input and output voltages.
 Figure 7-9

(measured) VI = ______2V______
(measured) VO = ______2V______

Compare the circuit voltage gain, VO/Vi with the theoretical unity gain
Connecting the output back to the inverting input provides a gain of exactly
unity, which makes the voltage output equal to the voltage input. It has a voltage
gain of exactly 1.

Part 4. Summing Amplifier

a. Calculate the output voltage for the circuit of Fig. 7.10 with inputs of V 1 = V2 = 1
V, rms.

Figure 7-10
 R o Ro 100 kΩ 100 kΩ
V o =− ( + )
R 1 R2 (
V i=− +
100 kΩ 20 kΩ )(1V )=6V

(calculated) VO = ______6V________

b. Construct the circuit of Fig. 7.10. Apply inputs of V I = V2 = 1 V, rms (ƒ = 10

kHz). Measure and record output voltage.

(measured) VO = ______6V_______

Compare output voltage calculated in step a and that measured in step b.

Both the calculated and measured value was the same resulting in the
voltage output of 6 V, indicating that the measured data was accurate.

c. Change R2 to 100 kΩ. Repeat steps a and b.

(calculated) VO = ______2V___________
(measured) VO = __ 1.999V_________

7.5 Activity Report

Section: 1-B Date Performed:

Course Code: COE0047L Date Submitted:
Course Title: BASIC ELECTRONICS
(Lab)
Instructor:
Group No.: Activity No.: 7

Group Members: Signature:

1. Algador, Peter Vrian C.
2. Chan, Jan Patrick S.
3. De Guzman, John Vinex
4. Lumbao, Edward Julius
5. Magno Allan Miguel J.
5. Oliverson, Jelo Gabriel
7.6 Conclusions

Based on the data collected from the experiment, the different operational
amplifier operations, and the accuracy of the measured values in the experiment can be
concluded.

The experiment is divided into different parts, starting with part 1; the inverting
operational amplifier, the data suggests that the voltage output measured was accurate to
that of the calculations arriving at approximately 5 V under constant 1 V input..
Furthermore, the readings of the oscilloscope conclude the purpose of an inverting op
amplifier, not only does it amplify but inverts the orientation or direction of the signals.

On the second part of the experiment, the concepts of non-inverting operational

amplifier was put into test. Same with the previous inverting op amplifier, the accuracy
of the measured and calculated voltage output was spot on, arriving with both with
approximately 6 V under constant 1 V input. The difference between the inverting and
non-inverting op amplifier could also be concluded using the readings of the
oscilloscope. As the name suggests, the non-inverting op amplifier does not invert the
input signals, instead retain its orientation or direction and just amplifies it.

Next is the unity gain operation follower. With the data gathered, measuring the
voltage input and output to be the same having 2 V, it could be concluded that unlike the
previous two amplifiers, the unity gain follower doesn’t amplify the input signals and has
a voltage gain of 1.

Lastly, is summing operation amplifier based on the circuit alone could be

concluded that it is an op amplifier with more than 1 input. Moreover, using the equation
with the presence of negative sign it could be concluded that the summing op amplifier
just like the inverting amplifier, it inverts the input signal, however this time summing up
the multiple input and shows the weighted sum of the inputs.

Therefore, if one plans to utilize an operational amplifier, one must take into
consideration the type of operational amplifier to be used as there are various types of
amplifier performing different functions in order to achieve the extensive signal
amplifying and conditioning desired.