The average age of the 100 teachers surveyed was 38 years. Since the sample size is large (n=100), we can use the central limit theorem. The 99% confidence interval for the true average age of all teachers in the town is:
38 - 2.58(4/√100) < μ < 38 + 2.58(4/√100)
37.42 < μ < 38.58
Therefore, the 99% confidence interval for the true average age is 37.42 to 38.58 years.
The average age of the 100 teachers surveyed was 38 years. Since the sample size is large (n=100), we can use the central limit theorem. The 99% confidence interval for the true average age of all teachers in the town is:
38 - 2.58(4/√100) < μ < 38 + 2.58(4/√100)
37.42 < μ < 38.58
Therefore, the 99% confidence interval for the true average age is 37.42 to 38.58 years.
The average age of the 100 teachers surveyed was 38 years. Since the sample size is large (n=100), we can use the central limit theorem. The 99% confidence interval for the true average age of all teachers in the town is:
38 - 2.58(4/√100) < μ < 38 + 2.58(4/√100)
37.42 < μ < 38.58
Therefore, the 99% confidence interval for the true average age is 37.42 to 38.58 years.
The average age of the 100 teachers surveyed was 38 years. Since the sample size is large (n=100), we can use the central limit theorem. The 99% confidence interval for the true average age of all teachers in the town is:
38 - 2.58(4/√100) < μ < 38 + 2.58(4/√100)
37.42 < μ < 38.58
Therefore, the 99% confidence interval for the true average age is 37.42 to 38.58 years.
2. Discuss the properties of a good estimator 3. Illustrate point and interval estimation 4. Identify a point estimator for the population mean 5. Identify the appropriate form of the confidence interval estimator of the population mean when: a. population variance is known b. central limit theorem is to be used c. population variance is unknown and n is small 6. Illustrate the t-distribution 7. Construct the t-distribution 8. Identify regions under t-distribution corresponding to t-values 9. Solve problems involving confidence interval estimation of the population mean 10. Draw a conclusion about the population mean based on its confidence interval estimate. Branch of statistics that pertains to the process of drawing and making decisions concerning a given population based on the data obtained from the sample. Estimations
Hypothesis Testing Estimation of Parameters Can you think of a situation where the Process of Estimation is important? ESTIMATION The process used to calculate the proposed values for parameters by using only a random sample from the population. Estimator: Any statistic whose value is used to estimate an unknown parameter. Properties of a Good Estimator Unbiasedness Efficiency
An estimate is unbiased An efficient estimator
when the expectation of is the one that gives all estimates taken from the sample with size n is Consistency the smallest variance.
equal to the parameter
Consistency is achieved being estimated. when the estimate produced a relatively smaller standard error. This may be done by increasing the sample used to estimate the parameter. Types of Estimates POINT ESTIMATES INTERVAL ESTIMATES
A single value that best determines the
Range of values within which the proposed parameter value of the parameter value possibly falls population Suppose you work for a manufacturer of Using a sample of light bulbs and you want to predict the 100 light bulbs, average life span of all the light bulbs you you claim that the produced. light bulbs last for….
5 months 4 to 6 months
Point Estimator Interval Estimator
POINT ESTIMATOR OF A PARAMETER
Summarizes the sample by a single number that is an estimate of the population parameter.
Example: A researcher wants to estimate the
average grade of all mathematics students in a What can you say about the point certain school. He determined the grades of estimate of the population mean? Is it five students as follows: 76 , 82, 88, 90 and 96. representing the entire population well? Estimate the average mathematics grade of all the students of their grades. Note: A population parameter is estimated simply with its corresponding sample statistic INTERVAL ESTIMATOR OF A PARAMETER
Interval of values that predicts where the true population parameter belongs.
Important terms to remember:
▪ Length of a confidence interval: The difference between the lower limit from the upper limit of the interval.
▪ Confidence Level: The degree of certainty that the true population parameter falls within the constructed confidence interval. Common choices for confidence level: 80% 90% 95% 99%
Note: If your interval estimate is made using an 80 % confidence level, it indicates that your estimate is correct 80 % of the time. POINT AND INTERVAL ESTIMATORS OF A PARAMETER
Situation 1: It can be observed that:
a. The point estimate for the population A professor of a renowned university mean is _______ conducted a research to determine the IQ of b. The degree of confidence is ______ % c. The interval estimate for the population the students in their university. The report mean is __________. shows that the chosen sample of students d. The length of the interval estimate for the have a mean of 110 with a standard deviation population mean is ________. e. The margin of error is _______%. of 8. Moreover, the population mean is f. What is the lower limit and upper limit of the expected to be in between 107.9 to 112.1 at interval? 99 % confidence interval. POINT AND INTERVAL ESTIMATORS OF A PARAMETER
Situation 2:
A local newspaper named Balita Na conducts It can be observed that:
a. The point estimate for the population an election survey and reports that the proportion is _______ independent candidate will receive 35 % of b. The degree of confidence is ______ % the vote. The newspaper states that the c. The interval estimate for the population proportion is __________. survey had a 5 % margin of error. These d. The length of the interval estimate for the finding results in the following confidence population proportion is ________. interval: the independent candidate will e. The margin of error is ________.
receive between 30% and 40% of the vote.
How do we set up the interval estimators of the population mean? More on interval estimator of population mean! ▪ Confidence Level: The degree of certainty that the true population parameter falls within the constructed confidence interval.
Common choices for confidence level: 80% 90% 95% 99%
Confidence coefficients:
•The middle 99 % is the proportion of the regions above z1 = -2.58 and below z2 = 2.58
•The middle 95 % is the proportion of the regions above z1 = -1.96 and below z2 = 1.96 •The middle 90 % is the proportion of the regions above z1 = -1.65 and below z2 = 1.65 Interval Estimation of the population mean
Case 1: Estimating the population mean given the population
variance
Case 2: Estimating the population mean using the central limit
theorem
Case 3: Estimating the population mean with unknown variance using
a small sample. Interval Estimation of the population mean Case 1: Estimating the population mean given the population variance
𝜎 𝜎 𝑋ത − 𝑧𝑎 < 𝜇 < 𝑋ത + 𝑧𝑎 2 𝑛 2 𝑛 Example:
Consider a random sample of 36 items
taken from a normally distributed population with a sample mean of 211. Compute a 95% confidence interval for 𝜇 if the population standard deviation is 23. The population mean will have a 95 % chance to fall between 203.49 to 218.51 Interval Estimation of the population mean Case 1: Estimating the population mean given the population variance
𝜎 𝜎 𝑋ത − 𝑧𝑎 < 𝜇 < 𝑋ത + 𝑧𝑎 2 𝑛 2 𝑛 Example:
Suppose that the systolic blood pressures of a
certain population are normally distributed with a standard deviation of 8. A sample size of 25 is taken from the population. The average of the systolic blood pressure of these 25 individuals is found to be 122. Find the 99 % confidence interval of the average systolic pressure for all The population mean will have a 99 % chance to fall members of the population between 117.88 and 126.12. Interval Estimation of the population mean Case 2: Estimating the population mean using the Central Limit Theorem 𝜎 𝜎 𝑋ത − 𝑧𝑎 < 𝜇 < 𝑋ത + 𝑧𝑎 2 𝑛 2 𝑛 REGARDLESS IF THE POPULATION IS NORMAL OR NOT, AS THE SAMPLE SIZE n GETS LARGER, THE SHAPE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN WILL SIMPLY APPROACH A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Example:
Kim wants to estimate the average age of
teachers in certain town with known standard deviation of 4. If she surveyed a sample of 100 teachers and determined a sample mean of 35, compute the 95 % confidence interval for the average age of teachers. At 95 % confidence, the mean age of the teachers in the town is estimated to fall between 34.22 and 35.78. What if the shape of the distribution is unknown and the sample size is small? Or the population variance is unknown?
