Memory

processes and Learning theory

Dr Abeer Almarzouki Male notes in Blue

MD, PhD Edited by: Nour

Notes by: Rajwa and Nour

2017-2018
Objectives

1. List the types of memory

2. Explain the mechanisms of memory
3. Describe how memory is consolidated
4. Explain encoding of memory
5. List types of amnesia
6. List the main ways of learning
7. List the main types of learning
 Read only
Definitions
Learning

The acquisition of knowledge or skills through study or experience

Memory
The ability to store and retrieve information in the brain

Both are key for survival

Stages of memory
 Stages of memory Very imp!
a momentary visual image that remains for a few seconds before the image is gone. E.g. ‫زي ملا‬

E ‫ صورتهم تفضل لثواني و بعدين ننسى اشكالهم‬، ‫نشوف اشخاص بيمرو في الشارع يوميا‬
• Iconic (sensory) memories
The briefest and stores sensory information, vanishes within seconds
• Short term memories (STM) after this, information isE.g.either
→ commited to long term memory, or lost all together.
‫زي ملا نشوف شخص حلو حتركزو فيه اكثر‬

Usually lasts for 30 seconds , if working on it working memory

• Long term memories (LTM) Declarative memories (like facts or events)
→

or non declarative memories (remembering how to do a task)

Lasts for days and years
Never lost , if somethings brings the cue and all the information goes
back again
Working memory
• Short-term memory is a broad term used to describe ideas and
recalled events held in the mind or just off to the side. Working
memory is a theoretical construct where an active idea or memories
held briefly in the mind can be manipulated

Kids with ADHD (‫ )اضطراب فرط الحركة‬have poor working memory; this has serious impact on their
learning ability.
(always distracted and they find difficulty in doing simple tasks)
‫ ‪Mechanism of memory‬‬

‫‪Retaining info either in:‬‬

‫‪Sensory memory, STM, or LTM‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫!‬
‫لو قابلت احد الول مرة و‬ ‫لو ما ربطت اسم الشخص‬ ‫اذا شفت نفس الشخص‬
‫عرفت اسمه حتحاول تربط‬ ‫بشكله كويس او مارجعت‬ ‫بعد اسبوع حتتعرف على‬
‫االسم بشكل الشخص‬ ‫شفته خالل فترة قريبة‬ ‫وجه الشخص اول عشان‬
‫غالبا حتنسى اسمه‬ ‫تقدر تتذكر اسمه‬
‫‪The more its repeated the‬‬
‫‪more likely it will be retained‬‬
‫‪in Long-Term memory‬‬
Mechanism of memory
Depends on:
1. Encoding -Perception
-Attention

• It allows the perceived item of interest to be converted into

a construct that can be stored within the brain, and then recalled
later from short term or long term memory.
• The perceived sensations are then combined in the hippocampus into
one single experience. Perception: is the way in which
↳
something is interpreted to make a meaning or sense
that is unique to one person.

• The hippocampus is then responsible for analyzing these inputs and

ultimately deciding if they will be committed to long term memory.
‫*معلومة اضافية‬
Patient HM (who had bilateral lobectomy due to a lesion in the
hippocampus)
very short memory that doesn’t last for more than 30 sec ‫كان عنده‬
‫يجي الدكتور يسأله سؤال طويل ملا يخلص كالمه املريض ما يفتكر ايش كان اول جزء‬
‫من السؤال‬
Mechanism of memory

2. Consolidation Converting short term memory to be stored as long term memory.

→

Consolidation is a function of hippocampus

• is the processes of stabilizing a memory trace after the initial
acquisition
• It depends on long-term potentiation, which allows a synapse to
increase in strength as increasing numbers of signals are transmitted
between the two neurons.
Mechanism of memory
3. Storage
• is the process of retaining information in the brain, whether in the
sensory memory , the short term memory or the more
permanent long-term memory Its a passive process
• The more the information is repeated or used, the more likely it is to
be retained in long-term memory
• long-term memories are not stored in just one part of the brain, but
are widely distributed throughout the cortex.
Mechanism of memory
4. Retrieval or recall
The subsequent re-accessing of events or information from the past,
which have been previously encoded and stored in the brain.
In common parlance, it is known as remembering. During recall,
the brain "replays" a pattern of neural activity that was originally
generated in response to a particular event, echoing the brain's
perception of the real event.
Mechanisms of memory
Mechanisms of memory
 ‫مهم تفهمو الساليدات الجاية كويس‬ Important
Types of Human Memory
‫ﻣن ﺳﻼﯾدات اﻟﻣﯾل‬
Explicit or declarative memory
Conscious
• Declarative memory (“knowing what”) is memory of facts, events and spatial
maps
• Refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled (or "declared").
• It is sometimes called explicit memory, since it consists of information that is
explicitly stored and retrieved
• Can be forgotten easily
• can not be tested in animals
• Declarative memory can be further sub-divided into episodic memory and
semantic memory
4
↳ Personal memories of specific events
General knowledge and facts and experiences
“knowing the capital of Saudi Arabia” “remembering your first day of school”
Example:
Information required for exams
Explicit or declarative memory
• Episodic memory represents our memory of experiences and
specific events in time in a serial form, from which we can reconstruct
the actual events that took place at any given point in our lives. It is
the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated
emotions and other contextual knowledge) that can be explicitly
stated.
• Semantic memory, on the other hand, is a more structured record
of facts, meanings, concepts and knowledge about the external
world that we have acquired.
Implicit or procedural memory
• procedural memory (“knowing how”) is the memory of skills ,habits and
behaviors
• The unconscious memory of skills and how to do things such as tying a
shoelace or riding a bike.
• sometimes referred as implicit memory, because we perform tasks
without explicit and conscious awareness of these previous experiences
(auto pilot mode)
• These memories are typically acquired through repetition and practice.
• Once learned not easily forgotten
• Can be tested in humans and animals
 Types of declarative learning
Types of non declarative-3-3--8
goodhearted learning

1. Skill learning Knowing how to ride a bicycle

→

2. Priming Being more likely to use a word you heard recently

→

3. Associative learning Salivating when you see your favorite food

→
1. Skill learning
Learning to perform a challenging task through repeating such as
riding a bike or swimming

Independent of hippocampus , areas such as basal ganglia, motor

cortex and cerebellum are involved
2. Priming
• A change in the stimulus processing depending on previous exposure
of the stimulus dependent on the neocortex, ocipototemporal lobe.
• An example of priming is the improved recall of a word when
presented with the first few letters of it.
3. Associative learning
a. Classical conditioning
• The association between 2 stimuli or a stimulus and a response ‫املثال حلو عشان تفهموها‬

d
 3. Associative learning
B. Operant conditioning
• The association between the stimuli or a behavior

‫املثال حلو عشان تفهموها‬

Motivated memory.
(A) Subjects studied a set of pictures of food and nonfood (I.e.,
furniture) Items and were later tested for their ability to discriminate
the pictures they had seen from a new set . In one condition, subjects
were made hungry by withholding food for several hours.
(B) Memory for food items was significantly enhanced when subjects
were hungry, but there was no significant effect of hunger on memory
for nonfood pictures.
‫ ‪4. Non Associative learning‬‬
‫ ‪A. Habituation‬‬
‫ ‪The response to steady or repeated (harmless) stimulus decreases over‬‬
‫ ‪time.‬‬
‫‪E.g. you don’t hear the air conditioner after it’s been on for a while‬‬
‫زي ﺗﻠﻔون اﻟﺑﯾت ﻟﻣﺎ ﯾدق داﯾﻣًﺎ وﯾرد أﺣﻣد وﯾﺳﺄﻟوه ﻋن ﻣﺣﻣد‪ ،‬وﯾﻘﻔل أﺣﻣد اﻟﺳﻣﺎﻋﺔ ﻷن ﻣﺣد‬
‫ﯾﺑﻐﺎه‪ ،‬ﺑﻌد ﻛذا ﻟو دق اﻟﺗﻠﻔون أﺣﻣد ﯾﺗﻌود وﻣﺎ ﯾرد‬
‫ ‪B. Sensitization‬‬
‫ ‪The experience of one stimulus heightens the response to a‬‬
‫‪subsequent stimulus.‬‬
‫زي ملا يكون فيه شخص تكرهه ابسط تصرف منه ينرفزك حتى لو التصرف نفسه من غير هذا الشخص كان مقبول‬
‫‪.‬ﻟﻣﺎ ﺟﺎت اﻟﺳﯾول ﺑﻌد ﻧزول اﻟﻣطر‪ ،‬ﯾﺻﯾر ﻛل ﻣطر ﺑﻌد ﻛدا ﻣﺧﯾف ﺟ ًدا ﻟﻠﺑﻌض رﻏم ان اﻟﻣطر أﻣر ﻣﻘﺑول ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﺎس‬
Recap
 ‫‪Recap‬‬
‫ﻣن ﺳﻼﯾدات اﻟﻣﯾل‬
Amnesia
Amnesia
Amnesia
Amnesia is a condition in which memory (either stored memories or
the process of forming new memories) is disturbed or lost
Causes:
1. Organic or neurological causes: e,g, damage to the brain through
physical injury, neurological disease or the use of certain drugs.
2. Functional or psychogenic causes such as mental disorder, post-
traumatic stress or psychological defense mechanisms.
•
 Important
Amnesia MCQ

1. Anterograde amnesia: Anterograde amnesia is caused by a lesion of hippocampus

The ability to memorize new memories is impaired or lost because data does not
transfer successfully from the conscious short-term memories into
permanent long-term memories
2. Retrograde amnesia ‫ﺑﯾﺗﮫ‬.There is no loss of long life memory
‫ﻣﺣدش ﯾﻧﺳﻰ اﻟذاﻛرة ﻟﻠﺣد اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺧﻠﯾﮫ ﯾﻧﺳﻰ ﻋﻧوان‬
A person's pre-existing memories are lost to conscious recollection, beyond an
ordinary degree of forgetfulness, even though they may be able to memorize new
things that occur after the onset of amnesia).
3. Total or global amnesia
4. Post-traumatic Amnesia a state of confusion and memory loss that occurs after
a traumatic brain injury
5. Amnesia which occurs due to psychological factors is usually referred to
as psychogenic factors

! ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻣﺎن ﺳﻼﯾد ﻓﻲ اﻵﺧﯾر ﻣﮭﻣﺔ‬

‫‪Reference‬‬
‫‪• A case:‬‬ ‫ﻓﯾدﯾو اﻟرﺟﺎل إﻟﻠﻲ اﺗﻛﻠﻣت ﻋﻧﮫ د‪ .‬ﻋﺑﯾر‬
‫إﻟﻠﻲ ﻛل ﻣرة ﯾﺷوف زوﺟﺗﮫ ﯾﺣﺿﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﺷﺎن ﻧﺳﻲ إﻧﮫ ﺷﺎﻓﮭﺎ ﻗﺑل ‪ ٣٠‬ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷوﻓوه‬
‫‪• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwigmktix2Y‬‬

‫‪• A source‬‬
‫‪• http://www.human-memory.net‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻛرً ا ﻣن اﻟﻘﻠب ♥‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻣﯾﻌﺎد اﻟﺳﻠﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬أﺣﻣد اﻟﺳﻘﺎف‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻧور ﺑﺎﻋﺎﻣر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺣﻣد اﻟﺻﺎﻧﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻧدى ﺣرﯾري‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﺑدﷲ اﻟﻣﺣﻣدي‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻟﻣﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻋﻣر اﻟﺳﻠﻣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺳﺎره ﻓﯾﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﺑداﻟرﺣﯾم اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬رﺑﻰ اﻟظﺎھري‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﻣﺣﻣد ﺟﺳﺗﻧﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬اﯾﻣﺎن دروﯾش‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬ﻣﮭﻧد ﺣﻧﺗوش‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻟﯾﻧﺔ ﺑﺎطوﯾل‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٨‬إﺑراھﯾم ﺑﺎﺷﻣﯾل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﻋﮭد اﻟظﺎھري‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٩‬ﻣﺎﺟد اﻟﺧطﯾب‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﻣروة ﻋﺑداﻟﻣﻌطﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١٠‬ﻣﺣﻣد ﺑﺎﺷﻧﻔر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١١‬رﺟوى اﻟﻌﺑﯾدي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١١‬أﺳﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻐرﺑﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٢‬ﺳﮭل وﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٣‬اﻟﺛﻼﺛﻲ اﻟﻣرح أ‪.‬ج‪.‬م‬
‫‪ -١٤‬ﻓرﯾق أﺑو ﺷﻌﯾرة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٥‬ﻧﺎﯾف اﻷﻧﺻﺎري‪.‬‬