Chapter 1: Introduction to Database Outline

• Data
• Database
Fundamentals of Database Systems • Database Management System
for 2nd year Information Technology students.
• Database system
Prepared by: Gebriye Embafresu • Database-System Applications
- Huawei HCIA Security Certified • Purpose of Database Systems
- Huawei HCIA Routing and Switching Certified • Database system and file based approach
- Huawei HCIP Routing and Switching Certified • Characteristics of the database approach
• Database users and Administrators
Computer Science Department

E-mail: [email protected]
6-2
(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified

What is Data? Information and Knowledge

• Information is the processed data presented in a form suitable for
• The term data refers to known raw facts about
things like people places, events and concepts human interpretation

• The word raw indicates that the facts have not yet • Information is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning.
been processed to reveal their meaning. • Knowledge:
• Data is any fact that can be recorded (or) stored into – The body of information and facts about a specific subject.
a computer hard disk. – Knowledge implies familiarity, awareness, and understanding of
• there are various forms of data, like video, audio information as it applies to an environment.
image, graphics, text document, – A key characteristic is that new knowledge can be derived from old
• Data is the foundation of information, which is the bedrock of
knowledge
knowledge—that is, the body of information and facts about
a specific subject.

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 6-3 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 6-4
 Database Database (Cont.)
• Database is collection interrelated data • The database is an integrated collection of facts
• It contains information relevant to an enterprise. about an organization.
• The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and • Organization can be a University or a department in a
retrieve database information that is both convenient and
efficient. University , Insurance companies, Manufacturing companies,
• Management of data involves both defining structures for Banks, Airlines, Telecommunications, Governmental and Non-
storage of information and providing mechanisms for the
manipulation of information. governmental Organizations, Research institutions ,etc.
• The database is an important assets for many organizations • The database is used as a central data source for other
• Databases touch all aspects of our lives applications

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-5 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-6

Database (Cont.) Database Management System

• A database can be defined accurately using • Database Management System is a program (or

its basic implicit properties: software) which is used to construct, manipulate and
retrieve the data in the database.
– It represents some aspects of the Mini-world
• A database management system (DBMS) is a
– Any assortment of data is not a data base. It collection of usually complex pieces of software that
allows a user to define, create, manipulate and
is a collection logically coherent data protect and manage access to a database

– It has intended users and applications

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-7 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-8
 Database Applications Examples
Database Systems Here are some of the applications of database system

• A database system is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs • Enterprise Information
that allow users to access and modify these data. – Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Database systems are used to manage collections of data that are: – Accounting: payments, receipts, assets
– Human Resources: Information about employees, salaries,
– Highly valuable,
payroll taxes.
– Relatively large, and • Manufacturing: management of production, inventory, orders, supply
– Accessed by multiple users and applications, often at the same time. chain.
• Banking and finance
• A modern database system is a complex software system whose task is to
– customer information, accounts, loans, and banking transactions.
manage a large, complex collection of data.
– Credit card transactions
• The database system must ensure the safety of the information stored, – Finance: sales and purchases of financial instruments (e.g.,
despite system crashes or attempts at unauthorized access.
stocks and bonds; storing real-time market data
• Database systems are ubiquitous today, and most people interact, either
directly or indirectly, with databases many times every day. • Universities: registration, grades

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-9 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-10

Database Applications Examples (Cont.) Purpose of Database Systems

In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file
• Airlines: reservations, schedules systems, which leads to:
• Telecommunication: records of calls, texts, and data usage,
generating monthly bills, maintaining balances on prepaid calling • Data redundancy and inconsistency: data is stored in multiple file
cards formats resulting induplication of information in different files
• Web-based services • Difficulty in accessing data
– Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations – Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
– Online advertisements • Data isolation
• Document databases – Multiple files and formats
• Navigation systems: For maintaining the locations of varies places • Integrity problems
of interest along with the exact routes of roads, train systems, – Integrity constraints (e.g., account balance > 0) become buried
buses, etc. in program code rather than being stated explicitly
– Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-11 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-12
12
 Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.) Example University Database
• Atomicity of updates
– Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial • Mini-world for a University Database example: Part of a
updates carried out UNIVERSITY environment.
– Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should either
complete or not happen at all
• Some mini-world entities:
• Concurrent access by multiple users
– Concurrent access needed for performance – STUDENTs
– Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
– PRE-REQUISITE COURSEs
• Ex: Two people reading a balance (say 100) and updating it by
withdrawing money (say 50 each) at the same time – COURSEs
• Security problems – DEPARTMENTs
– Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
– INSTRUCTORs

Database systems offer solutions to Note: The above could be expressed in the ENTITY-
all the above problems RELATIONSHIP data model.

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 131-13 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 14

Example Relational Database Snapshot

Example University Database(Continued…)
• Some mini-world relationships:
– STUDENTs take COURSEs
– COURSEs have PRE-REQUISITE COURSEs
– INSTRUCTORs teach COURSEs
– COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs
– STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 16 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 17
 Evolution of Database Systems File-Based Approach
• Two approaches to convert data to information: • A file is a collection of related information
– File-based
• A system of files and collection of application programs
• Developed starting from 1960’s
manipulating them is a file-based system
• Stores, manipulates, retrieves data from large flat files
– Database (relational systems)
• Developed by E. F. Codd of IBM the early 1980's University
• Widely used today File-Based System

Evolution of
Database
Systems

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 18 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 19

Limitations of File-Based Approach Database Users and Administrators

• Much efforts for ad hoc query answering: • A primary goal of a database system is to retrieve
– What is the average grade for Mr.Negacy’s students? information from and store new information in the
– List the activities for all students enrolled in CSE309. database.
– Which personnel are students as well as staff? • People who work with a database can be
• Other limitations: categorized as
– Duplication of data – database users or
– Data dependency • Naïve users
– Slow development, high maintenance and fixed queries • Application programmers
• Sophisticated users
– database administrators.

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 20 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-21
 database users database users
• Naive users are unsophisticated users who • Application programmers are computer
interact with the system by using predefined user professionals who write application programs.
interfaces, such as web or mobile applications. Application programmers can choose from many
• The typical user interface for naive users is a forms tools to develop user interfaces.
interface, where the user can fill in appropriate • Sophisticated users interact with the system
fields of the form. without writing programs. Instead, they form their
• Naive users may also view read reports generated requests either using a database query language or
from the database. by using tools such as data analysis software.

• Analysts who submit queries to explore data in the

database fall in this category.

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-22 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-23

Functions of DBA
Database Administrator
• Schema definition.
A person who has central control over the system is called a database
•The DBA creates the original database schema by executing
administrator (DBA). Functions of a DBA include:
a set of data definition statements in the DDL.
• Schema definition • Storage structure and access-method definition.
• Storage structure and access-method definition • The DBA may specify some parameters pertaining to the
physical organization of the data and the indices to be created.
• Schema and physical-organization modification
• Schema and physical-organization modification.
• Granting of authorization for data access •The DBA carries out changes to the schema and physical
• Routine maintenance organization to reflect the changing needs of the organization,
• Periodically backing up the database or to alter the physical organization to improve performance.
• Ensuring that enough free disk space is available for normal
operations, and upgrading disk space as required
• Monitoring jobs running on the database

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-24 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-25
 Functions of DBA (Contd.) Functions of DBA (Contd.)
• Granting of authorization for data access. By granting • Routine maintenance. Examples of the database administrator’s routine
maintenance activities are:
different types of authorization, the database administrator can
° Periodically backing up the database onto remote servers, to prevent loss
regulate which parts of the database various users can
of data in case of disasters such as flooding.
access. ° Ensuring that enough free disk space is available for normal operations,

• The authorization information is kept in a special system and upgrading disk space as required.
° Monitoring jobs running on the database and ensuring that performance
structure that the database system consults whenever a user
is not degraded by very expensive tasks submitted by some users.
tries to access the data in the system.

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-26 (C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-27

Fundamentals of Database Systems

End of Chapter one !!!

Have a nice day!!

Never Stop Learning!

(C) 2013, Gebriye E. Dept. Computer Science HCIA Security, HCIA R&S and HCIP R&S Certified 1-28