A Project Seminar Report

On
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AIR POWERED ENGINE
By
MAHIPAL REDDY .V 160117736085
RAHUL .G 160117736096
RISHIKESH .K 160117736099
Under The Guidance
Of
DR.K.KISHOR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CHAITANYA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(A)
(Affiliated to Osmania University)
GANDIPET, HYDERABAD- 500 075
2020
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF

AIR POWERED ENGINE” by the following members in partial
fulfilment for the award of the degree of B.E. in Mechanical
Engineering is a bonafide record of project work carried out under
my supervision.The contents of this report, in full or in parts, have
not been submitted to any other Institution or University for the
award of any degree.

1. MAHIPAL REDDY .V 160117736085

2. RAHUL .G 160117736096
3. RISHIKESH .K 160117736099

Project guide
Dr.K.Kishor
Mechanical Engineering Dept.
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work reported in this project report titled “ DESIGN
AND ANALYSIS OF AIR POWERED ENGINE” which is being submitted by
us in partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical
Engineering, is a record work done by us under the supervision of
Dr.K.KISHOR, and has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree
in this or any other Institution or University. In keeping with the ethical practice
in reporting scientific information, due acknowledgements have been made
wherever the findings of others have been cited.

1. MAHIPAL .V (160117736085)
2. RAHUL .G (160117736096)
3. RISHIKESH .K (160117736099)

Date :
Place :
 ABSTRACT

The I.C Engines are one of the major contributors of Global warming and
pollution.The usage of non renewable fuels can be reduced by this eco
friendly Air Powered Engine.The Air Driven Engine is an eco-friendly
engine which operates with compressed air. An Air Driven Engine uses the
expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons of an engine. An Air
Driven Engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by
expanding compressed air. There is no mixing of fuel with air as
there is no combustion. An Air Driven Engine makes use of Compressed
Air Technology for its operation The Compressed Air Technology is
quite simple. If we compress normal air into a cylinder the air would
hold some energy within it. This energy can be utilized for useful
purposes. When this compressed air expands, the energy is released to do
work. So this energy in compressed air can also be utilized to displace a
piston.

In this paper the design and analysis of the Air Powered Engine is discussed.
The basic CAD model will be created in solidworks by considering the
initial constraints and requirements. The CAD model is then optimised by
performing dynamic analysis. The tests can be performed in ANSYS
Mechanical. The Thermal Analysis will be performed in ANSYS Fluent
using 2D CFD model. The results from the analysis will be discussed and the
design will be optimised

TABLE OF CONTENTS
0
 DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER

1. INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 Air Powered Engine 2
1.2 Working Principle of Air Powered Engine 4
1.3 Advantages of Air Powered Engine 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Review of Literature 6
3. THE DESIGN PROCESS 8
3.1 Modelling Software 8
3.2 Engine Design 8
3.3 Articulated Connecting Rod Design 10
4. ANALYSIS 11
4.1 Analysis Software 11
4.2 Dynamic analysis 11
4.3 Thermal analysis 12
4.4 Results 12
5. COMPARING WITH 4 STROKE SI ENGINE 12
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER SCOPES 13
6.1 Conclusions 13
7. REFERENCES 14

1. INTRODUCTION:

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1.1 Air Powered Engine :

Compressed air is the air kept under a pressure that is greater than atmospheric
pressure. It serves many commercial purposes. Developing countries like India
and China faces severe fuel crisis. Now there is a time to use Non-conventional
sources. These factors are leading bike manufactures to develop bikes as fuel
alternative energies. Cost is not the only problem with using fuel but it also
damages to the environment. It will eventually run out. One possible alternative
is Air Powered Vehicles.

It is hard to believe that compressed air can be used to drive vehicles. However
that is true and “air vehicles” as it popularly knows has caught the attention of
research worldwide. It has zero emission and is ideal for city driving condition.
Compressed air is favorable because of a high energy density, low toxicity, fast
filling at low cost and long service life. A compressed-air vehicle (CAV) is
powered by an air engine, using compressed air, which is stored in a tank
Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with
hot expanding gases, compressed-air vehicles use the expansion of compressed
air to drive their pistons.

It is an engine which will use compressed air to run the engine. It is cheap as it
uses air as fuel, which is available abundantly in atmosphere. There are several
technical benefits of using this engine, like as no combustion takes place inside
the cylinder, working temperature of engine is very close to ambient
temperature. This helps in reducing wear and tear of the engine components.
Also there is no possibility of knocking. This in turn results in smooth working
of engine. One more technical benefit is that there will not be any need for
installing cooling system or complex fuel injection systems. This makes the
design simpler. Here air is compressed using compressor which in turn uses
electricity, to run, which is cheaper and widely used. There is also one more
interesting thing is that it requires less maintenance. One more interesting thing
is that the exhaust temperature of this engine will be slightly less than the
atmospheric temperature. So this will help in cooling the environment and if
this technology is widely used than it will help in controlling global warming.

These are some green bytes associated with this technology. Exhaust gases
leaving the engine will be only air having low temperature. So this will
eliminate the problem of harmful emissions, in conventional engines. This gives
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us environmental benefit of using this engine. Also as there will be no thermal
radiations produced, radar can’t detect these vehicles. So this will help our army
too. Also the components used in this are: conventional SI engine, air vessel to
store compressed air, and timing circuit are economical. These economical and
readily available components make the technology easily adaptable.

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1.2 Working Principle of Air Powered Engine:

A Compressed-air engine is a pneumatic actuator that creates useful work by

expanding compressed air. A compressed-air vehicle is powered by an air
engine, using compressed air, which is stored in a tank. Instead of mixing fuel
with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with hot expanding
gases,compressed air vehicles (CAV) use the expansion of compressed air to
drive their pistons

• INLET STROKE : In this stroke the inlet valve is open and outlet
valve is closed so the compressed air enters and moves the piston
downward and gives the power output at the engine shaft.

• OUTLET STROKE : In this stroke inlet valve is closed and outlet valve
is open so the used expanded air is removed from the cylinder by the
outlet valve to the atmosphere.

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1.3 Advantages of Air Powered engine over IC Engine

 It is an engine which will use compressed air to run the engine. It is cheap
as it uses air as fuel which is available abundantly in atmosphere.
 There are several technical benefits of using this engine, like as no
combustion takes place inside the cylinder, working temperature of
engine is very close to ambient temperature. This helps in reducing wear
and tear of the engine components. Also there is no possibility of
knocking. This in turn results in smooth working of engine. One more
technical benefit is that there will not be any need for installing cooling
system or complex fuel injection systems. This makes the design simpler.
Here air is compressed using compressor which in turn uses electricity, to
run, which is cheaper and widely used.
 There are several economical benefits like, Compressed air technology
reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%, because there is no
need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, spark plugs or silencers. No use
of expensive fossil fuels as the free air is compressed and taken to use.
For this reason people can easily shift to the new
technology.Compressors use electricity for generating compressed air
which is relatively much cheaper and widespread.Smooth working will
lead to less wear & tear, so lesser maintenance cost

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2. Literature Review

2.1 Review of literature:

Numerous reviews on air compressed engine have been studied and some
performance characteristics such as emission characteristics, fuel consumption,
power, revolutions per minute (rpm), torque and pressure has been analysed.
The extensive literature review on air compressed engine is as follows:

Kumar et al. [1] used an existing two stroke engine in order to convert into a
two stroke compressed air engine. The flywheel, cylinder head and intake port
of the engine were modified whereas the carburettor was removed from the
system. At small pressure of 10 bar with varying injection angle from 10°
before top dead centre to 15° after top dead centre, the rotating speed was found
to be 715 rpm to 965 rpm, whereas at higher pressure of 25 bar with varying
injection angle, the speed ranged from 1191 rpm to 1422 rpm.

Shaw et al. [2] designed a pneumatic motor system which was driven by
compressed air. It was observed that the efficiency was better for the engine at
low temperature. Difference in theoretical and experimental efficiency was
observed to be 0% - 3.4%.

In the study of Yu et al. [3], a compressor tank of 300 litre capacities was used
in which the energy density of air was 491.6 kJ/kg and equivalent to the energy
density of a lithium ion battery. To optimize energy efficiency, a compressed air
engine was developed with a simple electromagnetic distribution arrangement

Boddapati et al. [4] modified a four stroke engine to a two stroke engine. The
first stroke was suction/power stroke while the second was exhaust stroke. A
cam was designed to set the inlet air timing for an air engine. Furthermore, 5 bar
of pressure gave 850 rpm with mechanical efficiency of 80%.

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In the study of Sardeshpande et al. [5], the efficiency of the compressor was
increased by decreasing the leakages, avoiding wastages and misuse. As the
flow rate of air was small as compared to that of the overall compressed air flow
in system, thus the use of these equipment increased the performance of the
compressor

In the study of Mishra et al. [6], a four stroke internal combustion engine was
transformed to an air driven engine along with some modification in the
compressor tank. The tank was modified to decrease the energy utilization while
the output work remained unaffected.

In the study of Baig et al. [7], a 100cc internal combustion engine was modified
to an air compressed engine. The engine was improved from a four stroke
engine to a two stroke engine. Engine speed of 3000 rpm was obtained at a
maximum pressure of 8 bar and temperature of 15ºC.

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 3.THE DESIGN PROCESS
3.1 Modelling Software :

The design of the AIR ENGINE is carried out on SolidWorks™, which is a

Windows 3D CAD program developed by Dassault Systèmes, France.The
SOLIDWORKS® CAD software is a mechanical design automation application
that lets designers quickly sketch out ideas, experiment with features and
dimensions, and produce models and detailed drawings. It is a feature-based,
parametric solid modelling design tool that takes advantage of the easy-to-learn
Windows graphical user interface.

In this study, we are using SolidWorks™ 2019 to design the piston and
cylinder in the part design module and later the piston,cylinder and various parts
will be assembled using assembly module.

3.2 Engine Design :

To convert a conventional IC engine into an Air Powered one, few components

are to be replaced. First of all replace the spark plug with a pulsed pressure
control valve which can create required pressure.

Now the pulsed air firing in this valve is controlled by controlling the supply of
electrical signal to the plunger. For this we require an electronic timing circuit
which can control the flow of electrical supply to the plunger of this valve. This
can be achieved by using PLC circuit. Now speed of the engine will be
controlled by controlling this input signal.

Now fuel tank is to be replaced with air vessel, as it requires pressurized air as
input. And two things are to be taken care while designing air vessel:
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1) First is its strength to withstand high internal pressure, which exists due to
compressed air. For this outer body of it should be made of a material, having
high strength, like carbon fiber.

2) Second is its capacity to store air and its weight.

Now replace cam with a modified cam. This is to be done, so that both the inlet
and outlet valves open and close at the same time. Main advantage of doing this
is to achieve better scavenging system. Also this will result in conversion of 4
stroke engine into 2 stroke air engine, which in turn gives us the benefit of low
mean effective pressure requirement in addition to other operational benefits.

3.3 Articulated Connecting Rod Design :

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The connecting rod system allows the piston to be held at Top Dead Centre for
70% of the cycle, so enough time is given to create the pressure in the cylinder.

4.ANALYSIS
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4.1 Analysis Software

The analysis of the Engine designed for working with Air as working
fluid is carried out in Ansys Workbench, a product of Ansys Inc., PA, USA.
Ansys Mechanical finite element analysis software is used to simulate computer
models of structures, electronics, or machine components for analyzing
strength, toughness, elasticity, temperature distribution, electromagnetism, fluid
flow, and other attributes.

In this study, we are using Ansys Workbench 2019 R3. This software is
used to perform the dynamic analysis on the Engine. The aim of the analysis is
to observe the stresses and strains induced in the container. The ansys fluent
will be used to perform thermal analysis using the 2D CFD model. This analysis
is done to verify the thermal distribution from theoretical values.

4.2 Dynamic Analysis

Vibration test will be carried out in two-axis viz. in the vertical axis and
horizontal axis and Engine positioned in longitudinal direction. The Engine
shall be subjected to sinusoidal vibration for at an acceleration of 3 g in both the
axis and a frequency of 30-150 Hz at a sweep rate of 1 octave per minute. This
test validates the ability of the container to withstand the external vibrations and
loads.

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4.3Thermal Analysis

 The thermal analysis will be performed in Ansys Fluent software on the

CFD model created.

4.4 Results

 The analysis is expected to show minimum deformation of the Engine

Cylinder,Piston and various parts as the result from dynamic analysis.
The results from thermal analysis is expected to show very less
temperature rise and good energy density of the compressed air.

5.COMPARING WITH A 4 STROKE SI ENGINE

On comparing it with the working of normal SI 4 stroke engine, we can say
that,

 “Stage 1” of the air engine comprises of the combined operation of

“Suction stage” and “Power stage” of the normal 4 stroke SI
engine.

 “Stage 2” of the air engine comprises of the combined operation of the

“Compression stage” and “Exhaust stage” of the normal 4
stroke SI engine.

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 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER SCOPE

6.1 Conclusions

 The Air Engine provides an effective use and can be used in light or
heavy vehicles. It’s speed, range and the power are limited now, so
further research could provide more effective results.

 This project can be directly utilized in the market to modify IC Engine

bikes in to the Air bikes in effective cost. Since a number of operations
can be performed in a single and simple unit. It is efficient and
economical.

 We can say that the cost of the modification is very less and the effective
results can be achieved.

 As we know that in IC engines higher pressures and temperatures are

maintained as compared to air driven engine so that in IC engines heavy
metal alloys are used but for air driven engine light alloys can be used.

7.REFERENCES:

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[1] N. Kumar, U. Banka, M. Chitransh, J. Takkar, V. Kumar, U. Gupta, and
S.Singh, Compressed Air Retrofit Kit For Existing motor Vehicles, World
Congress Of Engineering, 3, 2013.

[2] D. Shaw, J. J. Yu, and C. Chieh, Design of a Hydraulic Motor System

Driven By Compressed Air, National Tsing-Hua University, Energies, 6, 2013,
3149-3166.

[3] Y. Qihui, M. Cai, Y. Shi, C. Yuan, Dimensionless Study on Efficiency and

SpeedCharacteristics Of a Compressed Air engine, Beijing University of
Aeronautics andAstronautics, China, 137(4), 2015.

[4] V. Boddapati, S. V. V. Vinod, and D. Babu, Air powered vehicle-an eco

friendly engine, International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences
Research, 4(1), 2015, 29-33.

[5] V. Sardeshpande, V. Patil, and C. Murali, Test apparatus for performance

evaluation of compressed air end-use applications, Open journal of energy
efficiency, 2(1), 2013, 29-33.

[6] Kripal Raj Mishra, and Gaurav Sugandh, Study about engine operated by
compressed air: A review, IOSR Journal of Mechaical and Civil Engineering,
11(6), 2014, 99-103.

[7] Bilal Abdullah Baig, and Hakimuddin Husain, Design and Fabrication of
Compressed Air powered Car, International Journal on Research and innovation
Trends in Computing and Communication, 3(2), 2015, 17-21.

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