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AP Statistics - Summary of Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests

This document summarizes common statistical procedures for confidence intervals and hypothesis tests, including: 1) One sample mean procedures for known and unknown population standard deviations. 2) One sample proportion procedures when sample size is large enough for a normal approximation. 3) Formulas, conditions and calculator options are provided for each procedure.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
40 views

AP Statistics - Summary of Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests

This document summarizes common statistical procedures for confidence intervals and hypothesis tests, including: 1) One sample mean procedures for known and unknown population standard deviations. 2) One sample proportion procedures when sample size is large enough for a normal approximation. 3) Formulas, conditions and calculator options are provided for each procedure.

Uploaded by

Thảo Vân
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AP

 Statistics  –  Summary  of  Confidence  Intervals  and  Hypothesis  Tests  


Procedure   Formula   Conditions   Calculator  Options  
One  Sample  –  Mean    and  Proportion  
1.  SRS  
Confidence   2.  Given  value  of  population  
Interval  for  mean   ! standard  deviation  σ  
! ±" !  
µμ  when  σ  is   # 3.  Population  distribution  is  
known   normal  (if  not  stated,  use  CLT  as  
 
long  as  n  >  30)  
 

Hypothesis  Test  
for  mean  µμ  when   " !µ#
!=   SAME  AS  ABOVE  CI  
σ  is  known   ! $  
(Ho:  µμ  =  µμo)    
*Can  also  find  p-­‐‑value  using  2nd-­‐‑Distr  
normalcdf(lower,  upper,  mean,  sd)  
 
1.  SRS  
2.  Using  value  of  sample  standard  
deviation  s  to  estimate  σ  
3.  Population  distribution  is  given  
# as  normal  OR  n  >  30  (meaning  t  
CI  for  mean  µμ   ! ±" !      
$ procedures  are  robust  even  if  
when  σ  is    
  skewness  and  outliers  exist)  OR    
unknown  
with  df  =  n  -­‐‑  1   15  <  n  <  30  with  normal  probability  
plot  showing  little  skewness  and  
no  extreme  outliers  OR  n  <  15  with  
npp  showing  no  outliers  and  no  
skewness  
 
 
 
 

1  
AP  Statistics  –  Summary  of  Confidence  Intervals  and  Hypothesis  Tests  
Procedure   Formula   Conditions   Calculator  Options  
One  Sample  –  Mean  and  Proportion  –  Continued  
 
 

Test  for  mean  µμ   " !µ#


!=    
when  σ  is   $ %
SAME  AS  ABOVE  CI  
unknown      
(Ho:  µμ  =  µμo)   with  df  =  n  -­‐‑  1    
 
*Can  also  find  p-­‐‑value  using  2nd-­‐‑Distr  
tcdf(lower,  upper,  df)  
 
1.  SRS  
2.  Population  is  at  least  10  times  n  
CI  for  proportion   pˆ (1 -­‐ pˆ ) 3.  Counts  of  success   npˆ  and  
pˆ ± z *  
p   n failures   n(1 -­‐ pˆ )  are  both  at  least  
10  (these  counts  verify  the  use  of  
the  normal  approximation)    
 
 

1.  SRS  
2.  Population  is  at  least  10  times  n  
Test  for   pˆ -­‐ po
z=   3.  Counts  of  success   npo  and  
proportion  p   po (1 -­‐ po )
failures   n(1 -­‐ po )  are  both  at  least  
(Ho:  p  =  po)   n
10  (these  counts  verify  the  use  of    
 
the  normal  approximation)  
*Can  also  find  p-­‐‑value  using  2nd-­‐‑Distr  
normalcdf(lower,  upper,  mean,  sd)  
 
 

2  
AP  Statistics  –  Summary  of  Confidence  Intervals  and  Hypothesis  Tests  
Procedure   Formula   Conditions   Calculator  Options  
Two  Samples  –  Means  and  Proportions  
1.  Populations  are  independent  
2.  Both  samples  are  from  SRSs  
3.  Using  value  of  sample  standard  
deviation  s  to  estimate  σ  
s12 s22 4.  Population  distributions  are  
( x1 -­‐ x2 ) ± t * +  
n1 n2 given  as  normal  OR  n1  +  n2  >  30  
CI  for  mean    
  (meaning  t  procedures  are  robust  
µμ1-­‐‑µμ2  when  σ  is    
with  df  read  from  calculator  or  use   even  if  skewness  and  outliers  
unknown  
conservative  estimate  that  df  =  n  –  1  where   exist)  OR  15  <  n1  +  n2  <  30  with  
n  is  the  smaller  of   n1  or  n2   normal  probability  plots  showing  
little  skewness  and  no  extreme  
outliers  OR  n1  +  n2  <  15  with  npps  
showing  no  outliers  and  no  
skewness    

( x1 -­‐ x2 )
Test  for  mean     t=  
s12 s22
µμ  1-­‐‑  µμ2  when  σ  is     +
n1 n2 SAME  AS  ABOVE  CI  
unknown  
   
(Ho:  µμ1  =  µμ2)    
with  df  read  from  calculator  
*Can  also  find  p-­‐‑value  using  2nd-­‐‑Distr  
tcdf(lower,  upper,  df)  where  df  is  either  
conservative  estimate  or  value  using  long  
formula  that  calculator  does  
automatically!  
 
 

3  
AP  Statistics  –  Summary  of  Confidence  Intervals  and  Hypothesis  Tests  
Procedure   Formula   Conditions   Calculator  Options  
Two  Samples  –  Means  and  Proportions  –  Continued  
 

! ""# ! "" $ %
!=   1-­‐‑3  are  SAME  AS  ABOVE  CI  
"# # %'
$
""# !#! ""# %$$ + '' 4.  Counts  of  success   n1 pˆ c and  
Test  for   # $# $$ '&
n2 pˆ c and  failures   n1 (1-­‐ pˆ c ) and    
proportion    
n2 (1-­‐ pˆ c )  are  all  at  least  5  (these    
p1  –  p2    
counts  verify  the  use  of  the  normal   *Can  also  find  p-­‐‑value  using  2nd-­‐‑Distr  
x1 + x2 normalcdf(lower,  upper,  mean,  sd)  where  
where   pˆ c =   approximation)  
n1 + n2 mean  and  sd  are  values  from  numerator  
and  denominator  of  the  formula  for  the  
test  statistic  
 
Categorical  Distributions  
 

"! ! " #!
!! = "  
"
 
G.  of  Fit  (GOF)  –  1  sample,  1  variable      
1.  All  expected  counts  are  at  least  1  
Independence  –  1  sample,  2  variables  
Chi  Square  Test   2.  No  more  than  20%  of  expected  
Homogeneity  –  2  samples,  2  variables  
counts  are  less  than  5  
 
 (GOF)  df    =  #  categories  –  1  
(Independence/Homogeneity)    
 
df  =  (#  rows  –  1)  (#  columns  –  1)   *Can  also  find  p-­‐‑value  using  2nd-­‐‑Distr  
x2cdf(lower,  upper,  df)  
 
 

4  
AP  Statistics  –  Summary  of  Confidence  Intervals  and  Hypothesis  Tests  
Procedure   Formula   Conditions   Calculator  Options  
Slope  
!
b ± t * sb  where   !" =  
" ! # ! # "# 1.  For  any  fixed  x,  y  varies  
  according  to  a  normal  distribution  
CI  for  β   ! 2.  Standard  deviation  of  y  is  same  
and   ! =
" !"
" # # ! #$ %"  
for  all  x  values  
   
with  df  =  n  -­‐‑  2  

b
Test  for  β   t=  with  df  =  n  –  2   SAME  AS  ABOVE  CI  
sb
 
*You  will  typically  be  given  computer  
output  for  inference  for  regression  
Variable  Legend  –  here  are  a  few  of  the  commonly  used  variables  
Variable   Meaning   Variable   Meaning  
µμ   population  mean  mu   CLT   Central  Limit  Theorem  
σ   population  standard  deviation  sigma   SRS   Simple  Random  Sample  
x   sample  mean  x-­‐‑bar   npp   Normal  Probability  Plot  (last  option  on  stat  plot)  
s   sample  standard  deviation   p   population  proportion  
z   test  statistic  using  normal  distribution   p̂   sample  proportion  p-­‐‑hat      
z*   critical  value  representing  confidence  level  C   pˆ c   combined  (pooled)  sample  proportion  for  two  proportion  z  test  
t   test  statistic  using  t  distribution   t*   critical  value  representing  confidence  level  C  (e.g.,  95%)  
    n   sample  size  
Matched  Pairs  –  same  as  one  sample  procedures  but  one  list  is  created  from  the  difference  of  two  matched  lists  (i.e.  pre  and  post  test  scores  of  left  
and  right  hand  measurements)  
 
Conditions  –  show  that  they  are  met  (i.e.  substitute  values  in  and  show  sketch  of  box  plot  or  npp)  ...  don’t  just  list  them  

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