AP Statistics - Summary of Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests
AP Statistics - Summary of Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests
Hypothesis Test
for mean µμ when " !µ#
!= SAME AS ABOVE CI
σ is known ! $
(Ho: µμ = µμo)
*Can also find p-‐‑value using 2nd-‐‑Distr
normalcdf(lower, upper, mean, sd)
1. SRS
2. Using value of sample standard
deviation s to estimate σ
3. Population distribution is given
# as normal OR n > 30 (meaning t
CI for mean µμ ! ±" !
$ procedures are robust even if
when σ is
skewness and outliers exist) OR
unknown
with df = n -‐‑ 1 15 < n < 30 with normal probability
plot showing little skewness and
no extreme outliers OR n < 15 with
npp showing no outliers and no
skewness
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AP
Statistics
–
Summary
of
Confidence
Intervals
and
Hypothesis
Tests
Procedure
Formula
Conditions
Calculator
Options
One
Sample
–
Mean
and
Proportion
–
Continued
1. SRS
2. Population is at least 10 times n
Test for pˆ -‐ po
z= 3. Counts of success npo and
proportion p po (1 -‐ po )
failures n(1 -‐ po ) are both at least
(Ho: p = po) n
10 (these counts verify the use of
the normal approximation)
*Can also find p-‐‑value using 2nd-‐‑Distr
normalcdf(lower, upper, mean, sd)
2
AP
Statistics
–
Summary
of
Confidence
Intervals
and
Hypothesis
Tests
Procedure
Formula
Conditions
Calculator
Options
Two
Samples
–
Means
and
Proportions
1. Populations are independent
2. Both samples are from SRSs
3. Using value of sample standard
deviation s to estimate σ
s12 s22 4. Population distributions are
( x1 -‐ x2 ) ± t * +
n1 n2 given as normal OR n1 + n2 > 30
CI for mean
(meaning t procedures are robust
µμ1-‐‑µμ2 when σ is
with df read from calculator or use even if skewness and outliers
unknown
conservative estimate that df = n – 1 where exist) OR 15 < n1 + n2 < 30 with
n is the smaller of n1 or n2 normal probability plots showing
little skewness and no extreme
outliers OR n1 + n2 < 15 with npps
showing no outliers and no
skewness
( x1 -‐ x2 )
Test for mean t=
s12 s22
µμ 1-‐‑ µμ2 when σ is +
n1 n2 SAME AS ABOVE CI
unknown
(Ho: µμ1 = µμ2)
with df read from calculator
*Can also find p-‐‑value using 2nd-‐‑Distr
tcdf(lower, upper, df) where df is either
conservative estimate or value using long
formula that calculator does
automatically!
3
AP
Statistics
–
Summary
of
Confidence
Intervals
and
Hypothesis
Tests
Procedure
Formula
Conditions
Calculator
Options
Two
Samples
–
Means
and
Proportions
–
Continued
! ""# ! "" $ %
!= 1-‐‑3 are SAME AS ABOVE CI
"# # %'
$
""# !#! ""# %$$ + '' 4. Counts of success n1 pˆ c and
Test for # $# $$ '&
n2 pˆ c and failures n1 (1-‐ pˆ c ) and
proportion
n2 (1-‐ pˆ c ) are all at least 5 (these
p1 – p2
counts verify the use of the normal *Can also find p-‐‑value using 2nd-‐‑Distr
x1 + x2 normalcdf(lower, upper, mean, sd) where
where pˆ c = approximation)
n1 + n2 mean and sd are values from numerator
and denominator of the formula for the
test statistic
Categorical
Distributions
"! ! " #!
!! = "
"
G. of Fit (GOF) – 1 sample, 1 variable
1. All expected counts are at least 1
Independence – 1 sample, 2 variables
Chi Square Test 2. No more than 20% of expected
Homogeneity – 2 samples, 2 variables
counts are less than 5
(GOF) df = # categories – 1
(Independence/Homogeneity)
df = (# rows – 1) (# columns – 1) *Can also find p-‐‑value using 2nd-‐‑Distr
x2cdf(lower, upper, df)
4
AP
Statistics
–
Summary
of
Confidence
Intervals
and
Hypothesis
Tests
Procedure
Formula
Conditions
Calculator
Options
Slope
!
b ± t * sb where !" =
" ! # ! # "# 1. For any fixed x, y varies
according to a normal distribution
CI for β ! 2. Standard deviation of y is same
and ! =
" !"
" # # ! #$ %"
for all x values
with df = n -‐‑ 2
b
Test for β t= with df = n – 2 SAME AS ABOVE CI
sb
*You will typically be given computer
output for inference for regression
Variable
Legend
–
here
are
a
few
of
the
commonly
used
variables
Variable
Meaning
Variable
Meaning
µμ population mean mu CLT Central Limit Theorem
σ population standard deviation sigma SRS Simple Random Sample
x sample mean x-‐‑bar npp Normal Probability Plot (last option on stat plot)
s sample standard deviation p population proportion
z test statistic using normal distribution p̂ sample proportion p-‐‑hat
z* critical value representing confidence level C pˆ c combined (pooled) sample proportion for two proportion z test
t test statistic using t distribution t* critical value representing confidence level C (e.g., 95%)
n sample size
Matched Pairs – same as one sample procedures but one list is created from the difference of two matched lists (i.e. pre and post test scores of left
and right hand measurements)
Conditions – show that they are met (i.e. substitute values in and show sketch of box plot or npp) ... don’t just list them
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