1

CE 52: REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 2

1.0 INTROUCTION TO ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)

In the USD method, the criterion that must be satisfied in the selection of member is

Factored load £ factored strength

The factored load is equal to the sum of all service loads, each multiplied by its own load factor.
The factor strength is the theoretical strength multiplied by a resistance factor (strength reduction
factor). Thus,
Σ𝛾# 𝑄# ≤ 𝜙𝑅(
where

𝑄# = a load effect (a force or moment)

𝛾# = a load factor
𝑅( = nominal resistance
𝜙 = resistance factor
𝜙𝑅( = design strength
𝛾# 𝑄# = factored load

This load factors and resistance factors are introduced to limit the probability failure and yet
permit economical structures. To arrive properly at a suitable factor of safety, the relative
importance of various items are considered and these includes:

1. Seriousness of failure, either to human or goods.

2. Reliability of workmanship and inspection.
3. Expectation of overload and to what magnitude.
4. Importance of the member in the structure.
5. Chance of warning prior to failure.

NSCP Provisions for load factors and load combination:

1.) U = 1.4D + 1.7L [409-1]

2.) U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W) [409-2]
3.) U = 0.9D + 1.3W [409-3]
4.) U = 1.3D + 1.1L + 1.1E [409-4]
5.) U = 0.90D + 1.1E [409-5]
6.) U = 1.4D + 1.7L +1.7H [409-6]
7.) U = 0.9D + 1.7H [409-6a]
8.) U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.4T +1.7L) [409-7]
9.) U = 1.4(D + T) [409-8]

where:
D = dead load
E = earthquake load
F = fluid with self-defined pressures
H = load due to lateral earth pressures, groundwater pressure,
pressure of bulk materials
L = live load
T = self-straining force i.e., differential settlement, creep, shrinkage
W = wind load

If resistance to loading due to weight and pressure of fluids with well-defined densities and
controllable maximum heights F is included in design, such loading shall have a load factor of
1.4 and be added to all loading combinations that include live load.

If resistance to impact effects is taken into account in design, such effects shall be included with
live load L.
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Typical resistance factors are as follows:

Situation Resistance factor, 𝜙

Flexure, without axial load 0.90
Axial tension and axial tension with flexure 0.90
Shear and tension 0.85
Compression members, spirally reinforced 0.75
Compression members, other 0.70
Bearing on concrete 0.70
Plain concrete: flexure, compression, shear, and bearing

Advantages of USD:

1. more likely to be economical when LL/DL < 3.0.

2. more uniform reliability for all concrete structures regardless of loads.
3. facilitates the introduction of advances in knowledge in concrete design.
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1.1 SINGLY-REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM- Analysis for Flexure

b
0.85fc’ 𝜀O = 0.03
a/2
a C
c
d d
d-a/2

T
𝜀8
beam cross - equivalent strain
section stress diagram diagram

Forces:
C = 0.85fc’ab and T = Asfy

From the diagram:

C=T
0.85fc’ab = Asfy

Solving for a:
)* +,
a= (a = depth of stress block)
-./0+1 3 4

Let
)*
𝜌= and 𝐴8 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
46

Substitute:

<46+, <6+,
a= =
-./0+1 3 4 -./0+1 3

Let
+,
𝑚= and 𝑎 = 𝜌𝑑𝑚
-./0+1 3

Moments:

𝑀( = 𝑇(𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
𝑀( = 𝐴F 𝑓H (𝑑 − 𝜌𝑑𝑚/2)
𝑀( = 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓H (𝑑 − 𝜌𝑑𝑚/2) = 𝜌𝑓H (1 − 𝜌𝑚/2)𝑏𝑑 J = Rubd2

where: Ru = 𝜌𝑓H (1 − 𝜌𝑚/2)

then Mu = ∅Mn

Finally, Mu = ∅ Rubd2, since ∅ = 0.90 for bending

Mu = 0.90 Rubd2

Strain Diagram:

By ratio and proportion:

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O 6
P1
=P
1 QP*

Solving for c:

P1 6 +
c= : since 𝜀O = 0.003 , 𝜀8 = R,
P1 QP* S

-.--T6
then c =
-.--TQ+, ⁄R*
using Es = 200 x 103 MPa

𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒅
c=
𝟔𝟎𝟎Q𝒇𝒚

From T = C:
Asfy = 0.85fc’ab

𝜌𝑏𝑑fy = 0.85fc’𝛽cb (a =𝛽c)

600d
𝜌𝑏𝑑fy = 0.85fc’𝛽 600+f b
y

The balance steel reinforcement ratio, 𝜌4 :

𝒇3𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝝆𝒃 = 0.85𝜷
𝒇𝒚 𝟔𝟎𝟎Q𝐟𝐲

when 𝜌 < 𝜌4 (under-reinforced, ductile failure, steel fails first, fs = fy)

when 𝜌 = 𝜌4 (balance-reinforced, simultaneous yielding of steel and crushing
of concrete, fs = fy)
when 𝜌 > 𝜌4 (over-reinforced, brittle failure, concrete fails first, fs < fy)

Code Provisions: For design of singly reinforced beams:

To ensure yielding failure: 𝜌ghi = 0.75 𝜌4

-.J0j+13 l.m
To avoid sudden tensile failure: 𝜌g#( = ≥
+, +,
+1 o
To control deflection, 𝜌 ≤ 0.18
+,

For 𝑓Oo ≤ 30 MPa, β = 0.85

𝑓Oo > 30 MPa, β = 0.85 – 0.008 (𝑓Oo - 30) ≥ 0.65

Finding required steel area given Mu, b and d:

From Ru = 𝜌𝑓H (1 − 𝜌𝑚/2)

Solving for 𝜌:
l Jrs g
𝜌= q1 − j1 − t
g +,
𝐴8 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

NSCP Table 409-1-Minimum Thickness of Nonprestressed Beams or

One-way Slabs unless Deflections are Computed
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Minimum Thickness, h
Simply One end Both ends Cantilever
Member Supported continuous continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction
likely to be damaged by large deflections
Solid one-way L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
slab
Beams or ribbed L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
one -way slabs
Values given shall be used directly for members with normal weight concrete (wd = 2300 kg/m3)
and Grade 415 reinforcement. For other conditions, the values shall be modified as follows:
a) For structural lightweight concrete having a unit weight in the range 1500-2000 kg/m3,
the values shall be multiplied by (1.65 – 0.0003wc) but not less than 1.09, where wc is the
unit weight in kg/m3.
b) For fy other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + fy/400).

Desirable proportion of beam dimensions: d = 1.5b to 2.0b

1.2 SINGLY-REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM (Investigation Problem)

Case 1: Steel yields first, fs = fy:

1.1 Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam using 𝑓Oo = 21 MPa and fy = 276 MPa.

b = 300 mm
0.85fc’ 𝜀O = 0.03
a/2
a C
c
d= 435 mm d
d-a/2

T
𝜀8
4- 28 mmϕ
equivalent strain
beam cross - stress diagram diagram
section

Solution:

1.1.1 Compute balance steel ratio, 𝜌4 :

Since 𝑓Oo ≤ 30 MPa, β = 0.85
′
𝒇 600 21 600
𝜌4 = 0.85𝛽 𝒇𝒄 600+f = 0.85 (0.85) 276 600+276
𝒚 y
𝝆𝒃 = 0.03765

1.1.2 Compute actual steel ratio, 𝜌:

x
As = (28J )(4) = 2463 mm2
m

)* JmyT
𝜌= = = 0.01887
46 T--(mT0)
𝝆 = 0.01887
Since (𝜌 = 0.01887) < (𝜌4 = 0.03765), steel fails first, fs = fy .

1.1.3 Compute the depth of the stress block, a:

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)* +, JmyT(J{y)
a= =
-./0+1 3 4 -./0(Jl)(T--)
a = 127 mm

1.1.4 Compute nominal moment capacity, Mn:

𝑀( = 𝑇(𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
𝑀( = 𝐴8 𝑓H (𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
𝑀( = (2463)(276)(435 − 127/2) (10-4)
𝑴𝒏 = 252.562 kN-m

1.1.5 Compute ultimate moment capacity, Mu:

Mu = ∅Mn = 0.90(252.562)
Mu = 227.305 kN-m

Case 3: Steel yields first, fs < fy:

1.2 Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam using 𝑓Oo = 21 MPa and fy = 414 MPa.
b = 300 mm
0.85fc’ 𝜀O = 0.03
a/2
a C
c
d= 435 mm d
d-a/2

435-c
T
𝜀8
4 - 32 mmϕ
equivalent strain
beam cross - stress diagram diagram
section
Solution:

1.2.1 Compute balance steel ratio, 𝜌4 :

Since 𝑓Oo ≤ 30 MPa, β = 0.85
′
𝒇 600 21 600
𝜌4 = 0.85𝛽 𝒇𝒄 600+f = 0.85(0.85) 414 600+276
𝒚 y
𝝆𝒃 = 0.02168

1.2.2 Compute actual steel ratio, 𝜌:

x
As = (32J )(4) = 3217 mm2
m

)* TJl{
𝜌= = = 0.01887
46 T--(mT0)
𝝆 = 0.02465
Since (𝜌 = 0.02465) > (𝜌4 = 0.02168), steel fails first, fs < fy .

1.2.3 Consider strain diagram:

P* -.--T
=
mT0€O O

-.--T(mT0€O)
𝜀8 =
O
-.--T(mT0€O)
fs = Es𝜀8 = 200 x 103
O
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y--(mT0€O)
fs =
O

1.2.4 Consider stress diagram:

C=T
0.85fc’ab = Asfy (let fs = fy)
y--(mT0€O)
0.85(21) (0.85c) (300) =3217
O
c2 +424c – 184465 = 0
c = 267 mm

y--(mT0€Jy{)
fs =
Jy{
fs = 378 MPa < (fy = 414 MPa) OK
a =𝛽c =0.85 (267 mm)
a = 227 mm

1.1.5 Compute nominal moment capacity, Mn:

𝑀( = 𝑇(𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
𝑀( = 𝐴8 𝑓H (𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
𝑀( = (3217)(414)(435 − 227/2) (10-6)
𝑴𝒏 = 390.952 kN-m

1.1.6 Compute ultimate moment capacity, Mu:

Mu = ∅Mn = 0.90(390.952)
Mu = 351.857 kN-m
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1.3 SINGLY-REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM (Design Problem)

1.3 Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for flexure to carry the factored loads shown.
+1 o
Use 𝑓Oo = 21 MPa and fy = 414 MPa and 𝜌 ≤ 0.18 to control deflection.
+,

wD=12KN/m PD=18KN Pu=86.4 KN

PL=36KN wu=57.60 KN/m
wL=24 KN/m
C C

A L=6.0 m B A L=6.0 m B

(a) service loads (b) factored loads

Solution:

1.3.1 Compute factored loads and factored moments:

PU = 1.4D + 1.7L [409-1]
PU = 1.4(18) + 1.7(36) = 86.4 kN

wU = 1.4D + 1.7L [409-1]

wU = 1.4(12) + 1.7(24) = 57.6 kN

By symmetry:
l
RA = RB = [86.4 + 57.6(6.0)] = 216 kN
J

l /y.m(y.-)
-MA = -MB = (57.6) (6.0)2 + = 237.60 kN-m
lJ /

l /y.m(y.-)
+MC = (57.6) (6.0)2 + = 151.20 kN-m
Jm /

1.3.2 Compute design constants:

For 𝑓Oo ≤ 30 MPa, β = 0.85

′
𝒇 600 21 600
𝜌4 = 0.85𝛽 𝒇𝒄 600+f = 0.85 (0.85) 276 600+276
𝒚 y
𝝆𝒃 = 0.03765

𝜌ghi = 0.75 𝜌4 = 075 (0.03765) = 0.0282

-.J0j+13 -.J0√Jl
= 0.00415 ≤ ‚ + = 0.00507ƒ
l.m
𝜌g#( = =
+, mlm ,

𝜌g#( = 0.00507

+1 o Jl
To control deflection, 𝜌 ≤ 0.18 = 0.18 = 0.0137
+, J{y

+, J{y
𝑚= = = 15.46
-./0+1 3 -./0(Jl)

1.3.3 Determine beam dimensions:

based on max. MU = 237.60 kN-m, use 𝜌 = 0.0137

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-.-lT{(l0.my)
Ru = 𝜌𝑓H (1 − 𝜌𝑚/2) = 0.0317(21) „1 − J
… = 3.381 MPa

Mu = 0.90 Rubd2: 237.60 (106) = 0.90(3.381) bd2

assume b = 300 mm: 237.60 (106) = 0.90(3.381) (300) d2 : d = 510 mm

40 mm
10 mm
h 12.5mm

Note: 12.5mm = half of assume bar dia.

h = d + e = 510 + (40 + 10 +12.5) = 572.5 mm, say 600 mm

d = h – e = 600 – (40 + 10 +12.5) = 537.5 mm

Therefore, use 300 x 600 mm cross-section.

1.3.4 Compute flexural steel at supports A and B:

based on max. MU = 237.60 kN-m

†s JT{.y-
Ru = = = 3.046 MPa
‡46 ˆ -.‰-(T--)(0T{.0)ˆ

l Jrs g l J(T.-my)(l0.my)
𝜌=
g
q1 − j1 − +,
t= l0.my
Š1 − j1 − J{y
‹
𝜌 = 0.01218 > ( 𝜌g#( = 0.00507), therefore use 𝜌 = 0.01218

𝐴8 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.01218(300)537.5) =1964 mm2.

x
using 25 mm dia. bars: Ab = A25 = (25)2 = 490 mm2
m

)* l‰ym
n= = = 4.01, say 4-25 mm dia. bars
)Œ m‰-

check clear spacing:

4€( ‡Œ €J•O T--€m (J0)€J(0-)
s= = = 33.33 mm > (25 mm, dia) OK
(€l m€l

1.3.5 Compute flexural steel at midspan C:

based on max. MU = 151.20 kN-m

†s l0l.J-
Ru = = = 1.938 MPa
‡46 ˆ -.‰-(T--)(0T{.0)ˆ

l Jrs g l J(l.‰T/)(l0.my)
𝜌= q1 − j1 − t= Š1 − j1 − ‹
g +, l0.my J{y
𝜌 = 0.00745 > ( 𝜌g#( = 0.00507), therefore use 𝜌 = 0.00745

𝐴8 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.00745(300)537.5) =1201 mm2.

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x
using 25 mm dia. bars: Ab = A25 = (25)2 = 490 mm2
m

)* lJ-l
n= = = 2.45, say 3-25 mm dia. bars
)Œ m‰-

check clear spacing:

4€( ‡Œ €J•O T--€T (J0)€J(0-)
s= = = 62.5 mm > (25 mm, dia) OK
(€l T€l

1.3.6 Details:

b = 300 mm b = 300 mm

4 - 25 mmϕ 2 - 25 mmϕ

600 mm
600 mm

2 - 25 mmϕ 3- 25 mmϕ

section @
section @
midspan (C)
supports (A&B)

4 - 25 mmϕ
2 - 25 mmϕ 4- 25 mmϕ

2 - 25 mmϕ C 3- 25 mmϕ 2 - 25 mmϕ B

A

l /4 l /2 l /4
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SAQ 1.0

Problem #1.0:
Given:
L = 6 m, simply supported
wu =18 kN/m, throughout the span
fc’ = 17.2 MPa
fy = 414 MPa
+1 o
𝜌 ≤ 0.18 to control deflection
+,

Required:
Design the beam or:
1. Determine beam dimensions;
2. Compute steel requirements;
3. Show the details.

Problem #2.0:
Given:

fc’ = 21 MPa
fy = 414 MPa
+1 o
𝜌 ≤ 0.18 to control deflection
+,

Required:
Design the beam.

Problem #3.0:
Given:

fc’ = 28 MPa
fy = 420 MPa
+1 o
𝜌 ≤ 0.18 to control deflection
+,
wt. of concrete = 23.5 kN/m3

WD = 26 kN/m
WL = 20 kN/m

5m

Required:
Design the beam.