CONDITIONALS
To express a consequence depending on a condition, we use the conditional, which consists
of an IF clause. The IF clause can precede or follow the main clause.
When the IF clause comes first, a comma is placed between the two clauses.
If clause (condition) Main clause (consequence)
If you book your holiday in advance, you get a discount.
Depending on the level of probability (certain, probable, possible or purely theoretical
conditions) different tenses are used in two parts of the conditional.
There are fIVE types of conditional: type zero, one, two, three and mixed conditionals
TYPE ZERO
In the IF clause of the zero conditional, we describe a consequence that takes place regularly
and with certainty.
If clause: if + present simple Main clause: present simple
If I drink coffee in the evening, I can’t go the sleep.
If clause: if + present simple Main clause: present simple
If unemployment is rising, people tend to stay in their present
jobs.
If clause: if + present simple Main clause: present simple
If you visit London, go on the London Eye.
The zero conditional is used to:
• express general truths, scientific and mathematical laws, technical procedures, instructions.
The days get longer if you travel north.
If you press this key, the display lights up.
• give advice. In this case, the present form of imperative or modal (can or may) is used in
the main clause
Go/You can go to bed if you feel tired.
TYPE ONE
In the first conditional, we describe a real possibility. We talk about facts that, given certain
conditions, probably or possibly will take place in the future.
In this case, the verb tenses are usually:
If clause: if + present simple Main clause: will/’ll/won’t + base
form
If it doesn’t rain, we’ll have a barbecue in the garden
tomorrow.
If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
NOTE: In the IF clause it is possible to use either the present simple or the present continuous.
If you come to my house, I’ll show you my paintings.
If you are staying overnight, I’ll try to find you a room.
In the main clause, the use of will indicates a certain consequence. To indicate that something is
possible, we use modal can, while for an uncertain consequence we use the modal may.
If you spend too much time in the sun, you may get sunburnt.
(it isn’t certain)
TYPE TWO
• When we assume a condition to be improbable or imaginary and that we don’t expect to
happen but is however, theoretically possible, we can use the second conditional.
If I won a million dollars on the lottery, I would stop working and would go
and live in the Caribbean. (it is highly unlikely but is however possible)
• The second conditional is also used when propose a different situation to the present reality.
If you worked harder, your grades would be much better. (situation that is different to
the present reality: at the moment you aren’t working hard enough)
The structure of the second conditional is:
If clause: if + past simple Main clause: would/’d/wouldn’t + base
form
If I had my own car, I would drive to work.
If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.
• Note how the second conditional is structured in the question form:
If you won some big money, would you spend it all or would you save part of it?
• When the verb be is present in an if clause, were is used for all persons. In spoken English, was
is also used for the first and third person singular: If I/he/she/it were.....was......
He would make a very good career if he was/were a little more ambitious.
• The expressions If I were you/him/her.... is used to give advice and warnings.
If I were you, I’d talk to her.
In a main clauses, as an alternative to would, other modals can be found such as: could to
express ability or possibility, might to express uncertainty and should to express a piece of
advice.
If you played a musical instrument, you could join the local bend.
If she tried Japanese food, she might find that she likes it.
If I won the race, I should thank the coach for his help.
The modals would, should or could are often found in if clauses.
• Would is used in if clauses to express a request in a polite and formal way, or even to express
willingness to do something.
If you would kindly tell the manager, I would really be grateful.
• The use of should in if clauses makes the hypothesis more impropable.
If it should hail, the harvest would be lost.
• The use of could in if clauses indicates the ability and possibility.
If you could dance, you would have a lot more fun.
TYPE THREE
When we propose an impossible condition, because it refers to the past and it is therefore no
longer possible, we use the third conditional.
If you had asked me, I would have helped you.
If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
(Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a friend. I didn't find her address so in the end I
didn't send her an invitation.)
If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.
(I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but he loved Ferraris. He would have
loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had the money to buy one.)
The structure of the third conditional is:
If clause: if + past perfect Main clause: would/’d/wouldn’t have +
(had/’d/hadn’t + past participle) past participle
If you had come to the concert with us, You would certainly have enjoyed it.
If I had seen you, of course I would have said hello.
If I hadn’t been so tired, I would have gone out.
The other modals might, should or could can also been found in the third conditional.
You might have succeeded if you had tried hard enough.
If I had taken my racket with me, I could have played tennis with you.
MIXED CONDITIONALS
TYPE 1
Mixed third / second conditional
With this combination we are contrasting an imagined or real event in the past with
the present result of that.
If he'd taken the medication as prescribed, he wouldn't be sick in bed.
(Sometime in the past, he didn’t take the medication he was prescribed and now he is sick in bed)
If John had had the money, he would have a Ferrari now.
(I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but he loves Ferraris. He never had the
money to buy a Ferrari, therefore he doesn’t have one.)
TYPE 2
Mixed second / third conditional
This combination describes ongoing circumstances in relation to a past event.
If I were a hard-working person, I would've finished my degree at university.
(I am not a hard-working person, therefore I didn’t study hard enough and didn’t get a degree)
If you weren't such a poor dancer, you would've got a job in that musical
(You don’t dance well, so they didn’t give you the job.)
