List of Figures

Index Name
I. Overview of system installed in
Area
II. Activity Diagram

III. Data Flow Diagram

IV. Sequence Diagram

Abstract:

With increase in population we have an increase in the garbage around urban areas. Here
we propose a smart dustbin that operates automatically to help solve this issue using IOT and
sensor based circuitry. Usual dustbins require to be opened by pressing foot against its lever and
then throwing garbage. Also a person needs to keep track when it is full so that it can be emptied
and does not overflow.
Here we propose a smart dustbin that does all this by itself. Our system consists of a
sensor in order to detect human clap signal and on a clap of foot tap it opens automatically
without anyone needing to press its lever. The dustbin opens automatically when it receives the
signal and closes its hatch. Also the dustbin consists of a level sensing ultrasonic sensor that
constantly measures the level of garbage in the bin and automatically detects if it is about to fill
up. The dustbin now consists of a smart circuitry that transmits this information over the web to
signal the main garbage collector of the facility to empty the particular garbage bin. We use IOT
gecko to develop the online web part for the iot system. This bin is of a vast usage in offices,
homes and even in public places for garbage management. Thus we get a fully automated smart
dustbin that allows for automated garbage cleaning.
1.1.Introduction:

In the recent decades, Urbanization has increased tremendously. At the same phase there
is an increase in waste production. Waste management has been a crucial issue to be considered.

This paper is a way to achieve this good cause. In this paper, smart bin is built on a
microcontroller based platform Arduino Uno board which is interfaced with GSM modem and
Ultrasonic sensor. Ultrasonic sensor is placed at the top of the dustbin which will measure the
stature of the dustbin. The threshold stature is set as 10cm. Arduino will be programmed in such
a way that when the dustbin is being filled, the remaining height from the threshold height will
be displayed. Once the garbage reaches the threshold level ultrasonic sensor will trigger the
GSM modem which will continuously alert the required authority until the garbage in the dustbin
is squashed.

Once the dustbin is squashed, people can reuse the dustbin. At regular intervals dustbin
will be squashed. Once these smart bins are implemented on a large scale, by replacing our
traditional bins present today, waste can be managed efficiently as it avoids unnecessary lumping
of wastes on roadside. Foul smell from these rotten wastes that remain untreated for a long time,
dueto negligence of authorities and carelessness of public may lead to long term
problems.Breeding of insects and mosquitoes can create nuisance around promoting unclean
environment. This may even cause dreadful diseases.
1.2.Objective

Smart city mission is new initiative taken by pune municipal corporation. The objective is
to promote cities that give a decent quality of life to its citizen, A clean and sustainable
environment. These technologies can provide visibility on solid waste management, route
planning for garbage collection, resource, optimization efficient asset management, efficient
maintenance, visibility of waste bins etc Automated waste collection system provides long term
solution and can take care the conventional methods like door to door, crub -side, community
bins collection and transportation via sloping channel system.
1.3.Scope:

The main aim of this project is to reduce human resources and efforts along with the
enhancement of a smart city vision. We have often seen garbage spilling over from dustbins on
to streets and this was an issue that required immediate attention. The proverb “Cleanliness is
next to god and clean city is next to heaven” inspired us to conceptualized the project. Smart
dustbin helps us to reduce the pollution. Many times garbage dustbin is overflow and many
animals like dog or rat enters inside or near the dustbin.
This creates a bad scene. Also some birds are also trying to take out garbage from
dustbin. This project can avoid such situations. And the message can be sent directly to the
cleaning vehicle instead of the contractor’s office. Swatch Bharat Abhiyan (English: Clean India
Mission and abbreviated as SBA or SBM for "Swatch Bharat Mission") is a national campaign
by the Government of India, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns, to clean the streets, roads
and infrastructure of the country. In our system, the Smart dustbins are connected to the internet
to get the real time information of the smart dustbins. In the recent years, there was a rapid
growth in population which leads to more waste disposal. So a proper waste management system
is necessary to avoid spreading some deadly diseases.
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW:

The authors have made a quantitative analysis between existing dustbins and their
serving population. The study first analyses the spatial distribution of dustbins in some areas of
Dhaka city using average nearest neighbor functions of GIS. Remarkably, the spatial circulation
of the current dustbins has appeared to be dominatingly in clustered pattern. Next, an optimal
number of additional dustbins were calculated. It is shown that the number of existing dustbins is
insufficient in the study area. The extent of pollution caused by the existing dustbins was
calculated using spatial analyst functions of GIS. It is found that all the dustbins are burnt with
wastes and causing pollution to the environment.

The results thus obtained would help to understand the present situation of the waste
management of Research Article Volume 6 Issue No. 6 International Journal of Engineering
Science and Computing, June 2016 7114 http://ijesc.org/ Dhaka city and to optimally place the
required number of dustbins to prevent further pollution to environment.

The authors have equipped the smart bins with ultrasonic sensors which measure the
level of dustbin being filled up. The container is divided into three levels of garbage being
collected in it. Every time the garbage crosses a level the sensors receives the data of the filled
level. This data is further sent to the garbage analyzer as instant message using GSM module.
Placing three ultrasonic sensors at three different levels of the container may be a disadvantage
as the cost of the dustbin increases due to the sensors and also the sensors can be damaged due to
the rough action by the users. An IoT-based smart garbage system (SGS) is proposed to reduce
the amount of food waste . In an SGS, battery-based smart garbage bins (SGBs) exchange
information with each other using wireless mesh networks, and a router and server collect and
analyze the information for service provisioning. Furthermore, the SGS includes various IOT
skills considering user convenience and increases the battery lifetime through two types of
energy-efficient operations of the SGBs: stand-alone operation and cooperation based operation.
The proposed SGS had been functioned as a pilot project in Gangnam district, Seoul, Republic of
Korea, for a one-year period. The test demonstrated that the normal measure of food waste could
be decreased by 33%.

The authors has built a framework in which a Camera will be set at each garbage
collection point alongside load cell sensor at base of the trash can. The camera will take
continuous snapshots of the garbage can. A threshold level is set which compares the output of
camera and load sensor. The comparison is done with help of microcontroller. After analyzing
the image an idea about level of garbage in the can and from the load cell sensor, weight of
garbage can be known. Accordingly, information is processed that is controller checks if the
threshold level is exceeded or not. This is convenient to use but economically not reliable.
2.2 Literature Review Conclusion

The major incapability‘s of present waste bin collection systems are: 1.Lack of
information about the collecting time and area. 2.Lack of proper system for monitoring, tracking
the trucks and trash bin that have been collected in real time. 3.There is no estimation to the
amount of solid waste present inside the bin and the surrounding area due to the scattering of
waste. 4.Lack of quick response to urgent cases like truck accident, breakdown and long time
idling. To remove these problems many system has been developed. Some of such researches is
summarised below: In this paper to reduce the food waste researches have proposed an Iot-based
smart garbage system to reduce the amount of food waste. In this system battery based smart
garbage bins exchange information with each other using wireless mesh networks, and a router
and server collect and analyze the information for a service provisioning and includes various
IoT techniques for user convenience. The proposed SGS had been operated as a pilot project in
Gagnam district, Seoul, Republic of Korea, for a one year period which showed that the average
amount of food waste reduced by 33%.
In this paper, by integrating different sensing and communication technologies real time
solid waste bin monitoring system was developed. The system consisted of bins with sensor
nodes, gateways and base station. Sensor nodes measure and transmit waste conditions inside bin
at every access, gateways forward data to base station after receiving and base station stores data
for further use. The system helped to minimize collection route and fuel cost In this paper, the
smart waste bins are connected to internet to obtain the real status information of the start waste
bins. The tremendous growth in population in past some years resulted in more waste disposal. A
proper waste management system is required to avoid the spreading of diseases. In this, the smart
dustbins are monitored and the decisions are taken as per the status of bins. The waste bins are
placed throughout the city or campus and are interfaced with micro controller based system with
IR sensors and RF modules.
IR sensor looks for the level of waste in waste bin and sends the signal to micro
controller. The same signal are encoded and forwarded to the RF receiver through RF
transmitter. RF receiver receives the signal and decodes it at the central system. An internet
connection is enabled through a LAN cable from the modem. That is received, analysed and
processed in the cloud that displays the Garbage status in the waste bin on the GUI on the web
browser.
In this paper the real time waste management system has been implemented by use of
smart dustbins to look for the filled level of dustbins to know if the dustbins are overflowed or
not. The concerned person can access the information of all the smart dustbins anytime and
anywhere and thus, decisions can be taken in accordance with that. The goals like reduction in
cost, resource optimization and effective usage of smart dustbins can be achieved by
implementing this proposed system. An indirect reduction in the traffic of system can be done
with the help of this system as in the cities, the garbage collection vehicle is been sent to the area
each day twice or thrice depending upon respective population there.
2.3.Hardware Requirement:

Smart bin is built on Arduino board platform. It is interfaced with a GSM modem
(SIM900A) and the bin is equipped with Ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) and PIR sensor.

Components Used-

1)Arudino MKR1000
2)Raspberry pi
3)Ultrasonic sensor HCSR04
4)2xAA Batteries
5)Jumper wires
6)Diode
7)Resistor
8)Capacitor
9)LCD
10)LED
11)Bridge Rectifier
12)@M328IC
1) Arduino-

Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world.

The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and software, which are
licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public
License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by
anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself
kits. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications
interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for
loading programs from personal computers.

Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet).

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with
your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you
can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again. "Uno" means one in Italian and was
chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of
Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.
The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the
Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index
of boards.

(i) Power USB- Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your
computer.All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection

(ii) Power (Barrel Jack)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to the
Barrel Jack.

(iii) Voltage Regulator

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.
(iv) Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate
time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino
crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

(v, xvii) Arduino Reset

You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You can reset the
UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board.
Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

(vi, vii, viii, ix) Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
 GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to
ground your circuit.
Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power
source, like AC mains power supply.

(x) Analog pins- The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5.
These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature
sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

(xi) Main microcontroller- Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller . You can assume it
as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different
from board to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know
what IC your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This
information is available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and
functions, you can refer to the data sheet.

(xii) ICSP pin- Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino
consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI
(Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output.
Actually, you are slaving the output device to the master of the SPI bus.

(xiii) Power LED indicator- This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power
source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then
there is something wrong with the connection.
(xiv) TX and RX LEDs- On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX
(receive). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1,
to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The
TX led flashes with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends
on the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

(xv) Digital I/O- The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to
read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays,
etc. The pins labelled can be used to generate PWM.

(xvi) AREF- AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external
reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

Microcontroller- ATmega2560
Operating Voltage -5V
Input Voltage (recommended)- 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit)- 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)
Analog Input 16
2)Raspberry Pi-

The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized computer that plugs into your TV and a keyboard.
It is a capable little computer which can be used in electronics projects, and for many of the
things that your desktop PC does, like spreadsheets, word processing, browsing the internet, and
playing games.
3) Ultrasonic Sensor-

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses SONAR to determine the distance of an object just
like the bats do. It offers excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable
readings in an easy-to-use package from 2 cm to 400 cm or 1” to 13 feet. The operation is not
affected by sunlight or black material, although acoustically, soft materials like cloth can be
difficult to detect. It comes complete with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver module.

Fig : Ultra sonic sensor

Technical Specifications
 Power Supply − +5V DC
 Quiescent Current − <2mA
 Working Current − 15mA
 Effectual Angle − <15°
 Ranging Distance − 2cm – 400 cm/1″ – 13ft
 Resolution − 0.3 cm
 Measuring Angle − 30 degree
4)2XAA Batteries-

Keep your power source safe and toasty in these waterproof 2xAA battery holders.
They're just like classic switched battery holders, but designed for survival! The case has a
rubber gasket around the edge of the case (its black and hard to see in the photos but it is
there) and attaches together with 4 machine screws. What we like about this design is that the
hexnuts are captive in one side and you can assemble/disassemble as many times as you
need. There's a rubber-boot on-off switch (press to turn on/off). Use with any alkaline or
rechargeable batteries for about 3V output.
5)Jumper Wires-

A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, jumper cable, DuPont wire, or DuPont

cable – named for one manufacturer of them) is an electrical wire, or group of them in a cable,
with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is
normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit,
internally or with other equipment or components, without soldering.
6)Diode-

Diode, an electrical component that allows the flow of current in only one direction.
In circuitdiagrams, a diode is represented by a triangle with a line across one vertex.

The most common type of diode uses a p-njunction. In this type of diode, one material (n)
in which electrons are charge carriers abuts a second material (p) in which holes (places depleted
of electrons that act as positively charged particles) act as charge carriers. At their interface, a
depletion region is formed across which electrons diffuse to fill holes in the p-side. This stops the
further flow of electrons. When this junction is forward biased (that is, a positive voltage is
applied to the p-side), electrons can easily move across the junction to fill the holes, and a
current flows through the diode. When the junction is reverse biased (that is, a negative voltage
is applied to the p-side), the depletion region widens and electrons cannot easily move across.
The current remains very small until a certain voltage (the breakdown voltage) is reached and the
current suddenly increases.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are p-n junctions that emit light when a current flows

through them. Several p-n junction diodes can be connected in series to make a rectifier (an
electrical component that converts alternating current to direct current). Zener diodes have a
well-defined breakdown voltage, so that current flows in the reverse direction at that voltage and
a constant voltage can be maintained despite fluctuations in voltage or current. In varactor (or
varicap) diodes, varying the bias voltage causes a variation in the diode’s capacitance; these
diodes have many applications for signal transmission and are used throughout
the radioand television industries. (For more detail about these and other types of
diodes, seesemiconductor device.)

Early diodes were vacuum tubes, an evacuated glass or metal electron tube containing

two electrodes—a negatively charged cathode and a positively charged anode. These were used
as rectifiers and as detectors in electronic circuits such as radio and television receivers. When a
positive voltage is applied to the anode (or plate), electrons emitted from the heated cathode flow
to the plate and return to the cathode through an external power supply. If a negative voltage is
applied to the plate, electrons cannot escape from the cathode, and no plate current flows. Thus, a
diode permits electrons to flow from cathode to plate but not from plate to cathode. If an
alternating voltage is applied to the plate, current flows only during the time when the plate is
positive. The alternating voltage is said to be rectified, or converted to direct current.
7)Resistor-

The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of electric
current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found. The resistance
is measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance that occurs when a current of one ampere passes
through a resistor with a one volt drop across its terminals. The current is proportional to the
voltage across the terminal ends. This ratio is  represented by Ohm’s law:

Resistors are used for many purposes. A few examples include delimit electric current,
voltage division, heat generation, matching and loading circuits, control gain, and fix time
constants. They are commercially available with resistance values over a range of more than nine
orders of magnitude. They can be used to as electric brakes to dissipate kinetic energy from
trains, or be smaller than a square millimeter for electronics.The choice of material technology is
a specific to the purpose. Often it is a trade-off between costs, precision and other requirements.
For example, carbon composition is a very old technique with a low precision, but is still used
for specific applications where high energy pulses occur. Carbon composition resistors have a
body of a mixture of fine carbon particles and a non-conductive ceramic. The carbon film
technique has a better tolerance. These are made of a non-conductive rod with a thin carbon film
layer around it.

This layer is treated with a spiral cut to increase and control the resistance value. Metal
and metal oxide film are widely used nowadays, and have better properties for stability and
tolerance. Furthermore, they are less influenced by temperature variations. They are just as
carbon film resistors constructed with a resistive film around a cylindrical body. Metal oxide
film is generally more durable. Wirewound resistors are probably the oldest type and can be used
for both high precision as well as high power applications. They are constructed by winding a
special metal alloy wire, such as nickel chrome, around a non-conductive core. They are durable,
accurate and can have very low resistance value. A disadvantage is that they suffer from parasitic
reactance at high frequencies. For the highest requirements on precision and stability, metal foil
resistors are used. They are constructed by cementing a special alloy cold rolled film onto a
ceramic substrate.
8)Capacitor-

First, we can note that a metal typically has an equal amount of positively and negatively
charged particles, which means it’s electrically neutral.

If we connect a power source or a battery to the metal plates of the capacitor, a current
will try to flow, or the electrons from the plate connected to the positive lead of the battery will
start moving to the plate connected to the negative lead of the battery. However, because of the
dielectric between the plates, the electrons won’t be able to pass through the capacitor, so they
will start accumulating on the plate.

After a certain number of electronics accumulated on the plate, the battery will have
insufficient energy to push any new electronics to enter the plate because of the repulsion of
those electronics which are already there.At this point, the capacitor is actually fully charged.
The first plate has developed a net negative charge, and the second plate has developed an equal
net positive charge, creating an electric field with an attractive force between them which holds
the charge of the capacitor.

Capacitor Dielectric Working Principle

Let’s take a look how the dielectric can increase the capacitance of the capacitor. A
dielectric contains molecules that are polar which means that they can change their orientation
based on the charges on the two plates. So the molecules align themselves with the electric field
in such a way enabling more electrons to be attracted to the negative plate, while repelling more
electrons out of the positive plate.

So, once the capacitor is fully charged, if we remove the battery, it will hold the electric
charge for a long time, acting as energy storage.Now, if we shorten the two ends of the capacitor
through a load, a current will start flowing through the load. The accumulated electrons from the
first plate will start moving to the second plate, until both plates become back again electrically
neutral.
9)LCD-

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated

optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not
emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color
or monochrome. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose
computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or
hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use
the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of
small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including LCD televisions, computer

monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small
LCD screens are common in portable consumer devices such as, watches, calculators,
and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer
electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have
replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens
are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens
available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer image burn-in when a static
image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule
on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.[2] The LCD screen is
more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT can. Its low electrical
power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment more
efficiently than CRTs can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded
sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.
10)LED-

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-leadsemiconductor light source. It is a p–n

junctiondiode that emits light when activated.[5] When a suitable current is applied to the leads,
electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components
may be used to shape the radiation pattern.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-
intensity infrared light.[9] Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in
remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer
electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs
are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small
incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-
segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments have
produced LEDs suitable for environmental and task lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and
sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive
headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper and
medical devices. They are also significantly more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer
environmental concerns linked to their disposal.

Unlike a laser, the color of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor
monochromatic, but the spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and for most purposes
the light from a simple diode element can be regarded as functionally monochromatic
11)Bridge Rectifier-

Before going to bridge rectifier, we need to know what actually a rectifier is and what is
the need for a rectifier. So first let’s take a look at the evolution of rectifiers.

Evolution of rectifiers

Rectifiers are mainly classified into three types: Half-wave rectifier, Center tapped full-
wave rectifier and Bridge rectifier. All these three rectifiers have a common aim that is to
convertAlternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC).  

Not all these three rectifiers efficiently convert the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct
Current (DC), only the center tapped full-wave rectifier and bridge rectifier efficiently convert
the Alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC).   

In half wave rectifier, only 1 half cycle is allowed and the remaining half cycle is
blocked. As a result, nearly half of the applied power is wasted in half wave rectifier. In addition
to this, the output current or voltage produced by half wave rectifier is not a pure DC but a
pulsating DC which is not much useful.
 In order to overcome this problem, scientists developed a new type of rectifier known as
center tapped full wave rectifier.

The main advantage of center tapped full wave rectifier is that it allows electric current
during both positive and negative half cycles of the input AC signal. As a result, the DC output
of the center tapped full wave rectifier is double of that of a half-wave rectifier. In addition to
this, the DC output of center tapped full wave rectifier contains very fewer ripples. As a result,
the DC output of the center tapped full wave rectifier is smoother than the half wave rectifier.
12)@M328IC-

The ATmega328 issingle-chip microcontrollercreated by Atmel in the megaAVR family

(later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a modified Harvard architecture 8-
bit RISCprocessor core. The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines
32 kB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23
general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-
bit A/Dconverter (8-channelsin TQFP and QFN/MLFpackages), programmable watchdog
timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device
operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.

Reliability qualification shows that the projected data retention failure rate is much less
than 1 PPM over 20 years at 85 °C or 100 years at 25 °C.
 Parallel program mode

Programming I/
Pin Name Function
signal O

High means the MCU is ready for a new command,

RDY/BSY PD1 O
otherwise busy.

OE PD2 I Output Enable (Active low)

WR PD3 I Write Pulse (Active low)

BS1 PD4 I Byte Select 1 (“0” = Low byte, “1” = High byte)

XA0 PD5 I XTAL Action bit 0

XA1 PD6 I XTAL Action bit 1

PAGEL PD7 I Program memory and EEPROM Data Page Load

BS2 PC2 I Byte Select 2 (“0” = Low byte, “1” = 2nd High byte)

PC[1:0]:PB[5:0 I/
DATA Bi-directional data bus (Output when OE is low)
] O
 Programming mode is entered when PAGEL (PD7), XA1 (PD6), XA0 (PD5), BS1 (PD4)
is set to zero. RESET pin to 0V and VCC to 0V. VCC is set to 4.5 - 5.5V. Wait 60 μs, and RESET
is set to 11.5 - 12.5 V. Wait more than 310 μs. Set XA1:XA0:BS1:DATA = 100 1000 0000,
pulse XTAL1 for at least 150 ns, pulse WR to zero. This starts the Chip Erase. Wait until
RDY/BSY (PD1) goes high. XA1:XA0:BS1:DATA = 100 0001 0000, XTAL1 pulse, pulse WR
to zero. This is the Flash write command. And so on..
3.IOT:

The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home

appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators,
and connectivity which enables these things to connect, collect and exchange data.

IoT involves extending Internet connectivity beyond standard devices, such as desktops,

laptops, smartphones and tablets, to any range of traditionally dumb or non-internet-enabled
physical devices and everyday objects. Embedded with technology, these devices can
communicate and interact over the Internet, and they can be remotely monitored and controlled.
With the arrival of driverless vehicles, a branch of IoT, i.e. the Internet of Vehicle starts to gain
more attention.

History:

The definition of the Internet of things has evolved due to convergence of multiple
technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems.
[6]
 Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control
systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to
enabling the Internet of things.

The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a
modified Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first Internet-connected
appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold. Mark Weiser's
1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the 21st Century", as well as academic
venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced the contemporary vision of IoT. [10][11] In 1994,
Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large
set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire
factories".[12] Between 1993 and 1997, several companies proposed solutions like Microsoft's at
Work or Novell's NEST. The field gained momentum when Bill Joy envisioned Device to
Device (D2D) communication as part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at the World
Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.

The term "Internet of things" was likely coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble,
later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999, though he prefers the phrase "Internet for things". At that
point, he viewed Radio-frequency identification (RFID) as essential to the Internet of
things, which would allow computers to manage all individual things.
 A research article mentioning the Internet of things was submitted to the conference for
Nordic Researchers in Logistics, Norway, in June 2002, which was preceded by an article
published in Finnish in January 2002.] The implementation described there was developed by
Kary Främling and his team at Helsinki University of Technology and more closely matches the
modern one, i.e. an information system infrastructure for implementing smart, connected objects.

Defining the Internet of things as "simply the point in time when more 'things or objects'
were connected to the Internet than people", Cisco Systems estimated that IoT was "born"
between 2008 and 2009, with the things/people ratio growing from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010.

The extensive set of applications for IoT devices is often divided into consumer,
commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces.

Consumer applications
A growing portion of IoT devices are created for consumer use, including connected
vehicles, home automation, wearable technology, connected health, and appliances with remote
monitoring capabilities.

Smart home
IoT devices are a part of the larger concept of home automation, which can include
lighting, heating and air conditioning, media and security systems. Long term benefits could
include energy savings by automatically ensuring lights and electronics are turned off.

A smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that control smart
devices and appliances. For instance, using Apple's HomeKit, manufacturers can get their home
products and accessories be controlled by an application in iOS devices such as the iPhone and
the Apple Watch. This could be a dedicated app or iOS native applications such as Siri.[33] This
can be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home Essentials, which is a line of smart
home devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without the need for a Wi-Fi
bridge. There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms to
connect different smart home products and these include the Amazon Echo, Apple's HomePod,
and Samsung's SmartThings Hub.
Elder care
One key application of smart home is to provide assistance for those with disabilities and
elderly individuals. These home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an owner's
specific disabilities. Voice control can assist users with sight and mobility limitations while alert
systems can be connected directly to cochlear implants worn by hearing impaired users. They
can also be equipped with additional safety features. These features can include sensors that
monitor for medical emergencies such as falls or seizures. Smart home technology applied in this
way can provide users with more freedom and a higher quality of life.

The term "Enterprise IoT" refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. By
2019, it is estimated that EIoT will account for 9.1 billion devices.

Medical and healthcare

The Internet of Medical Things (also called the internet of health things) is an application
of the IoT for medical and health related purposes, data collection and analysis for research, and
monitoring. This ‘Smart Healthcare’, as it can also be called, led to the creation of a digitized
healthcare system, connecting available medical resources and healthcare services.

IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification

systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate monitors
to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as pacemakers, Fitbit
electronic wristbands, or advanced hearing aids. Some hospitals have begun implementing
"smart beds" that can detect when they are occupied and when a patient is attempting to get up. It
can also adjust itself to ensure appropriate pressure and support is applied to the patient without
the manual interaction of nurses. A 2015 Goldman Sachs report indicated that healthcare IoT
devices "can save the United States more than $300 billion in annual healthcare expenditures by
increasing revenue and decreasing cost." Moreover, the use of mobile devices to support medical
follow-up led to the creation of ‘m-health’, used “to analyze, capture, transmit and store health
statistics from multiple resources, including sensors and other biomedical acquisition systems”.

Specialized sensors can also be equipped within living spaces to monitor the health and
general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring that proper treatment is being
administered and assisting people regain lost mobility via therapy as well. These sensors create a
network of intelligent sensors that are able to collect, process, transfer and analyse valuable
information in different environments, such as connecting in-home monitoring devices to
hospital-based systems. Other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as connected
scales or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with the IoT. End-to-end health
monitoring IoT platforms are also available for antenatal and chronic patients, helping one
manage health vitals and recurring medication requirements.

As of 2018 IoMT was not only being applied in the clinical laboratory industry, but also
in the healthcare and health insurance industries. IoMT in the healthcare industry is now
permitting doctors, patients and others involved (i.e. guardians of patients, nurses, families, etc.)
to be part of a system, where patient records are saved in a database, allowing doctors and the
rest of the medical staff to have access to the patient’s information. Moreover, IoT-based systems
are patient-centered, which involves being flexible to the patient’s medical conditions. IoMT in
the insurance industry provides access to better and new types of dynamic information. This
includes sensor-based solutions such as biosensors, wearables, connected health devices and
mobile apps to track customer behaviour. This can lead to more accurate underwriting and new
pricing models.

Transportation

The IoT can assist in the integration of communications, control, and information
processing across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of
transportation systems (i.e. the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user). Dynamic
interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter and intra vehicular
communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic toll collection
systems, logistic and fleet management, vehicle control, and safety and road assistance. In
Logistics and Fleet Management for example, The IoT platform can continuously monitor the
location and conditions of cargo and assets via wireless sensors and send specific alerts when
management exceptions occur (delays, damages, thefts, etc.). If combined with Machine
Learning then it also helps in reducing traffic accidents by introducing drowsinessalerts to
drivers and providing self driven cars too.

Building and home automation

IoT devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic
systems used in various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or
residential) in home automation and building automation systems. In this context, three main
areas are being covered in literature:
  The integration of the Internet with building energy management systems in order to
create energy efficient and IOT driven “smart buildings”.
 The possible means of real-time monitoring for reducing energy consumption and
monitoring occupant behaviors.
 The integration of smart devices in the built environment and how they might to
know who to be used in future applications.

Manufacturing

The IoT can realize the seamless integration of various manufacturing devices equipped
with sensing, identification, processing, communication, actuation, and networking capabilities.
Based on such a highly integrated smart cyberphysical space, it opens the door to create whole
new business and market opportunities for manufacturing. Network control and management
of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation management, or manufacturing process
control bring the IoT within the realm of industrial applications and smart manufacturing as
well. The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new products, dynamic response
to product demands, and real-time optimization of manufacturing production and supply chain
networks, by networking machinery, sensors and control systems together.

Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service
information systems to optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the IoT. But
it also extends itself to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and
measurements to maximize reliability. Smart industrial management systems can also be
integrated with the Smart Grid, thereby enabling real-time energy optimization. Measurements,
automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and other functions are
provided by a large number of networked sensors.

The term industrial Internet of things (IIoT) is often encountered in the manufacturing
industries, referring to the industrial subset of the IoT. IIoT in manufacturing could generate so
much business value that it will eventually lead to the fourth industrial revolution, so the so-
called Industry 4.0. It is estimated that in the future, successful companies will be able to
increase their revenue through Internet of things by creating new business models and improve
productivity, exploit analytics for innovation, and transform workforce. The potential of growth
by implementing IIoT may generate $12 trillion of global GDP by 2030

While connectivity and data acquisition are imperative for IIoT, they should not be the
purpose, rather the foundation and path to something bigger. Among all the technologies,
predictive maintenance is probably a relatively "easier win" since it is applicable to existing
assets and management systems. The objective of intelligent maintenance systems is to reduce
unexpected downtime and increase productivity. And to realize that alone would generate around
up to 30% over the total maintenance costs. Industrial big data analytics will play a vital role in
manufacturing asset predictive maintenance, although that is not the only capability of industrial
big data. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is the core technology of industrial big data and it will
be an interface between human and the cyber world. Cyber-physical systems can be designed by
following the 5C (connection, conversion, cyber, cognition, configuration) architecture, and it
will transform the collected data into actionable information, and eventually interfere with the
physical assets to optimize processes.

An IoT-enabled intelligent system of such cases was proposed in 2001 and later
demonstrated in 2014 by the National Science Foundation Industry/University Collaborative
Research Center for Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS) at the University of Cincinnati on
a bandsaw machine in IMTS 2014 in Chicago. Bandsaw machines are not necessarily expensive,
but the bandsaw belt expenses are enormous since they degrade much faster. However, without
sensing and intelligent analytics, it can be only determined by experience when the band saw belt
will actually break. The developed prognostics system will be able to recognize and monitor the
degradation of band saw belts even if the condition is changing, advising users when is the best
time to replace the belt. This will significantly improve user experience and operator safety and
ultimately save on costs.

Agriculture

There are numerous IoT applications in farming such as collecting data on temperature,

rainfall, humidity, wind speed, pest infestation, and soil content. This data can be used to
automate farming techniques, take informed decisions to improve quality and quantity, minimize
risk and waste, and reduce effort required to manage crops. For example, farmers can now
monitor soil temperature and moisture from afar, and even apply IoT-acquired data to precision
fertilization programs.

In August 2018, Toyota Tsusho began a partnership with Microsoft to create fish

farmingtools using the Microsoft Azure application suite for IoT technologies related to water
management. Developed in part by researchers from Kindai University, the water pump
mechanisms use artificial intelligence to count the number of fish on a conveyor belt, analyze the
number of fish, and deduce the effectiveness of water flow from the data the fish provide. The
specific computer programs used in the process fall under the Azure Machine Learning and the
Azure IoT Hub platforms.
Infrastructure applications

Monitoring and controlling operations of sustainable urban and rural infrastructures like
bridges, railway tracks and on- and offshore wind-farms is a key application of the IoT. The IoT
infrastructure can be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can
compromise safety and increase risk. IoT can benefit the construction industry by cost saving,
time reduction, better quality workday, paperless workflow and increase in productivity. It can
help in taking faster decisions and save money with Real-Time Data Analytics. It can also be
used for scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating
tasks between different service providers and users of these facilities. IoT devices can also be
used to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT
devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management
and emergency response coordination, and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of
operation in all infrastructure related areas. Even areas such as waste management can
benefit from automation and optimization that could be brought in by the IoT.

Metropolitan scale deployments

There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of the IoT, to enable better
management of cities and systems. For example, Songdo, South Korea, the first of its kind fully
equipped and wired smart city, is gradually being built, with approximately 70 percent of the
business district completed as of June 2018. Much of the city is planned to be wired and
automated, with little or no human intervention.

Another application is a currently undergoing project in Santander, Spain. For this

deployment, two approaches have been adopted. This city of 180,000 inhabitants has already
seen 18,000 downloads of its city smartphone app. The app is connected to 10,000 sensors that
enable services like parking search, environmental monitoring, digital city agenda, and more.
City context information is used in this deployment so as to benefit merchants through a spark
deals mechanism based on city behavior that aims at maximizing the impact of each notification.

Other examples of large-scale deployments underway include the Sino-Singapore

Guangzhou Knowledge City; work on improving air and water quality, reducing noise pollution,
and increasing transportation efficiency in San Jose, California; and smart traffic management in
western Singapore. French company, Sigfox, commenced building an ultra-narrowband wireless
data network in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2014, the first business to achieve such a
deployment in the U.S. It subsequently announced it would set up a total of 4000 base stations to
cover a total of 30 cities in the U.S. by the end of 2016, making it the largest IoT network
coverage provider in the country thus far.

Another example of a large deployment is the one completed by New York Waterways in
New York City to connect all the city's vessels and be able to monitor them live 24/7. The
network was designed and engineered by Fluidmesh Networks, a Chicago-based company
developing wireless networks for critical applications. The NYWW network is currently
providing coverage on the Hudson River, East River, and Upper New York Bay. With the
wireless network in place, NY Waterway is able to take control of its fleet and passengers in a
way that was not previously possible. New applications can include security, energy and fleet
management, digital signage, public Wi-Fi, paperless ticketing and others.

Energy management

Significant numbers of energy-consuming devices (e.g. switches, power outlets, bulbs,

televisions, etc.) already integrate Internet connectivity, which can allow them to communicate
with utilities to balance power generation and energy usage and optimize energy consumption as
a whole. These devices allow for remote control by users, or central management via a cloud-
based interface, and enable functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on or off heating
systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.). The smart grid is a utility-side IoT
application; systems gather and act on energy and power-related information to improve the
efficiency of the production and distribution of electricity. Using advanced metering
infrastructure (AMI) Internet-connected devices, electric utilities not only collect data from end-
users, but also manage distribution automation devices like transformers.

Environmental monitoring

Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically use sensors to assist in

environmental protection by monitoring air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions, and
can even include areas like monitoring the movements of wildlife and
their habitats. Development of resource-constrained devices connected to the Internet also means
that other applications like earthquake or tsunami early-warning systems can also be used by
emergency services to provide more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a
large geographic area and can also be mobile. It has been argued that the standardization IoT
brings to wireless sensing will revolutionize this area.
 The IoT's major significant trend in recent years is the explosive growth of devices
connected and controlled by the Internet. The wide range of applications for IoT technology
mean that the specifics can be very different from one device to the next but there are basic
characteristics shared by most.

IoT creates opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-
based systems, resulting in efficiency improvements, economic benefits, and reduced human
exertions.

The number of IoT devices increased 31% year-over-year to 8.4 billion in the year
2017and it is estimated that there will be 30 billion devices by 2020. The global market value of
IoT is projected to reach $7.1 trillion by 2020.

Intelligence

Ambient intelligence and autonomous control are not part of the original concept of the
Internet of things. Ambient intelligence and autonomous control do not necessarily require
Internet structures, either. However, there is a shift in research (by companies such as Intel) to
integrate the concepts of IoT and autonomous control, with initial outcomes towards this
direction considering objects as the driving force for autonomous IoT.

In the future, the Internet of Things may be a non-deterministic and open network in
which auto-organized or intelligent entities (web services, SOA components) and virtual objects
(avatars) will be interoperable and able to act independently (pursuing their own objectives or
shared ones) depending on the context, circumstances or environments. Autonomous behavior
through the collection and reasoning of context information as well as the object's ability to
detect changes in the environment (faults affecting sensors) and introduce suitable mitigation
measures constitutes a major research trend, clearly needed to provide credibility to the IoT
technology. Modern IoT products and solutions in the marketplace use a variety of different
technologies to support such context-aware automation, but more sophisticated forms of
intelligence are requested to permit sensor units and intelligent cyber-physical systems to be
deployed in real environments.
4. System Design:

For communication purpose Bluetooth technology can also be used in the transmitter
section. Bluetooth is a wireless networking standard that is aimed at remote control and sensor
applications which is suitable for operation in harsh radio environments and in isolated locations.
But, the main disadvantages of Bluetooth is short range, low complexity, and low data speed.
Therefore, GSM is more advantages over Bluetooth for communication. Hence author use GS
modem. A GSM modem is a specialized type wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless
network. It accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a
mobile phone. A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. An
external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. When a
GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to communicate over the
mobile network. While these GSM modems are most frequently used to provide mobile internet
connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending and receiving SMS and MMS message.
GSM Modem sends and receives data through radio waves. In this project GSM 900 modem is
used to send the messages.It consists of a GSM/GPRS modem with standard communication
interfaces like RS-232 (Serial Port), USB, so that it can be easily connected to the other devices.
The power supply circuit is also built in the module that can be turn ON by using a suitable
adaptor.

The block diagram of transmitter section. Level detector consists of IR sensors which is
used to detect the level of the garbage in the dustbin. The output of level detector is given to
microcontroller. Four IR sensors are used to indicate the different levels of the amount of the
garbage collected in the dustbin which is placed in public area. When the dustbin is filled up to
the highest level, the output of fourth IR receiver becomes active low. This output is given to
microcontroller to send the message to the Control room via GSM module as shown in below.

This shows the block diagram of receiver section. At receiver, control room is present
where all the activities are managing. The number of the control room is depending on the
dustbins present in the area. The person sitting in the control room monitors the entire system. A
GSM Module is connected to the computer of the control room through microcontroller. The
entire system is monitor by the person sitting in the control room. The same GSM Module is
used to send the message to the contractor for cleaning the dustbin. GUI is developed using
MATLAB software. This GUI will be displayed on the computer screen in the control room to
display the status of the garbage level in the dust bin as shown in below.
4.1.FlOWCHART For WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The PIR sensor will observe a person nearby dustbin. If motion is detected the lid of
dustbin is opened, the servo motor activates and as GSM connected it will send an alert message
to user if dustbin is filled.

Dustbin placed in public place, people throw garbage in dustbin, place the ultrasonic
sensor in top of the garbage bin. If dustbin reach in 75% then arduino send message through
GSM module.

When dustbin level is reach threshold level buzzer will give alert sound for don’t again
put waste in dustbin. This all process updated in IOT GECKO platform for monitoring garbage
bin.

Working of Line Follower Robot using Arduino Working of line follower is very
interesting. Line follower robot senses black line by using sensor and then sends the signal to
Arduino. Then Arduino drives the motor according to sensors' output. Working of line follower
Herein this project we are using two IR sensor modules namely left sensor and right sensor.
When both left and right sensor senses white then robot move forward.
4.2.Block Diagram:
4.3.Circuit Diagram:
5.Implementation-

This proposed system has been divided into three layers:

1) Dustbin Layer: -
This layer consists of internet and Wi-Fi enabled dustbins. Every dustbin contains a
sensor which senses the fill up status of dustbin and sends the data to the server. It also sends it
current GPS location to the server at regular intervals.

2) Server layer:
Server collects the fill up status and location of dustbins. It processes the clients query
and it respond with nearest dustbin location and with direction to access dustbin.
3) Client layer: -
Clients request for the nearest location of the IT enabled dustbin to the server using
Mobile App designed for this purpose

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A SMART DUSTBIN-

X is current fill up status, T is time duration between generation of wave and wave
received by receiver and C is the speed of light. And we will calculate the value of X using
formula given below
X=L-(CT)/2
And similarly percentage of fill up is calculated using formula given below
P=(X/L)*100
Where P is the % fill up Here we are assuming the wave path is almost vertical..
Now the question arises how we collect the garbage optimally from these dustbins for
this purpose we can use following three scheduling Algorithm.
1)Fixed Scheduling: -
In this scheduling collection process carried out after fixed interval for example collect
after every three days. Here we can use the Traveling salesman problem algorithm for route
planning.

2) Priority Scheduling: -
In this scheduling the dustbins are collected according to the decreasing current fill up
status. For example if we have 3 dustbins with fill up status 92%, 80% and 96%. Then collect in
this order 96%, 92% and then 80%

3) Average Threshold Scheduling: -

In this scheduling we first find out the average of all fill up status of all dustbins. Then if
average is greater than some threshold like 70% then schedule the collection process and within
that scheduling collect according to the Priority scheduling or Traveling salesman problem.
4) Full Dustbin Capacity Utilization Scheduling: -
In this scheduling we will carry the collection process only when all the dustbins are
completely filled up. Here we can again use the traveling salesman problem algorithm for route
planning.

Output-
CONCLUSION-

This project work is the implementation of Automatic Garbage Fill Alerting system using
Ultrasonic sensor, Arduino Uno, Buzzer and Wi-Fi module. This system assures the cleaning of
dustbins soon when the garbage level reaches its maximum. It will take power supply with the
help of Piezoelectric Device .If the dustbin is not cleaned in specific time, then the record is sent
to the Sweeper or higher authority who can take appropriate action against the concerned
contractor. This system also helps to monitor the fake reports and hence can reduce the
corruption in the overall management system. This reduces the total number of trips of garbage
collection vehicle and hence reduces the overall expenditure associated with the garbage
collection. It ultimately helps to keep cleanliness in the society. Therefore, the Automatic
Garbage Fill Alerting system makes the garbage collection more efficient.

The dustbin is able to open the lid with the help of servo motor and PIR sensor whenever
it detects motion. The ultrasonic sensor is giving the details about the waste present in the
dustbin. The status of the waste is transferred to the municipal authority whenever it is exceeding
the threshold value.
Applications:

1)The dustbin will helps to make the city clean

2)This system creates transperancy in municipal corporation,workers and public.
3)It supports the “Swacch Bharat mission”.
4)It helps in “Make in India campaign.”
REFERENCES-

[1]. S.S. Navghane, M.S. Killedar, Dr.V.M. Rohokale,‖IoT Based Garbage and Waste
Collection Bin‖, May 2016.
[2]. Ghose, M.K., Dikshit, A.K., Sharma, S.K. A GIS based transportation model for solid
waste disposal – A case study on Asansol municipality. Journal of Waste Management‖.
[3]. Guerrero, L.A., Maas, G., Hogland, W.: Solid waste management challenges for
cities in developing countries. Journal of Waste Management.
[4]. Alexey Medvedev, Petr Fedchenkov, ArkadyZaslavsky, Theodoros,
Anagnostopoulos Sergey Khoruzhnikov,‖Waste Management as an IoT-Enabled Service
in Smart Cities‖.
[5]. Meghana K C, Dr. K R Nataraj,‖ IOT Based Intelligent Bin for Smart Cities‖.
[6]. KasliwalManasi H., SuryawanshiSmitkumar B, A Novel Approach to Garbage
Management Using Internet of Things for Smart Cities‖.
[7]. Vishesh Kumar Kurrel,‖ Smart Garbage Collection Bin Overflows Indicator using
Internet of Things
[8]. Monika K A, Nikitha Rao, Prapulla S B, Shobha G, Smart Dustbin-An Efficient
Garbage Monitoring System.