WEEK 2 – Assignment

1. Illustrates the application of integral continuity equation

A constant-density fluid flows in the converging, two dimensional
channel shown in figure below. The width W (perpendicular to the
screen) is quite large compared to the channel height. The velocity in
the z direction is zero. The channel half height, Y, the fluid x-velocity, u,
and y-velocity v are given by
Y0 x y 2
− y u0 y 3 u0 x 2
Y=
x ( )[ ( ) ]
,u=u0 1+
l
1−
Y
,∧v =
l lY 0( )
+ 2 1+
l
,
( )
1+
l

where x, y, Y, and ℓ are in meters, u and v is in m/s, u0 = 1.0 m/s, Y0 =

1.0 m and Yl = 0.5 m

y, v
Control Volume

Y0 = 1m
Yl = 0.5m
o
x, u

l = 5m

For the control volume (marked in dotted line), the value of expression

  
t cv
ρd V   ρV.dS
CS
is

a. 1.3W
b. -1.3W
c. 0
 d. 1.3W2
SOLUTION – c
GIVEN
Converging channel with
 Constant density fluid.
 Two dimensional flow.
o As z component of velocity is zero.
o Depth W is large so u and v doesn’t depend on z.
 Steady flow.
Y0 x y 2
− y u0 y 3 u0 x 2
Y=
x ( )[ ( ) ]
,u=u0 1+
l
1−
Y
,∧v =
l
+ 2 1+
lY 0 ( )
l
( )
1+
l

3 -Wall
1 - Inlet 4 -Outlet
u@x=0 u@x=l
o
n̂ n̂

2 -Wall

FIND
Apply Integral continuity equation in the given control volume

  
t cv
ρd V   ρV.dS
CS

SOLUTION
As the flow is steady and density is constant.
The first term of the equation becomes,

where V is the volume of CV.

The second term

For the control surfaces

 1 – Inlet

o n  i , dA = W.dy

V  j
 ui+v
o
o At x = 0, Y = Y0 and,

 0  y     y 2 
2
x  y  
2

u  u0  1   1      u0  1   1      u0 1    
 l    Y    l    Y0     Y0  

 2 and 3 – Wall

V  j
 0i+0
o
o Velocity component perpendicular to wall is zero
[Impermeable wall].
o Velocity component parallel to wall is zero [no- slip wall].
 4 – Outlet

o n  i , dA = W.dy

 
o V  ui+v j
o At x = l, Y = Yl and,

 l   y     y 2 
2
x   y  
2

u  u0  1   1      u0 1   1      2u0 1    
 l    Y    l    Yl     Yl  
  
 CS
ρV.dS=ρ  (ui+v
 j).ndA
CS


=
CS 1
 (ui+v   j).(n)
 j).( i) dA   (0i+0
CS 2
  j).(n)
 dA   (0i+0
  j).(i) dA
 dA   (ui+v
CS 3 CS 4

  udA  0  0    udA
CS 1 CS 4

  y
Y0 2
  Yl   y 2 
   u0 1    .Wdy  0  0    2u0 1    .Wdy
Y0   Y0   Yl   Yl  
 Y0 Y
 y2  l
 y2 
   u0W  1  2 .dy  0  0  2  u0W  1  2 .dy
Y0 
Y0  Yl 
Yl 
Y0 Yl
 y3   y3 
   u0W  y  2   0  0  2  u0W  y  2 
 3Y0  Y  3Yl  Y
0 l

4 8
   u0WY0  0  0   u0WYl
3 3
Using, u0  1.0m / s, Y0  1.0 m and , Yl  0.5 m
  4 4
 CS .dS=  3 W  0  0  3 W  0
ρ V

d  
dt cv
ρd V   ρV.dS  0
CS

DISCUSSION
Although the mathematical form of the integral continuity equation looks
rather formidable, evaluation of the terms was not too difficult. Note that the
unit outward normal vector was +î at the outlet and -î at the inlet. This vector
is determined by the control volume geometry, not by the flow direction.
2. Illustrates the calculation of volume flow rate on a surface
Figure shows an inviscid, constant-density fluid flowing steadily in a two-
dimensional diffuser of constant width W (perpendicular to the screen).
C
Vr (r ,  ) 
The radial velocity is given by r , where C is a constant, r is
measured in meters and Vr is measured in meters per second. The
circumferential velocity Vθ = 0.

θ Vr r
2θmax

Calculate the volume flow rate for the two surfaces shown in Case a and
Case b.
In Case a the surface is at r = r1.
And in Case b the surface is at x1 = r1 cos(θmax).
 dAa

θ r

Surface a

x1
CASE- a

Vr
dAb
n̂
y
θ

Surface b

x1

CASE- b

a. (a) WCθmax, (b) 0.5 WCθmax

b. (a) WCθmax, (b) WCθmax
c. (a) 2WCθmax, (b) WCθmax
d. (a) 2WCθmax, (b) 2WCθmax
SOLUTION – d

GIVEN
Inviscid, constant-density fluid flowing through the two-dimensional diffuser
of width W.
C
Vr (r ,  ) 
Radial velocity, r

FIND
Volume flow rate for two surfaces
a. r = r1
b. x1 = r1 cos(θmax)
SOLUTION

 

Q   V .n dA
Volume flow rate is given by,
a. For the surface r=r1, Vr is perpendicular to each differential area dAa.

Then
V .n  Vr and dA = Wr dθ.
a 1

 max  max  max

C
Q 
 max
Vr Wr1d  2 
0
Vr Wr1d  2 
0
r1
Wr1d

Q  2WC    0max  2WC max



b. For the surface x1 = r1 cos(θmax), Vr is inclined at angle θ to each


V .n  Vr cos  , dA = Wdy and r  x1  y .
2 2
differential dAb. Then b
  ymax  ymax ymax
C C
Q 
 ymax
Vr cos Wd y  2 
0
r
cos Wdy  2 
0 x y
2 2
cos Wdy
1

x1 x1
cos   
r x12  y 2
ymax
ymax
dy 1  y  y 
Q  2WCx1  x1  y
2 2
 2WCx1  tan 1     2WC tan 1  max 
0  x1  x1   o  x1 
y 
 max  tan 1  max 
 x1 
Q  2WC max

DISCUSSION
The careful choice of surfaces for the control volume can result in
simple calculations.

3. Illustrates the application of steady, one-dimensional integral continuity

equation
Water at 60°C flows steadily with an average velocity of 10 m/s through a
6 inch (inner) diameter pipe. Some distance downstream, the water flows
through a reducer and into a 4 inch (inner) diameter pipe. Find the average
velocity in the 4inch pipe.

Ū1= 10m/s

Ū2 = ?

d1= 6 in d2= 4 in
a. 22.5m/s
b. 32.5m/s
c. 42.5m/s
d. 52.5m/s
SOLUTION – a
GIVEN
Average velocity at inlet, U1= 10 m/s
Diameter at inlet, d1 = 6 in. = 0.15m
Diameter at outlet, d2 = 4 in. = 0.10m
FIND
Average velocity at outlet, U2
SOLUTION

  
t cv
ρd V   ρV.dS  0
CS
Using integral continuity equation
As the flow is steady and density of water can be assumed to be
constant.
The first term of the equation becomes,

where V is the volume of CV.

The second term

For the control surfaces

 Inlet

o n  i , A1 = 0.25*π*d12
 
V  u i
o 1

 Wall

o V  0i
o Velocity component perpendicular to wall is zero [Impermeable wall].
o Velocity component parallel to wall is zero [no- slip wall].
 Outlet

o n  i , A1 = 0.25*π*d22

o
V  u 2 i

 
 CS
ρV.dS=ρ  (ui+v
 j).ndA
CS


=
CS 1
 (ui).(   j).(n)
 i) dA   (0i+0
CS 2
  j).(n)
 dA   (0i+0
   dA
 dA   (ui).(i)
CS 3 CS 4

  u dA  0  0    u dA
CS 1
1
CS 4
2

   u1  dA  0  0   u 
CS 1
2
CS 4
dA

   u1 A1  0  0   u2 A2
 
 ρV.dS=
CS
  u1 A1   u2 A2
d  
dt cv  CS
ρd V  ρV.dS 0

 0   u1 A1   u2 A2  0
 m out  m in  0
u1 A1 10*0.25*  * d12 10*(6*0.0254) 2
u2     22.5m / s
A2 0.25*  * d 2 2 (4*0.0254) 2
DISCUSSION
For most of the engineering application, we are interested in knowing
only the average velocities in the system.
 In general, the liquid flows can be assumed incompressible, as the
velocity of sound in liquids are very large. For example, velocity of
sound in water is 1500m/s, whereas as that in air is only 340m/s.
4. Illustrates the application of steady, one-dimensional integral continuity
equation
A hydraulic jump is an open channel flow phenomenon in which there is an
abrupt increase in the depth of the flow stream. Engineers may design a
dam spillway (a passage for excess water to run around or under the dam)
such that a hydraulic jump occurs in the spillway to reduce the water
velocity entering the river. Figure shows a hydraulic jump occurring at the
base of a dam. Water flows at a steady rate with an average velocity Ū1 =
12m/s. The depth increases from y1 = 2m to y2 = 6m. Find the average
velocity downstream of the hydraulic jump, if the width of the river remain
constant.

Hydraulic Jump at the base of a Dam

V1= 12m/s

y1= 2m y2= 6m

Control Volume
V2

V1 A2
A1

a. 2m/s
b. 4m/s
c. 6m/s
d. 8m/s
SOLUTION – b
GIVEN
Average velocity at the upstream of hydraulic jump, V 1= 12 m/s
Height at the upstream of hydraulic jump, y1 = 2m
Height at the downstream of hydraulic jump, y2 = 6m
Width of the river is constant, say W
FIND
Average velocity at the downstream of hydraulic jump, V 2
SOLUTION

  
t cv
ρd V   ρV.dS  0
CS
Using integral continuity equation
As the flow is steady and density of water can be assumed to be
constant.
Using the approach used in the previous problem.
We get,

m
 out -m
 in =0
2V2 A2  1V1 A1  0
 1   A1   1   Wy  y  2
V2      V1     1  V1   1  V1   12  4m / s
  2   A2    2   Wy2   y2  6
 
5. Illustrates the application of steady, one-dimensional integral continuity
equation
A shock is a flow phenomenon that can occur when a compressible fluid
flows at a speed greater than the speed of sound. There is an abrupt
increase in the fluid pressure and temperature and a decrease in the fluid
velocity across the shock. Shocks are so thin (thickness of only a few
mean free paths) that they can be assumed to have zero thickness. Figure
shows air flowing through a normal (perpendicular to the fluid velocity)
shock in a constant-area duct. The pressure, temperature, and velocity
upstream of the shock are p1 = 80 kPa, T1 = 20°C, and V1 = 500 m/s.
Downstream of the shock the pressure is p2 = 180 kPa, and the
temperature is T1 = 97°C. Find the downstream velocity V2. Air can be
assumed to be an ideal gas at the temperatures and pressures involved.
NORMAL SHOCK
1 2

V1 V2

p1 = 80 kPa Thickness ~ 0 p2 = 180 kPa

T1 = 20°C T2 = 97°C
V1 = 500m/s V2 = ?

a. 180m/s
b. 220m/s
c. 280m/s
d. 320m/s
SOLUTION – c
GIVEN
Steady and compressible flow in a constant area duct with normal
shock.
Air can be assumed ideal for the flow conditions.
At the upstream of shock-
Uniform velocity, V1= 500 m/s
 Static pressure, p1 = 80kPa
Static temperature, T1 = 20°C=293K
At the downstream of shock-
Static pressure, p2 = 180kPa
Static temperature, T2 = 97°C=370K
Area of the duct is constant, say A

FIND
Uniform velocity at the downstream of shock, V 2
SOLUTION

  
t cv
ρd V   ρV.dS  0
CS
Using integral continuity equation
As the flow is steady. We get,
m
 out -m
 in =0
 2 V2 A2  1V1 A1  0
 1   A1   
V2      V1   1  V1
  2   A2   2 
As the Air can be assumed ideal for the flow conditions.

p

RT ,where R is the universal gas constant,
1  p1  RT2   p1  T2 
     
 2  RT1 
 2   p2  T1 
p
   p  T   80kPa   370 K 
V2   1  V1   1  2  V1      500m / s 

 2 p T
 2  1   180 kPa   293 K 
V2  280m / s
6. Illustrates evaluation of unsteady term in the integral continuity equation
Figure shows the filling of an open overhead tank with water using a pump.

ṁa

AIR

Area A

h WATER

ṁw

PUMP
To analyse the rate of change of water height in the tank [dh/dt], the
following two types of control surfaces where used.
Control Surface A is a fixed type, it encloses the entire tank. Control
Surface B is a moving type, it always exactly coincides with the water in
the tank.

The term representing the rate of change of mass for the control volume in
  
t cv  CS
ρd V   ρV.dS
the integral continuity equation, for these
cases is given by,

 
a.
( A)
t cv
ρd V  m
 w  m
 a , ( B )
t cv
ρd V  m w

ṁa ṁa
AIR AIR

FIXED MOVABLE
CONTROL CONTROL
SURFACE SURFACE

ṁw ṁw

Case A Case B

 
t cv t cv
( A) ρd V   m
 w  m
 a , ( B ) ρd V  m w
b.
  
t cv t cv
( A) ρd V  m
 w  m
 a , ( B ) ρd V  m w
c.
 
( A)  ρd V  m w  m a , ( B )  ρd V  m w
d. t cv t cv
SOLUTION – a
GIVEN
Filing of an open tank. Incompressible system.
FIND
Flux terms of integral continuity equation for fixed and moving control
volume.
SOLUTION
In the unsteady term of the continuity equation either the volume or
the density or both may be time-dependent. In the given system, the
tank is open, so the density does not vary for both fluids.
For the fixed control surface A:
Since water has constant density, the water level must rise. Since
the control volume chosen encloses the whole tank. At any instant
of time, this control volume has two parts, one containing water and
the other containing air. Then

  
t cv
ρd V   CS ρV.dS  0
d
dt cv
ρ d V  m in  m out

d
(ρ V water  ρ air V air )  m water ,in  m air ,out
dt water
d V water d V air
ρ water  ρ air  m water ,in  m air ,out
dt dt
 Since the air above water in unconfined (Given that the tank is
open), ρair can be assumed uniform and constant in time. This
assumption is not valid for closed tank. Now, since the air and water
don’t mix, we have

d V air
ρ air   m air ,out
dt
d V water d ( Ahwater )
ρ water  ρ water  m water ,in
dt dt
dhwater m
 water ,in
dt ρ water  A

For the moving control surface B:

d
dt cv
ρ d V  m in  m out

d
(ρ V water )  m water ,in
dt water
d V water d ( Ahwater )
ρ water  ρ water  m water ,in
dt dt
dhwater m water ,in

dt ρ water  A
DISCUSSION
The choice of deformable control volume saved the trouble of
considering the air in the tank. If the top of the tank were closed so
the air get compressed rather than escaping, the analysis would be
complicates with fixed control volume.
7. Illustrates application of continuity equation
Water is being added to a storage tank at the rate of 30 Litres/s. Water
also flows out of the bottom through a 2 inch pipe with an average velocity
of 20 m/s as shown in figure. The storage tank has an inside diameter of 3
m. Find the rate at which the water level is rising (+) or falling (-).

30 L/s

30° D = 0.05m

a. +1.3 mm/s
b. +3.3 mm/s
c. -1.3 mm/s
d. -3.3 mm/s

SOLUTION – c
GIVEN
A system with one inlet and one exit.
Inside diameter of storage tank, dtank = 3m.
Inlet flow rate, Qin = 30 L/s = 0.03m3/s.
Exit pipe diameter, Dexit = 2 in. = 0.05m.
Exit flow velocity, Vexit = 20m/s.
Water can be assumed incompressible for the flow condition.
FIND
 Rate at which water level rises or falls, dh/dt.
SOLUTION

  
t cv
ρd V   ρV.dS  0
CS
Using integral continuity equation in the
control volume, which expands with water level as shown below.

30 L/s

  
t cv
ρd V   CS ρV.dS  0
d
ρ  d V  m in  m out
dt cv
d  2  2
ρ ( d tank h)   Q in   d exitVexit
dt 4 4
Since the height of control volume changes with time.
  2 dh  2
ρ d tank   Q in   d exitVexit
4 dt 4
 2 
Q in  d exit Vexit 0.03  0.052  20
dh 4 4
 
dt  2  2
d tank 3
4 4
dh
 0.0013m  1.3mm
dt
DISCUSSION
Here we had chosen the control volume such that it coincide with water
level and also perpendicular to the inflow ad outflow boundaries, this
simplified the calculation. We have not considered the small portion of
control volume in the outflow pipe, this is because of the assumption
that water level will not fall below the bottom of tank.

8. Illustrates calculation of the forces for the linear momentum equation

Mercury at 0°C flows upward through a vertical pipe with an inside
diameter of 0.5 cm and a length of 1 m. The flow is fully developed
(Velocity remain constant along axial direction), with an axial velocity
profile given by
2
r
[ ( )]
u=u0 1−
R
,

where R is the pipe radius and u 0 = 1.0 m/s. For the control volume shown
in figure, find the net body force and surface force acting on the fluid. Take
specific gravity of mercury as 13.6 and dynamic viscosity, μ = 1.68 x 10 -3
N.s/m2.

p2 = 270 kPa
g

p1 = 404 kPa
r

a. 5 N, -5 N
b. -5 N, 5 N
c. -2.62 N, 2.62 N
d. -2.62 N, 5 N

SOLUTION – c
GIVEN
Mercury at 0°C flowing upward through a vertical pipe.
Pipe diameter = 0.5 cm and length = 1 m.
2
r
Axial velocity profile given by u=u0 1− R [ ( ) ] where R is the pipe radius
,

and u0 = 1.0 m/s.

Steady and fully developed flow.
FIND
Net body force and surface force acting on the fluid.
SOLUTION
In this problem we are concerned with the force in the axial
direction ΣFx.
This force consists of three parts:
 Gravity force, Fx,g
 Pressure force, Fx,p
 Shear force, Fx,s

Fx , g   ρd V
The gravity force is cv

Fx , g   gρ  d V   gρ V cv   gρ R 2 L
cv


Fx , g   9.81 m    13.6 1000 kg      0.0025m    1.0m 
2
2 3
s m
Fx , g  2.62 N

Fx , p   pdA   pdA
The pressure force is Ain Aout
If we assume angular symmetry (∂/∂θ) and no circumferential flow (Vθ
= 0), the pressure is uniform over each horizontal plane for fully
developed flow.

Fx , p  ( p1  p2 ) R 2
Then the pressure force is

Fx , p  (404000  270000)    0.00252

Fx , p  2.63 N

Fx , s    wall dA
The shear force is Awall

d wall
 0,....or.... wall  Constant
Since the flow is fully developed, dx
Fx , s   wall (2 RL)
Integrating, we have
Since mercury is a Newtonian fluid,


 wall   du dr  rR
 2r 
  u0  2 
 R  rR

2  u0
R

The negative sign means that there is a downward force on the fluid in

the control volume due to the stress at the pipe wall. Substituting
 wall
into Fx,s gives
2  u0
Fx , s   (2 RL)  4u0 L
R
 N .s 
Fx , s  4  1.68  103 2    1.0m / s    1.0m 
 m 
Fx , s  0.02 N
Net body force = Fx,g = -2.62N
 Net surface force = Fx,p + Fx,s = 2.61N
DISCUSSION
Since the flow is fully developed,
The net force = body force+ surface force = ZERO.
This can also be reinforced from the fact that the momentum entering
and exiting the control volume are equal.

9. Illustrates the integral continuity equation for unsteady problem

The balloon in the figure below is being filled through section 1, where the
area is A1, velocity is V1, and fluid density is ρ1. The average density within
the balloon is ρb(t). Find an expression for the rate of change of system
mass within the balloon at the given instant.

1 ρb(t)
A1,V1,ρ1

a. ρ1 A1 V1
b. (ρb(t)- ρ1) A1 V1
c. ρ1 4πR3/3
d. (ρb(t)- ρ1) 4πR3/3

SOLUTION – a
GIVEN
A system with one inlet at section 1 and no exits. The control
volume and system expands together, hence the relative velocity
Vr= 0 on the balloon surface.
 FIND
Rate of change of mass of air inside balloon.
SOLUTION

  
t cv
ρd V   ρV.dS  0
CS
Using integral continuity equation
As the flow into the system is steady and instantaneous density of air
is ρb(t).

  
t cv
ρd V   CS ρV.dS  0


t cv
ρb d V   CS ρ(Vr .n)dA
 0


ρb  d V   ρ(Vr .n)dA 0
t cv 1

d  4 3 
 ρb R   1V1 A1  0
dt  3 
d  4 3 
ρ R   1V1 A1
dt  b 3 

10. Illustrates the integral momentum equation to a steady problem

The figure shows a nozzle with exit area A2 = 30 cm2 which is mounted at
the end of a pipe of area A1=60 cm2. An inviscid fluid of density
ρ=1000kg/m3, enters the nozzle with an average velocity, V1= 10 m/s and
pressure, p1= 251 kPa and at the exit of the nozzle, discharges into
atmosphere (p2= 101 kPa). Find the force acting on the nozzle due to the
flow. Take direction of flow to be positive.
 Atmosphere, pa

10m/s
A1 A2

Nozzle

Vi n Vin

Vo ut

VAN E 1 VAN E 2
Vo ut

a. -300N
b. 300N
c. 900N
d. -900N
SOLUTION – b
GIVEN
Velocity at inlet, V1 = 10 m/s
Pressure at inlet, p1 = 251 kPa
Pressure at outlet, p2 = 101 kPa
Inlet area of nozzle, A1 = 60 cm2 = 0.006m2
Outlet area of nozzle, A2 = 30 cm2 = 0.003m2
Inviscid fluid
FIND
Force acting on the nozzle, FNozzle.

SOLUTION
In this problem we are concerned with the force on the fluid and nozzle.

Atmosphere, pa

A2 = 30cm2
V2 = ?
A1 = 60cm2 p2 = 101kPa
V1 = 10m/s
p1 = 251kPa

p1 =251kPa F
p2 = pa =101kPa

Forces on the
control surface

This force on the fluid consists of four parts:

 Gravity force, Fy,g
 Shear force, Fx,s
 Pressure force, Fx,p
 Reactive force of nozzle, Fx,N
Gravity force acts perpendicular to flow direction and weight of the
fluid cannot be accounted with given information. As the shape or
volume of the nozzle is not known, we can neglect this force in our
analysis.
Since the fluid is inviscid, shear force is absent.

p1 =251kPa Fx,N p2 = pa =101kPa

Forces on the
control surface
 Pressure force can be realised as shown in figure above.
Fx,p = p1 A1 – p2 A2 = (251 x103 x0.006 – 101 x103 x0.003) = 1203 N.
To find the reactive force of nozzle, we apply conservation of angular
momentum.


 
   
 ρVd V  
 ρV V.dS   F
t cv CS

X momentum equation gives


 
   
t cv
ρVd V   CS ρV V.dS  Fx , p  Fx ,s  Fx , N

 
   
     
t cv
ρV d V   ρV1 V1.dS   ρV2 V 2 .dS  Fx , p  Fx ,s  Fx , N
1 2

ρV12 A1  ρV2 2 A2  Fx, p  Fx, N

Fx , N  ρV12 A1  ρV2 2 A2  Fx , p
To find V2, we can use continuity equation for steady incompressible
flow.

ρV1 A1  ρV2 A2  0
V1 A1 10  0.006
V2    20m / s
A2 0.003
Substituting the values

Fx , N  ρV12 A1  ρV2 2 A2  Fx , p
Fx , N  1000 102  0.006  1000  20 2  0.003  1203
Fx , N  600 N
 Now consider the free body diagram of the nozzle shown below

Fx,N

Projected area pa =101kPa

= A1 - A2

Net force on the nozzle, F Nozzle=F x , N −p a ( A1− A 2)

F Nozzle=600−101000 ( 0.006−0.003 )=297 N

This is the force acting on the nozzle due to flow is +300N (Along the
direction of flow).

DISCUSSION
In the problem 8, the inlet and exit momentum where equal and
pressure force and shear force balanced the body force, hence we did
not had a reactive force on the nozzle. Here the fluid is pushing the
nozzle along the flow direction. For high velocity jets, as used for
fighting, these forces is enormous, that is why 2 or 3 men are required
to hold the fire fighting nozzle.
We can obtain simplified formula by substituting for F x , N
F x , N =F Nozzle + p a( A 1− A2 )

 
   
ρVd V   ρV V.dS   F  Fx , p  Fx ,s  Fx , N
t cv CS

 F  F  F  (F  p  A  A  )
x, p x,s Nozzle a 1 2

F  p A  p A F F  p  A  A 
1 1 a 2 x,s Nozzle a 1 2

F  p  p  A F F
1 a 1 x,s Nozzle

F  p A F Fgauge 1 x,s Nozzle

11. Illustrates the integral momentum equation to a steady problem

A fluid flows steadily over a stationary blade with a mass flow rate of ṁ as
shown in figure. If the velocity at the inlet and exit is V. Using the Reynolds
Transport theorem, find the Forces in the horizontal (FX) and vertical
direction (FY) on the stationary blade.

Fy
θ
V
Fx

V
STATIONARY VANE

a. ṁV ( cos θ ) , ṁ V (1−sinθ)

b. ṁV ( cos θ+ 1 ) , ṁ V (1−sinθ)
 c. −ṁ V ( cos θ +1 ) , ṁ V (sinθ )
d. −m
˙ V ( cos θ ) , ṁ Vsinθ

SOLUTION – c
GIVEN
Fluid jet of velocity V impinging on a stationary blade. Steady mass
flow rate of ṁ.
FIND
Forces acting on the blade.
SOLUTION

Fy
θ
V
Fx

V cosθ
V
V sinθ

Applying momentum conservation along x and y direction. The forces

acting on the fluid are:

Fx  ρinlet Vinlet , x 2 Ainlet  ρexit Vexit , x 2 Aexit

Fy  ρinlet Vinlet , y 2 Ainlet  ρexit Vexit , y 2 Aexit
For the given blade geometry, we have

Vinlet , x  V
Vexit , x  V cos 
Vinlet , y  0
Vexit , y  V sin 
Fx  m  V   mV
 cos   mV
 (1  cos  )
Fy  0  m (V ) sin   mV
 sin 
Force acting on the blade will be,
 (1  cos  )
Fblade , x  mV
 sin 
Fblade , y  mV