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Artificial Intelligence | An Introduction

Before leading to the meaning of ar tificial intelligence let understand what is the

meaning of the Intelligence-

Intelligence: The ability to learn and solve problems. This definition is taken from

webster ’s Dictionar y.

The most common answer that one expects is “to make computers intelligent so that

they can act intelligently!”, but the question is how much intelligent? How can one

judge the intelligence?

…as intelligent as humans. If the computers can, somehow, solve real-world problems,

by improving on their own from the past experiences, they would be called “intelligent ”.

Thus, the AI systems are more generic(rather than specific), have the ability to “think ”

and are more flexible.

Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply the knowledge. Knowledge

is the information acquired through experience. Experience is the knowledge gained

through exposure(training). Summing the terms up, we get ar tificial intelligence as the

“copy of something natural(i.e., human beings) ‘ WHO’ is capable of acquiring and

applying the information it has gained through exposure.”

Intelligence is composed of :
 ___

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Reasoning

Learning

Problem Solving

Perception

Linguistic Intelligence

Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization,

logic, methods based on probability and economic s. The AI field draws upon computer

science, mathematic s, psychology, linguistic s, philosophy, neuro-science, ar tificial

psychology and many others.

Need for Ar tificial Intelligence

1. To create exper t systems which exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to

learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.

2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do and applying

them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.

Applications of AI include Natural Language Processing, Gaming, Speech Recognition,

Vision Systems, Healthcare, Automotive etc.

An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. An agent(e.g., human or

robot) is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that

environment through effectors. Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve

them. In classical planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only system

acting in the world, allowing the agent to be cer tain of the consequences of its actions.
However, if the agent is not the only actor, then it requires that the agent can reason

under uncer tainty. This calls for an agent that cannot only assess its environment and

make predictions but also evaluate its predictions and adapt based on its assessment.

Natural language processing gives machines the ability to read and understand human

language. Some straightfor ward applications of natural language processing include

information retrieval, text mining, question answering, and machine translation.

Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras,

microphones, sensors etc.) to deduce aspects of the world. e.g., Computer Vision.

Concepts such as game theor y, decision theor y, necessitate that an agent is able to

detect and model human emotions.

Many times, students get confused between Machine Learning and Ar tificial

Intelligence, but Machine learning, a fundamental concept of AI research since the

field’s inception, is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically

through experience. The mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and

their per formance is a branch of theoretical computer science known as a

computational learning theor y.

Stuar t Shapiro divides AI research into three approaches, which he calls computational

psychology, computational philosophy, and computer science. Computational

psychology is used to make computer programs that mimic human behavior.

Computational philosophy is used to develop an adaptive, free-flowing computer mind.

Implementing computer science ser ves the goal of creating computers that can per form

tasks that only people could previously accomplish.

AI has developed a large number of tools to solve the most difficult problems in

computer science, like :

Search and optimization

Logic

Probabilistic methods for uncer tain reasoning

Classifiers and statistical learning methods

Neural networks

Control theor y

L anguages
High-profile examples of AI include autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-

driving cars), medical diagnosis, creating ar t (such as poetr y), proving mathematical

theorems, playing games (such as Chess or Go), search engines (such as Google

search), vir tual assistants (such as Siri), image recognition in photographs, spam

filtering, prediction of judicial decisions[204] and targeted online adver tisements.

Other applications include Healthcare, Automotive, Finance, Video games etc

Are there limits to how intelligent machines – or human-machine hybrids – can be? A

superintelligence, hyperintelligence, or superhuman intelligence is a hypothetical

agent that would possess intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most

gif ted human mind. ‘‘Superintelligence’’ may also refer to the form or degree of

intelligence possessed by such an agent.

References : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar tificial_intelligence

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Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more

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