DAT Bootcamp - Developmental Biology

Study online at quizlet.com/_512a7i

1. amniotes are animals that have an amnion - reptiles, 19. _____ cleavage results in spiral
what are some examples? mammals, misaligned cells that deviate
birds away from the vertical axis
2. an egg's plasma membrane is found zona 20. _____ cleavages happen through holoblastic
underneath the _____ pellucida the entire embryo
(vitelline
21. _____ cleavages refer partial meroblastic
layer)
cleavage (the entire embryo
3. animals in the _____ phylum have a chordata does not evenly divide)
notochord
22. cortical granules (slow block) proteases; fertilization
4. any cell from the first cleavage that full frog stimulate _____ to sever the link envelope
receives a bit of the gray crescent can embryo between the zona pellucida and
become a _____ the plasma membrane, creating
an impenetrable _____
5. _____ are mammals that carry their babies in marsupials
a pouch 23. _____ describes the process polyspermy
ex - where more than 1 sperm
kangaroo, fertilizes an egg
koala
24. deuterostomes undergo _____ radial
6. before a blastocyst can implant into the zona cleavage
endometrium, it must get rid of its _____ pellucida
25. dizygotic twins are _____ twins fraternal
7. blastomeres from indeterminate cleavages a separate
26. do chicks have a primitive yes - due to the flattened
can split off from the other blastomeres to organism
streak? why or why not? shape of the blastodisc
form _____ (identical
twins) 27. does apoptosis occur in adults? yes - cancer could arise
if it didn't
8. capacitation is triggered by secretions from uterine
the _____ wall 28. does the notochord develop no - it simply induces the
into the neural tube? formation of the neural
9. capacitation _____ the sperm's plasma destabilizes
tube
membrane
29. do frog embryos have a primitive no
10. _____ cells can only differentiate into a few multipotent
streak?
cell types of a specific tissue type
30. _____ do not contain an amnion anamniotes
11. _____ cells contribute to 2 masses of cells on mesoderm
each side of the notochord, called somites 31. each small cell resulting from blastomere
cleavage is called a _____
12. classifications of cleavage based on axis radial; spiral
can be _____ or _____ 32. embryos with a lot of yolk animal; vegetal
exhibit polarity, containing an
13. classifications of cleavage based on cell determinate;
_____ and _____ pole
fate can be _____ or _____ indeterminate
33. embryos with _____ yolk exhibit a lot of
14. classifications of cleavage based on holoblastic;
polarity, containing an animal
evenness of embryo division can be _____ or meroblastic
and vegetal pole
_____
34. epiblast cells thicken and roll primitive streak
15. cleavage is rapid cell divisions that occur total mass
inward to form a structure called
without changing the _____ of the embryo
the _____
16. _____ cleavage refers to blastomeres that do indeterminate
35. explain embryonic induction: a growing fetus has
not have a pre-set fate
organizers that secrete
17. _____ cleavage refers to blastomeres that determinate chemicals to
have a decided fate after they are made influence/induce what
through cleavage neighboring cells
become in the future
18. _____ cleavage results in cells aligned on the radial
vertical axis with the top cells overlapping
the bottom cells
36. fertilization is the joining of a _____ sperm haploid; 56. _____ migrate to different locations of the neural crest
and a _____ egg to form a _____ zygote haploid; diploid body - forming teeth, bones, skin cells
pigmentation, etc.
37. frog embryos contain a significant uneven;
amount of yolk, so they experience_____, holoblastic 57. monotremes are _____ that lay eggs mammals
yet_____, cleavages
ex - platypus
38. frog embryos have an _____ pole and a animal; vegetal
_____ pole 58. monozygotic twins have the exact same genetic
_____, so they are identical material
39. gastrulation makes a _____ embryo, which trilaminar; 3
has _____ germ layers 59. neural crest cells are derived from _____ ectoderm
cells that roll off during neural tube
40. _____ have the potential to differentiate stem cells
formation
to different cell types
60. _____ occur when 1 fertilization gives rise to 1 monozygotic
41. HCG from the trophoblast functions to corpus luteum
zygote, which then divides to form 2 twins
maintain the _____
separate embryos
42. holoblastic cleavages typically happen in without
61. pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into 3 germ
embryos _____ a lot of yolk
any of the _____ layers
43. if an embryo develops within an egg, it yolk; placenta
needs a huge _____ because there is no (ectoderm,
direct connection to the mother via a mesoderm,
_____ endoderm)
44. in cleavage, each daughter cell has _____ less 62. _____ poles exhibit active cleavage animal
cytoplasm than the mother cell
63. _____ poles exhibit slow/negligible cleavage vegetal
45. in placental mammals, the yolk sac placenta because they contain a lot of yolk
nourishes the fetus until the _____ is
64. protostomes undergo _____ cleavage spiral
mature and ready to take over this role
65. radial cleavage results in cells aligned on vertical
46. invagination along the primitive streak blastopore
the _____ axis with the top cells overlapping
forms a _____, which initiates gastrulation
the bottom cells
47. is apoptosis a part of normal fetal yes - removal of
66. secondary oocyte's complete _____ after meiosis II
development? webbing
successful sperm penetration
between fingers
and toes 67. _____ (slow block) stimulate proteases to cortical
sever the link between the zona pellucida granules
48. _____ is programmed cell death apoptosis
and the plasma membrane, creating an
49. _____ is the final maturation step for the capacitation impenetrable fertilization envelope
sperm prior to fertilization
68. somites (2 masses) become the _____ and vertebrae;
50. _____ is the joining of a haploid sperm fertilization _____ associated with the axial skeleton skeletal
nucleus and a haploid egg nucleus to muscles
form a diploid zygote
69. spiral cleavage results in _____ cells that misaligned
51. is the yolk sac extra- or intraembryonic? extraembryonic deviate away from the vertical axis (think spiral
52. _____ is when the blastocyst removes its zona hatching staircase)
zona pellucida and replaces it with 70. _____ stem cells can become any cell in the totipotent
trophoblast cells body
53. is yolk extra- or intraembryonic? intraembryonic 71. the acrosomal reaction ensures _____ same-
54. meroblastic cleavages usually happen in with fertilization species
embryos _____ a lot of yolk 72. the allantois initially stores _____ in egg uric acid
55. mesoderm cells contribute to 2 masses somites laying animals
of cells on each side of the notochord,
called _____
73. the animal pole is _____ in color than the darker 91. the gray crescent is grey because the dark
vegetal pole for frog embryos cytoplasm of the _____ pole and _____ pole animal;
(the mixes pale
vegetal vegetal
pole has
92. the human embryo experiences _____, _____ even;
more yolk,
cleavage holoblastic
so it is
more pale) 93. the inner cell mass (ICM) develops into the embryo
_____ itself
74. the archenteron eventually forms the _____ digestive
tract 94. the _____ is a hollow cavity that begins to form blastocoel
around the 128 cell stage
75. the bilaminar stage creates a _____ within the bilaminar
blastocyst disk 95. the _____ is a hollow cavity that forms as the archenteron
blastopore deepens
76. the blastodisc is analogous to which inner cell
mammalian structure? mass (ICM) 96. the _____ is a jelly coat of follicular cells, corona
which nourished the egg when it was radiata
77. the blastopore is the opening to the _____ archenteron
developing in the follicle
78. the blastula of a chick embryo has a flattened blastodisc
97. the _____ is a layer of glycoproteins within the vitelline
shape due to the yolk pushing it up, hence it
corona radiata layer
is called the _____
98. the _____ is a platform of exchange of gases, placenta
79. the _____ block to polyspermy happens 1st, fast
nutrients, and wastes between the fetus and
immediately after the sperm's membrane has
the mother
fused with the egg's membrane
99. the _____ is a sac the buds off the allantois
80. the _____ block to polyspermy happens 2nd, slow
archenteron, and it stores waste for disposal
gradually after the sperm has fused with the
egg 100. the _____ is a structure that appears at the gray
opposite end of sperm entry during frog crescent
81. the chick embryo (egg) has a _____, which chalaza
fertilization
connects the yolk to the ends of the shell
101. the _____ is derived from the mesoderm germ notochord
82. the chorion lies right underneath the _____ in egg shell
layer
egg-laying animals
102. the _____ is found on the tip of the sperm acrosome
83. the CNS; PNS; sensory parts of the ear, eye, ectoderm
head, and it contains hydrolytic enzymes for
and nose; epidermis layer of the skin, nails,
digestion of the outer egg layers
and hair; mammary and sweat glands;
pigmentation cells; jaw and teeth; adrenal 103. the _____ is the inner bulk of cells, which is inner cell
medulla all arise from _____ tissue surrounded by the trophoblast of the mass (ICM)
blastocyst
84. the corona radiata _____ layer of the egg outermost
104. the _____ is the inner extraembryonic layer amnion
85. the _____ defines the left-right, top-bottom primitive
that is closest to the growing embryo
axis for the developing embryo streak
105. the _____ is the innermost germ layer endoderm
86. the dorsal lip of the blastopore forms at the gray
site of the _____ in frog embryos crescent 106. the _____ is the middle germ layer mesoderm

87. the dorsal lip of the blastopore opens to the archenteron 107. the _____ is the outer extraembryonic layer chorion
_____ of frog embryos that surrounds the embryo

88. the frog embryo experiences _____, _____ uneven; 108. the _____ is the outermost germ layer ectoderm
cleavage holoblastic 109. the _____ is the outer ring of cells in the trophoblast
89. the frog embryo has an _____ distribution of uneven (i.e., blastocyst
yolk it has 110. the _____ is the recognition process between acrosomal
polarity) the sperm and the egg before they fuse reaction
90. the _____ functions as a membrane for gas chorion together
exchange in egg-laying animals
111. the _____ later fuses with the chorion allantois; gas 126. trophoblast cells of the blastocyst extraembryonic
to help with _____ in egg-laying exchange give rise to _____ membranes
animals
127. trophoblast HCG maintains the progesterone;
112. the lining of the digestive, endoderm corpus luteum, which allows for the estrogen
respiratory, and excretory systems; continual production of _____ & _____
PLTT (pancreas, liver, thyroid & to maintain the endometrium
parathyroid, thymus) all arise from
128. _____ turn on and off different gene homeotic genes
_____ tissue
expressions to decide which parts of
113. the notochord induces the ectodermal the embryo develops into adult
formation of the neural tube from structures
_____ cells (the neural tube is
129. what are some examples of fishes and
made from
anamniotes? amphibians
ectoderm)
130. what are some examples of embryos humans, sea urchins,
114. the _____ of the bilaminar disk will epiblast
that go through holoblastic frogs
contribute to the main embryo
cleavages?
115. the _____ of the bilaminar disk will hypoblast
131. what are some examples of embryos birds, fish, reptiles
partially contribute to the yolk sac
that go through meroblastic
(the rest of the
cleavages?
hypoblast that does
not contribute to the 132. what are some examples of hematopoietic stem
yolk sac will undergo multipotent stem cells? cells, which can
apoptosis) divide into many
blood cell types
116. the primitive streak is a crucial gastrulation
structure to begin the process of 133. what are some examples of cells from the inner
_____ pluripotent stem cells? cell mass
(embryonic stem
117. the _____ secretes fluid to cushion amnion
cells)
and protect the embryo from
damage 134. what are some examples of zygote, blastomeres
totipotent stem cells? of the morula
118. the skeletal bones; muscles; mesoderm
cardiovascular system; gonads; 135. what are the 2 layers of the hypoblast and
adrenal cortex; spleen; notochord bilaminar disk? epiblast
all arise from _____ tissue 136. what are the 2 main results of acrosomal reaction
119. the slow block to polyspermy is a longer lasting capacitation? preparation and
_____ solution than the fast block increased Ca2+
permeability
120. the solid ball of roughly 12-16 morula
blastomeres is called a _____ 137. what are the 2 types of polyspermy fast and slow block
blocks?
121. the vitelline layer is called the _____ zona pellucida
in mammals 138. what are the 3 germ layers of a ectoderm;
trilaminar embryo, from superficial mesoderm;
122. the vitelline layer surrounds the plasma membrane
to most deep? endoderm
_____ of the egg
139. what are the 3 main functions of the extraembryonic
123. the yolk sac contains yolk to nutrients
trophoblast? membrane
provide _____ to the growing
formation, uterine
embryo
implantation, and
124. the yolk sac is the first location of blood cell HCG production
fetal _____ formation in placental
140. what are the 3 main ways to classify axis; cell fate;
mammals
cleavage? evenness of embryo
125. the yolk sac usually has a _____ transient division
function in placental mammals
141. what are the 3 types totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent 157. what is the first cleavage
of stem cell potency? step of growth
after the formation
142. what are the 4 factors embryonic induction; homeotic
of the zygote?
influencing genes; egg cytoplasm determinant;
development? apoptosis 158. what is the general the mother ovulates 2 eggs --> both
mechanism of are individually fertilized by 2
143. what are the 4 main amnion; chorion; allantois; yolk sac
dizygotic twin different sperms --> 2 different
extraembryonic
creation? zygotes with slightly different genetic
membranes?
material
144. what are the 4 main ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, ZP4
159. what is the general egg penetration by sperm --> Na+
zona pellucida
mechanism of the influx to egg --> membrane
proteins?
fast block to depolarization that repels additional
145. what are the functions it transports wastes from the fetus polyspermy? sperm for a few seconds
of the allantois in to the placenta, and it later
160. what is the general sperm/egg membrane fusion --> fast
placental mammals? becomes the umbilical cord -
mechanism of the block --> release of Ca2+ to egg
eventually, it becomes the urinary
slow block? membrane --> cortical reaction
bladder in adults
161. what is the general sperm --> corona radiata --> zona
146. what are the functions it forms the fetal half of the
process of the pellucida --> sperm actin binds ZP3 -
of the chorion in placenta
acrosomal -> acrosomal enzyme release -->
placental mammals?
reaction? membrane fusion between sperm and
147. what does embryonic functions to provide nutrients to egg --> fertilization
yolk do? the growing embryo
162. what is the a short sequence of about 180
148. what does it mean for the homeobox must be inherited homeobox? nucleotides (60 amino acids) that is
the homeobox to be from a common ancestor homologous across many different
homologous amongst organisms
many different
163. what is the main nutrient distribution to the entire
organisms?
function of the embryo
149. what does the anus chalaza?
blastopore become in
164. what is the main early embryos depend on initial
deuterostomes?
idea behind the egg cleavages to ensure the blastomeres
150. what does the mouth cytoplasm get equal concentrations of
blastopore become in determinant of cytoplasm and the embryo develops
protostomes? fetal development? correctly
151. what does the zona binds to sperm and stimulates the 165. what is the sole the yolk sac
pellucida protein (ZP3) acrosome reaction nutrient provider to
do? a fetus from an
152. what do polyspermy prevent more than 1 sperm from egg-laying animal?
blocks do? penetrating into the egg 166. what stage of the blastocyst
153. what happens during there is an exocytosis of cortical embryo implants
the cortical reaction? granules from the egg cell into the uterine
wall?
154. what is formation of new organs
organogenesis? 167. what would result polyploidy and a non-viable embryo
from polyspermy?
155. what is significant it causes hyperactivity, making the
about increased Ca2+ flagellum beat harder 168. when the hollow, blastula
permeability for a fluid-filled
sperm after blastocoel
capacitation? develops, the
embryo is said to
156. what is the central it plays a crucial role during
be a _____
importance of the organismal structural organization
homeobox? during development
169. when the inner cell mass (ICM) has developed, the blastula blastocyst
becomes a _____
170. where does cleavage happen (in the female reproductive tract )? when the fertilized egg travels toward the uterus (in the
oviduct/fallopian tube)
171. where does fertilization usually take place (in the female in the oviduct (fallopian tube)
reproductive tract )?
172. where does gastrulation begin in frog embryos? dorsal lip of the blastopore

(frog embryos do not have a primitive streak)