URBAN PASSENGER TRANSPORT

TERMINAL
TPT457 – Principles & Practices of Transport
THE TERMINAL
 Terminal is defined as
 Any location where freight and passengers either originates, terminates, or is
handled in the transportation process.
 Terminals are central and intermediate locations in the movements of passengers
and freight.
 They often require specific facilities and equipment to accommodate the traffic
they handle.
 There are two (2) types of terminals; passenger & freight.
 Terminals may be points of interchange within the same modal system and
which insure a continuity of the flows.
 Terminals are also very important points of transfer between modes.
 One of the main attributes of transport terminals, international and regional
alike, is their convergence function.
THE TERMINAL
 They are indeed obligatory points of passage having invested on their
geographical location which is generally intermediate to commercial flows.
 Three major attributes are linked with the importance and the performance
of transport terminals:
 Location
 Accessibility
 Infrastructure
 A "terminal" or "terminus" is a station at the end of a railway line. Trains
arriving there have to end their journeys or reverse out of the station.
The Vitebsky station in Saint Petersburg, an example of a grand Russian train terminal.
URBAN PASSENGER TERMINAL
 With one exception, passenger terminals require relatively little specific
equipment. This is because individual mobility is the means by which
passengers access busses, ferries or trains.
 Certainly, services such as information, shelter, food and security are
required, but the layouts and activities taking place in passenger terminals
tend to be simple and require relatively little equipment. They may appear
congested at certain times of the day, but the flows of people can be
managed successfully with good design of platforms and access points, and
with appropriate scheduling of arrivals and departures. The amount of time
passengers spend in such terminals tends to be brief.
 As a result bus terminal and railway stations tend to be made up of simple
components, from ticket offices and waiting areas to limited amounts of
retailing.
AIRPORTS
 Airports are of a complete different order.
 They are among the most complex of terminals functionally.
 Moving people through an airport has become a very significant problem, not
least because of security concerns. Passengers may spend several hours
transiting, with check-in and security checks on departure, and baggage pick up
and in many cases customs and immigration on arrival. Planes may be delayed
for a multitude of reasons, implying a complex management of gates and
scheduling of flights.
 The result is that a wide range of services have to be provided for passengers
not directly related to the transfer function, including restaurants, bars, stores,
hotels, in addition to the activities directly related to operations such as check-in
halls, passenger loading ramps and baggage handling facilities.
 At the same time airports have to provide the very specific needs of the aircraft,
from runways to maintenance facilities, from fire protection to air traffic control.
AIRPORTS
 Measurement of activities in passenger terminals is generally straightforward.
The most common indicator is the number of passengers handled, sometimes
differentiated according to arrivals and departures.
 Transfer passengers are counted in the airport totals even though they do not
originate there, and so airports that serve as major transfer facilities inevitably
record high passenger totals. This is evident in airports such as Atlanta and
Chicago where in-transit passengers account for over 50% of the total
passenger movements. High transfer passenger activity has been enhanced by
the actions of many of the leading airlines adopting hub and spoke networks.
This results in many passengers being forced to change planes at the hub
airports.
 By selecting certain airports as hubs, the carriers are able to dominate
activity at those airports, thereby controlling most landing and departure
slots and the best gates, thus fending off rival airlines. In this way they are
able to extract monopoly profits.
WORLD’S BUSIEST AIRPORTS
 Atlanta International Airport
 Is located seven miles (11 km) south of the central business district of Atlanta,
Georgia, United States.
 It has been the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998, and by
number of landings and take-offs since 2005.
 Hartsfield–Jackson held its ranking as the world's busiest airport in 2012, both
in passengers and number of flights, by accommodating 95 million passengers
(more than 260,000 passengers daily) and 950,119 flights.
 Many of the nearly one million flights are domestic flights from within the United
States, where Atlanta serves as a major hub for travel throughout the
Southeastern United States. The airport has 207 domestic and international
gates.
A view of the International Concourse E and Control Tower at night at the Atlanta Int. Airport.
WORLD’S BUSIEST AIRPORTS
 Beijing Capital International Airport
 Beijing Capital has rapidly ascended in rankings of the world's busiest airports
in the past decade. It had become the busiest airport in Asia in terms of
passenger traffic and total traffic movements by 2009.
 As of 2012, Beijing Capital International Airport is the second busiest airport in
the world in terms of passenger throughput behind Atlanta International Airport.
WORLD’S BUSIEST AIRPORTS
 London Heathrow Airport is a major international airport serving London,
England.
 Located in the London Borough of Hillingdon, in West London, Heathrow is
the busiest airport in the United Kingdom and the third busiest airport in the
world in total passenger traffic, handling more international passengers
than any other airport around the globe.
CHENNAI MOFUSSIL BUS TERMINUS
 The Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus is a modern bus terminus located in
Chennai, India, providing outstation transportation services.
 Spread over an area of 37 acres (150,000 m2) in Koyambedu. It is one of
the largest bus terminus in Asia.

The Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus, the biggest bus terminus in Asia.
KAMPPI CENTRE
 The largest underground bus station in Europe is Kamppi Centre of Helsinki,
Finland completed in 2006. The terminal cost 100 million Euro to complete
and took 3 years to design and build.
 The Kamppi Centre combines the commercial need for streamlined,
optimized shopping environment with the necessary supply of customers by
maximum accessibility and mobility. One of the first of its kind in Europe,
the centre consists of:
 Central bus terminal for local buses, Long-distance traffic terminal
(underground), Kamppi metro station (underground), A freight depot
(underground), Internal parking area (underground), 6 floor shopping centre
with a supermarket, shops, restaurants, night clubs and service points, High-class
offices and residential apartments
 Today, the bus terminal, which covers 25,000 square meters, is the busiest
bus terminal in Finland.
 Every day, the terminal has around 700 bus departures, transporting some
170,000 passengers.
Kamppi Centre is the largest underground bus station in Europe.
TANGGULA RAILWAY STATION
 The Tanggula (Dangla) railway station is a railway station located in Amdo
County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, near the border with the Tanggula
Town, Qinghai. The railway station has three tracks, one of them served by
a platform, and another one served by a very short sub-platform.
 Since its construction, Tanggula Station has been the highest railway station
in the world.
 This unstaffed station on the Qingzang railway opened for service on July 1,
2006. The station is located 5,068 metres (16,627 ft) above sea level.
 As of 2010, no passenger transport service was available since the region
is uninhabited.
 A through train may stop at the station to wait for another train coming from
the opposite direction to pass, but passengers are required to remain on
the train.[
Tanggula railway station building and the railway station platform.
SHINJUKU STATION
 Shinjuku Station is a major railway station in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards in
Tokyo, Japan.
 Serving as the main connecting hub for rail traffic between central Tokyo
and its western suburbs on inter-city rail, commuter rail, and metro lines, the
station was used by an average of 3.64 million people per day in 2007,
making it, by far, the world's busiest transport hub.
BEIJINGXI RAILWAY STATION
 Beijingxi Railway Station is located in western Beijing's Fengtai District.
Opened in early 1996 after three years of construction, it is the largest
railway station in Asia with 510,000m².
 The station serves in average 150,000–180,000 passengers per day with
a maximum of 400,000 people per day.
 It was expanded in 2000 and had a vast amount of parking spaces added.
 The Beijing West station cost a record three-quarters-of-a-billion dollars
and its construction has been criticized by some over suspicions of corruption
during the construction.
 As of 2006, it was declared as the world's largest station.
Beijing West Station in Beijing, China.
GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL
 Grand Central Terminal is a commuter railroad terminal at 42nd Street and
Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States.
 In terms of platform capacity, the world's largest station by platforms with 44
platforms.
 It has been described as "the world's loveliest station". According to the
travel magazine Travel + Leisure in its October 2011 survey, Grand Central
Terminal is "the world's number six most visited tourist attraction", bringing in
approximately 21,600,000 visitors annually.

Grand Central Terminal, along 42nd Street.