Faculty of Engineering and Science

MAEN 1000: Engineering Materials

Lab Report Cover Sheet

Title of Experiment: Mechanical Testing for Metal and Non Metal Materials

Student Name

Group No

Perth ID

Sarawak ID

Date of Lab

Due Date

Demonstrator

Lab Mark
(Out of 10)
 Table of Contents
S.No Title Page No Maximum Mark Mark Obtained

1 Abstract 1 2*

2 Objectives 1 2*

3 Introduction 1 1

4 Procedure 5 1

5 Results 5 4^

6 Discussions 14 1

7 Conclusions 14 1

8 References 15 2*
1.0 Abstract
This experiment investigated the differences in characteristic between metal (carbon
steel) and non-metal (ABS polymer) material and the characteristic of aluminum as a
cantilever beam. The method for this experiment is using the quantitative method and the
test is conducted under normal circumstance. The data for metal and non-metal material
based on tensile test and stress-strain test to produce the young’s modulus of the material,
stress-strain graph and also to observe the failure appearance that occurred at the material.
This data purpose is to investigate the hardness and the toughness between metal and non-
metal material and also to investigate the difference of the failure appearance characteristic.
The test for the cantilever beam (aluminum) is cantilever bend test, which is to gained the
aluminum’s young’s modulus and load-deflection graph.

2.0 Objective
The objectives of this experiment are to obtain the young’s modulus of metal and non-
metal material, and also to observe the behavior of the relation between stress and strain by
make a sketch of the stress-strain graph for metal and non-metal material. The third
objective of this experiment is to calculate the young’s modulus of aluminum as a cantilever
beam and gain further understanding about relation between load and deflection with load-
deflection graph.

3.0 Introduction
This experiment will observe data which are stress, strain, Young’s modulus, yield point
and yield strength, ultimate strength and 0.2% proof stress. The further definition as
following.

3.1 Stress

Stress is defined as the internal resistance set up by a body when it is deformed and
measured in N/m2 and this unit is specifically called Pascal (Pa)[CITATION adm07 \l 1033
]. The term stress is used to express the loading in terms of force applied to a certain
cross-sectional area of an object. The formula of the stress is force divided by cross

sectional area.

Stress is divided to 4 types which is normal stress, which is stress that acts
perpendicular to the area, tensile stress, which induced in a body when the both side of

Page | 1
Figure 1.1: Stress formula [CITATION adm07 \l
 the subject is pulls, compressive stress, which induced in a body when the both side of
subject is pushes and shear stress, which the stress is directed parallel to cross-
section[CITATION adm07 \l 1033 ].

3.2 Strain

Strain is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension because of the
force act on a body which will undergo deformation[CITATION All \l 1033 ].

Figure 1.2: Shear formula [CITATION

Strain is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension because of the
force act on a body which will undergo deformation. Strain can be divided into 2 which
are normal strain when a force act perpendicular to the surface of an object and shear
strain when a force act parallel to the surface of an object. For normal shear, a positive
value corresponds to a tensile strain, while negative is compressive [CITATION Bos18 \l
1033 ].

3.3 Young’s modulus

Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas Young.

Young's modulus, also known as the elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of
a solid material [ CITATION wik18 \l 1033 ]. Young’s modulus is result from stress
divided by strain with the unit is Pa or N/m2[CITATION BRI18 \t \l 1033 ].

Figure 1.3: Young’s modulus formula [CITATION

Bri181 \t \l 1033 ]

Page | 2
3.4 Yield point and yield strength

Yield point is a limit which the solid material can endured from being stretched
before change shape permanently. The yield point also called elastic limit which is
marks the end of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. When stresses
less than the yield point are removed, the material returns to the original form
[CITATION Bri18 \t \l 1033 ].

Figure 1.4: Yield Point graph [ CITATION Ali17 \l

1033 ]
Yield strength is for the
materials that do not have an accurate yield point. Yield strength is defined as the

Page | 3
 stress at which a predetermined amount of permanent deformation occurs [ CITATION
ano18 \l 1033 ].

3.5 Ultimate Strength

Ultimate strength (UTS) is the maximum stress can withstand before breaking when
a load applied. Ultimate strength can obtain from maximum load divided by area of
cross- section[CITATION
ano181 Figure 1.5: Yield Strength graph [CITATION \t \l 1033 ].
ano18 \t \l 1033 ]

Figure 1.6: Ultimate Strength Formula [CITATION ano18

\t \l 1033 ]
3.6 0.2% Proof Stress

Yield stress point is difficult to define and calculate for some ductile metals, so
proof stress is made. in engineering stress-strain curve, at 0.2% strain a straight line is
drawn parallel to elastic curve which follows hooks law, will cut the strain curve. That
point is considered as proof stress.

Page | 4
 Figure 1.7: 0.2% Proof Stress [ CITATION Sau14 \l
1033 ]

4.0 Procedure

4.1 Experiment 1: Experiment 1: Metal (Carbon Steel)

i. Measured carbon steel with caliper to determine the initial diameter and with
ruler to measure the initial length.
ii. Set the carbon steel into Universal Testing Machine to perform tensile test.
iii. Observed the metal and the change of the graph at the computer screen until
the carbon steel break.
iv. Measured the carbon steel after tensile test to determine length and diameter
after testing.
v. Record the data.

4.2 Experiment 2: Non-Metal (Polycarbonate)

i. Measured polycarbonate with caliper to determine the initial thickness and
width, and also measure the initial length using ruler.
ii. Marked the polycarbonate initial length using marker to make easier to
measure after tensile test.
iii. Set the polycarbonate into machine to perform tensile test.
iv. Observed the polycarbonate under tensile strength acted upon it and the
change of the graph until it broke.
v. Measure the final length based on the mark with ruler and the final width and
thickness with caliper.
vi. Record the data.

4.3 Experiment 3: Cantilever Beam (Aluminum)

i. Set the rod at beam apparatus.
ii. Set the dial gauge at the end of the rod and the deflection when no weight
applied is assumed negligible.
iii. Put 10 gram as a mass below the dial gauge and record the data of the
deflection.
iv. Repeat step 3 with 20 gram, 30 gram, 40 gram, 50 gram, 60 gram until 150
gram.
v. Record the data.

5.0 Results
5.1 EXPERIMNET 1: METAL (CARBOON STEEL)

Page | 5
Table 1: Tensile Test Results
MEASUREMENT Carbon steel sample

Gauge length diameter (mm) 5.4

Minimum diameter, after testing (mm) 3.1

Gauge length Lo (mm) 200

Gauge length L1 (mm) 210

Table 2 : Stress & Strain value

Stress (N/mm) Strain Stress (N/mm) Strain
0 0 578.110 0.02557

110.775 0.001016 578.546 0.02776

145.707 0.001310 578.546 0.02907

225.830 0.001973 578.983 0.02995

370.575 0.003205 578.547 0.03230

428.997 0.003745 536.629 0.03703

496.895 0.004496 464.147 0.041099

543.179 0.006203 399.001 0.043516

561.954 0.008598 377.736 0.044119

570.250 0.011660 346.429 0.044638

Table 3: Data from Curve

Yield point load (KN) 11.5

0.2 % proof load (KN) 11.9

Maximum load (KN) 13.26

Table 4: Calculated Values

0.2 % proof stress or Y. P. Stress (MPa) 11.89 KN

Tensile strength (Pa) 57.899 x 10-5

% elongation 5%

% Reduction in Area 0.67%

Page | 6
  0.2% proof stress : stress * cross-section area
N
= 520.474 * 22.9022mm2
mm2
= 11 890 N
= 11.89 KN

 Tensile strength : Ultimate force / cross-section area

13 260 N
=
22.902m m 2
= 578.99 N/mm2 = 57.899 x 10-5 Pa

(210−200)
 Elongation : *100% = 5%
200

( 4 π ( 3.12 ) ) −( 4 π (5.4 )2 )
 Reduction in Area : ∗100 %= 0.67% reduction in area
( 4 π ( 5.4 )2 )

Table 5: Young’s Modulus

RESULT SAMPLE

Extension at Yield Point (mm) 0.3826

Stress (N/ mm2) 185.834

Strain 0.00164

Young's Modulus (Pa) 0.113

N
185.834
 Young’s Modulus : m m2
0.00164
= 0.113 pa

Table 6: Fracture Appearance

Sample Sketch Description

Top Ductile fracture. After have

undergone necking process,
the fracture area is look like a
cone with smooth surface.

Page | 7
 Bottom Ductile fracture. After have
undergone necking process
the fracture area is look like a
cup with smooth surface.

Graph 1- Stress-Strain Graph (Carbon Steel)

- Label elastic deformation, necking part, plastic deformation and ultimate tensile stress
- Label 0.2% proof stress

Page | 8
 5.2 EXPERIMNET 2: NON-METAL (ABS)

Table 7: Tensile Test Results

Sample ABS
Gauge Length (Before) (mm) 47.4

Gauge Thickness (Before) (mm) 2.36

Gauge Width (Before) (mm) 9.14

Final Length (mm) 50

Reduction in Width (%) 0.219%

Reduction in Thickness (%) 2.54%

Table 8 : Stress-Strain values

Stress (MPa) Strain Stress (MPa) Strain
0 0 32.3 0.0803

4.2 0.0084 31.8 0.0895

9.5 0.0180 31.5 0.0984

14.6 0.0249
18.7 0.0301

22.7 0.0356
26.7 0.0413

31.3 0.0480
33.7 0.0593

32.6 0.0705

Table 9 : Data from Curve (ABS)

Yield point load (KN) 0.673

Maximum load (KN) 0.725

Tensile strength(MPa) 33.7

% Elongation 5.5%

% Reduction of Area 27.5%

 Yield point : stress x cross-section area

= 31 300 KPa x 21.5 mm2

Page | 9
 = 672.95 N

 Maximum load : Stress x cross-section area

= 33 700 KPa x 21.5 mm2

= 724.5 N

50−47.4
 Elongation : ∗100 % = 5.5% elongation
47.4

( 2.3∗9.12 )−(2.36∗9.14 )
 Reduction of Area : ∗100 % = 27.5% reduction of area
(2.36−9.14)

Table 10: Yong's Modulus (ABS)

RESULT SAMPLE (ABS)

Extension at Yield Point (mm) 2.6

Stress (MPa) 31.5

Strain (mm/mm) 0.0984

Young’s Modulus (GPa) 0.32

31.5 MPa
 Young’s Modulus :
0.0984
= 320.122 MPa = 0.32 GPa

Table 11: Failure Appearance (ABS)

Sample Sketch Description

Top Brittle Fracture. Without warning, the

ABS break and the surface of fraction
area is sharp and jagged.

Bottom Brittle Fracture. Without warning, the

ABS break and the surface of fraction
area is sharp and jagged.

Graph 2: Stress-Strain Graph (ABS)

Page | 10
- Label elastic deformation, necking part, plastic deformation and ultimate tensile stress
- Label 0.2% proof stress

Page | 11
 5.3 EXPERIMENT 2: ALUMINIUM

Table 12: Sample and Measurement

Measurement Aluminum

Effective length specimen (m) 0.61

Width of Specimen (m) 0.11904

Thickness of Specimen (m) 0.00038

Table 13 : Cantilever Bend Test

Mass (kg) Deflection (mm) Mass (kg) Deflection (mm) Mass (kg) Deflection (mm)
0.01 0.39 0.06 1.66 0.11 2.92

0.02 0.49 0.07 2.08 0.12 3.19

0.03 0.77 0.08 2.41 0.13 3.47

0.04 1.06 0.09 2.51 0.14 3.76

0.05 1.53 0.10 2.66 0.15 4.04

Table 14: Young's Modulus

Sample Aluminum

Gradient 26.8
Young’s Modulus (Pa) 499.149

y 2− y 1
 Gradient :
x 2−x 1
(4−2.66)
=
(0.15−0.1)
= 26.8

L
 Young’s modulus :
A∗( gradeint )
0.61
=
( 0.12∗0.00038 )∗26.8
= 499.149 Pa

Page | 12
Graph 3: Load (N)- Deflection (m)

Page | 13
6.0 Discussion

Carbon steel will have undergone plastic deformation when a force applied to the
metal. When a sufficient load applied to a metal or other structural material, it will cause the
material to change shape. This change in shape is called deformation. After the metal passed
the yield point (elastic limit), it marks the end of elastic behavior and the beginning plastic
deformation, from this point any change to the metal will become permanent.

7.0 Conclusions
 Tensile test of metal
The conclusion from tensile test on metal (Carbon steel) is the metal will
have undergone elastic and plastid deformation. As the force increase, the
necking process occurred upon the metal rod before it broke. The surface of
broken area is cup-and-cone shape which mean the fraction is a ductile
fracture.

 Tensile test of non-metal

The conclusion from tensile test on non-metal (polycarbonate) is the
polycarbonate will have undergone elastic and plastic deformation. As the force
increasing, there is no visible different occurred at the polycarbonate until it
broke. The surface of broken area is rough and sharp, which mean the fraction is
a brittle fracture.

 Aluminum bar Cantilever Test

The conclusion from cantilever test on aluminum bar is the deflection of
aluminum bar will increase when the weight acted upon aluminum bar
increased, which mean the relation between deflection and the weight acted is
directly proportional.

Page | 14
8.0 Reference List

Al-Hammound, A. (2017, march 5). Retrieved may 1, 2018, from https://www.quora.com/How-do-

you-find-yield-strength

anonym. (n.d.). Retrieved from Allsubjets4you: http://www.allsubjects4you.com/Strain.htm

anonym. (n.d.). Ultimate Stress Formula. Retrieved may 1, 2018, from

https://www.easycalculation.com/formulas/ultimate-stress-formula.html

anonym. (n.d.). Yield strength - Strength (Mechanics) of Materials. Retrieved may 1, 2018, from
https://www.engineersedge.com/material_science/yield_strength.htm

Boston, U. o. (n.d.). Mechanics of Materials: Strain. Retrieved May 1, 2018, from

http://www.bu.edu/moss/mechanics-of-materials-strain/

BRITANNICA. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2018, from Yield point MECHANICS:

https://www.britannica.com/science/yield-point

BRITANNICA. (n.d.). Retrieved may 1, 2018, from Young's modulus PHYSIC:

https://www.britannica.com/science/Youngs-modulus

Britannica. (n.d.). Yield Point MECHANICS. Retrieved may 1, 2018, from

https://www.britannica.com/science/yield-point

Britannica. (n.d.). Young's Modulus PHYSIC. Retrieved may 1, 2018 , from

https://www.britannica.com/science/young's-modulus

mechlectures. (2007, june 25). Introduction to stress. Retrieved may 1, 2018, from
https://www.mechlectures.com/stress-types/

Saurabahjain. (2014, june 14). Retrieved may 1, 2018, from https://mechanical-

engg.com/blogs/entry/664-what-do-you-understand-by-the-term-proof-stress-what-is-the-
value-of-strain-for-02-proof-stress/

wikipedia. (n.d.). Young's modulus. Retrieved may 1, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young

%27s_modulus

Page | 15
Page | 16