1.

AM
%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Define AM modulation Index
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
disp(' example: m=1 means 100% modulation');
%m=input(' Enter the value of modulation index (m) = ');
m=1; % for 100% modulation
if (0>m||m>1)
error('m may be less than or equal to one and geter than to zero');
end
%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX modulating signal generation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Am=5; % Amplitude of modulating signal
fa=2000; % Frequency of modulating signal
Ta=1/fa; % Time period of modulating signal
t=0:Ta/999:6*Ta; % Total time for simulation
ym=Am*sin(2*pi*fa*t); % Eqation of modulating signal
figure(1)
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,ym), grid on;% Graphical representation of Modulating signal
title ( ' Modulating Signal ');
xlabel ( ' time(sec) ');
ylabel (' Amplitud(volt) ');
%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX carrier signal generation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Ac=Am/m;% Amplitude of carrier signal [ where, modulation Index (m)=Am/Ac ]
fc=fa*10;% Frequency of carrier signal
Tc=1/fc;% Time period of carrier signal
yc=Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t);% Eqation of carrier signal
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,yc), grid on;% Graphical representation of carrier signal
title ( ' Carrier Signal ');
xlabel ( ' time(sec) ');
ylabel (' Amplitud(volt) ');
%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX AM Modulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
y=Ac*(1+m*sin(2*pi*fa*t)).*sin(2*pi*fc*t); % Equation of Amplitude
%modulated signal
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);% Graphical representation of AM signal
title ( ' Amplitude Modulated signal ');
xlabel ( ' time(sec) ');
ylabel (' Amplitud(volt) ');
grid on;
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> end of program <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

2. DSB
Message_Signal_Amplitude = 5;
Carrier_Signal_Amplitude = 6;
fm = 2;
fc = 6;
m = Message_Signal_Amplitude/Carrier_Signal_Amplitude;
% Representation of the Message Signal
t = 0:0.001:1;
% Representation of the DSBSC Signal
DSBSC_Signal=Carrier_Signal_Amplitude*m.*sin (2*pi*fm*t).*sin (2*pi*fc*t)
plot (t,DSBSC_Signal,'black');
xlabel ('Time ---->');
ylabel ('Amplitude ---->');
title ('Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB) ---->');Message_Signal_Amplitude = 5;
Carrier_Signal_Amplitude = 6;
fm = 2;
fc = 6;
m = Message_Signal_Amplitude/Carrier_Signal_Amplitude;
% Representation of the Message Signal
t = 0:0.001:1;
% Representation of the DSBSC Signal
DSBSC_Signal=Carrier_Signal_Amplitude*m.*sin (2*pi*fm*t).*sin (2*pi*fc*t)
plot (t,DSBSC_Signal,'black');
xlabel ('Time ---->');
ylabel ('Amplitude ---->');
title ('Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB) ---->');
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> end of program <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

3. SSB
fc = 400; %Carrier Frequency
fm = 50; %Baseband Frequency
t = linspace(0,1,1000); %Timebase
m = cos(2*pi*fm*t); %Baseband signal/message signal
mh = imag(hilbert(m)); %Hilbert Transform of baseband
sb = m.*cos(2*pi*fc*t) - mh.*sin(2*pi*fc*t); %Expression for SSB with USB, use + for LSB
plot(t,sb);
title('Single SideBand Modulation');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('ssb');
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> end of program <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

4. VSB

5. FM
%% FM Modulation and Demodulation
Fs = 8000; % smapling frequency
Fc = 100; % carrier frequency
t = linspace(0, 1, 10000);
x = sin(2 * pi * 10 * t); % message signal
dev = 50; % frequency deviation
y = fmmod(x, Fc, Fs, dev); % modulation
plot(t, y);
xlabel('time(sec)')
ylabel('Amplitude(V)')
title('FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNAL')
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> end of program >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>%

6. PM
t = 0:0.01:1; % time variable
fc = 5; % carrier frequency
%------------------------------------------
% create message signal m(t)
m = sin(2*pi*t);
%------------------------------------------
kp = pi/2; % phase deviation constant
%------------------------------------------------
% modulating the carrier with the message signal
carrier = cos(2*pi*fc*t);
modulated = cos(2*pi*fc*t + kp*m);
%------------------------------------------------
%------------------------------------------------
% Plotting the signals
plot(t,m,'b',t,carrier,'r',t,modulated,'k--')
axis([0 1 -1.5 1.5]);
xlabel('Time(seconds)');
ylabel('Amplitude(volt)');
title('Phase modulation');
legend('Message','Carrier','Modulated');
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> end of program >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>%

7. PCM
b=4;
t = 0:0.0005:10;
% Representation of the PCM Signal
y = uencode(quants,3);
plot(t,y);
title('PCM Signal');
xlabel('Samples ---->');
ylabel('Amplitude(V) ---->');
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> end of program >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>%

8. ASK
x=[ 1 0 0 1 1 0 1]; % Binary Information
bp=.000001; % bit period
disp(' Binary information at Trans mitter :');
disp(x);
%XX representation of transmitting binary information as digital signal XXX
bit=[];
for n=1:1:length(x)
if x(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else x(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t1=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(x)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,bit,'lineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([ 0 bp*length(x) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel(' time(sec)');
title('transmitting information as digital signal');
%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Binary-ASK modulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX%
A1=10; % Amplitude of carrier signal for information 1
A2=5; % Amplitude of carrier signal for information 0
br=1/bp; % bit rate
f=br*10; % carrier frequency
t2=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
ss=length(t2);
m=[];
for (i=1:1:length(x))
if (x(i)==1)
y=A1*cos(2*pi*f*t2);
else
y=A2*cos(2*pi*f*t2);
end
m=[m y];
end
t3=bp/99:bp/99:bp*length(x);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t3,m);
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
title('waveform for binary ASK modulation coresponding binary information');
%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Binary ASK demodulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
mn=[];
for n=ss:ss:length(m)
t=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
y=cos(2*pi*f*t); % carrier siignal
mm=y.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
t4=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
z=trapz(t4,mm) % intregation
zz=round((2*z/bp))
if(zz>7.5) % logic level = (A1+A2)/2=7.5
a=1;
else
a=0;
end
mn=[mn a];
end
disp(' Binary information at Reciver :');
disp(mn);
%XXXXX Representation of binary information as digital signal which achived
%after ASK demodulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
bit=[];
for n=1:length(mn);
if mn(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else mn(n)==0;
 se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t4=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(mn)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t4,bit,'LineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([ 0 bp*length(mn) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel(' time(sec)');
title('recived information as digital signal after binary ASK demodulation');
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> end of program >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>%

9. FSK
x=[ 1 0 0 1 1 0 1]; % Binary Information
bp=.000001; % bit period
disp(' Binary information at Trans mitter :');
disp(x);
%XX representation of transmitting binary information as digital signal XXX
bit=[];
for n=1:1:length(x)
if x(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else x(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t1=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(x)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,bit,'lineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([ 0 bp*length(x) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel(' time(sec)');
title('transmitting information as digital signal');
%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Binary-FSK modulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX%
A=5; % Amplitude of carrier signal
br=1/bp; % bit rate
f1=br*8; % carrier frequency for information as 1
f2=br*2; % carrier frequency for information as 0
t2=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
ss=length(t2);
m=[];
for (i=1:1:length(x))
if (x(i)==1)
y=A*cos(2*pi*f1*t2);
else
y=A*cos(2*pi*f2*t2);
end
m=[m y];
end
t3=bp/99:bp/99:bp*length(x);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t3,m);
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
title('waveform for binary FSK modulation coresponding binary information');
%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Binary FSK demodulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
mn=[];
for n=ss:ss:length(m)
t=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
y1=cos(2*pi*f1*t); % carrier siignal for information 1
y2=cos(2*pi*f2*t); % carrier siignal for information 0
mm=y1.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
mmm=y2.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
t4=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
z1=trapz(t4,mm) % intregation
z2=trapz(t4,mmm) % intregation
zz1=round(2*z1/bp)
zz2= round(2*z2/bp)
if(zz1>A/2) % logic lavel= (0+A)/2 or (A+0)/2 or 2.5 ( in this case)
a=1;
else(zz2>A/2)
a=0;
end
mn=[mn a];
end
disp(' Binary information at Reciver :');
disp(mn);
%XXXXX Representation of binary information as digital signal which achived
%after demodulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
bit=[];
for n=1:length(mn);
if mn(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else mn(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t4=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(mn)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t4,bit,'LineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([ 0 bp*length(mn) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel(' time(sec)');
title('recived information as digital signal after binary FSK demodulation');
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> end of program >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>%

10. PSK
x=[ 1 0 0 1 1 0 1]; % Binary Information
bp=.000001; % bit period
disp(' Binary information at Trans mitter :');
disp(x);
%XX representation of transmitting binary information as digital signal XXX
bit=[];
for n=1:1:length(x)
if x(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else x(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t1=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(x)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,bit,'lineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([ 0 bp*length(x) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel(' time(sec)');
title('transmitting information as digital signal');
%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Binary-PSK modulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX%
A=5; % Amplitude of carrier signal
br=1/bp; % bit rate
f=br*2; % carrier frequency
t2=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
ss=length(t2);
m=[];
for (i=1:1:length(x))
if (x(i)==1)
y=A*cos(2*pi*f*t2);
else
y=A*cos(2*pi*f*t2+pi); %A*cos(2*pi*f*t+pi) means -A*cos(2*pi*f*t)
end
m=[m y];
end
t3=bp/99:bp/99:bp*length(x);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t3,m);
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
title('waveform for binary PSK modulation coresponding binary information');
%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Binary PSK demodulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
mn=[];
for n=ss:ss:length(m)
t=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
y=cos(2*pi*f*t); % carrier siignal
mm=y.*m((n-(ss-1)):n);
t4=bp/99:bp/99:bp;
z=trapz(t4,mm) % intregation
zz=round((2*z/bp))
if(zz>0) % logic level = (A+A)/2=0
%becouse A*cos(2*pi*f*t+pi) means -A*cos(2*pi*f*t)
a=1;
else
a=0;
 end
mn=[mn a];
end
disp(' Binary information at Reciver :');
disp(mn);
%XXXXX Representation of binary information as digital signal which achived
%after PSK demodulation
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
bit=[];
for n=1:length(mn);
if mn(n)==1;
se=ones(1,100);
else mn(n)==0;
se=zeros(1,100);
end
bit=[bit se];
end
t4=bp/100:bp/100:100*length(mn)*(bp/100);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t4,bit,'LineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([ 0 bp*length(mn) -.5 1.5]);
ylabel('amplitude(volt)');
xlabel(' time(sec)');
title('recived information as digital signal after binary PSK demodulation');
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> end of program >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>%