Cell Reference :

A reference identifies a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and tells Microsoft Excel
where to look for the values or data you want to use in a formula. With references, you can
use data contained in different parts of a worksheet in one formula or use the value from
one cell in several formulas.

Examples :
The cell in column A and row 10 : A10
The range of cells in column A and rows 10 through 20 : A10:A20
The range of cells in row 15 and columns B through E : B15:E15

Relative vs. absolute references Depending on the task you want to perform in Excel,
you can use either relative cell references, which are references to cells relative to the
position of the formula, or absolute references, which are cell references that always refer
to cells in a specific location. If a dollar sign precedes the letter and/or number, such as
$A$1, the column and/or row reference is absolute. Relative references automatically adjust
when you copy them, and absolute references don't.

SUM

Adds all the numbers in a range of cells.

Syntax : = SUM(number1,number2, ...)

Or = SUM(cell range)

MAX

Returns the largest value in a set of values.

Syntax = MAX(number1,number2,...)

Example: If A1:A5 contains the numbers 10, 7, 9, 27, and 2, then:

=MAX(A1:A5) equals 27

MIN

Returns the smallest number in a set of values.

Syntax

MIN(number1,number2, ...)

Example : If A1:A5 contains the numbers 10, 7, 9, 27, and 2, then:

MIN(A1:A5) equals 2
AVERAGE :

Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the arguments.

Syntax : = AVERAGE(number1,number2, ...)

If A1:A5 is named Scores and contains the numbers 10, 7, 9, 27, and 2, then:

AVERAGE(A1:A5) equals 11

IF Command

IF perform one of two alternative actions, depending on a condition you specify. For
example, the statement "If the weather is sunny, we'll go to the park; if not, we'll go to the
movies" specifies a condition that must be met (sunny weather) for a certain action to take
place (going to the park). If the condition is not met, an alternative action occurs (going to
the movies).

Syntax : =if(criteria, True Value, False value)

Nested If command : Nested IF perform one of two alternative actions, depending on a

multiple conditions you specify.

Syntax : =if(criteria, True Value, if(criteria, True Value, if(…..

Sumif : You can add numbers based on a single criterion by using the SUMIF function or by using a combination
of the SUM and the IF functions.

For example, the formula =SUMIF(A2:A6,">20") adds only the numbers in the range A2 through A6 that are greater
than 20. Also refer the worksheets we practice during the practical sessions.

AVERAGEIF function
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Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the cells in a range that meet a given criteria.

Syntax

AVERAGEIF(range,criteria,average_range)

Range is one or more cells to average, including numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers.
Criteria is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text that defines which cells are
averaged. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", "apples", or B4. For example to calculate
average ignoring zero values you can use :

A
1 Data
2 10
3 7
4 9
5 27
6 0
7 4

Formula Description (Result)

=AVERAGEIF(A2:A7, Averages the numbers in the list except those that contain zero, such as cell A6 (11.4)
"<>0")

Countif :

The syntax of the COUNTIF function is COUNTIF(range,criterion).

• Range is the range of cells in which you want to count cells meeting a given criterion.

• Criterion is a number, date, or expression that determines whether to count a given cell in the range.

The syntax of COUNTIFS (new in Microsoft Office Excel 2007) is COUNTIFS(range1,criterion1,range2,criterion2,

…,range_n,criterion_n).

COUNTIFS will count the number of rows for which the range1 entry meets criterion1, the range2 entry meets
criterion2, the range_n entry meets criterion_n, and so on. Thus, COUNTIFS allows the criteria to involve more than
one column or multiple conditions in one column.

Refer our practice sheet for countif function.

The CONCATENATE function joins up to 255 text strings into one text string. The joined items can be text,
numbers, cell references, or a combination of those items. For example, if your worksheet contains a person's first
name in cell A1 and the person's last name in cell B1, you can combine the two values in another cell by using the
following formula:

=CONCATENATE(A1," ",B1)

The second argument in this example (" ") is a space character. You must specify any spaces or punctuation that
you want to appear in the results as an argument that is enclosed in quotation marks.
Right Function : RIGHT returns the last character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters
you specify.

Syntax

RIGHT(text,num_chars)

RIGHTB(text,num_bytes)

Text is the text string containing the characters you want to extract.

Num_chars specifies the number of characters you want RIGHT to extract.

Left Function : LEFT returns the first character or characters in a text string, based on the number of
characters you specify.

Syntax

LEFT(text,num_chars)

LEFTB(text,num_bytes)

Text is the text string that contains the characters you want to extract.

Num_chars specifies the number of characters you want LEFT to extract.

LEN Function :

LEN returns the number of characters in a text string.

Syntax

LEN(text)

LENB(text)

Text is the text whose length you want to find. Spaces count as characters.

Find Function :

FIND locate one text string within a second text string, and return the number of the starting position of the first text
string from the first character of the second text string.
See Examples below.

A
1 Data
2 Miriam McGovern

Formula Description (Result)

=FIND("M",A2) Position of the first "M" in the string above (1)
=FIND("m",A2) Position of the first "m" in the string above (6)
=FIND("M",A2,3) Position of the first "M" in the string above, starting with the third character (8)