Chapter 25

Methods of adding
alternating waveforms
25.1 Combination of two periodic yR = 3 sin A + 2 cos A and obtain a sinusoidal
expression for this resultant waveform.
functions

There are a number of instances in engineering and sci- y1 = 3 sin A and y2 = 2 cos A are shown plotted
ence where waveforms have to be combined and where in Fig. 25.1. Ordinates may be added at, say, 15◦
it is required to determine the single phasor (called intervals. For example,
the resultant) that could replace two or more separate at 0◦, y1 + y2 = 0 + 2 = 2
phasors. Uses are found in electrical alternating cur- at 15◦, y1 + y2 = 0.78 + 1.93 = 2.71
rent theory, in mechanical vibrations, in the addition of at 120◦, y1 + y2 = 2.60 + −1 = 1.6
forces and with sound waves.
at 210◦, y1 + y2 = −1.50 −1.73 = −3.23, and
There are a number of methods of determining the
so on.
resultant waveform. These include:
The resultant waveform, shown by the broken line,
(a) by drawing the waveforms and adding graphically
has the same period, i.e. 360◦ , and thus the same fre-
(b) by drawing the phasors and measuring the quency as the single phasors. The maximum value, or
resultant
(c) by using the cosine and sine rules 348
y
(d) by using horizontal and vertical components 3.6
(e) by using complex numbers 3 y1 5 3 sin A
y R 5 3.6 sin(A 1 34)8
2
25.2 Plotting periodic functions y2 5 2 cos A
1
This may be achieved by sketching the separate func-
tions on the same axes and then adding (or subtracting) 0 908 1808 2708 3608 A
ordinates at regular intervals. This is demonstrated in 21
the following worked problems.
22

Problem 1. Plot the graph of y1 = 3 sin A from 23

A = 0◦ to A = 360◦ . On the same axes plot
y2 = 2 cos A. By adding ordinates, plot
Figure 25.1
266 Higher Engineering Mathematics

amplitude, of the resultant is 3.6. The resultant wave- y

π 458
form leads y1 = 3 sin A by 34◦ or 34 × rad = 0.593 y1 y1 2 y2
180 4 y2
rad. 3.6
The sinusoidal expression for the resultant wave- 2
form is:
yR = 3.6 sin(A + 34◦ ) or 0 908 1808 2708 3608 t
22 /2 3 /2 2
yR = 3.6 sin(A + 0.593)
24
Problem 2. Plot the graphs of y1 = 4 sinωt and
y2 = 3 sin(ωt − π/3) on the same axes, over one
cycle. By adding ordinates at intervals plot Figure 25.3
yR = y1 + y2 and obtain a sinusoidal expression for
the resultant waveform.
The amplitude, or peak value of the resultant (shown by
the broken line), is 3.6 and it leads y1 by 45◦ or 0.79
y1 = 4 sinωt and y2 = 3 sin(ωt − π/3) are shown plot- rad. Hence,
ted in Fig. 25.2.
y1 − y2 = 3.6 sin(ωt + 0.79)
y
6.1 258
Problem 4. Two alternating currents are given by:
6
y1 5 4 sin t i1 = 20 sin ωt amperes and
4 π
i2 = 10 sin ωt + amperes.
y25 3 sin( t 2 /3) 3
2 By drawing the waveforms on the same axes and
y R 5 y1 1 y2
adding, determine the sinusoidal expression for the
0 908 1808 2708 3608 t resultant i1 + i2 .
22 /2 3 /2 2
258 i1 and i2 are shown plotted in Fig. 25.4. The resultant
24
waveform for i1 + i2 is shown by the broken line. It has
26 the same period, and hence frequency, as i1 and i2 .
Figure 25.2
198
30
Ordinates are added at 15 ◦ intervals and the resul- 26.5 iR 5 20 sin t 110 sin ( t 1 )
tant is shown by the broken line. The amplitude 3
20
of the resultant is 6.1 and it lags y1 by 25◦ i1 5 20 sin t
or 0.436 rad. i2 5 10 sin( t 1 )
3
10
Hence, the sinusoidal expression for the resultant wave-
form is: 908 1808 2708 3608
yR = 6.1 sin(ωt − 0.436) 3 2 angle t
198 2 2
210
Problem 3. Determine a sinusoidal expression
for y1 − y2 when y1 = 4 sinωt and 220
y2 = 3 sin(ωt − π/3).
230
y1 and y2 are shown plotted in Fig. 25.3. At 15◦ intervals
y2 is subtracted from y1 . For example: Figure 25.4

at 0◦ , y1 − y2 = 0 − (−2.6) = +2.6
The amplitude or peak value is 26.5 A.
at 30◦ , y1 − y2 = 2 − (−1.5) = +3.5
The resultant waveform leads the waveform of
at 150◦ , y1 − y2 = 2 − 3 = −1, and so on. i1 = 20 sin ωt by 19◦ or 0.33 rad
 Methods of adding alternating waveforms 267

Hence, the sinusoidal expression for the resultant i1 + i2 y1 5 4

is given by: 608 or /3 rads

iR = i1 + i 2 = 26.5 sin(ωt + 0.33) A

y2 5 3

Now try the following exercise Figure 25.5

y15 4
Exercise 107 Further problems on plotting 0
periodic functions 608

y 25
1. Plot the graph of y = 2 sin A from A = 0◦

3
to A = 360◦ . On the same axes plot
y = 4 cos A. By adding ordinates at intervals yR
plot y = 2 sin A + 4 cos A and obtain a sinu-
soidal expression for the waveform. Figure 25.6
[4.5 sin(A + 63.5◦ )]
y1 5 4

2. Two alternating voltages are given by

v1 = 10 sin ωt volts and v2 = 14 sin(ωt + π/3)
volts. By plotting v1 and v2 on the same axes yR
over one cycle obtain a sinusoidal expression
y2 5 3
for (a) v1 + v2 (b) v1 − v2 .
(a) 20.9 sin(ωt + 0.63) volts Figure 25.7
(b) 12.5 sin(ωt − 1.36) volts

3. Express 12 sin ωt + 5 cosωt in the form In this example, yR is measured as 6 units long and angle
A sin(ωt ± α) by drawing and measurement. φ is measured as 25◦.
[13 sin(ωt + 0.395)] π
25◦ = 25 × radians = 0.44 rad
180
Hence, summarising, by drawing: y R = y 1 + y 2 =
4 sinωt + 3 sin(ωt − π/3) = 6 sin(ωt − 0.44)
If the resultant phasor yR = y1 − y2 is required, then y2
25.3 Determining resultant phasors is still 3 units long but is drawn in the opposite direction,
by drawing as shown in Fig. 25.8.

The resultant of two periodic functions may be found

2y2 5 3
from their relative positions when the time is zero. yR
For example, if y1 = 4 sinωt and y2 = 3 sin(ωt − π/3)
then each may be represented as phasors as shown in
Fig. 25.5, y1 being 4 units long and drawn horizontally
608
and y2 being 3 units long, lagging y1 by π /3 radians or
60◦ . To determine the resultant of y1 + y2 , y1 is drawn y1 5 4 608
horizontally as shown in Fig. 25.6 and y2 is joined to the
end of y1 at 60◦ to the horizontal. The resultant is given
by yR . This is the same as the diagonal of a parallelogram
that is shown completed in Fig. 25.7. y2
Resultant yR , in Figs. 25.6 and 25.7, may be determined
by drawing the phasors and their directions to scale and Figure 25.8
measuring using a ruler and protractor.
268 Higher Engineering Mathematics

Problem 5. Two alternating currents are 10 A

given by: i1 = 20 sin ωt amperes and
π
i2 = 10 sin ωt + amperes. Determine i1 + i2 608
3 0
20 A
by drawing phasors. a

The relative positions of i1 and i2 at time t = 0 are shown

π
as phasors in Fig. 25.9, where rad = 60◦ .
3 iR 210A
The phasor diagram in Fig. 25.10 is drawn to scale with b
a ruler and protractor.
Figure 25.11

i2 5 10 A

Now try the following exercise

608

i1 5 20 A Exercise 108 Further problems on

determining resultant phasors by
Figure 25.9 drawing
1. Determine a sinusoidal expression for
iR 2 sin θ + 4 cosθ by drawing phasors.
i2 5 10 A [4.5 sin(A + 63.5◦ )]

2. If v1 = 10 sin ωt volts and v2 = 14 sin(ωt + π /3)

608 volts, determine by drawing phasors
i1 5 20 A sinusoidal expressions for (a) v1 + v2
(b) v1 − v2.
Figure 25.10 (a) 20.9 sin(ωt + 0.62) volts
(b) 12.5 sin(ωt − 1.33) volts
The resultant iR is shown and is measured as 26 A and 3. Express 12 sin ωt + 5 cosωt in the form
angle φ as 19◦ or 0.33 rad leading i1 . Hence, by drawing R sin(ωt ± α) by drawing phasors.
and measuring:
[13 sin(ωt + 0.40)]
i R = i 1 + i 2 = 26 sin (ωt + 0.33)A

Problem 6. For the currents in Problem 5,

determine i1 − i2 by drawing phasors.
25.4 Determining resultant phasors
At time t = 0, current i1 is drawn 20 units long hor- by the sine and cosine rules
izontally as shown by 0a in Fig. 25.11. Current i2 is
shown, drawn 10 units long in broken line and lead- As stated earlier, the resultant of two periodic func-
ing by 60◦ . The current −i2 is drawn in the opposite tions may be found from their relative positions when
direction to the broken line of i2 , shown as ab in the time is zero. For example, if y1 = 5 sin ωt and y2 =
Fig. 25.11. The resultant iR is given by 0b lagging by 4 sin(ωt − π/6) then each may be represented by pha-
angle φ. sors as shown in Fig. 25.12, y1 being 5 units long and
By measurement, iR = 17 A and φ = 30◦ or drawn horizontally and y2 being 4 units long, lagging
0.52 rad y1 by π /6 radians or 30◦ . To determine the resultant of
Hence, by drawing phasors: y1 + y2 , y1 is drawn horizontally as shown in Fig. 25.13
and y2 is joined to the end of y1 at π /6 radians, i.e. 30◦
i R = i 1 −i2 = 17 sin(ωt − 0.52) to the horizontal. The resultant is given by yR .
 Methods of adding alternating waveforms 269

y1 5 5 yR
y25 3 y25 3
/6 or 308

1358
/4 or 458 458
y2 5 4
y1 5 2 y1 5 2
Figure 25.12 (a) (b)
y1 5 5 a
0 Figure 25.14
308
y2
54 3 4.6357
Using the sine rule: =
yR
b
sinφ sin 135◦
3 sin 135◦
Figure 25.13 from which, sinφ = = 0.45761
4.6357

Using the cosine rule on triangle 0ab of Fig. 25.13 gives: Hence, φ = sin−1 0.45761
= 27.23◦ or 0.475 rad.
◦
yR2 2 2
= 5 + 4 − [2(5)(4) cos 150 ]
Thus, by calculation, y R = 4.635 sin(ωt + 0.475)
= 25 + 16 − (−34.641)
= 75.641 Problem 8. Determine
√ π
from which, yR = 75.641 = 8.697 20 sin ωt + 10 sin ωt + using the cosine
3
and sine rules.
8.697 4
Using the sine rule, ◦
=
sin 150 sin φ From the phasor diagram of Fig. 25.15, and using the
4 sin 150◦ cosine rule:
from which, sinφ =
8.697 iR2 = 202 + 102 − [2(20)(10) cos 120◦ ]
= 0.22996
= 700
and φ = sin−1 0.22996 √
Hence, iR = 700 = 26.46 A
= 13.29◦ or 0.232 rad
iR
Hence, yR = y1 + y2 = 5 sin ωt + 4 sin(ωt − π/6)
i2 5 10 A
= 8.697 sin(ωt − 0.232)

Problem 7. Given y1 = 2 sinωt and 608

y2 = 3 sin(ωt + π/4), obtain an expression, by
i1 5 20 A
calculation, for the resultant, yR = y1 + y2 .
Figure 25.15
When time t = 0, the position of phasors y1 and y2
are as shown in Fig. 25.14(a). To obtain the resul- 10 26.46
tant, y1 is drawn horizontally, 2 units long, y2 is drawn Using the sine rule gives : =
sin φ sin 120◦
3 units long at an angle of π /4 rads or 45◦ and joined to
10 sin 120◦
the end of y1 as shown in Fig. 25.14(b). from which, sin φ =
From Fig. 25.14(b), and using the cosine rule: 26.46
= 0.327296
yR2 = 22 + 32 − [2(2)(3) cos 135◦ ]
−1
and φ = sin 0.327296 = 19.10◦
= 4 + 9 − [−8.485] = 21.49
√ π
Hence, yR = 21.49 = 4.6357 = 19.10 × = 0.333 rad
180
270 Higher Engineering Mathematics

Hence, by cosine and sine rules, b

iR = i1 + i 2 = 26.46 sin(ωt + 0.333) A

F
F sin

Now try the following exercise

0 a
F cos

Exercise 109 Resultant phasors by the sine Figure 25.16

and cosine rules
1. Determine, using the cosine and sine rules, a
sinusoidal expression for: i.e. the horizontal component of F, H = F cos θ
y = 2 sin A + 4 cos A. ab
and sin θ = from which ab = 0b sin θ
[4.5 sin(A + 63.5◦ )] 0b
= F sin θ
2. Given v1 = 10 sin ωt volts and
v2 =14 sin(ωt + π/3) volts use the cosine and i.e. the vertical component of F, V = F sinθ
sine rules to determine sinusoidal expressions
for (a) v1 + v2 (b) v1 − v2 . Determining resultant phasors by horizontal and vertical
components is demonstrated in the following worked
(a) 20.88 sin(ωt + 0.62) volts
problems.
(b) 12.50 sin(ωt − 1.33)volts
Problem 9. Two alternating voltages are given by
In Problems 3 to 5, express the given expressions
v1 = 15 sin ωt volts and v2 = 25 sin(ωt − π/6)
in the form A sin(ωt ± α) by using the cosine and
volts. Determine a sinusoidal expression for the
sine rules.
resultant vR = v1 + v2 by finding horizontal and
3. 12 sin ωt + 5 cosωt vertical components.
[13 sin(ωt + 0.395)]
The relative positions of v1 and v2 at time t = 0 are
π shown in Fig. 25.17(a) and the phasor diagram is shown
4. 7 sin ωt + 5 sin ωt + in Fig. 25.17(b).
4
[11.11 sin(ωt + 0.324)] The horizontal component of vR ,
H = 15 cos0◦ + 25 cos(−30◦ ) = 0a + ab = 36.65 V
π The vertical component of vR ,
5. 6 sin ωt + 3 sin ωt −
6 V = 15 sin 0 ◦ + 25 sin(−30◦ ) = bc = −12.50 V
[8.73 sin(ωt − 0.173)]
Hence, vR = 0c = 36.652 + (−12.50)2
by Pythagoras’ theorem
= 38.72 volts
25.5 Determining resultant phasors V −12.50
by horizontal and vertical tan φ = = = −0.3411
components H 36.65
from which, φ = tan −1 (−0.3411) = −18.83◦
If a right-angled triangle is constructed as shown in
Fig. 25.16, then 0a is called the horizontal component or − 0.329 radians.
of F and ab is called the vertical component of F. Hence, v R = v 1 + v2 = 38.72sin(ωt − 0.329)V
From trigonometry (see Chapter 11),
0a Problem 10. For the voltages in Problem 9,
cos θ = from which, determine the resultant vR = v1 − v2 using
0b
horizontal and vertical components.
0a = 0b cos θ = F cos θ
 Methods of adding alternating waveforms 271

v1 5 15 V v1 a b
0
/6 or 308 308
1508

v2
v2 5 25 V vR c
(a) (b)

Figure 25.17
i2 5 10 A
The horizontal component of vR ,
H = 15 cos0 ◦ − 25 cos(−30◦ ) = −6.65V
608
The vertical component of vR ,
i15 20 A
V = 15 sin0◦ − 25 sin(−30◦ ) = 12.50V

Hence, vR = (−6.65)2 + (12.50)2 Figure 25.19

Total vertical component,

by Pythagoras’ theorem
V = 20 sin 0◦ + 10 sin 60◦ = 8.66
= 14.16 volts By Pythagoras, the resultant, iR = 25.02 + 8.662
= 26.46 A
V 12.50
tan φ = = = −1.8797 8.66
H −6.65 Phase angle, φ = tan −1 = 19.11◦
25.0
or 0.333 rad
from which, φ = tan −1 (−1.8797) = 118.01◦
Hence, by using horizontal and vertical components,
or 2.06 radians. π
20 sin ωt + 10 sin ωt + = 26.46 sin(ωt + 0.333)
Hence, 3

vR = v1 −v2 = 14.16 sin(ωt + 2.06)V

Now try the following exercise
The phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 25.18.

vR 2v2 5 25 V
Exercise 110 Further problems on
resultant phasors by horizontal and vertical
components
308
In Problems 1 to 4, express the combination of
v1 5 15 V 308
periodic functions in the form A sin(ωt ± α) by
horizontal and vertical components:
π
1. 7 sin ωt + 5 sin ωt +
v2 5 25 V 4
[11.11 sin(ωt + 0.324)]
Figure 25.18 π
2. 6 sin ωt + 3 sin ωt −
6
Problem 11. Determine [8.73 sin(ωt − 0.173)]
π π
20 sin ωt + 10 sin ωt + using horizontal and 3. i = 25 sin ωt − 15 sin ωt +
3 3
vertical components. [i = 21.79 sin(ωt − 0.639)]
π 3π
4. x = 9 sin ωt + −7 sin ωt −
From the phasors shown in Fig. 25.19: 3 8
Total horizontal component, [x = 14.38 sin(ωt + 1.444)]
H = 20 cos0 ◦ + 10 cos60◦ = 25.0
272 Higher Engineering Mathematics

the time is zero. For example, if y1 = 5 sin ωt and y2 =

5. The voltage drops across two compo- 4 sin(ωt − π/6) then each may be represented by pha-
nents when connected in series across sors as shown in Fig. 25.20, y1 being 5 units long and
an a.c. supply are: v1 = 200 sin314.2t and drawn horizontally and y2 being 4 units long, lagging
v2 = 120 sin(314.2t − π/5) volts respectively. y1 by π /6 radians or 30◦ . To determine the resultant of
Determine the: y1 + y2 , y1 is drawn horizontally as shown in Fig. 25.21
(a) voltage of the supply (given by v1 + v2 ) and y2 is joined to the end of y1 at π /6 radians, i.e. 30◦
in the form A sin(ωt ± α). to the horizontal. The resultant is given by yR .
(b) frequency of the supply.
[(a) 305.3 sin(314.2t − 0.233)V y1 5 5
(b) 50 Hz] /6 or 308
6. If the supply to a circuit is v = 20 sin 628.3t
volts and the voltage drop across one of
the components is v1 = 15 sin(628.3t − 0.52) y2 5 4
volts, calculate the:
(a) voltage drop across the remainder of Figure 25.20
the circuit, given by v − v1 , in the form
A sin(ωt ± α).
(b) supply frequency.
y1 5 5 a
(c) periodic time of the supply. 0
308
y2
[(a) 10.21 sin(628.3t + 0.818)V 54
(b) 100 Hz (c) 10 ms] yR
b
7. The voltages across three components in a
series circuit when connected across an a.c. Figure 25.21
supply are:
π
v1 = 25 sin 300 π t + volts, π
6 In polar form, yR = 5∠0 + 4∠ −
π 6
v2 = 40 sin 300 π t − volts, and = 5∠0◦ + 4∠ − 30◦
4
π = (5 + j 0) + (4.33 − j 2.0)
v3 = 50 sin 300 π t + volts.
3 = 9.33 − j 2.0 = 9.54∠ − 12.10◦
Calculate the:
= 9.54∠−0.21rad
(a) supply voltage, in sinusoidal form, in the
form A sin(ωt ± α). Hence, by using complex numbers, the resultant in
(b) frequency of the supply. sinusoidal form is:

(c) periodic time. y1 + y2 = 5 sin ωt + 4 sin(ωt − π/6)

[(a) 79.83 sin (300 πt + 0.352)V = 9.54 sin (ωt −0.21)
(b) 150 Hz (c) 6.667 ms]
Problem 12. Two alternating voltages are given
by v1 = 15 sin ωt volts and v2 = 25 sin(ωt − π/6)
volts. Determine a sinusoidal expression for the
25.6 Determining resultant phasors resultant vR = v1 + v2 by using complex numbers.
by complex numbers
The relative positions of v1 and v2 at time t = 0 are
As stated earlier, the resultant of two periodic func- shown in Fig. 25.22(a) and the phasor diagram is shown
tions may be found from their relative positions when in Fig. 25.22(b).
 Methods of adding alternating waveforms 273

v1 5 15 V v1

/6 or 308
1508

v2 5 25 V vR
(a) (b)

Figure 25.22

π From the phasors shown in Fig. 25.23, the resultant may

In polar form, vR = v1 + v2 = 15∠0 + 25∠ −
6 be expressed in polar form as:
= 15∠0◦ + 25∠ − 30◦
= (15 + j 0) + (21.65 − j 12.5) i2 5 10 A

= 36.65 − j 12.5 = 38.72∠ − 18.83◦ 608

= 38.72∠ − 0.329 rad i1 5 20 A

Hence, by using complex numbers, the resultant in Figure 25.23

sinusoidal form is:
iR = 20∠0◦ + 10∠60◦
vR = v1 + v2 = 15 sin ωt + 25 sin(ωt − π/6)
= 38.72 sin(ωt − 0.329) i.e. iR = (20 + j 0) + (5 + j 8.66)

= (25 + j 8.66) = 26.46∠19.11◦A or

Problem 13. For the voltages in Problem 12,
determine the resultant vR = v1 − v2 using complex 26.46∠0.333 rad A
numbers.

Hence, by using complex numbers, the resultant in

π sinusoidal form is:
In polar form, yR = v1 − v2 = 15∠0 − 25∠ −
6
iR = i1 + i2 = 26.46 sin (ωt + 0.333)A
= 15∠0◦ − 25∠ − 30◦
= (15 + j 0) − (21.65 − j 12.5)
Problem 15. If the supply to a circuit is
= −6.65 + j 12.5 = 14.16∠118.01◦ v = 30 sin 100 π t volts and the voltage drop across
= 14.16∠2.06 rad one of the components is
v1 = 20 sin(100 π t − 0.59) volts, calculate the:
Hence, by using complex numbers, the resultant in (a) voltage drop across the remainder of the
sinusoidal form is: circuit, given by v − v1 , in the form
A sin(ωt ± α)
y1 − y2 = 15 sin ωt − 25 sin(ωt − π/6)
(b) supply frequency
= 14.16 sin(ωt − 2.06)
(c) periodic time of the supply
Problem 14. Determine (d) r.m.s. value of the supply voltage
π
20 sin ωt + 10 sin ωt + using complex
3 (a) Supply voltage, v =v1 + v2 where v2 is the voltage
numbers.
across the remainder of the circuit.
274 Higher Engineering Mathematics

Hence, v2 = v − v1 = 30 sin 100 πt

− 20 sin(100 π t − 0.59) 5. The voltage drops across two compo-
nents when connected in series across
= 30∠0 − 20∠ − 0.59 rad an a.c. supply are: v1 = 240 sin314.2t and
= (30 + j 0) − (16.619 − j 11.127) v2 = 150 sin(314.2t − π/5) volts respectively.
= 13.381 + j 11.127 Determine the:
(a) voltage of the supply (given by v1 + v2 )
= 17.40∠0.694 rad in the form A sin(ωt ± α).
Hence, by using complex numbers, the resultant (b) frequency of the supply.
in sinusoidal form is: [(a) 371.95 sin(314.2t − 0.239)V
v − v1 = 30 sin 100 π t − 20 sin(100 π t − 0.59) (b) 50 Hz]
= 17.40 sin(ωt + 0.694) volts 6. If the supply to a circuit is v = 25 sin200πt
volts and the voltage drop across one of
ω 100 π the components is v1 = 18 sin(200π t − 0.43)
(b) Supply frequency, f = = = 50 Hz
2π 2π volts, calculate the:
1 1 (a) voltage drop across the remainder of
(c) Periodic time, T = = = 0.02 s or 20 ms
f 50 the circuit, given by v − v1 , in the form
(d) R.m.s. value of supply voltage, = 0.707 × 30 A sin(ωt ± α).
= 21.21 volts (b) supply frequency.
(c) periodic time of the supply.
[(a) 11.44 sin(200π t + 0.715)V
Now try the following exercise (b) 100 Hz (c) 10 ms]

7. The voltages across three components in a

Exercise 111 Further problems on
series circuit when connected across an a.c.
resultant phasors by complex numbers
supply are:
In Problems 1 to 4, express the combination of peri- π
odic functions in the form A sin(ωt ± α) by using v1 = 20 sin 300π t − volts,
6
complex numbers:
π
π v2 = 30 sin 300π t + volts, and
1. 8 sin ωt + 5 sin ωt + 4
4
[12.07 sin(ωt + 0.297)] π
v3 = 60 sin 300π t − volts.
3
π
2. 6 sin ωt + 9 sin ωt − Calculate the:
6
[14.51 sin(ωt − 0.315)] (a) supply voltage, in sinusoidal form, in the
form A sin(ωt ± α).
π
3. v = 12 sin ωt − 5 sin ωt − (b) frequency of the supply.
4
[9.173 sin(ωt + 0.396)] (c) periodic time.
π 3π (d) r.m.s. value of the supply voltage.
4. x = 10 sin ωt + − 8 sin ωt −
3 8 [(a) 79.73 sin(300π − 0.536) V
[16.168 sin(ωt + 1.451)] (b) 150 Hz (c) 6.667 ms (d) 56.37 V]