POWER PLANT THEORY AND DESIGN tens ‘is placed at the drain cooler outlet to control the water level of the drains in the heater. The float chamber is attached to the bottom (hotwell) of the heater (see Fig, 3-31 and the sketch with Example 8-10) Exawoie 8-10. Find the steam required by the surface heater and drain cooler with the conditions shown on the sketch. Alco find the temperature of the feedvvater leaving the drain cooler. Feeawotee Se sue ° W450,000 1 ib per he seas a * 3F rol Souvvion. ‘Temperatures and enthalpies for the water and drains Jeaving the heater may be found from the pressure and terminal difference for the heater With a 10-deg terminal difference for the drain cooler, the temperature of the drains leaving will be 2300+ 10= 240.0 F, Writing an energy balance for the heater and drain cooler as one pice of equipment, 450,000(275.3 — 198.2) Oe DOSS = 33,830 Ib per hr ‘Then, finding the rise in enthalpy for the feedwater fowing through the drain cooler, Steam lo 83,890(278.4 — 208.3) : 450,000 ‘The enthalpy of the feedwater leaving the drain cooler is f= 1983 +53 = 2036 Bru per Ib $= 2353F ah 5.27 Buu per Ib . PROBLEMS 8-4. Plot as ordinate the quantity of circulating water in gallons-per minute required to condense steamn from a turbine in a surface condenser versus the terminal difference as absciwa. ‘Take the condenser prossure as 2 in, Hg abs and the water inlet. temperature 70P. Uso terminal differences of 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 deg and steam flows: (a) 100,000 tb per hr, (B) 300,000 tb per hr, (c} 600,000 1b per hr, (4) 900,000 tb per hr, and (e) 1,200,000 Ib per hr. 8-2, Caleulate the friction loss for each condenser having No. 18 BWG tubes: (@) %-in. tubes, 18 ft long, 7.15 gpm per tube, single pass (b) 84-in. tubes, 14 ft long, 82 gpm per tube, two pass tubes, 24 ft long, 14:9 gpm per tube, two pass (@) 1-in, tubes, 302 ft long, 15.5 gpm per tube, two pass (©) Yorin. tubes, 26 ft long, 11.3 gpm per tube, two pass (A) Yerin. tubes, 22 ft long, 9.7 gpm per tube, three pass ch. 81 HEAT EXCHANGERS 8-3. Calculate the surface and friction loss required for each of the following ‘condensers with No, 18 BWG Admiralty tubes to serve turbines: Steam |Condenser) Terminal | no. of | Cleanti-| Tube | Velocity, Flow, | Press, In.| Differ. | NO.0f | © i re Lb/er | Tg Abs’ | ence, Deg.| Part new %) SH a (a) 100,000 8 (6) 450,000 a {e) 700,000 90 (@) 550,000 fed {6) 200,000 - (f) 200,000 ay 80 (g) 175,000) 2 18 90 (i) 400,000 13 8 aE 1 18 BBNSEISE #4. A surface conidenser is to operate under the following conditions: 160,000-kw turbine, exhaust steam rate 8 Tb per kwhr, I-in, Hg abs, single-pass, ‘34-in, No, 18 BWG Admiralty tubes, 50 F inlet water temperature, 8ps velocity, 2 friction drop in the inlet tunnel, 1 ft for the outlet tunnel, $-ft drop in the inlet pipe, 1.5. inthe outlet pipe, top of outlet pipe 18 ft above river level, 859% ‘leanliness, 15-deg terminal difference, 80% circulating pump eflicieney. Find: (a) outlet temperature of circulating water, (6) surface, (¢) gpm of eireulating water, (id) number of tubes in condenser, (¢) effective tube length, (f), total weight of tubes in condenser, allowing 14-in, tube sheet thickness, (9) frietion drop through condenser, (h) total dynamic bead for cireulating purmp, (3) honse- power of cireulating-pump motor. 85, ‘The conditions given in condenser specification were: 50,000-kw turbine, 15 in, Hg abs, 9-b steam per kwhr, 70 F inlet water. A. manufacturer proposed the following: single-pass condenser, 1428 tubes, 1-in, No, 18 BWG, 36,300 sq ft of surface, 42,800 gpm of cireulating water. Comment on the manu facturer's proposal, and show-ealeulations to verify your conclusions, 8-6, Design a surface condenser for the following conditions: 26,000-kw tur bine, exhaust steam rate 8 Ib per kwhr, two passes, %-in. No. 18 BWG tubes, ‘Lips water velocity, 8-deg terminal difference, 2-ft frition drop in infet tunnel, 1 {tin outlet tunnel, 3 ft in inlet pipe, 1.5 ft in outlet pipe, outlet pipe 24 ft above river level, 869% cireulating-pump efficiency. Find: (a) outlet temperature of c= culating water, (6) gallons per minute of circulating water, (c) surface area, (a) number of tubes in condenser, fe) total weight of tubes, assuming tube sheet thickness of 1 in,, ({) friction drop through condenser, (g) total dynamie head on. circulating pump, (fi) horsepower of cireulating-pump motor. 8-7. It is desired to increase the vacuum of an old condenser, keeping the inlet water temperature and steam flow constant. Suggest two things that might bbe done to the system. 8-8, For the circulating-pump characteristic given, find the quantity pumped by one pump alone and by two identical pumps operating in parallel. The systemPOWER PLANT THEORY AND DESIGN tcn.8 ad is 16.5 ft st 115,000 gpm and there is no static head on the pump. Charac- teristics are: 5,000 gpm, 14.0-ft head; 70,000 gpm, 12.0-ft head; 75,000 gpm, 9.7-{t head; 80,000 gpm, 6.9-ft head; $3,000 gpm, 5.0-ft head. 8-9, A manufacturer offers a four-pase condenser having 8700 sq ft of surface for 4 40,000-kw turbine that exhausts 6 Ib of steam per kwhr at pressure of 1.5 in, Hg abs. Water enters the condenser at 70 F and leaves at 85F with a velocity of 6 fps. Show by calculations whether the condenser is properly designed. 810. A surface condenser is to operate at a load of 108 Btu per hr with a pressure of 2 in, Hg abs, an inlet water temperature of 80, and-a water tem- erature rise of 14F. ‘The surface area is 9000 sq ft. Caleulate the number of Asin, tubes per pass at a water velocity of 8 fps. B-11. A surface condenser has an air leakage of 50 efim of 70F when the ‘condenser operates at 1.2 in Hg abs. If the temperature at the air outlet is 80 F, hhow many pounds per hour of steam are lost with the air? 8-12, The temperature at the air outlet of a condenser is 727F when the Dressure is 1.05 in. Hy abs. Caleulate the pounds of steam leaving per pound of ais 8-13. If 1 Ib of steam leaves the air outlet of a condenser with each pound of sir when the condenser operates at 1.5 in. Hg abs, what is the temperature at the air outlet? 8-14, If the air leakage into a condenser is 0 cfm of 70¥F air at 147 psia. how ‘much steam is lost from the condenser if the temperature at the air outlet is 84 F and the pressure is 1.70 in, Hg abs? 8-15. How much would the air leaxage increase for the condenser of Prob. S-14 if the condenser pressure dropped to 1 in, Hg abs. 8-16. Use the data for the example of Art. 8-5 to determine the economic advantage of the following condensers: (a) 14,000 aq ft of 1-in, tubes, (b) 13,000 89 ft of 1-in. tubes, (c) 12,000 sq ft of 1-in, tubes, 8-17. Determine the annual cost for each condenser to serve a 100,000-kw turbine generator for the following data: 9500 Buu per kwhr heat rate at 15 in. He, ‘sbs; 100-Btu chango in heat rate for each 0.5 in. Hg change in eondenser pressure; 14% investment charges; 4000 br per yr of fall load operation; 314 per 10° Btu fuel eost; demand charge of $120 per kw; 500,000 Ib per hr of steam condensed; 80+, %-in,, No. 18 BWG Admiralty metal tubes; 65 F inlet water; 12-f friétion loss external to condenser; 8-fps water velocity; 859% cleanliness factor. Use ‘condenser surfaces of (a) 70,000 sq ft, (6) 65,000 sq ft, (c) 60,000 sq ft, (d) 155,000 sq ft, 8-18. A surface heater operates at 49.2 psia and receives steam at 1300.5 Btu per Ib with 1,028,000 lb per hr of water entering at 2263 F. Drains from another heater enter at 262.1 F and in the amount of 214,300 Ib per hr. Calculate the steam flow for @ plus 3 F TD. 8-19. The pressure in a surface heater is 1.28 psia when 230,000 Ib per br of water enters at 84.7 F. Drains in the amount of 57,600 Ib per hr enter at 116.1 F. Caloulite the steam flow at an enthalpy of 1092.5 Btu when the TD is plus 4. ch.) HEAT EXCHANGERS 8-20. A surface heater has a water flow of 1,100,600 Ib per hr when the water ‘enters at 305.2 F and leaves with a I-deg terminal difference. Steam enters at 222 psig with an enthalpy of 1292.1 Btu per Ib. Find the quantity of steam, 8-21, A surface heater has the following steam and water entering: 983,600 1b per hr of feedwater at 155.0 F, 6600 Ib per hr of steam: at 1382.0 Btu per Ib, 25,000 Ib per hr of steam at 1152 Btu per Ib, 28,700 Ib per hr of drains (water) at 242.2 F, $8,000 Ib per hr of drains at 287.1 F. The feedwater leaves with a 2-dog terminal difference. Find the additional steam required at 1108.2 Btu per Ib to do the heating when the heater operates at 164 pria, 8-22, What is the terminal difference of a closed heater that receives 257,500 Ib per hr of 387.0 F water and 14,900 Ib per hr of 360 pia steam at 587 F? 8-23. A surface heater receives 39,000 Ib per hr of water, 2780 Ib per hr of 76 psig steam at 987% quality, 2400 1b per hr of drains (water) at; 35227, and 1750 Ib per br of drains at 302.3 F. If there is a 4-deg terminal difference, what i the temperature of the water entering? 8-24. ‘The feedwater pressure in a surface heater is 1800 psig when the flow is 620,000 Ib per hr. There is a 0F TD, the steam pressure is 417.0 psia, the steam enthalpy is 1360.5 Btu per Ib, and the feedwater enters at 380.4 F. Consider eom- pressibility and-taloulate the steam flow. 8-25. A surface heater operates at 380 pein and receives 670,000 Ib per hr of feedwater at 360F. Caleulate the surface and friction drop for No, 14 BWG 70/30 Cu-Ni tubes that are S4-in, diameter. Use a cold water velocity of 9 fps anda 2F TD. 8-26. If the use of the heater in Prob. 8-24 improves the heat rate of a 100,000-kw turbine by 120 Btu per kwhr and costs $24.00 per sq ft installed, the heater justified for 2900 hr per yr of full-load operation when fuel costs 19¢ per 10° Btu and investment charges are 13% ? 8-27. ‘The feedwater flow through a heater for 1 69,000-kw turbine would be 550,000 1b per hr, with the water entering st 320F and the steam pressure at 295 psia. Calculate the surface and friction drop for a cold water velocity of 75 fps through %-in. No, 16 BWG 80/20 tubes at a terminal difference of 4. 8-28. The heater of Prob. 8-26 will reduce the heat rate of the turbine by 97 Btu per kwhr. If the unit operates at 5000 hr per yr at full load and if fuel costs ‘21¢ per 10° Btu, what is the return on the investment if the heater costs $19.00 per sq ft installed? 8-29, A heater for a 44,000ckw turbine will have a feedwater flow of 400,000 1b per hr. The steam pressure will be 265 psia, and the entering water tempera- ture will be 300 F. Calculate the surface and friction drop for No, 14 BWG Admiralty metal tubes at a 5F TD, Use a cold water velocity of 86 fps. 8-30, When operating for 3800 hr per yr, the heater of Prob, 8-28 will improve the station heat rate by 100 Btu per kwhr. What is the return on the investment if the heater costs $14.00 per sq ft installed and fuel costs 234 per 10° Btu? 8-31. A surface heater containing %-in, No. 18°BWG Admiralty metal tubes may be designed for 5F or 10F TD when the flow of feedwater is 200,000 Ib perPOWER PLANT THEORY AND DESIGN ‘Steam pressure is 0 psia, and entering water temperature is 200F. ‘he erential heater cost is $4.50 por eq ft and the change in heat rate is 5 Btu per Jkwhr for 20,000-kw generation for 3000 hr per yr. If fuel costs 24¢ per 10° Bru, ‘which terminal difference should be used? Use a cold water velocity of 8 fps. 8-82, Determine the most economical terminal difference, 4F or 6F, for a surface heater to receive 522000 Ib per hr of water at 108 when the steam pressure is 9 psia. Use S4-in. No. 18 BWG arsenical copper tubes. The heater will operate 4100 hr per yr at a generator load of 85,000 kw. Fuel costs 17¢ per 4108 Btu, the ineremental heater cost will be $4.00 per eq ft, and the improvement jn heat rato will bo 2.5 Btu per kwhr. Use a cold water velocity of 9 fps. 8-33, Compare feedwater heaters designed for 3F TD and 7F TD for the following data: 300,000 Ib per hr of feedwater entering at 150F; steam pressure, 18 psia; cold water velocity, 85 fps; %4-in. No. 16 BWG Admiralty metal tubes; generator load, 33,000 kw for 2200 hr per yr; 5 Blu per kwhr heat-rate improve- ‘ment; $4.75 per sq ft incremental surface cost; 384 per 10° Btu fuel cost; 7.5-fps Cold water velocity. 8-34. A surface heater had the following data used for design: steam at 1114 pala; 5-deg terminal difference; 600-psi water pressure; inlet, water tempera- ‘ture of 270.9 F; 888,240 Ib per br of water; 17-ft tube length; 180 tubes per pass; 1080 q ft surface area; two passes; S4-in, No. 16 BWG Admiralty tubes, When the heater was manufactured, No. 16 BWG %-in, low-carbon steel tubes were ‘used. What effect will this have on the heater performance? Low-carbon steel will hhave 70% of the heat-transfer rate of the Admiralty metal tubes. 8-35. A parallel-low, low-level jet condenser reosives 110,000 Ib of steam per hir from a turbine and has a 7-deg terminal difference when operating at 1.5 in ‘Hg abs, Calculate the eireulating-water requirements in gallons per minute when ‘the inlet water temperature is 67 F. , 8-36. A barometric condenser operates at 4 in, Hg abs with a S-deg terminal difference to condense steam from o 1000-bhp engine. Water enters at 80F, and ‘the engine uses 9.3 Ib of steam per bhp-hr. Find the amount of circulating water required in terms of gallons per ininute, 8-37. A contact heater operates at 40 psia and receives steam with 50-deg superheat and water at 180, Find the quantities of steam and water entering if 77,000 Ib per hr of water leaves. 8-38. A deserating heater receives steam at 6.5 prin and 1150.0 Btu at the rate of 25,000 1b per hr. If the water enters at 840F, what are the water ~ quantitios entering and leaving? 8-39, When operating at 3 psig, a denerating heater receives 10,000 tb per hr of steam at 875 F and other steam at 1% moisture. Water at 600,000 Ib per br enters at 146.5 F and 45,000 Ib per hr at 263.0 F, How much of the moist steam is required? * 8-40. A contact type of heater operates at 52 psia, with water entering at SLOF and steam at 10562 Btu per Ib. Additional water enters at 2203 F in the ‘amount of 216,800 1b per br. The total leaving the heater is 1,207,100 Ib per hr. Find the amount of steam and water entering. ch. 81 ‘HEAT EXCHANGERS B41, A deaorating heater operates at 26.7 psia and roocives water at 181.6 F. Drains from higher-pressure heaters enter in the amount of 168,000 Ib por hr at 808.7 F. The feedwater flow from the heater is 673,000 1b per hr. Caleulate the Ssteain flow for an entholpy of 1257.2 Bua per Ib 8-42, A double-effect evaporator system is to evaporate 15,000 tb per hr of OF raw water when roociving steam saturated at 25 psia. The vapor from the second effect is at 9 psi. Find: (a) the heat head for each evaporator, assuming that the total heat head is divided equally between the two effects, (b) the steam required, (c) the quantity that would be evaporated if the initial steam pressure dropped to 17 psia during partial load operation and the vapor pressure for the second effect stayed the same. 8-43. A 35,000 Ib per hr double-flect evaporator system receives steam at 40 psa and 3008. Raw water enters at GF, and the pressure in the second cffotis 5 psia. Find: (a) the heat head for each evaporator, assuming that, itis ‘equal for both, (b).the steam required, and (c) the quantity that would be evaporated if the initial pressure dropped to 16 psia and the vapor preseure leaving the second effest remained the same. 8-44, Caleulate the surface required for each effect from the data given in Prob. 8-42 8-45. Cileulate the surface required for each evaporator in Prob, S43, 8-46. Work parts (a) and (6) of Prob. 8-42 by assuming that the surface area of each effect will be equal, rather than the heat heeds being equal 8-47. Repeat parts (a) and (b) of Prob. 8-43, but divide the heat heads so that the surface of each evaporator will be the same, rather than the heat heads being the same 8-48, Cileulate the cost per 1000 gal of evaporated water at 149% investment charges for a single-effect evaporator system that, would have a capacity of 10,000 Ib per hr. Other data are: 21¢ per 10° Btu fuel cost, 89% boiler effcienoy, t= 51 F, Shy 56, alg = 458, Sh = 1186, Motivating steam is at 89 psa, £849. Kind the eost per 1000 gal of evaporated water for a double-efeet system having a capacity of 20,000 Ib per hr. Other data are: 17¢ per 108 Btu fucl cost, 81% boiler efficiency, Aq = GLF, Ah, =T1, Ahg=470, Shy = 1071, Motivating steam is at 87 psia 8-50. Caleulate the return on the increased investment for a double-cfiect evaporator system versus a single-fest system to evaporate 18,000 Ib per hr. The data are as follows: 33¢ per 10¢ Btu fuel cost, Ju =89F, dy = 1015, ‘th = 062, ah, = 1183, Boiler elliceney ie 909% and 50,000,000 Ib per yr evapo: rated steam pressure to the system is 52 pein 8-51. Caleulate tho return on the increased investment for a doublevetfect evaporator to operate 5100 hr per yr with a eapacity of 15,000 Ib per hr, Other data are: 0 = 550, Ahy = 81, Alig = 626, aig = 1225. Boiler efficiency is 88%. Steam présmure to the system is 77 psa 8-52, Caleulate the tube surface and the relieving area for tho evaporator of Prob. 8-45.POWER PLANT THEORY AND DESIGN 8-53. Caleulate the tube surface and the disengaging area for each ‘evaporator of Prob, 8-46 by assuming equal heat heads, __ #54. Calculate the tube surface and the relieving area for the singl-efeet ‘evaporator of Prob, 8-47. #55. Calculate the relieving aren and the tube surface for the singl-effect evaporator of Prob. 8-48, 8-56. Feodwater at a preaure of 1800 psia enters a combination heater and drain cooler st 380.4 F in the amount of 620,000 Ib per hr. Steam enters at 417 ‘sia and 1860.5 Btu per Ib. There is a 0 TD for the heater and a 10F TD for the drain-cooler section. Consider compressibility and ealelate the steam flow. 857. A tubular feedwater heater and drain cooler receives 1,027,000 Ib per hr of feedwater at a pressure of 2800 psia and a temperature of 871.2 F. Steam enters at 420 psia and 1344 Btu per 1b. Drains from another heater enter at 401.7 P in the amount of 60,100 Ib per hr. Terminal diferences are -2F TD for the heater and 10 F TD for the drain cooler. Calculate the steam flow. Consider the compressibility ofthe water, #58, Feedwator enters s combination heater and drain eooler at 2000 pala and 1963 F at the rate of 230000 Ib per hr. Steam pressure is 213 psia, Steam taters as follows: 630 Ib per hr at 1399.5 Btu per Ib, 1620 Ib per br at 1237.8 Btu per Ib, and an undetermined quantity at 1295 Btu per Ib. Terminal differences are LF TD for the heater and 10F TD for the drain oooler. Calculate the un- determined steain quantity if 25800 Ib per hr of drain enter at 2404 F, Consider compressibility of the water. 8-59. The steam pressure in a combination feedwater heater and drain cooler 4s 153 prin when water enters at 208.5 F and 1600 psia, Drains from another heater enter at 300.8 and in the amount of 24,700 Ib per hr. ‘Terminal difer. ences are OF TD for the heater and 10F TD for the hester and 10¥ TD for the drain cooler when the water fow is 807,700 Ib per hr. Calculate the steam quan- tity at 14455 Btu per Ib by considering the compressibility of the water 8-60, ‘The vapor from an evaporator is condensed ina feedwater heater that called an evaporator condenser, Find the presure in the evaporator condenser for the data given on the sketch, Seon 49 psaai0F } Row Water, 708, 29.000 L Ubperne (pogae fee teneal Oarres 8-61. A surface heater and drain cooler reseive 700,000 Ib per hr of water ‘entering the drain cooler at 277.0F. The heater operates at 100 psig and with. ‘steam at 300 F, Find the temperature of the feedwater leaving the drain cooler When there is a 5-deg terminal difference for the heater and a 18-deg terminal difference for the drain cooler, HEAP EXCHANGERS ao 8-62. Two closed heaters operate in parallel and receive water and steam from the same sources. "The water fist paste through two drain eouas also operating in parallel which recive the diate from ther respective heer ‘The ‘water enters the drain coolers at 317.7 F with a total flow of 1,240,000 Ib per br, ‘Steam for the heaters is at 215 psig and 1302.0 Btu per Ib. There is also a total a of 83,200 Ib per hr of 419.0 F drains entering the heaters. If the drain coolers have 8 10F terminal difference and the heaters a —2F terminal difference, find the ‘amount of steam supplied to the two beaters. All flows are divided equally between the two heaters. See sketch, BIBLIOGRAPHY Proportioning of Surface Condensing Equipment. Milwaukee, Wis: Alli-Chalmets. ‘Standards. New York: Bleeder Heater Manufeeiurers Association, Tne, 1053, Euuwoen, Wiutan E. Approsimate Methods for Sizing and Pricing of Steam Surface Condensers. ASM Convention, 1954, ‘Standards Jor Steam Surface Condensers. New York: Heat Exchange Tostitute, 1952. Tupsauiazzo, A.M. "Feed Water Cotditioning by Evaporation,” Proceedings of the ‘American Power Conference, Vol. 15, p. 644 Porwan, G. H. "Condensers Now Handle More Energy in Less Space,” Power, (Ganuary, 1962)